HERI

TAGESTUDI
ES
WHATI
SHERI
TAGESTUDI
ES?

Iti
sthestudyofthenationalhi
storyofthepeopl
eofZi mbabwe,li
berati
on
str
uggle,
naturalr
esources,cul
turalnor
msandv alues,bel
ief
s,hi
stor
ical
sit
es,i
ndigenouscraf
tsandhowt heseaff
ectthepresent.

WHATI
STHEI
MPORTANCEOFSTUDYI
NGHERI
TAGESTUDI
ES?

I
tisi
mpor
tantt
ost
udyHer
it
agei
nor
der
:

 Toincal
cul
ateasenseofcollect
iveresponsi
bil
i
tyinustoprot
ectand
i
nvesti
nourcult
ural
herit
age.Thereisneedtotreasur
eourcul
ture
andhaveasenseofbelongi
ngwhi chwillmakeoneproudtobe
i
denti
fi
edwit
hhis/hercult
ure.

 Toknowt henati
onalhi
stor
yandthegainsoft
heli
berat
ionst
ruggl
e
andhowt heseshapeourcurr
entst
ruggl
esasthepastaff
ect
sthe
presentandthef
utur
e.

 Toupholdournat
ional
unit
y ,
sovereignt
yandgov ernanceby
embraci
ngtheZimbabweanconstituti
on,nat
ionalsymbolsand
event
swhichfost
erpatr
iot
ism andnat i
onali
denti
ty?

 Toincal
cul
ateasenseofpr
ideinusonourident
it
yasZimbabweans
andencour
ageasenseofownershi
pinthef
actorsofpr
oduct
ion
whichar
enatur
alsuchasl
and,wil
dli
feandminer
als.

 Tohav enor
ms,valuesandf
ost
eri
nusasenseofunhu,
hunhu,
ubunt
uandv umunhu.

 Tohaveknowledgeonthehi
stori
calsi
tesi
nourst
ateandt
hei
r
i
mport
anceinourhist
ori
calj
ourneyasastat
e.

 Tobeawar eofnat
ional
symbolssuchastheZi
mbabweanFl
ag,
nat
ional
schoolpl
edgeandnat
ionalant
hem.
  Toenhancei nustheinnov
ati
ve,pr
obl
em solvi
ng,l
eader
ship,
technologi
calandcommunicat
iveski
l
lsnecessar
yfornati
onal
development.

SOCI
ALI
SATI
ON I
N THEHOME

SOCIALI SATION:Itref
erstotheprocessesbywhi chal i
vi
ng
organism ischangedintoasocialbeing.I
tisaprocessbywhicha
chil
dl earnsatt
it
udes,val
ues,
nor msandact ionsappropri
atet
o
i
ndividualsasmember sofapar ti
cularcul
ture.

Thesocial
izati
onwhichhappensathomeiscal
ledpri
mary
soci
ali
zati
onandi ti
sveryi
mportantasi
tset
sthegroundwor
kforal
l
fut
uresocial
izat
ion.

EXAMPLESOFSOCI
ALI
SATI
ONATHOME

- RESPECT

- HUMI
LITY

- HARDWORK

- MEETI
NGDEADLI
NES

- LI
VINGI
NASOCI
ETY

- CO-EXI
STENCE

-Soci
ali
zat
ioni
sthewayt
hroughwhi
chsoci
etyt
ransmi
tsi
tscul
tur
efr
om
gener
ati
ont
ogener
ati
onandmai
ntai
nsi
tsel
f.
-Fr
om t
hepoi
ntofv
iewoft
hei
ndi
vi
dual
,soci
ali
zat
ioni
sthepr
ocessby
whi
cht
hei
ndi
vi
dual
lear
nssoci
albehav
ior
,dev
elopshi
s‘sel
f.

-
Thepr
ocessoper
atesatt
wol
evel
s,onewi
thi
nthei
nfantwhi
chi
scal
l
ed
t
hei
nter
nal
i
zat
ionofobj
ect
sar
oundandt
heot
herf
rom t
heout
side.

-Soci
ali
sat
ionmaybev
iewedast
he“
int
ernal
i
zat
ionofsoci
alnor
ms.Soci
al
r
ulesbecomei
nter
nal
tot
hei
ndi
vi
dual
,i
nthesenset
hatt
heyar
esel
f-
i
mposedr
athert
hani
mposedbymeansofext
ernal
regul
ati
onandar
ethus
par
tofi
ndi
vi
dual
’
sownper
sonal
i
ty.

Thei
ndi
vi
dual
ther
efor
efeel
sanur
get
oconf
orm.

-
Secondl
y,i
tmaybev
iewedasessent
ial
elementofsoci
ali
nter
act
ion.I
n
t
hiscase,
indi
vi
dual
sbecomesoci
ali
zedast
heyacti
naccor
dancewi
tht
he
expect
ati
onsofot
her
s.Theunder
lyi
ngpr
ocessofsoci
ali
zat
ioni
sboundup
wi
thsoci
ali
nter
act
ion.

Soci
ali
sat
ioni
sacompr
ehensi
vepr
ocess.Accor
dingt
oHor
tonandHunt
,
Soci
ali
sat
ioni
sthepr
ocesswher
ebyonei
nter
nal
i
zest
henor
msofhi
s
gr
oups,
sot
hatadi
sti
nct‘
sel
femer
ges,
uni
quet
othi
sindi
vi
dual
.

Thr
ought
hepr
ocessofsoci
ali
zat
ion,
thei
ndi
vi
dual
becomesasoci
al
per
sonandat
tai
nshi
sper
sonal
i
ty.Gr
eendef
inedsoci
ali
zat
ion“
ast
he
pr
ocessbywhi
cht
hechi
l
dacqui
resacul
tur
alcont
ent
,al
ongwi
thsel
fhood
andper
sonal
i
ty”
.

Accor
dingt
oLundber
g,soci
ali
zat
ionconsi
stsoft
he“
compl
expr
ocesses
ofi
nter
act
iont
hroughwhi
cht
hei
ndi
vi
dual
lear
nst
hehabi
ts,
ski
l
ls,
bel
i
efs
andst
andar
dofj
udgmentt
hatar
enecessar
yforhi
sef
fect
ivepar
ti
ci
pat
ion
i
nsoci
algr
oupsandcommuni
ti
es”
.

Pet
erWor
sleyexpl
ainssoci
ali
zat
ion“
ast
hepr
ocessof“
transmi
ssi
onof
cul
tur
e,t
hepr
ocesswher
ebymenl
ear
nther
ulesandpr
act
icesofsoci
al
gr
oups”
.

H.
M.Johnsondef
inessoci
ali
sat
ionas“
lear
ningt
hatenabl
est
hel
ear
nert
o
per
for
m soci
alr
oles”
.Hef
urt
hersay
sthati
tisa“
processbywhi
ch
i
ndi
vi
dual
sacqui
ret
heal
readyexi
sti
ngcul
tur
eofgr
oupst
heycomei
nto”
.

Soci
ali
sat
iont
akespl
aceatdi
ff
erentst
agessuchaspr
imar
y,secondar
y
andadul
t.Thepr
imar
yst
agei
nvol
vest
hesoci
ali
sat
ionoft
hey
oungchi
l
din
t
hef
ami
l
y.Thesecondar
yst
agei
nvol
vest
heschool
andt
het
hir
dst
agei
s
adul
tsoci
ali
sat
ion.

Soci
ali
sat
ioni
s,t
hus,
apr
ocessofcul
tur
all
ear
ningwher
ebyanewper
son
acqui
resnecessar
yski
l
lsandeducat
iont
opl
ayar
egul
arpar
tinasoci
al
sy
stem.Thepr
ocessi
sessent
ial
l
ythesamei
nal
lsoci
eti
es,
though
i
nst
it
uti
onal
arr
angement
svar
y.Thepr
ocesscont
inuest
hroughoutl
i
feas
eachnewsi
tuat
ionar
ises.Soci
ali
sat
ioni
sthepr
ocessoff
it
ti
ngi
ndi
vi
dual
s
i
ntopar
ti
cul
arf
ormsofgr
oupl
i
fe,
transf
ormi
nghumanor
gani
sm i
nto
soci
albei
ngsandt
ransmi
tt
ingest
abl
i
shedcul
tur
alt
radi
ti
ons.

FEATURESOFSOCI
ALI
SATI
ON.

Soci
ali
sat
ionnotonl
yhel
psi
nthemai
ntenanceandpr
eser
vat
ionofsoci
al
v
aluesandnor
msbuti
tist
hepr
ocesst
hroughwhi
chv
aluesandnor
msar
e
t
ransmi
tt
edf
rom onegener
ati
ont
oanot
hergener
ati
on.

1.
 I
ncul
cat
esbasi
cdi
sci
pli
ne:
Soci
ali
sat
ioni
ncal
cul
atesbasi
cdi
sci
pli
ne.Aper
sonl
ear
nst
ocont
rol
his
i
mpul
ses.Hemayshowadi
sci
pli
nedbehav
iort
ogai
nsoci
alappr
oval
.

2.
 Hel
pst
ocont
rol
humanbehav
ior
:
I
thel
pst
ocont
rol
humanbehav
ior
.Ani
ndi
vi
dual
from bi
rt
htodeat
h
under
goest
rai
ningandhi
s,behav
iori
scont
rol
l
edbynumer
ousway
s.I
n
or
dert
omai
ntai
nthesoci
alor
der
,ther
ear
edef
ini
tepr
ocedur
esor
mechani
sm i
nsoci
ety
.Thesepr
ocedur
esbecomepar
toft
heman’
s/l
i
fe
andmanget
sadj
ust
edt
othesoci
ety
.Thr
oughsoci
ali
zat
ion,
soci
ety
i
ntendst
ocont
rol
thebehav
iorofi
ts-
member
sunconsci
ousl
y.

3. 
Social
i
sati
oni
srapi
dift
her
eismor
ehumani
tyamongt
he-agenci
esof
social
i
zati
on:
Soci
ali
sat
iont
akespl
acer
api
dlyi
ftheagenci
es’
ofsoci
ali
zat
ionar
emor
e
unani
mousi
nthei
rideasandski
l
ls.Whent
her
eisconf
li
ctbet
weent
he
i
deas,
exampl
esandski
l
lst
ransmi
tt
edi
nhomeandt
hoset
ransmi
tt
edby
school
orpeer
,soci
ali
zat
ionoft
hei
ndi
vi
dual
tendst
obesl
owerand
i
nef
fect
ive.

4.
 Soci
ali
sat
iont
akespl
acef
ormal
l
yandi
nfor
mal
l
y:
Soci
ali
sat
ioni
sal
i
fe-
longpr
ocess.I
tdoesnotceasewhenachi
l
dbecomes
anadul
t.Associ
ali
zat
iondoesnotceasewhenachi
l
dbecomesanadul
t,
i
nter
nal
i
zat
ionofcul
tur
econt
inuesf
rom gener
ati
ont
ogener
ati
on.Soci
ety
per
pet
uat
esi
tsel
fthr
ought
hei
nter
nal
i
zat
ionofcul
tur
e.I
tsmember
s
t
ransmi
tcul
tur
etot
henextgener
ati
onandsoci
etycont
inuest
oexi
st.
Ty
pesofSoci
ali
sat
ion:
Al
thoughsoci
ali
sat
ionoccur
sdur
ingchi
l
dhoodandadol
escence,
ital
so
cont
inuesi
nmi
ddl
eandadul
tage.Or
vil
l
eF.Br
im(
Jr)descr
ibed
soci
ali
sat
ionasal
i
fe-
longpr
ocess.Hemai
ntai
nst
hatsoci
ali
sat
ionof
adul
tsdi
ff
erf
rom chi
l
dhoodsoci
ali
sat
ion.I
nthi
scont
exti
tcanbesai
dthat
t
her
ear
evar
ioust
ypesofsoci
l
isat
ion.

1.
 Pr
imar
ySoci
ali
sat
ion:
Pr
imar
ysoci
ali
sat
ionr
efer
stosoci
ali
sat
ionoft
hei
nfanti
nthepr
imar
yor
ear
li
esty
ear
sofhi
sli
fe.I
tisapr
ocessbywhi
cht
hei
nfantl
ear
nsl
anguage
andcogni
ti
veski
l
ls,
int
ernal
i
sesnor
msandv
alues.Thei
nfantl
ear
nst
he
way
sofagi
vengr
oupi
ngandi
smoul
dedi
ntoanef
fect
ivesoci
alpar
ti
ci
pant
oft
hatgr
oup.

Thenor
msofsoci
etybecomepar
toft
heper
sonal
i
tyoft
hei
ndi
vi
dual
.The
chi
l
ddoesnothav
easenseofwr
ongandr
ight
.Bydi
rectandi
ndi
rect
obser
vat
ionandexper
ience,
hegr
adual
l
ylear
nst
henor
msr
elat
ingt
o
wr
ongandr
ightt
hings.Thepr
imar
ysoci
ali
sat
iont
akespl
acei
nthef
ami
l
y.

2.
 Secondar
ySoci
ali
zat
ion:
Thepr
ocesscanbeseenatwor
kout
sidet
hei
mmedi
atef
ami
l
y,i
nthe‘
peer
gr
oup’
.Thegr
owi
ngchi
l
dlear
nsv
eryi
mpor
tantl
essonsi
nsoci
alconduct
f
rom hi
speer
s.Heal
sol
ear
nsl
essonsi
ntheschool
.Hence,
soci
ali
sat
ion
cont
inuesbey
ondandout
sidet
hef
ami
l
yenv
ironment
.Secondar
y
soci
ali
sat
iongener
all
yref
erst
othesoci
alt
rai
ningr
ecei
vedbyt
hechi
l
din
i
nst
it
uti
onal
orf
ormal
set
ti
ngsandcont
inuest
hroughoutt
her
estofhi
sli
fe.

3.
 Adul
tSoci
ali
sat
ion:
I
ntheadul
tsoci
ali
sat
ion,
act
orsent
err
oles(
forexampl
e,becomi
ngan
empl
oyee,
ahusbandorwi
fe)f
orwhi
chpr
imar
yandsecondar
y
soci
ali
sat
ionmaynothav
epr
epar
edt
hem f
ull
y.Adul
tsoci
ali
sat
iont
eaches
peopl
etot
akeonnewdut
ies.Theai
m ofadul
tsoci
ali
sat
ioni
stobr
ing
changei
nthev
iewsoft
hei
ndi
vi
dual
.Adul
tsoci
ali
sat
ioni
smor
eli
kel
yto
changeov
ertbehav
iour
,wher
easchi
l
dsoci
ali
sat
ionmoul
dsbasi
cval
ues.

4.
 Ant
ici
pat
orySoci
ali
sat
ion:
Ant
ici
pat
orysoci
ali
sat
ionr
efer
stoapr
ocessbywhi
chmenl
ear
nthe
cul
tur
eofagr
oupwi
tht
heant
ici
pat
ionofj
oini
ngt
hatgr
oup.Asaper
son
l
ear
nst
hepr
operbel
i
efs,
val
uesandnor
msofast
atusorgr
oupt
owhi
chhe
aspi
res,
hei
slear
ninghowt
oacti
nhi
snewr
ole.

5.
 Re-
soci
ali
sat
ion:
Re-
Soci
ali
sat
ionr
efer
stot
hepr
ocessofdi
scar
dingf
ormerbehav
iour
pat
ter
nsandaccept
ingnewonesaspar
tofat
ransi
ti
oni
none’
sli
fe.Such
r
e-soci
ali
sat
iont
akespl
acemost
lywhenasoci
alr
olei
sradi
cal
l
ychanged.
I
tinv
olv
esabandonmentofonewayofl
i
fef
oranot
herwhi
chi
snotonl
y
di
ff
erentf
rom t
hef
ormerbuti
ncompat
ibl
ewi
thi
t.Forexampl
e,whena
cr
imi
nal
isr
ehabi
l
itat
ed,
hehast
ochangehi
srol
eradi
cal
l
y.

Tof
aci
l
itat
esoci
ali
sat
iondi
ff
erentagenci
espl
ayi
mpor
tantr
oles.These
agenci
esar
ehowev
eri
nter
rel
ated.

1.Fami
l
y:
Thef
ami
l
ypl
aysanout
standi
ngr
olei
nthesoci
ali
sat
ionpr
ocess.I
nal
l
soci
eti
esot
heragenci
esbesi
dest
hef
ami
l
ycont
ri
but
etosoci
ali
sat
ionsuch
aseducat
ional
inst
it
uti
ons,
thepeergr
oupet
c.Butf
ami
l
ypl
ayst
hemost
i
mpor
tantr
olei
nthef
ormat
ionofper
sonal
i
ty.Byt
het
imeot
heragenci
es
cont
ri
but
etot
hispr
ocessf
ami
l
yhasal
readyl
eftani
mpr
intont
he
per
sonal
i
tyoft
hechi
l
d.Thepar
ent
susebot
hrewar
dandpuni
shmentt
o
i
mbi
bewhati
ssoci
all
yrequi
redf
rom achi
l
d.

Thef
ami
l
yhasi
nfor
mal
cont
rol
overi
tsmember
s.Fami
l
ybei
ngami
ni
soci
etyact
sasat
ransmi
ssi
onbel
tbet
weent
hei
ndi
vi
dual
andsoci
ety
.It
t
rai
nst
hey
oungergener
ati
oni
nsuchawayt
hati
tcant
aket
headul
trol
es
i
npr
opermanner
.Asf
ami
l
yispr
imar
yandi
nti
mat
egr
oup,
itusesi
nfor
mal
met
hodsofsoci
alcont
rol
tocheckt
heundesi
rabl
ebehav
iouront
hepar
tof
i
tsmember
s.Thepr
ocessofsoci
ali
sat
ionr
emai
nsapr
ocessbecauseof
t
hei
nter
playbet
weeni
ndi
vi
dual
li
fecy
cleandf
ami
l
yli
fecy
cle.

Accor
dingt
oRober
t.K.Mer
ton,
“iti
sthef
ami
l
ywhi
chi
samaj
or
t
ransmi
ssi
onbel
tfort
hedi
ff
usi
onofcul
tur
alst
andar
dst
otheoncomi
ng
gener
ati
on”
.Thef
ami
l
yser
vesas“
thenat
ural
andconv
eni
entchannel
of
soci
alcont
inui
ty.

2.
 PeerGr
oup:
PeerGr
oupmeansagr
oupi
nwhi
cht
hemember
sshar
esomecommon
char
act
eri
sti
cssuchasageorsexet
c.I
tismadeupoft
hecont
empor
ari
es
oft
hechi
l
d,hi
sassoci
atesi
nschool
,i
npl
aygr
oundandi
nst
reet
.The
gr
owi
ngchi
l
dlear
nssomev
eryi
mpor
tantl
essonsf
rom hi
speergr
oup.
Si
ncemember
soft
hepeergr
oupar
eatt
hesamest
ageofsoci
ali
sat
ion,
t
heyf
reel
yandspont
aneousl
yint
eractwi
theachot
her
.

Themember
sofpeergr
oupshav
eot
hersour
cesofi
nfor
mat
ionaboutt
he
cul
tur
eandt
hust
heacqui
sit
ionofcul
tur
egoeson.Theyv
iewt
hewor
ld
t
hrought
hesameey
esandshar
ethesamesubj
ect
iveat
ti
tudes.I
nor
dert
o
beaccept
edbyhi
speergr
oup,
thechi
l
dmustexhi
bitt
hechar
act
eri
sti
c
at
ti
tudes,
thel
i
kesanddi
sli
kes.

Conf
li
ctar
iseswhenst
andar
dsoft
hepeergr
oupdi
ff
erf
rom t
hest
andar
ds
oft
hechi
l
d’sf
ami
l
y.Hemayconsequent
lyat
temptt
owi
thdr
awf
rom t
he
f
ami
l
yenv
ironment
.Thepeergr
oupsur
passest
hepar
ent
ali
nfl
uenceas
t
imegoeson.Thi
sseemst
obeani
nev
itabl
eoccur
rencei
nrapi
dly
changi
ngsoci
eti
es.

3.
 Rel
i
gion:
Rel
i
gionpl
ayav
eryi
mpor
tantr
olei
nsoci
ali
sat
ion.Rel
i
gioni
nst
il
lst
hef
ear
ofhel
li
nthei
ndi
vi
dual
sot
hatheshoul
dref
rai
nfr
om badandundesi
rabl
e
act
ivi
ti
es.Rel
i
gionnotonl
ymakespeopl
erel
i
giousbutsoci
ali
sest
hem i
nto
t
hesecul
aror
der
.

4.
 Educat
ional
Inst
it
uti
ons:
Par
ent
sandpeergr
oupsar
enott
heonl
yagenci
esoft
hesoci
ali
sat
ioni
n
moder
nsoci
eti
es.Ev
eryci
vi
li
sedsoci
etyt
her
efor
ehasdev
elopedasetof
f
ormal
i
sedagenci
esofeducat
ion(
school
s,col
l
egesanduni
ver
sit
ies)
whi
chhav
eagr
eatbear
ingont
hesoci
ali
sat
ionpr
ocess.I
tisi
nthe
educat
ional
inst
it
uti
onst
hatt
hecul
tur
eisf
ormal
l
ytr
ansmi
tt
edand
acqui
redi
nwhi
cht
hesci
enceandt
hear
tofonegener
ati
oni
spassedont
o
t
henext
.

Theeducat
ional
inst
it
uti
onsnotonl
yhel
pthegr
owi
ngchi
l
dinl
ear
ning
l
anguageandot
hersubj
ect
sbutal
soi
nst
il
ltheconceptoft
ime,
disci
pli
ne,
t
eam wor
k,cooper
ati
onandcompet
it
ion.Thr
ought
hemeansofr
ewar
d
andpuni
shmentt
hedesi
redbehav
iourpat
ter
nisr
einf
orcedwher
eas
undesi
rabl
ebehav
iourpat
ter
nmeet
swi
thdi
sappr
oval
,ri
dicul
eand
puni
shment
.
I
nthi
sway
,theeducat
ional
inst
it
uti
onscomenextt
othef
ami
l
yfort
he
pur
poseofsoci
ali
sat
ionoft
hegr
owi
ngchi
l
d.Educat
ional
inst
it
uti
oni
sa
v
eryi
mpor
tantsoci
ali
serandt
hemeansbywhi
chi
ndi
vi
dual
acqui
ressoci
al
nor
msandv
alues(
val
uesofachi
evement
,ci
vi
cideal
s,sol
i
dar
it
yandgr
oup
l
oyal
tyet
c)bey
ondt
hosewhi
char
eav
ail
abl
eforl
ear
ningi
nthef
ami
l
yand
ot
hergr
oups.

5.
 Occupat
ion:
I
ntheoccupat
ional
wor
ldt
hei
ndi
vi
dual
findshi
msel
fwi
thnewshar
ed
i
nter
est
sandgoal
s.Hemakesadj
ust
ment
swi
tht
heposi
ti
onhehol
dsand
al
sol
ear
nst
omakeadj
ust
mentwi
thot
herwor
ker
swhomayoccupyequal
orhi
gherorl
owerposi
ti
on.

Whi
l
ewor
king,
thei
ndi
vi
dual
ent
ersi
ntor
elat
ionsofcooper
ati
on,
inv
olv
ing
speci
ali
sat
ionoft
asksandatt
hesamet
imel
ear
nst
henat
ureofcl
ass
di
vi
sions.Wor
k,f
orhi
m,i
sasour
ceofi
ncomebutatt
hesamet
imei
tgi
ves
i
dent
it
yandst
atuswi
thi
nsoci
etyasawhol
e.

Wi
l
ber
tMoor
ehasdi
vi
dedoccupat
ional
soci
ali
sat
ioni
ntof
ourphases:
(
a)Car
eerchoi
ce,

(
b)ant
ici
pat
orysoci
ali
sat
ion,

(
c)condi
ti
oni
ngandcommi
tment
,

(
d)cont
inuescommi
tment
.
(
a) 
Car
eerChoi
ce:
Thef
ir
stphasei
scar
eerchoi
ce,
whi
chi
nvol
vessel
ect
ionofacademi
cor
v
ocat
ional
trai
ningappr
opr
iat
efort
hedesi
redj
ob.

(
b) 
Ant
ici
pat
orySoci
ali
sat
ion:
Thenextphasei
sant
ici
pat
orysoci
ali
sat
ion,
whi
chmayl
astonl
yaf
ew
mont
hsorext
entf
ory
ear
s.Somechi
l
dreni
nher
itt
hei
roccupat
ions.These
y
oungpeopl
eexper
ienceant
ici
pat
orysoci
ali
sat
iont
hroughoutchi
l
dhood
andadol
escenceast
heyobser
vet
hei
rpar
ent
satwor
k.Cer
tai
nindi
vi
dual
s
deci
deonoccupat
ional
goal
satr
elat
ivel
year
lyages.Theent
ir
eadol
escent
per
iodf
ort
hem mayf
ocusont
rai
ningf
ort
hatf
utur
e.

(
c) 
Condi
ti
oni
ngandCommi
tment
:
Thet
hir
dphaseofoccupat
ional
soci
ali
sat
iont
akespl
aceswhi
l
eone
act
ual
l
yper
for
mst
hewor
k-r
elat
edRol
e.Condi
ti
oni
ngconsi
stsof
r
eluct
ant
lyadj
ust
ingt
othemor
eunpl
easantaspect
sofone’
sjob.Most
peopl
efi
ndt
hatt
henov
elt
yofnewdai
l
yschedul
equi
ckl
ywear
sof
fand
r
eal
i
set
hatt
hepar
tsoft
hewor
kexper
iencear
erat
hert
edi
ous.Moor
euses
t
het
erm commi
tmentt
oref
ert
otheent
husi
ast
icaccept
anceof
pl
easur
abl
edut
iest
hatcomeast
her
ecr
uiti
dent
if
iest
heposi
ti
vet
askofan
occupat
ion.

(
d) 
Cont
inuesCommi
tment
:
Accor
dingt
oMoor
e,i
faj
obpr
ovest
obesat
isf
act
ory
,theper
sonwi
l
lent
er
af
our
thst
ageofsoci
ali
sat
ion.Att
hisst
aget
hej
obbecomesan
i
ndi
spensabl
e)ar
toft
heper
son’
ssel
fident
it
y.Vi
olat
ionofpr
operconduct
becomesunt
hinkabl
e.Aper
sonmaychooset
ojoi
npr
ofessi
onal
associ
ati
ons,
uni
onsorot
hergr
oupswhi
chr
epr
esenthi
sorheroccupat
ion
i
nthel
argersoci
ety
.

6.
 Pol
i
tical
Par
it
ies:
Pol
i
tical
par
ti
esat
temptt
osei
zepol
i
tical
powerandmai
ntai
nit
.Theyt
ryt
o
wi
nthesuppor
toft
hemember
soft
hesoci
etyont
hebasi
sofasoci
o-
economi
cpol
i
cyandpr
ogr
amme.I
nthepr
ocesst
heydi
ssemi
nat
epol
i
tical
v
aluesandnor
msandsoci
ali
set
heci
ti
zen.Thepol
i
tical
par
ti
essoci
ali
se
t
heci
ti
zenf
orst
abi
l
ityandchangeofpol
i
tical
syst
em.

7.
 MassMedi
a:
Themassmedi
aofcommuni
cat
ion,
par
ti
cul
arl
ytel
evi
si
on,
playan
i
mpor
tantr
olei
nthepr
ocessofsoci
ali
sat
ion.Themassmedi
aof
communi
cat
iont
ransmi
tinf
ormat
ionsandmessageswhi
chi
nfl
uencet
he
per
sonal
i
tyofani
ndi
vi
dual
toagr
eatext
ent
.

I
naddi
ti
ont
othi
s,communi
cat
ionmedi
ahasani
mpor
tantef
fecti
n
encour
agi
ngi
ndi
vi
dual
stosuppor
ttheexi
sti
ngnor
msandv
aluesor
opposeorchanget
hem.Theyar
ethei
nst
rumentofsoci
alpower
.They
i
nfl
uenceuswi
tht
hei
rmessages.Thewor
dsar
eal
way
swr
it
tenby
someoneandt
hesepeopl
etoo–aut
hor
sandedi
tor
sandadv
ert
iser
s–j
oin
t
het
eacher
s,t
hepeer
sandt
hepar
ent
sint
hesoci
ali
sat
ionpr
ocess.

Toconcl
ude,
env
ironmentst
imul
iof
tendet
ermi
net
hegr
owt
hofhuman
per
sonal
i
ty.Apr
operenv
ironmentmaygr
eat
lydet
ermi
newhet
hert
he
soci
alort
hesel
f-
cent
eredf
orceswi
l
lbecomesupr
eme.I
ndi
vi
dual
’
ssoci
al
env
ironmentf
aci
l
itat
essoci
ali
sat
ion.I
fhi
sment
alandphy
sical
capaci
ti
es
ar
enotgood,
hemaynotbeabl
etomakepr
operuseofenv
ironment
.
Howev
er,
thef
ami
l
ypl
aysper
hapst
hei
mpor
tantpar
tint
hepr
ocessof
soci
ali
sat
ion.
Thechi
l
dlear
nsmuchf
rom t
hef
ami
l
y.Af
terf
ami
l
yhi
spl
aymat
esand
school
wiel
dinf
luenceonhi
ssoci
ali
sat
ion.Af
terhi
seducat
ioni
sov
er,
he
ent
ersi
ntoapr
ofessi
on.Mar
ri
agei
nit
iat
esaper
soni
ntosoci
al
r
esponsi
bil
i
ty,
whi
chi
soneofai
msofsoci
ali
sat
ion.I
nshor
tthe
soci
ali
sat
ioni
sapr
ocesswhi
chbegi
nsatbi
rt
handacont
inues
unceasi
ngl
yunt
ilt
hedeat
hofi
ndi
vi
dual
.

I
mpor
tanceofSoci
ali
sat
ion:
Thepr
ocessofsoci
ali
sat
ioni
simpor
tantf
rom t
hepoi
ntofv
iewofsoci
ety
aswel
lasf
rom t
hepoi
ntofv
iewofi
ndi
vi
dual
.Ev
erysoci
etyi
sfacedwi
th
t
henecessi
tyofmaki
ngar
esponsi
blememberoutofeachchi
l
dbor
nint
oit
.
Thechi
l
dmustl
ear
ntheexpect
ati
onsoft
hesoci
etysot
hathi
sbehav
iour
canber
eli
edupon.

Hemustacqui
ret
hegr
oupnor
msi
nor
dert
otaket
hebehav
iourofot
her
s
i
ntoaccount
.Soci
ali
sat
ionmeanst
ransmi
ssi
onofcul
tur
e,t
hepr
ocessby
whi
chmenl
ear
nther
ulesandpr
act
icesofsoci
algr
oupst
owhi
chbel
ongs.
I
tist
hroughi
tthatasoci
etymai
ntai
nit
ssoci
alsy
stem,
transmi
tsi
ts
cul
tur
efr
om gener
ati
ont
ogener
ati
on.

Fr
om t
hepoi
ntofv
iewoft
hei
ndi
vi
dual
,soci
ali
sat
ioni
sthepr
ocessby
whi
cht
hei
ndi
vi
dual
lear
nssoci
albehav
iour
,dev
elopshi
ssel
f.Soci
ali
sat
ion
pl
aysauni
quer
olei
nper
sonal
i
tydev
elopmentoft
hei
ndi
vi
dual
.

I
tist
hepr
ocessbywhi
cht
henewbor
nindi
vi
dual
,ashegr
owsup,
acqui
res
t
hev
aluesoft
hegr
oupandi
smoul
dedi
ntoasoci
albei
ng.Wi
thoutt
hisno
i
ndi
vi
dual
coul
dbecomeaper
son,
fori
fthev
alues,
sent
iment
sandi
deasof
cul
tur
ear
enotj
oinedt
othecapaci
ti
esandneedsoft
hehumanor
gani
sm
t
her
ecoul
dbenohumanment
ali
ty,
nohumanper
sonal
i
ty.

Thechi
l
dhasnosel
f.Thesel
femer
gest
hrought
hepr
ocessof
soci
ali
sat
ion.Thesel
f,t
hecor
eofper
sonal
i
ty,
dev
elopsoutoft
hechi
l
d’s
i
nter
act
ionwi
thot
her
s.

I
nthesoci
ali
sat
ionpr
ocesst
hei
ndi
vi
dual
lear
nst
hecul
tur
easwel
lasski
l
ls,
r
angi
ngf
rom l
anguaget
omanual
dext
eri
tywhi
chwi
l
lenabl
ehi
mto
becomeapar
ti
cipat
ingmemberofhumansoci
ety
.

Soci
ali
sat
ioni
ncul
cat
esbasi
cdi
sci
pli
nes,
rangi
ngf
rom t
oil
ethabi
tst
o
met
hodofsci
ence.I
nhi
sear
lyy
ear
s,i
ndi
vi
dual
isal
sosoci
ali
sedwi
th
r
egar
dtosexual
behav
iour
.

Soci
etyi
sal
soconcer
nedwi
thi
mpar
ti
ngt
hebasi
cgoal
s,aspi
rat
ionsand
v
aluest
owhi
cht
hechi
l
disexpect
edt
odi
recthi
sbehav
iourf
ort
her
estof
hi
sli
fe.Hel
ear
ns-
thel
evel
stowhi
chhei
sexpect
edt
oaspi
re.

Soci
ali
sat
iont
eachesski
l
ls.Onl
ybyacqui
ri
ngneededski
l
lsi
ndi
vi
dual
fit
i
ntoasoci
ety
.Insi
mpl
esoci
eti
es,
tradi
ti
onal
pract
icesar
ehandeddown
f
rom gener
ati
ont
ogener
ati
onandar
eusual
l
ylear
nedbyi
mit
ati
onand
pr
act
icei
nthecour
seofev
ery
dayl
i
fe.Soci
ali
sat
ioni
sindeedani
ntr
icat
e
pr
ocessi
nacompl
exsoci
etychar
act
eri
sedbyi
ncr
easi
ngspeci
ali
sat
ion
anddi
vi
sionofwor
k.I
nthesesoci
eti
es,
incul
cat
ingt
heabst
ractski
l
lsof
l
i
ter
acyt
hroughf
ormal
educat
ioni
sacent
ral
taskofsoci
ali
sat
ion.

Anot
herel
ementi
nsoci
ali
sat
ioni
stheacqui
si
ti
onoft
heappr
opr
iat
esoci
al
r
olest
hatt
hei
ndi
vi
dual
isexpect
edt
opl
ay.Heknowsr
oleexpect
ati
ons,
t
hati
swhatbehav
iourandv
aluesar
eapar
toft
her
olehewi
l
lper
for
m.He
mustdesi
ret
opr
act
isesuchbehav
iourandpur
suesuchends.

Rol
eper
for
mancei
sver
yimpor
tanti
nthepr
ocessofsoci
ali
sat
ion.As
mal
es,
femal
es,
husbands,
wiv
es,
sons,
daught
ers,
par
ent
s,chi
l
dren,
st
udent
’st
eacher
sandsoon,
accept
edsoci
alr
olesmustbel
ear
nedi
fthe
i
ndi
vi
dual
ist
opl
ayaf
unct
ional
andpr
edi
ctabl
epar
tinsoci
ali
nter
act
ion.

I
nthi
swaymanbecomesaper
sont
hrought
hesoci
ali
nfl
uenceswhi
chhe
shar
eswi
thot
her
sandt
hroughhi
sownabi
l
ityt
orespondandweav
ehi
s
r
esponsesi
ntoauni
fi
edbodyofhabi
ts,
att
it
udesandt
rai
ts.Butmani
snot
t
hepr
oductofsoci
ali
sat
ional
one.Hei
sal
so,
inpar
t,apr
oductofher
edi
ty.
Hegener
all
ypossesses,
thei
nher
it
edpot
ent
ial
thatcanmakehi
m aper
son
undercondi
ti
onsofmat
urat
ionandcondi
ti
oni
ng

TYPESOFFAMI
LIES

NUCLEARFAMI
LIES

Itis sti
ll
themostcommonf ami l
ystructureinZi mbabwe, withabout70
per centoff amili
esfall
ingintot hisstructur
e.The  nuclearfami l
y i
sthe
traditi
onal typeoffami l
ystruct ur
e.Thi sfamilytypeconsi stsoft wopar ents
andchi l
dren.Thenucl earfami lywasl onghel dinesteem bysoci etyas
beingt heideal i
nwhi chtor aisechildren.Childreninnucl earfami l
i
es
recei v
est r
engt handst abi
l
ityf rom thet wo-parentstructureandgener all
y
hav emor eoppor t
unit
iesduet othef i
nancialeaseoft woadul ts.Accor di
ng
toCensus  data,al
most70per centofchi l
drenliveinanucl earfamilyunit.

SI
NGLEPARENTFAMILIES
Si
ngl
e-par
entf
ami
li
es,whichconsi
stofonepar
entr
aisi
ngchi
l
dren,
hav
e
grownconsi der
ablyov erthepastf ewdecadest or epresent25per centof
allfamil
ies.The singlepar entfamil
y 
consi stsofonepar entr aisingoneor
mor echildrenonhi sown.Of ten,asi
nglepar entf ami lyisamot herwi thher
childr
en,althought herear esingl
efathersaswel l.Thesi nglepar entf amil
y
i
st hebiggestchangesoci etyhasseeni ntermsoft hechangesi nf amily
structur
es.Onei nfourchi l
drenisbornt oasi nglemot her .Singlepar ent
fami l
i
esar egener all
ycloseandf i
ndway stowor kt ogethert osol ve
problems, suchasdi vidinguphousehol dchor es.Whenonl yonepar entis
athome, i
tmaybeast rugglet ofi
ndchildcare, asther eisonl yonepar ent
wor ki
ng.Thi sli
mi t
sincomeandoppor tuniti
esi nmanycases, al
though
manysi nglepar entfami l
ieshav ehel
pf rom relati
v esandf r
iends.

EXTENDEDFAMI LY
Extendedf amili
esincl
udetwoormor eadul t
swhoar er el
ated, oft
enacr oss
generations, l
i
v i
nginthesamehousehol d.The extendedf ami l
y  
structur
e
consistsoft woormor eadult
swhoar erelat
ed, eitherbybl oodormar ri
age,
l
ivi
ngi nt hesamehome.Thi sfami lyincludesmanyr elati
vesl i
vingt ogether
andwor ki ngtowardcommongoal s,suchasr aisi
ngt hechi ldrenand
keepingupwi ththehouseholddut ies.Manyext endedf amili
esi nclude
cousins, auntsorunclesandgr andpar entsli
vingt oget her.Thist y
peof
familystructuremayf orm duetof i
nanci aldi
fficulti
esorbecauseol der
rel
ativesar eunabletocarefort hemsel vesalone.Ext endedf ami l
iesar e
becomi ngi ncreasi
nglycommonal lov erthewor l
d.

STEPFAMI
LY

Thest epfamilyconsist
soft woseparatefamil
iesmergi
ngi
ntoasingl
euni
t
afterdivorceandr emarr
iage.Thegrandparentfami
l
yconsi
stsof
grandpar ent
sr ai
singchi
ldrenwhenparentsareunablet
odoso.

CHI
LDHEADEDFAMI
LIES

Thesearefamil
iest
hatar
eheadedbychi ldr
enwhohav elostt
heirparent
s.
Theelderchi
ldr
enassumeparent
al r
olesthoughtheymaybemi nors
themselv
es.Thesefami
li
eshaveincreasedinsubSaharanAfr
icainthe
wakeofHI V/
AIDSpandemic.