BHS110I

NTRODUCTI
ONTOZI
MBABWE
CULTUREANDHERI
TAGE

STUDENTLECTURENOTES
 CULTURE
Whenagr oupofpeopl estaytogether
,theydevel
opsomeway sofdoing,
expressi
ngt hings.Soci
eti
esdev el
opcul t
urewhichi
ssometimesunique
tothem.Cul tureofonesoci ety/
communi tycanbedif
fer
enttoanother
communi ty.Cul tur
esofcer tai
ncommuni t
yorgroupofpeoplecanbe
takentoot hercommuni t
iesandhav eanef f
ect
.Thi
smeanst heref
ore
thatcult
ureisnotst at
icbutisdynamic.Cultur
ecanbedef
inedinseveral
way s.

SOMEDEFI
NITI
ONS

 Cultur
ereferstothecumul ati
vedepositofknowledge,experi
ence,
beli
efs,val
ues,att
itudes, meanings,hier
archi
es,r
eli
gion,noti
onsof
ti
me, rol
es,spati
alrelations,conceptsoftheuniv
erse,andmat er
ial
objectsandpossessi onsacqui redbyagr oupofpeopl einthe
courseofgenerationst hroughindivi
dualandgroupstri
ving.

 Cul
tur
eisthesyst
emsofknowl
edgeshar
edbyar
elat
ivel
ylar
ge
gr
oupofpeopl
e.

 Cul
tur
eiscommuni
cat
ion,
communi
cat
ioni
scul
tur
e.

 Cult
ureini t
sbroadestsenseisculti
vatedbehavi
our;thati
st he
tot
ali
tyofaper son'
sl ear
ned,accumulatedexper
iencewhi chis
soci
allytransmi
tt
ed,ormor e br
ief
ly,behav
iourthrough social
l
earning.

 A cul
tur
eisawayofl if
eofagr oupofpeopl e-
-t
hebehavi
ours,
bel
ief
s,val
ues,andsy mbolsthattheyaccept,gener
all
ywit
hout
thi
nki
ngaboutthem,andthatarepassedal
ongbycommuni cati
on
andimit
ati
onfr
om onegenerati
ontothenext.

 Cul
tur
eissymboliccommuni cat
ion.Someofitssymbolsincl
udea
gr
oup'
s ski
ll
s,knowl edge,at ti
tudes,val
ues,and mot i
ves.The
meani
ngsofthesy mbol sarelearnedanddeli
berat
elyper
petuat
ed
i
nasociet
ythroughit
si nsti
tuti
ons.

 Cult
ure consi
sts ofpat
ter
ns,expl
ici
tand i
mpli
cit
,ofand for
behavi
ouracquir
edandt r
ansmi
ttedbysymbol
s,const
it
uti
ngt
he
 dist
inct
ive achi
evement of human gr oups, including thei
r
embodimentsinartef
acts;t
heessenti
alcor
eofcul tureconsi
stsof
tr
aditi
onalideas and especi
all
ytheiratt
ached v al
ues;cult
ure
systemsmay ,ont heonehand,beconsi deredaspr oduct
sof
acti
on,ontheotherhand,asconditi
oningi
nfluencesuponf urt
her
acti
on.

 Cult
ureisthesum oftotaloft
hel earnedbehavi
ourofagr oupof
peoplethataregener
allyconsi
der edt obethet r
aditi
onofthat
peopleandaretr
ansmi
ttedfrom generati
ontogenerat
ion.

 Cult
urei
sacol
l
ecti
veprogr
ammingofthemindthatdist
ingui
shes
themember
sofonegr
ouporcat
egoryofpeopl
efrom another
.

THEORI
ESOFCULTURE
THEORYOFCULTURALDETERMI
NISM

 Theposi t
iont hatthei deas,meani ngs,belief
sandv aluespeopl e
l
ear nasmember sofsoci etydet er
mineshumannat ure.Peoplear e
whatt heylearn.Opti
mi sti
cv ersionofculturaldet
ermi nism pl
aces
nol i
mitsont heabili
ti
esofhumanbei ngst odoort obewhat ever
theywant.Someant hropologistssuggestthatthereisnouni versal
"ri
ghtway "ofbeinghuman." Rightway"isal mostalway s"ourway "
;
that"ourway "i nonesoci etyal mostnev ercorr
espondst o" our
way "inanyot hersociety.Pr operatti
tudeofani nformedhuman
beingcouldonl ybethatoft olerance.

 Theopti
misticver
sionofthi
stheor
ypostul
atest
hathumannat
ure
beingi
nfi
nit
elymall
eabl
e;humanbeingcanchoosetheway
sofli
fe
theypr
efer
.

 Thepessi misti
cv ersionmaint
ainst hatpeopl earewhattheyare
condit i
oned to be;t hisi
ssomet hing overwhi chtheyhaveno
cont r
ol.Humanbei ngsarepassi
v ecr eat
uresanddowhat ev
erthei
r
culturet el
lsthem t odo.Thisexpl anati
onl eadstobehavi
ouri
sm
thatl ocatesthecausesofhumanbehav i
ourinar eal
mt hatis
totall
ybey ondhumancont r
ol.

CULTURALRELATI
VISM
  Diff
erentcul turalgr oupst hink,f eel,andactdi fferently.Thereare
nosci entifi
cst andar dsf orconsi deringonegr oupasi ntri
nsi
cally
superiorori nferiort o anot her .St udy ing di
fferences in cult
ure
amonggr oupsandsoci etiespr esupposesaposi ti
onofcul tural
rel
ativ
ism.I tdoesnoti mpl ynor mal cyf oronesel f,orf orone's
societ
y .It,howev er,cal l
sf orj udgmentwhendeal ingwi thgroups
orsoci eti
esdi f
ferentf rom one' sown.I nformati
onaboutt henature
ofcul turaldifferencesbet weensoci et i
es,theirroot s,andt heir
consequencesshoul dprecedej udgmentandact i
on.Negot i
ati
onis
mor elikelytosucceedwhent hepar t i
esconcer nedunder standthe
reasonsf orthedi fferencesi nv iewpoi nt s.

CULTURALETHNOCENTRI
SM

 Ethnocent r
ism i sthebel ieft
hatone' sowncul tureissuper i
ort o
thatofot hercul t
ures.Itisaform ofreduct i
onism thatreducest he
"otherway "ofl i
fet oadi st
ort
edv ersionofone' sown.Thi si s
parti
cularlyimpor tantincaseofgl obaldeal ingswhenacompany
orani ndividualisimbuedwi t
htheideat hatmethods, materi
als,or
i
deast hatwor kedi nt hehomecount rywillalso workabr oad.
Env i
ronment aldifferencesare,therefor e,i
gnored.Ethnocentrism,
i
nr elat
iont oglobal deali
ngs,canbecat egori
zedasf oll
ows:

o I
mpor t
antfactor
sinbusi nessareov er
lookedbecauseoft he
obsessi
onwi thcertaincause-effectrelationshi
psi none's
owncountry.I
tisalway sagoodi deator efertocheckli
stsof
humanv ar
iabl
esinor dertobeassur edt hatallmajorfact
ors
havebeenatleastconsideredwhilewor kingabroad.

o Even t hough one may r ecogni ze the env i

ronmental
dif
fer
encesandpr oblemsassoci at edwithchange,butmay
focus onlyon achievi
ng objecti
v es rel
ated t
ot he home-
countr
y.Thi smayr esul
ti nthel ossofef f
ecti
venessofa
company or an i ndivi
dual in t erms of internat
ional
compet i
ti
veness.Theobj ect
ivessetf orglobaloperati
ons
shoul
dal sobeglobal.
 o The di ffer
ences ar
er ecognized,buti tis assumed that
associ at
edchangesar esobasi cthattheycanbeachi eved
effortl
essly.Iti
salway sagood i deat o perf
orm acost-
benef itanaly
sisoft hechangespr oposed. Sometimesa
changemayupseti mportantv aluesandt herebymayf ace
resistance fr
om being implement ed.The costofsome
changes may exceed t he benef i
ts derived fr
om t he
i
mpl ementati
onofsuchchanges.

ZI
MBABWEANTRADI
TIONALANDCULTURALVALUES
MARRI
AGEI
NSTI
TUTI
ONS

-
Marri
agei
soneofthemostimport
antinst
itut
ionsthatwas/i
shi
ghl
y
v
aluedbyt
hev
ari
ouscul
tur
algr
oupst
hatarefoundinZimbabwe.

-Themarr
iageinst
it
uti
onall
owedpr
ocr
eat
ionandt
her
efor
econt
inui
ty
hencei
twaslar
gelycel
ebr
ated.

-Thi
si nsti
tut
ionhaslar
gel
ybeenaffect
edbyt heWest er
ncultureandthe
conver si
onofAfri
canpeopl
eint
oWest ernreli
gionsl
i
keChr i
stiani
ty-How?
LesbiansandGay sandal
sodedicatedbrothersandsister
sint hecase
ofCat holi
cs.

-Peoplearenowhighl
ymobil
einthi
sgl
obal
izedwor
ldasaresul
tpeopl
e
havelargel
yint
ermar
ri
edandthi
shasaf
fect
edthemarri
agei
nsti
tut
ioni
n
Zimbabwe.

-Marr
iagei
sconsi
der
edanav
enuet
ogetst
atusamongstmostet
hni
c
gr
oupsinZi
mbabwe.

-
Itis al
mostuniver
salamongstt
he Bantu peopl
ethata per
son i
s
r
eferr
edtousingt
henameoft hef
ir
stborne.gmotherofsoandsoor
f
atherassoandso.

-The wester
ners use t
heirfi
rstnames orot
hert
it
tl
es e.
g.Doct
or
,Pr
ofessor
,Mr.
,Mrs.,Rev
erendetc.
-
parent
hood i
s necessar
yto est
abl
i
sh st
atus among t
he peopl
e of
Zi
mbabwe

-fami
lyl
ifei
st husofout
ermosti mportance.Thati
sthereasonwhy
peoplewhodon’tgetgetmarri
ed arer egar
dedassocialoutcaste.
g
tsvi
mborumeormbongor or
ithi
si susuall
yexplai
nasami sfort
uneor
causedbyevi
lspri
tse.
ganechit
sinha.

≠Atthi
sjunct
ure,i
tisimportanttoest
abl
i
shhow t
hismar
ri
ageswer
e
for
medandhowt heyfunct
ioned-

-
marri
ageshavevari
eti
esoff or
ms,ri
ghtandcust
omsindif
fer
entpar
ts
oft
hecount
ry.Theprocedur
esforget
ti
ngmarri
edvar
ywidel
y.

NBt
hemar r
iagei
sessenti
all
yACONTRACTBETWEENTWOFAMI LI
ES.
Amarr
iagei
snotacontr
actbetweent
wopeopl
e(Bour
dil
l
ion1987,
40)

QUESTION:Whydower
egar
dmar
ri
ageasacont
ractbet
weent
wo
fami
li
es.

-
Tezv
arai
sat
ezv
arat
othewhol
eoft
hegr
oom’
sfami
l
y.

-
peopl
eusual
l
ysaywehav
emar
ri
edsuchandsuchaf
ami
l
y

-
negoti
ati
onsformar
ri
agerequi
repar
ti
cipat
ionbyseni
orr
epr
esent
ati
ves
ofeachfami
ly
.PROCEDURESTHATAREFOLLOWED

Thepr ocessofmar ri
agev ari
eswi t
hst at
us,regi
onandcul t
uralbeli
efs.
Normalpr oceduresofmarriageareasf ol
lows;i
tallbegi
nswi t
hinfor
mal
court
ingwhi chcanalsoinvolvepriv
ateengagementi .etheexchangeof
l
ovet alking (nduma)between t he agreed part
ies.The lovetokens
i
ncludedt hepiecesofunderclot
hingfrom thegir
l

-
Thishaslar
gelybeenrepl
acedbypubl
i
cagr
eementwher
eengagement
r
ingswil
lbeexchanged.

-
Thi
swi l
lbefol
l
owedbyt hef
ormalandpubl
icengagementi
nthi
scase
t
hesuitorappr
oachesthegir
l”
sfamil
yt hr
oughamessengerthatis
munyai
withsomegift
s.

-Thepri
depri
ceisthennegot
iat
edandpai
dbutnori
nful
l
-mukusha
shoul
dremai
nindebt
-Termsi
ncl
udedi
nthebr
idepr
icei
ncl
uder
utsambo,mombey
ehumai
,
roor
a

-
Rutsambo wasassoci
atedwi
thsexualr
ight
sandwasonl
ypai
dto
v
irgi
ns.

Roorawaspai
dinthefor
m ofcat
tl
e;t
hisgav
ethehusbandr
ight
sov
er
chi
ldr
enbor
ntothewoman

-Mombey ehumai
–cowofmot
her
hoodwascommi
tt
edt
othemat
ri
li
neal
ancest
ors

-
Thebr
idepr
iceshoul
dnotbeequat
edt
oot
hert
ransact
ionse.
g.buy
ing
ahomeoracar

-thewifeisnotasuppl
yboughtaspr
oper
tyorasl
avet
hatmi
ghtbe
boughtandsol
dagai
n

-
thehusband’
sfami
l
ymaynotpassheront
oat
hir
dfami
l
y

-
int
hecaseofdi
vor
ceshemustbeof
fi
cial
l
yret
urnedt
oherki
n.

OTHERTRADI
TIONALFORMSOFMARRI
AGE

1.El
opementi
.ekut
izi
ra

2.chi
l
dmar
ri
agei
.
ekuzv
ari
ra/
kuzv
ari
rwa

3.ser
vicemar
ri
agei
.e.kut
emaugar
ir
i

4.chur
ch marri
age i
.e.t
his was bor
rowed f
rom t
he Eur
opean
marr
iagecust
oms

5.cour
tmar ri
ages i
.e.t
his was bor
rowed f
rom t
he Eur
opean
marr
iagecust
oms

AFRI
CANTRADI
TIONALMEDI
CINES

-
Sickness usual
l
yr equi
res an explanati
on among t
he peopl
e of
Zi
mbabwe- wehavet
wocat egor
iesofexplanat
ions

1.Sci
ent
if
icexpl
anat
ion

2.Spi
ri
tual
expl
anat
ion
-I
fanailmentoccur
sorshouldi
tbecomeseriousandli
fethr
eat
ening,it
requi
resanexplanat
ionbeyondtheancest
ralorsci
enti
fi
cexplanati
on
e.gHIV/AI
DS

Forthi
sreasonswehadt o bel
i
ev einbotht hewester
nmedi
cines/
west
ernmedicat
edt
reat
mentandtradi
ti
onal
treatment

-
Scient
if
icmedi
cineswer
eonl
yi nt
roducedint
oAfricabyt
hewhi
teman
butbef
oret
hentherewer
enat
ivedoctors/
heal
ers.

-Wit
ht he coming of the whi
t e man and western medici
ne and
Chri
sti
ani
ty tradit
ional medi
cines were discouraged-
missi
onari
es
att
emptedtodiscouraget
heuseoft r
adi
ti
onal
medicines.

-
Thetr
adit
ionalheal
ers(nat
ivedoctors)wher
econsider
edtobedev il
wor
shi
ppers,whoweredoomedt ohell
unlesst
heyt
urnedtoChr
ist
iani
ty-
t
heyar
eregardednyangasorvar
oyi

-Manypeopl e now shun orar

e ashamed ofvisi
ti
ng the t
radi
ti
onal
pract
it
ioner
sbecauseoft hesti
gmaat tachedt
ot r
adit
ionalt
reat
ment
andmedi ci
nes.

-
Nowaday
swest
ern–sci
ent
if
icmedi
cinesar
egi
venf
ir
stchoi
ce.

-Butt here ar
e cases i
n which sci
enti
fi
cal
l
ytrained doct
orsfai
lto
diagnoset hecauseofill
ness.I
nt hatcasenat
ivedoctorshavetobe
consulted.

-Af
ri
can worl
dvi
ew-
Abnormalil
lness ar
e caused byancest
ralspi
ri
ts,
ngozi(
avengi
ngspi
ri
ts)
,mashav
e( wonderi
ngspir
it
s)andwit
ches)

-iti
simportanttonotethatil
l
nessisbel
i
evedt
obecausedbyanger
ed
spir
it
s,wi
tchcraf
torsorcer
y-EvenHI
VandAIDS.

-
int
hiscaseiti
snotwisetorel
yonscient
ifi
cmedici
neswhi
chonl
ycur
e
t
hephysi
calbei
ngrat
herthanthespi
ri
tual
being.

-mostZi
mbabweanpeopl eli
keot
herAf r
icangroupsbel
i
evethatthei
r
wellbei
ng depends on t
hei
rrel
ati
onship wi
th spi
ri
tguar
dians who
contr
olt
hei
rli
ves.

-Thel
i
vingar
epr
otect
edbyt
he-nat
ivedoct
orsorheal
ers.
-Theli
vi
ngdeadarebeliedtohavetheprot
ect
ivepowers-
sothatevi
l
doesnotentert
hehomes-t
hat
’st
hereasonwhyt
hereist
hekurovaguv
a
ceremony.

-i
fapersonaper
son becomessickitmeansthe spi
ri
tualwor
ldwi
l
l
haver
emovedt
hei
rpr
otecti
vepowersaspuni
shment
.

-
Somecorr
ecti
veri
tual
sshouldbecar
ri
edoutt
oappeaset
hesespi
ri
tst
o
gett
hepr
otect
iononceagai
n.

-
inordertor econnectwit
ht heworldwiththewor l
dofthedepar
ted
(
nyi
kadzimu)whocont r
olwhathappensintheunderwor
ldpeopl
ehave
t
ogot herel
evantperson.i
.
ethen’angaorheal
ers.

-thetr
adit
ionalhealerhasthepowertopowert ocommunicat
ewiththe
worldofthedepar tedones-notanyotheror
dinar
ypersoncandot hat
;
samewi t
ht hefait
hhealerstheseday
s=notal
lpersonscanspeakahear
God( v
anzwi vedenga)

-Ther
ear
etwot
ypesoft
radi
ti
onal
heal
ers

1.Onewhospeci
ali
zei
ndi
vi
nit
y

2.Onewhospeci
ali
zei
nher
bal
i
st(
ther
apy
)

-The prof
essi
onaldivi
nergives t
he di
agnosi
sfort
he i
l
lness and
sometimesprescr
ibest
heremedy.

-
thedi
agnosi
sincl
udescur
vehakata/gat
ai.e.t
hrowi
ngoft
hedi
vi
ning
di
ceswhi
chcanbecarvedwood,
ivor
yorbone.Di
ces

-t
hese di
vers have di
ff
erent names of
chir
ume,
nhokwar
a,kwadz
ima,ngwena,
ki
vani.

-
tr
eat
mentcani
ncl
ude

1.Br
ewi
ngofmi
l
leti
nhonoroft
hespr
itguar
dian

2.Useofherbalr
emedi es(
herbs)orotherther
apiessoluti
ons,bl
oodetc.
3 kut
emwa ny ora-
maki ng i
ncisi
ons on the skin and rubbi
ng some
mechani
calpowder–orsmoki ngoutthef or
eignelementsinthebody4
somemedicinesaretakenbymout he.g.powdersandliqui
dform.
AFRI
CANTRADI
TIONALDANCE/
ZIMBABWEAN

-
dance i
s an i
mport
antaspectofAf
ri
can peopl
ein gener
aland
Zi
mbabweancul
tur
einpar
ti
cul
ar.

-
inZimbabwedif
fer
entet
hnicgroupshav euni
quet r
adit
ionaldances
whi
chwereper
for
medatdif
fer
entfunct
ionsandoccasi
ons.

-
songanddancesint
hepastwer
eimportantvehi
clesofcommuni
cat
ion
bet
ween t
he liv
ing and t
he l
ivi
ng dead-RELI
GI OUS,SOCI
AL AND
CEREMONI
ALPACKAGE.

-
thet
radi
ti
onal
songsanddancescanbev
eryspi
ri
tual
.

-Dancesar
eal
sousedasav ehi
cleoft
ransmi
tti
ngtradi
ti
ons,
goodval
ue
andcustomsfrom onegenerat
iontot henext.Theyther
efor
ehave
meanings.

-
Dancingcanal
sousedt
oar
ouset
hespi
ri
ts-
ifonedanceshei
squi
ckl
y
possessed.

-Tr
aditi
onaldances wer
e al
so per
for
med f
orsi
mpl
e enj
oymentor
enter
tainment
.

-
Thedancescanbecl
assi
fi
edi
ntot
hreemai
ngr
oups

1.Ri
tual
dances

2.Commemor
ati
ve

3.Ri
tual
dances

-Zi
mbabweanpeoplefall
intosever
alethnicandsubethnicgr
oupswhich
i
ncludetheNdebele,shona(ndau)
,Zezuru,Many i
ka, Kar
anga,
Kor
ekore
and kalanga, and ot her communi t
y gr oups such as t he
Machangana,
Tsonga,Venda,Shongwe,Nambi a

-
thetr
aditi
onaldancesoftheZimbabweanpeopleincl
udeMuchongoyo,
mbkuamba,shangar a,mhande,chi
nyanher
a,mbende(jer
usal
ema),
gule
Wamukulu ( Nyao) ji
ti
, Ngor
orombe, Mbaqanga, i
mbongi, Tsot
sa,
i
sit
shi
kisha,Zvi
pumha.

-
thesedi
ff
erentt
radi
ti
onaldanceshav
euni
quecul
tur
alhi
stor
icaland
spi
ri
tual
cont
ext
s.

-Theyar
ealsoaccompaniedbypecul
i
armat
eri
alcul
tur
ewhi
chi
ncl
udes
cost
umesandinstr
uments.

-Di
ff
erentski
l
ls ar
e needed t
o per
for
m t
he di
ff
erentdances e.
g
acr
obatics

-Accordi
ngtoMat aga(
2008)t
radi
ti
onaldancesar
eauni
quef
orm of
cult
uralexpr
essi
on

-
thesedancesareani mpor
tantaspectofourher
it
agewhi
chshoul
dbe
preser
vedforpost
eri
ty.

-
effor
ts hav
e been made to pr
eserv
et hese t
radit
ionaldances and
document them by t he Zimbabwe Nat i
onal Tr adi
ti
onal Dance
Associ
ati
on(ZINTDA)andt
heNationalAr
tsCouncil
(NAC)

-t
heset r
adi
ti
onaldancesar
esti
llbei
ngperfor
medmai
nlyi
nther
ural
areas,
farmsandtownshi
psmost
lybytheel
derl
y.

-
howev er majori
ty of Zi
mbabwean peopl
e hav
e since abandoned
t
radit
ionaldancesbecausetheyareconsi
der
edbackwardandagainst
t
heirChrist
ianbel
ief
s

-
iti
snotpossi
blet
ocov
eral
ldancesi
ndet
aili
nthi
slect
ure.

Thr
ee tradi
ti
onal dances wil
l be cover
ed i
n thi
s l
ect
ure i
.e
Mbende/
Jerusal
ema,MuchongoyoandGul
eWmukul
u.

MBENDE/
JERUSAREMA

-
Jer
usar
emadancewastr
adit
ional
l
yperf
ormedbytheZezur
upeopl
eof
Mur
ehwaandUzumbaMarambaPfungwedi
str
ict
s

-
TheJer
usar
emadancewasor
igi
nal
l
ycal
l
edMhende

-
Thedancewasorigi
nal
l
yper
for
medasawardancewhi
chwasdev
ised
t
odist
ractt
heenemy.

-
Thembendedancewasperf
ormedinor
dert
oconfusetheenemi
esi
n
t
hesamewayastheHakadanceoft
heAl
lBl
acksi
nrugbytoday
.

-
TheZezur
uwoul
dputf
orwar
dwomen,t
oool
dandt
ooy
oung,t
odance
befor
ethewarsot
hatt
heenemywoul
dthi
nkt
hebat
tl
ewoul
dbet
oo
easy.

-l
ong aft
erthe t
hreat
sofwarhad di sappear
ed,the Mbende dance
cont
inuedtobeanimport
antpar
tofZezurupeopl
e.

-
The Chri
sti
an missi
onar
ies consi
der
ed manyAfri
can dances t
o be
l
ust
ful
,indecentandprovocati
ve.Andalsothatl
eadsandpr omoted
l
azi
ness.

-
ManyAfri
candanceswer eoutl
awedandprohibi
tedandwer
erepl
aced
wi
thbal
l
room,waltdancesduri
ngcol
oni
alperi
od.

-
Justli
ketr
adi
ti
onalmedicinesmostoft
hesedanceswer
evi
ewedas
par
tandpar
celofdev
ilworshippi
ng.

-Mbendewasof
fi
cial
l
yout
lawedi
n1910

-TheZez ur
uthenchangedthenamef rom MbendetoJer
usar
emaso
thattheycoul
dcont
inuewi
ththei
rdances.Mbendewast
huschri
stened
Jerusarema.

-TheJerusar
emadancet
ookasexualemphasi
sal
ongt
heway
.iti
stoo
seduct
iveander
oti
c.

-Someschol arswouldwanttov i
ew Jerusar
emaasadancethatwas
perfor
medatni ghtbymenandwomenofmar ryi
ngageasafor
m of
entert
ainment.Provi
dedoppor
tuni
ti
esforcovert
omeet

-
Mbende r
emai
ns i
mportanttothe peopl
e ofZi
mbabwe si
nce t
he
Mbendedr
ummi
ngisisusedonZBC.

-
Duet oi
tsimportancein2005Mbende/ Jerusar
emawasl i
stedonthe
UnescoMaster
piecesoftheOr
alandI
ntangibleHeri
tageofhumanit
yli
st

MUCHONGOYO

-
TheMuchongoyodancei smostpopul
arcul
tur
alact
ivi
tyamongt
he
Ndaupeopl
eofChi
pinge.

-
Chongoy
oisaNdauwor
dmeani
ngst
ampi
ngone’
sfeeti
npai
n.

-
TheMuchongoy
odancedev
elopedf
rom t
heNguniwardancecal
l
ed
Amahubo

-
Soshangana(arunawaycommanderofTshakat
heZul
ubr
oughtt
his
dancet
oGaz al
and

-
thewarregi
mentswoul
ddancewi
tht
hei
rspear
sandshi
eldsi
nthei
rful
l
mil
it
aryr
egal
ia.

-t
hedancei
ncl
udedsomesummer saul
tsandwalki
ngonhandst
oshow
str
engt
handdi
splayaggr
essi
onandsubmissi
on.

-
Muchongoy
oser
vednor
it
ual
i
sti
corr
eli
giouspur
pose.

-l
ongaftert
heMf ecanewarstheMuchongoyodancecont
inuedt
obe
perf
ormedforpur
elyent
ert
ainmentpur
poses.

-Thisshoul
dbecontr
astedwi t
hot herdancese.
g.Mbendewhi
char
e
pri
maril
ycarri
edouti
nreli
giousri
tualcontext
sli
keatt
hekur
ovaguv
a
ceremony.

GULEWAMUKULU/
NYAO/
NYAWODANCE

-
Gule Wamukulu l
it
eral
l
y means t
he bi
g or gr
eat dance aka
Zvi
nyau/
Zvi
gur
edances

-Thi
sdancewasint
roducedt
oZimbabwebymigrantwor
kersMalawi
andZambiawhocamet owor
kincommerci
alf
armsandmi nesdur
ing
the1950s

-
GuleWmukul
uisnowareli
giousi
nst
it
uti
onwhi
chf
eat
uresatt
hecor
e
oft
heChewacul
tur
eofNy
ajapeopl
e

-Nyaumaskeddancer
sar
eunder
stoodt
obespi
ri
tsoft
hedeadandar
e
usual
lydonebymen.

-i
nordertodotheGuleWamukul
uoneshouldbei
nit
iat
edwi t
ht hesecr
et
soci
etyandthisinv
olv
esst
ayi
ng/
resi
dingi
nawoodedgr ov
e/placeofthe
deadi.
e.grav
ey ard

-
GuleWmkul uisarel
i
giousdancewhosef
unct
ioni
stocommuni
cat
e
wi
ththeancest
ral
worl
d.

-t
hedancegoesbackt
otheGr
eatChewaempi
r he17th cent
eoft ury
.
Howev
er,
itdi
dnotbeganasar
eli
giousdance.

-
iti
sunder
stoodthatGuleWamukuluor
igi
nateddur
ingthet
imeofGr
eat
f
amineanditcameupasameansofsur v
ivalasi
tall
owedit
smembers
t
odanceandentert
ainpeopl
einr
eturnf
orfood.

-i
twasi nv
ent
edbyKALANZIPHI RI,event
uallyitwasjoi
nedbyChiefs
and headmen who had no desi
ret o be exposed orr
ecogni
zed as
part
ici
pant
sasaresultt
hedanceendedupbei ngamaskeddance.

-
itwasev
ent
ual
l
ytr
ansf
ormedi
ntoar
eli
giousdancet
hati
thasbecome
t
oday.

-i
nZi
mbabweGul eWamukului
spopularinfarm andmi
necompounds
andi
srat
herdonepur
elyf
orent
ert
ainmentpurposes.

-
thedanceisal
sostagedatfuner
alcer
emoni
esandatboy
sandgi
rl
s
i
nit
iat
ioncer
emoni
es(Chi
namwari)

I
MPACTOFMODERNI
SATI
ONONTRADI
TIONALDANCES

-
tr
adi
ti
onal
dancesi
nZi
mbabwear
econst
ant
lychangi
ng.

-t
houghsomeoft hedancesremainthesamethepurposehassi nce
changed e.g.someoft herel
igi
ousdancesarenow carri
ed outof
contextatdancecompet
iti
onsli
ketheChi
bukuNeshamwariTradi
ti
onal
Compet i
ti
on.

-wi
ththe incomi ng ofChr i
sti
anit
ymostofthese dances ar
evi
ew
negat
ivel
y.Theyar el ar
gelyseenasdevi
lworshi
ppi
ngassuchmost
peopl
eshunj oi
ninginsti
tut
ionsli
keGul
ewamukul
u.

-
moder nreli
giousbeli
efst
end to be agai
nstt
radit
ionaldancese.g.
Apostol
i
cf amili
esdon’
twantthei
rchil
drentopart
ici
pateintradi
ti
onal
danceswhichtheyseeasev
il
.

-
dances hav
e been weakened due t
othe ef
fect
s ofmoder
nizat
ion,
migr
ati
onofdiv
ersi
tyofrel
i
gions.

-t
hemat er
ialcul
tur
eusedint
hedanceshav
eal
sochangedt
hrought
ime
e.g.at
ti
reandinstr
ument
s.

-
we now hav
e new f
orms ofdances e.
g chi
bhasi
kor
o,bor
rowdal
e,
kocheker
abheri
ya,pant
sul
awhi
char
enowpopul
ari
ntownshi
ps,f
arms
andgrowthpoi
nts.

MODERNI
TY,
GLOBALI
ZATI
ONANDZI
MBABWEANCULTURALVALUES

-{
Q}whati
smoder
nit
yandwhati
sgl
obal
i
zat
ion?

{
Q}whendi
dgl
obal
i
zat
ionst
art
?

(
Q)I
sgl
obal
i
zat
ionci
vi
li
zi
ngordest
ruct
ive?i
.ebadorgood

(
Q)I
sgl
obal
i
zat
ionequi
val
entt
owest
erni
zat
ion?

(Q)Whathas been the impactofmoder

nit
y and gl
obal
i
zat
ion on
Zimbabweancul
tur
alv
alues?

(
Q) Shoul
d we equate global
i
zat
ion t
o Eur
opean col
oni
zat
ion,
i
mper
ial
i
sm andneocol
oni
ali
sm?

I
NTRODUCTI
ON

Termsli
kemoderni
tyandglobal
i
zati
onar
efrequent
lyusedi
nthedayto
dayvocabul
ary
.Howev er
,theexactmeani
ngoft heseter
msremains
probl
emati
c.

-
fr
equentl
ywehearpeopl esay ingthatwear enow l
ivi
ngina‘ gl
obal
vi
l
lage’at
erm whichwascoi nedbyMcluhan.Butwhatexact
lyi
smeant
bytheconcept‘globalv
il
lage’ doesitmeanonewor l
d,onecultur
e,
whosecul
tur
eforwhosebenef it
?

DEFI
NITI
ONSOFGLOBALI
SATI
ON

-Hochschi
ld(1998)def
inesglobal
i
zati
on asthe r
emovalofnational
boundari
esasimpedimentst
ot hefr
eeflowofcapi
tal
,ofgoodsandof
servi
ces.THEECONOMI CPERSPECTIVE

-Gi
ddens ci t
ed in Sengupt
a( 2001) defi
nes gl
obali
zati
on as the
i
ntensif
icati
onofworldwi
desocialrel
ati
onswhichl
inkdist
antl
ocal
i
ties
i
nsuchawayt hatl
ocalhappeningsareshapedbyeventsmil
esaway
andvicev er
sa=THESOCI ALPERSPECTIVE

-
Senguta(
2001)l
ooksatgl
obali
zat
ionastheprocessbywhichthe
peopl
eoft
heworl
darei
ncor
porat
edintoasi
ngl
esociet
y,i
.et
heglobal
soci
ety
.

-somewouldsimplywanttoviewglobal
i
zat
ionasthei
ncr
easedcont
act
betweenpeopl
e,t
heirv
alues,
ideasandwayofli
fe.

-How i
sthi
sachieved?Byt r
avel
li
ng,communi
cat
ione.
g.t
v,i
nter
net
,
mobi
l
ephonesai
rplanessat
ell
i
tes.

-i
tisnow mucheasi
ert
oreachoutot
herpar
tsoft
hewor
ldi
nshor
t
spaceoft
ime.

WHENANDHOW DI
DGLOBALI
ZATI
ONBEGI
N?

-Accor
dingtoGuttal(
2007)t herout
esofgl
obal
i
zati
oncanbetr
aced
backtocoloni
zati
onofAsi a,Af
ri
caandtheAmer
icasbyt
hedominant
economicpowersofEurope.

-
Theexactper
iodi
zat
ionandnat
ureofgl
obal
i
zat
ionhasbeenamat
terof
di
sput
e.

-
Somewouldliketovi
ew global
izat
ionasaphenomenonwhichbegan
t
h
wit
hthe v
oyages ofdiscoveryint he 15 cent
urye.
g.Chri
stopher
Col
umbus-
vascodagamaetc.

-gl
obal
i
zat
ionisthusv
iewedasaby
productofEur
opeani
mper
ial
i
sm
andcol
oni
zati
on.

-
thecrossbor
derfl
owsofinvest
ment ,
knowl
edgefl
owandot
hercul
tur
al
goodsandpeopl
earet
hereforenotnewphenomena

-Asaby pr
oductofcol
oni
zat
iongl
obal
i
zat
ioni
sfr
equent
lyl
ookedatas
negat
ivedevel
opment

-cr
it
icsarguethatglobal
izat
ioni
sdemoni
candant
agoni
sti
ctol
ocal
cult
ures,
economiesetc.

-gl
obali
zati
onhaslar
gel
ybeenassociatedwit
hdestruct
ionofcult
ural
i
dentit
ies, vi
cti
ms of accel
erat
ing of homogeni
zed, west
erni
zed
consumercultur
e.

-t
he criti
cs see global
izati
on as a soundless extensi
on ofwest
ern
cult
urali mperi
ali
sm t heref
oretherei s a gener alassumpti
on t
hat
global
izati
ondest r
oy slocalindi
genousi denti
ti
esand cultur
alval
ues
(
accul
tur
ati
on)

-i
tisafactthatEur
opeanshav eal
way svi
ewedt hei
rcul
tureandvalues
asuniversalandsuperi
orthatisethnocent
rism-thetendencyt
ouse
thei
rowngr oupscult
ureast hebasi
sory ardsti
ckforchargi
ngothers
(Gwir
ayi
,2010p70)t heyusuall
yvi
ew othercultur
alval
uesasbadand
i
nferi
or.

-f
rom t
hisper
spect
ivegl
obal
izat
ionont
hesocio-cul
turalsensecanbe
equat
edtocul
tur
ali
mperi
ali
sm i.
ewehav
eanti
-global
isati
onactiv
ist
s

-gl
obal
i
zati
onistherefor
eseenasaccult
urat
ion-whi
chi
sresul
ti
ngi
n
t
hedominat
ionofwesternval
uesandsy
mbols.

-i
nAfri
cawehavebeenj
ustl
osi
ngourpol
i
ticali
nst
it
uti
ons,
soci
alv
alues,
cent
rali
dent
it
y.

THEEFFECTSOFGLOBALI
ZATI
ONONZI
MBABWEANVALUES

-
THEREISNODOUBTthatgl
obal
i
zat
ionhasbot
hgoodandbadef
fect
s
oncul
tur
alv
alues.

THENEGATI
VEEFFECTS

1.I
thasr
esul
tedi
ntheabandonmentoft
radi
ti
onal
val
uesandpr
act
ices.

-Zi
mbabweansingeneralar
enow xenocentr
ici
.e.t
heypr
efergoods,
serv
icesandcul
tur
alv
aluest
hatar
efor
eign.

-
theylargel
yconsi
dert
hei
rcul
tur
eandpr
act
icesasi
nfer
iort
othosef
rom
othercount
ry(Gwi
rayi
2010)

-
wehaveahighappetit
ef orgoodsf
rom ot
hercount
ri
ese.
g.S.
Aand
Eur
opeandr
ecent
lyDubai.

2.Global
izati
onhasseent hedismant li
ngoft heeconomi cbasison
whichZimbabweancult
uralv al
uesshoul dsurvive/dependv one.g.I
nan
economicsetupwhereagropast oralacti
vit
iesformt heeconomi cbase-
rai
nfal
lwil
lbeimpor
tantthuspeoplewi ll
cont r
ibutewi t
htheirrai
nmaking
ceremoni
es.Wenowhav eindustr
iesintownwhi chdon’ tdir
ectl
yrel
yon
goodharvest–newprofessionse.g.Teacher s,soldiers,l
awyers.
 - Ourcul
turalval
uesdependuponsocio– economi ccontextsif
t
heseareremovedt hev
alueswi
l
lbeaffect
edaswell.E.g.r
oora–
i
ntheform ofcatt
le–mombey ehumai–y oucan’
tbringittothe
t
own.

3.Global
i
zati
onhasal
soresult
edintheimposi
ti
onofwest
ernval
ues
i
nZi mbabwe.e.gmostevident i
st hewaywedr ess– whatwas
wrongwi t
hourowntr
adi
tionaldr
ess.

- Language–wet reatwest
ernlanguagesassuper
iorwecont
inue
tousethel
anguageofourfor
mercolonizer
s.

- Wit
hglobal
i
zati
ontheNoll
ywoodf i
lmi
ndustr
yandentert
ainment
hav
esomet odomi
natet
husaffect
ingt
heli
festy
lesoft
heyouth.

- Theint
ernat
ionaldominanceofU.
Sfi
l
msi
sjustoneaspectoft
he
spr
eadofwest er
ncult
ure.

TOTEMI
SM

Whati
sit
?

Iti
sthebel
ieft
hatpeopl
ear
edi
scer
nedf
rom ani
mal
s,pl
ant
sandot
her
nat
ural
obj
ects.

-
thesenaturalobject
saresymbol
i
zedastot
emswhi chareassoci
ated
wit
hclans/groupsoffami
li
eswi
thcommondescent(
ancest
ry)

-
however,Shona cul
tur
e’s doesn’
tbel i
evethatpeopl e necessari
ly
or
igi
nat
ef r
om ani
malsandot herobjectsbuttheyident
if
ythemsel v
es
wi
thcert
ainani
malspeci
esforthepurposeofsocial
ident
it
y.

-mostBantupeopl
ehav etheset
otemsf
ori
nst
anceZul
u,Xhosa,Swazi
andAustr
ali
anAbori
gines.

-Tot
emism happenst
obeasol dasShonacul
tur
eit
sel
f-
tot
eni
sm i
sakey
componentoftheBantur
eli
giousbel
i
efs.

-
the Fr
ench ant
hropol
ogi
st Gui
l
e Dur
klei
n usi
ng t
he f
unct
ional
i
st
approachcont
endst
hatt
otemi
sm i
sthesi
mpl
estandmostbasi
cfor
m
ofrel
igi
on.

-Aclanli
vesonl ar
geextendedfamil
ywithi
tsmembersshar
ingcer
tai
n
dut
iesandobligati
ons.eachclanhasit
sowntot
em usual
lyani
maland
ani
mal bodypart
s,thetot
em actsasasymbol
.

-
thet
otem i
stheemblem oft
heclanasDurkei
nput sit‘
iti
sit
sfl
agI
,i
t’
s
t
hesi
gnbywhi chi
tscl
andist
ingui
shi
tsel
ffrom ot
hers’

-
Durklei
nnot edthatatot
em i
smor
ethanamer
esy
mboli
tisr
athera
r
eli
gious,sacredsymbol
.

-
Shonasociet
yisdivi
dedi
ntomul t
ipl
i
cityofclansandsub-
clanswhi
ch
di
sti
ngui
shesthemsel
vesf
rom eachotheronthebasi
softot
ems.

-
theseuseatl
east25i
dendi
fi
abl
etot
emsShonasoci
etywi
thatl
east65
prai
senames

-
thet
otemsi
ncl
ude:

shoko,moy o,shav a,ngara,gumbo,t si

vo-
gushungo,gwayi
,mbizi
.
Nzou,Shumba,bonga,nyati
,dzi
va,nheta,bet
a,garwe,
mbeva,mbano,
mhembwe,nguruve/humba,shir
i,mhara,mhari,
mv uue.t
c

Shoko/
soko has6 prai
se names,mukanya,bv
udzi
j
ena,wachemuka,
murehwa,mutadza,
Gumere,mudyav
evana

-
prai
senamesar
eusedt
oident
if
yasub-
clan

-
Moy
o,t
siv
oandGumboar
enotani
mal
sbutor
gansofani
mal
s.

WHYADOPTI
NGTOTEMS?

-
iti
sdiff
icul
ttoexpl
ainwhytheshonapeopl
eadoptedt
otems,however
,
f
rom ourobser
vat
ionsaboutt
hefunct
ionsoft
otemswecanhypothesi
s.

-
itappear
stot
emswer
east
rat
egyofsur
viv
al

-i
tseemsf rom hi
sor
iginmanhasdr awninspi
rat
ionf
orsurv
ivalf
rom
natur
e-i
nanycasemani sdependentonnatur
eforsur
viv
ale.
g.Food.,
shelt
er,
clot
hing,
medi
cine
-
manf
indal
lsol
uti
onst
opr
obl
emsf
rom nat
ure

-wi
tht
hei
ncreaseinpopul
ati
onther
ewasneedt ohavesoci
alidenti
ty,
wesaw t
hattheanimalkingdom i
smadeupofdi st
inctspeci
esof
ani
mal
sother
sv er
yaggr
essi
veandother
sfr
iendl
yandot
herssimplyshy.

-i
tmaybebecauseoft hi
sthatt heear
li
estancest
orsdecidedtoadopt
cert
ain ani
mals as t
hei
rt otems in or
dert orepresentthe soci
al
dif
fer
enti
ati
on t
hatwast aking pl
aceint hei
rsociet
yand t heywere
i
ncreasi
nginnumbers.

-
par
ti
cularani
malswerechosenast
otemsbecauseofcer
tai
nat
tri
but
es
whi
chtheypossessed.

-
theat
tr
ibut
eswer
efoundt
obev
eryusef
uli
fimi
tat
edbyhumanbei
ngs

-t
heseattr
ibutemadehuman soci et
ymor est abl
eand organized to
achi
evetheirdai
lyneedse.gmonkeysliv
easagr oupwhicht r
anslate
i
ntoaclan/famil
y.Monkeyscar
eforeachotherandtheyf
ighttoprotect
membersoft hei
rgroup.

-
monkey
shav
eacl
earsoci
alst
ruct
urewer
ethey
oungeronesr
espect
t
heel
ders

-
elephant
srepr
esentst
rengt
hi.
ethecl
ani
sagai
nstl
azi
ness

FUNCTI
ONOFTOTEMS

1.Theyarethebasi
sofsociali
dent
it
y.Theydon’tonlyi
denti
fypeopl
e
soci
all
ybutalsohist
ori
call
yandcult
ural
l
y.e.g.thestudyofShona
tot
emsi sanavenueinknowingandappr oxi
mat i
ngShonahistor
y
andcult
ure.

2.Totemsar eimportanti
nasociet
ybecausetheyarethebasisfor
sol
idari
ty and uni
ty.Peopl
e ofthe same tot
em ar e basi
cal
ly
rel
ati
veswhoshar eacommonancest ry.Asar esul
ttheyalways
seeeachot herasone.

3.theyhavear el
igiousfuncti
on.thebel i
efi ntotemism emphasis
someoft hecent r
altr
aitsofr eli
gion e.g.amongstt heShona
totemi
sm isoneoft hef
undament alpil
l
arsoft heirr
eli
gion.weuse
totems and pr
aise names to communi cateto mwar iand t
he
 depar
tedones(
fami
l
yspi
ri
ts)

4.Totenism i
sani mportantbasi
sf orsociali
zati
onnotonlyamong
man butal so bet
ween man and women.Tot emism r
egulat
es
genderrel
ati
ons.eachandev er
yindi
vidualthroughtotemi
cident
it
y
i
sgivenapar ti
cul
arsocial
posit
ionwhichi srespect
edbymember s
ofhis/herclanaswellasmember sofot herclans.

5.Totems also regul

ate marr
iage. Most Bantu peopl
e ar
e
EXOGAMOUS.Awomancanonl ymarryi
ntoadif
fer
entcl
anwher
e
shewil
lbeconsi
deredMutor
wa.

6.tot
enism playsanimportantrol
einthesolvingofconf
li
ct.InShona
societ
ywhenpeopl eofthesamet otem wrongeachothertheyare
persuadedt oforgi
veeachot herbecauset heyar
echildrenofthe
samecl an.
-similarl
ypeopleofdifferentt
otemsar epersuadedto
sol
v ethei
rdiff
erencesbecauseoffearofngozi.

7.Totems al so ser
ve as the basis for di
vi
ding r
oles and
responsibi
l
iti
estomembersofdiff
erentcl
ans.Peopl
enegoti
ate
thei
rrolesthr
ought
otems.

8.Tot
emsalsoregul
atetheenv i
ronment
.hunt
ingi
sregul
atedby
cl
anst
heydonothuntoreatt
heirtot
ems

TOTEMI
SM I
NCONTEMPORARYSOCI
ETY

-As knowl
edge f
orm tot
emism isf astl
osing it
s si
gni
fi
cance
alt
houghShonapeopl
esti
l
lident
if
ythemsel
vesusingtot
ems.

-someoftheimportantr
it
ual
sandbel
i
efsassoci
atedwi
tht
otems
havebeenabandoned

-
allcul
tur
alv
aluesar
efoundi
ntot
ems-
tot
eni
sm i
sapackageof
v
alues

-
itappear
sthatt
odayt
oteni
sm i
sasymbolthathasbeenempt
ied
ofit
scontent
sduetotheencr
oachmentandembraceofwest
ern
 cul
tur
alv
aluesbyAf
ri
cans.

-
tot
enism i
sani mportantaspectofBant urel
igi
ousbeli
efswhen
Chr
ist
ian missionar
ies came t hey deni
grat
ed Afr
ican r
eli
gious
bel
i
efsbrandingthem paganistpract
ices.

-
wit
hmanyAfricansconvert
ingtoChr i
sti
ani
tywit
hthepassageof
t
imethesi
gni
fi
canceoftotenism beguntodecl
i
ne

-
casesofpeopl
ewi
tht
hesamet
otem whomar
ryeachot
herar
eon
t
herise.

-
eli
teAfr
icansandthei
rchil
drenhavet
otall
ylostknowl
edgeabout
t
oteni
sm andthei
rcult
ural
valuesi
ngeneral

-i
ncr
eased physi
calmobil
i
tyamong Afri
cansmeansthatmany
havemov edf r
om thei
rtr
adi
ti
onalhomest ogotomi ni
ngand
commerci
al f
arm ar
easandci
ti
esastheyseekempl
oyment
.

-
Afr
icansnol
ongeri
dent
if
ythemsel
veswi
tht
hei
rcl
ans

-Pr
osti
tut
ion,menwhoi ndulgei
npr
ost
it
uti
ondonotbot
hert
oask
aboutt
hepr ost
it
ute’
stotem

-
inspi
teofthei
mpactofwest
erncul
tur
etot
emi
sm t
osomeext
end
i
ssti
ll
beingcel
ebr
ated.

TheShonar
eli
gion

Thespi
ri
tualhi
erar
chy

MWARI
/MUSI
KAVANHU

↓
NATI
ONAL/
INTERTERRI
TORI
ALSPI
RITS/
MHONDORO

FAMI
LYSPI
RITS/
MUDZI
MU

-
Theshonabel iev
eint hehighGodwhoseper sonalnameisMwar iwi
th
var
ious names such as Ny adenga,Dedza,Musikavanhu,Dzi
vagur
u,
Chi
kara,Mutakangakugara

-
Mwarii
sconsi
deredaspi
ri
t(mudzi
mu)–si
ncehehasot
herv
adzi
mu
bel
owhi
m hei
sthesupr
ememudzimu.

-
Shonarel
i
gioni
soneoft hefewrel
i
gionsi
nAfri
caandtheentir
ewor
ld
t
hatbel
i
evesint
heexi
stenceofonegod(monot
heist
icr
eli
gion)

-
Mwar iwhoisthegodoftheShonapeopl
ewasoneoftheear
li
estoft
he
Shona peopl
e call
ed Murenga whose epi
thetwer
e Pfumojena or
Soroj
enaandhewast hesonofTovel
a.

-hewaselev
atedt
otheposi
ti
onofGodbecauseofhi
sext
raor
dinar
y
acti
vi
ti
es.

-
hewasawar
ri
orl
eaderwhowaseagert
ofi
ghtf
orhi
speopl
e.

-
Hewasacharismat
icl
eaderwhosepeopl
eal
way
sdependedonhi
mfor
t
hei
rsecur
it
yandsur
viv
al.

-
consequent
lywhenhedi
edhebecameal
egendemul
atedbyal
lpeopl
e.

-i
nshonarel
igi
onshi
stor
yhi
sspir
itdi
dnotpossessanyhumanmedium
hear
tcouldcommunicat
etoit
sfoll
ower
sfrom trees,r
ocks,cav
esand
fr
om thesky
.

-
bel
owMwar
iar
enat
ional
ort
err
it
ori
alspi
ri
ts(
Maj
ukwa?Makombwe)

-Thesearespir
it
swhoalsowereel
evat
edt
owi
thoutst
atusbecauseof
extraor
dinar
ydeedsi
nsociet
y.

-Whil
e each rul
ing dy
nastyhad i t
s own chi
efl
yspiri
ts same ofit
s
acti
vi
tieswentbeyondt heboundari
esofthechi
efdomshencethelabel
i
nter-
terr
it
ori
alspir
it
se.g.Chaminuka.Kaguv
iandNehanda.

-
wit
htheest
abl
i
shmentoft
hemoder
nZi
mbabweanst
atet
hesespi
ri
ts
becameknownasNATI
ONALSPI
RITS

-
Ont
hebot
tom oft
hehi
erar
chyar
ethef
ami
l
yspi
ri
ts.

-
Thesearethe3levelsintheShonaspiri
tualhi
erar
chy-t
hisi
sver
y
i
mport
anti
nunder
standi
ngtherel
i
giouspr
acti
ceofthepeopl
e.

-Spir
it
ualneeds wer e sati
sfi
ed atdiff
erentlev el
s e.g. Mwar i‘s
responsi
bil
it
iesar eintendedtogravit
ytheShonapeopl easawhol e
throughprovidi
ngr ai
ns,f r
eei
ngsociet
yfrom war s,epidemicsdr
ought
andot herhuman andnon-humancat ast
rophest huswhenpeopl e
approachMwar itheydoi tasagroupandnotindivi
duals.

-
Godensur
edt
hef
ert
il
it
yoft
hel
and.

-attheChiefdom leveltheChief
lyspi ri
ts(mhondoro)werei
nvolv
edint
he
acti
v i
ti
es whi chaff
ect edtheChief dom par tr ai
nmakingceremoni
es,
givi
ngday ,toseet hatnoonev i
olatedchi siandalso tosancti
ont
he
i
nstallat
ion oft he chief.Att he f ami l
yl ev
eleach famil
y had t
he
responsibi
li
tytodoritualstosat
isfyt heirneedsasfamil
i
es.

-TheShonapeopl
ejustl
i
keotherBantucultur
algr
oupshavemany
t
radi
ti
onal
cer
emoni
estomarksi
gni
fi
cantoccasi
onsi
naperson’
sli
fe

DEATHANDBURI
ALI
NSHONASOCI
ETY

-
deat
hinShonacul
tur
eisconsi
der
edasar
it
eofpeopl
e.

-
iti
stheav
enuef
rom t
hephy
sical
tot
hemet
aphy
sical
wor
ld(
spi
ri
twor
ld)

-
Fort
heShona–i
tisbel
i
evedt
hatahumanbei
ngmadeupt
hespi
ri
tand
t
hefl
esh.

-
Andt
hedeat
hmeanst
hesepar
ati
onoft
het
wo.

-
howev
erwhil
et hebody
/fl
eshwi
l
ldecomposet
hespi
ri
tcont
inuest
he
l
i
ve–thespi
ri
tisimmort
al.

-
TheShonapeopl
ebeli
evethatever
ydeathhasacausewhet
heri
tisa
t
oddl
er,
ayoungadul
tpersonoranadul
torol
dage.

-
Reasonsofdeatharevisi
bleori
nvi
sibl
ee.
gcaracci
dent–t
her
eisa
v
isi
bleandi
nvi
sibl
ecause.
-Thevi
sibl
ereason/themanifestcausei
snotadequat
einexpl
aini
ng
t
hecauseofthedeat
ht osat
isf
ytheShonapeopl
e.

-t
heShonapeopletr
ytoexpl
aindeat
hthroughrefer
encet
othei
nvi
sibl
e
cause’
si.
ethosewhi
chgobeyondthevi
sibl
ereasons.

-Theseareattr
ibut
edt
oev i
lspir
it
sthatmaybetor
ment i
ngt
hef
ami
l
yof
thevi
cti
mt hatmaybetor
mentingthefami
lyoft
hevict
im.

-al
lmisfort
uneswhethertheyaredeat
horanyotherl
evel
sofsuff
ering
arealwaysattr
ibut
edt othe wor kofevi
lspi
ri
ts -whi chmightbe
manipul
atedbysomepeopl e whoareagai
nst thesuccessofother
i
ndiv
idualsandfamil
ies.

-TheShonapeopl
eat
tri
but
edeat
htomost
lywi
tchcr
aftact
ivi
ti
es.

-
wit
chcr
afti
sthemosthat
edandf
ear
edf
orm ofev
ili
nShonacul
tur
e.

-Ther easonf
ort
hisintensehat
redi
sthatwi
tchesbel
i
eveintheval
ues
thataret he anti
thesisofwhattheShonapeoplecel
ebr
ateinthei
r
cult
ure.

-t
he Shona peopl
e ar
e survivali
sts,as such t
hey cel
ebrat
e human
exi
stence-wi
tchesontheotherlandtakepri
deinter
minati
nghumanli
fe
–theyareagai
nstsoci
alpr
ogress

-
Whenapersoni
saboutt
odiecert
ainpr
ecauti
onsweretaken–The
per
sonwoul
dbemov
edtoahutt
hatwasnotfr
equent
lybyout
sider
s

-
Asbi
rt
hoccur
sinpr
ivat
e,sot
ooshoul
doccurbehi
ndcl
oseddoor
s.

-
Outsi
der
swer enotsupposedtoknowaboutthei
l
lnessbecausemany
oft
hem mightbepeopl
eresponsi
blef
ori
l
lness.

-
Peopl
ewouldaskhim/heri
ftheywer
eanyout
standi
ngdebt
ssot
hat
t
heycoul
dbesett
led.

-
inthe ver
ytr
adi
ti
onalShona pastsometi
mes a per
son was gi
ven
medi
cinest
omakethepassi
ngawayeasi
er.

-soonaft
erdeat
hthevi
ll
agerswer
enot
if
iedofdeat
hthr
oughdr
umsand
hornsorbywordofmouth.
-
Thebodyofdeceasedwaswal
l
edi
npr
epar
ati
onf
orbur
ialbycl
ose
r
elat
ives.

-
Buri
alsdi
ff
ere.
g.Chi
efsandheadman–Theirpl
acef
orbur
ialanddeat
h
wasnotnormal
l
yannouncedi
npubli
ce.
g.stayformont
hs.

-
chi
efswer
enotbur
iedunder
groundbuti
ncav
esi
.e.ni
nga.

-Buri
al– knowni
ndi
ff
erentwor
dse.
g. kuchenget
a,kur
asha,kuv
iga,
kuradzi
ka.

-
Dur
ingt
hebur
ial
ther
ewer
eri
tual
stopr
otectbodyoft
hedeceased.

KUROVAGUVACEREMONY/
MAGADZI
RO

{
SETTLI
NGTHEDECEASED’
SSPI
RIT}

Theceremonyisknownbydi f
f er
entnames amongt heShonasub-
cul
tur
algroups e.
g kar
anga—magadzir
o,kugadzir
a mudzi
mu,Zezur
u-
kur
ovaguv a(t
o beatthegrave),
kor
ekorekut amba mudzi
mu,kut
ora
mudzimuorbona.

-
howev
er,thecer
emonygener
all
yisperfor
meddur
ingt
hesameseason
oft
heyeartosaveacommonf unct
ion.

-Someri
tesmaydif
ferhereandther
ebutthefunct
ionof r
it
uali
sthe
samei.
et oi
nvi
tet
hespir
itoft
hedeceasedi
ntot
hefamil
y.

-Theceremonyisdi
rect
lyl
inkedtothebur
ialcer
emonyduet othef
act
thatwhen t heburi
al ceremonyi sbei
ng conduct
ed itisdonein
anti
cipat
ionofper
formi
ngt hekurovaguv
ai nthenearf
utur
e.

-I
ttakespl
aceay
earaf
terbur
ial

-TheShonabelieft
hatthebodywi l
lhavetocomplet
elydecompose
.however
,ther
eareinst
anceswher
eitcantakepl
acei
mmediatel
yaft
er
buri
al.

-
Thiswouldbeduetosomedi
ff
icul
ti
essur
roundi
ngt
hecondi
ti
onoft
he
deceased’
sspi
ri
t.

-
When a person di
es the Shona be bel
iev
es thatthe spi
ri
tofthe
deceasedwonder
sinthewil
dernessawaiti
ngthekurov
aguv acer
emony
.
-
Post–buri
alper
iod t
hespir
iti
sconsi
der
ed danger
ousand can be
mani
pul
atedbyev
ilspi
ri
ts.

-
Mushamut
ema-t
her
eisadar
kcl
oudt
hatwonder
sint
hef
ami
l
y.

-Ther
it
ualcanal
sobeheldaft
ermorethanoney
eari
nsomecasesaf
ter
30to40yearsduet
oseveral
fact
ors.

1.Inpoorfamil
iesthi
swasmainlyduet
olackofli
vest
ockespeci
all
y
cat
tl
eorthescar
cit
yofgrai
ntobr
ewbeerandfoodt
ofeedpeopl
eatthe
cer
emony.

2.Someti
mesther
ewer
edr
ought
swhi
chwoul
dfor
cepeopl
etopost
ponet
hecer
emony.

3.Theper
sonmi
ghthav
edi
edi
nadi
stantpl
ace

4ri
tual
sareperf
ormedaccor
dingt
ospir
itual
i
tyhencet
heyhav
etowai
t
unt
ilt
heseni
or‘
skurov
aguvahasbeendone.

5.Famil
yconf
li
ctsi
nsomeoft
hem hel
dtodowi
tht
hedecease’
sweal
th
andwidow.

6.I
nmoder
nday
sthei
mpactofwest
ernr
eli
gious(
Chr
ist
iani
ty)

-The cer
emony was hel d during the dr
y season (
August
) dr
y
season=r
eli
giousandsoci
alact
ivi
ti
es.

I
twasseenaf
terhar
vestt
hatf
oodwi
l
lther
efor
ebepl
ent
if
ul.

-Ther
ewerecertai
ntaboosthatwer esupposedtober
espect
edbet
ween
theburi
alandthekurovaguvacer emonybyt hemembersofthef
amil
y
e.g.Thechi
ldr
enwer enotsupposedto

-
Thespi
ri
tshoul
dbet
her
etobl
ess…….
.

-
Theyal
sowant
edt
opr
eventshockt
othei
ncomi
ngofnewmember
sin
t
hefami
ly.

-
Youwerenotsupposedtotemperwi
ththeestat
eofthedeceasedsince
i
twil
lhaveto wai tt
heinher
it
anceceremonywhichisheld afterthe
KUROVAGUVAcer emonyandthi
smightincl
udethewidow.

-
thewi
dowher
sel
fwasnott
omar
ryori
ndul
gei
nsexualr
elat
ionsunt
il
af
tert
hekur
ovaguv
aandnhakacer
emony
.

-
ifawidow orwidowerdecidedtomar r
ybef
orekur
ovaguv
acer
emony
t
hat’
svi
olat
ionwhichref
err
edt oas“kupi
saGuva’

PROCEDURESTOBETAKENI
NTHEKUROVAGUVACEREMONY

-
Ther
it
ual
sdi
ff
erf
rom pl
acet
opl
aceandr
egi
ont
oregi
on.

-Theyconsul
tan’
angat
ofi
ndoutt
hepr
ocedur
etheyshoul
dtake.

-Consul
ti
ng a n’
anga i
sdone to make sur
et hatt
he r
it
ualwi
l
lbe
per
for
medinawayt hati
saccept
abl
etothespi
rit
.

-Fr
om thisst
ageallt
hest
epswi
l
lbedone wi
thamul
tat
ionwi
tht
he
deceased’
sspi
ri
t.

-
ther
it
ual
shoul
dhav
etheappr
oval
oft
hef
ami
l
yspi
ri
ts.

-
ifonewant
stomar
ryt
her
eshoul
dbeconsul
tat
ion.

-Mil
l
etbeerwil
lbebrewedby elderl
y woman who ar
ebey
ond chi
l
d
bear
ingstagewi
thnosexualr
elat
ions(
kupedzaUr
a)

-shewil
lbehel
pedbyt
hesmal
lboy
sandgi
rl
s(pr
epubescentboy
sand
gir
ls)

-
membersofthefami
l
yar
eadv
isednott
ohav
econf
li
ctwhenpr
epar
ing
f
ort
heceremony.

-Ontheeveni
ngbefor
ethecer
emonythebeerisconcent
rat
edt
othe
spi
ri
toft
hedeceasedbyt
heel
destmemberoft
hefamil
y.

-Theconcent
rat
ionmarksanal
lnightcel
ebr
ati
ont
hati
nvol
vessi
ngi
ng
anddancingi
nhonouroft
hespi
ri
t.

-Musi
cisimport
antbecausei
tenabl
escommuni
ti
esbet
weent
hel
i
ving
andthedeadper
son.

-
Thenextmor
ningi
nvol
vesr
it
eofi
nvi
ti
ngt
hespi
ri
tfr
om t
hegr
ave.

-
Thi
sri
tev
ari
esf
rom ar
eat
oar
ea

-
Insomeareast
heyremoveoneort
wostonesand---
--
-ofpor
ri
dgeand
beerar
epour
edonthefr
ontoft
hegr
avet
oinvi
tethespir
it
.
-Theeldermemberoft
hef amil
ywhowi l
lbeleadi
ng wi
l
lspeakt
othe
deceasesaski
ngthespir
ittoacceptt
hei
nvi
tat
iont
ocomehome.

-
aft
ert
hist
heent
our
ager
etur
nhomet
odanceandf
east

-
somet
imest
hespi
ri
tissy
mbol
i
zingbr
oughthome.

-FortheShangwet heyti
eablackclot
haroundtheneckofa--
--
--
onthe-
--
-bef
orethecer emonyandt ake thegoodout si
de-
thehomesteadand
appropr
iat
ef uncti
oningwil
laddressthespiri
tthatthey ar
ebr i
ngi
ng
homeandsacr ifi
cedthefol
l
owingday.

-AmongtheShonapeopl
eofNorthE.Zi
mbabweabr
anchiscutf
rom a
ceremoni
alt
reeandthesev
eredendiscov
eredt
oav
oidthespi
ri
tfr
om
escapi
ng.

-Thebranchisdr
oppedt
othehomest
eadmaki
ngf
ragmentr
estt
othe
restt
hespir
it
.

-
Thespi
ri
tiscool
edbypour
ingbeeri
ntoabr
anch.

-
Thebr
anchi
sti
edt
othewal
loft
hehouseoft
hef
ami
l
yhead.

-Amongt heKor
ekoreapat
hwayismadebetween thegr
aveandthe
homesteadtoprov
idet
hespir
iti
ntoaroadt
ot rav
elasitrej
oinst
he
fami
ly.

-amongthe --
--t
herei
sneedtogott hegrav
eearl
yinthe morning t
he
spir
iti
sinvi
ted bymembersofthefamil
ybypouringwaterontheback
ofagoataddressingt
hespir
itofthedeceasedt
ocomehome.

-ift
hespir
it accept
sthei
nvi
tat
ion t
hegoatwoul
dshakei
tsbody
vi
gor
ousl
y.

-
Thegoati
ssl
aught
eredandt
hemeati
sroast
edandeat
enwi
thoutsal
t.

SI
GNI
FICANCEOFTHECEREMONY

1.Itbri
ngshopeandconf i
denceintot hefami
l
yconsi
der
ingt
he
unpr
edict
abi
l
ityoft
hespi
ri
tofthedeceased.

2.I
tmar
kstheendofmour
ningi
nthehomest
eadwhi
chi
sref
err
ed
oasmushamut
t ema
 Thewidow wi
llnolongerv
eilherheadwit
hbl
ackclot
horweart
he
symbol
icbl
ackdressofmourni
ng–r et
urnt
omour
ning.

3.I
tresolv
esproblemsandtensionscausedbydeathby…. .t
hespi
ri
t
ofthedeceasedamongthefami l
y’
sspir
itguar
dians.Theli
vi
ngand
thedeadwouldhavestr
engthenedthei
rcowardicerel
ati
onshi
p.

4.I
tall
owsoneofthemostimpor
tantr
it
ual
sinShonacul
tur
etot
ake
pl
acei.
e.i
nher
it
ancecer
emony“NHAKA”

5.fr
om a gener
alpoi ntofvi
ew theceremonycel
ebrat
esshona
r
eli
giouspr
act
icesandcommunitiesandreuni
testhepeopl
eto
t
hefundament
al t
radi
ti
onoft
hei
rcult
ure

6.i
tstrengt
hens rel
ati
onshi
p– ties as bot
h cl
ose and di
stant
r
elat
ivesconv
ergeatonepl aceforacommon pur pose.So it
r
eaff
irmssoci
alt
ies.

CHANGE-t he cer
emony has been r
epl
aced by memor
ialser
vice-
Chr
ist
iani
ty.

RAI
NMAKI
NGCEREMONI
ES

-
Lear
ningout
comes

1.Todescr
ibeandanal
yzet
her
ainmaki
ngr
it
ual
s

2.Toestabli
shhow t
hesecer
emoni
esdi
ff
erf
rom pl
acet
opl
aceand
regi
ont
or egi
on.

-
Bozongwana1983p49‘nowaday
s–f
armer
sspeakofcl
oud-
seedi
ng
t
ohelpnatur
alr
ainf
all
’

-i.
ecommer cialf
armers– whousedt odocl
oudseedi
ngwit
hthei
r
smallai
rplanes.Wester
nf or
m ofr
ainmaki
ng–wher
eusechemi
cal
sto
pr
ecipi
tatecloudcondensati
on.

-t
heBantupeopleofsouther
nAfr
icat
ogetherwi
ththoseofsanori
gin
alsobel
iev
einrainmaki
ngbuttheydon’
trelyoncl
oudseedingi
nt he
wester
nsense.

-
Theybeliev
ei nt hei
rsuper
nat
uralpower
s and f
orthe pr
ocess of
r
ainmaki
ngt heydependonRAINSPIRI
TSandthei
rTRI
BALorSPI RI
TS
(
e.gUngwal
i
)amongstt
heNdebel
epeopl
e)

-
Theyeart heyper f
orm somerainmakingceremonieswhi
char eknown
by dif
ferent names in the di
ff
erent ar eas e.g.
mukwerera.ukuphehla.
izul
u,
makasva(
manyika0,
rukato(
kor
ekore),

-Remindi
ngthem thespi
rit
ualhi
erar
chy–MWARI,UNKULUNKULU-Tr i
bal
spir
it
s – clan spir
it
sf amil
y spir
it
s-peopl
e don’
tpr ay di
rect
lyt o
God/Mwar i
.

-
tr
ibalspi
ri
tshavether el
i
giouspower
swhi
l
stt
hepol
i
ticalpower
sar
e
f
oundinthechi
efsoff
ices.

-t
ri
balspi
ri
tsakamhondorospi
ri
tshel
dthesacr
eddut
iese.
grai
nmaki
ng
andagri
cult
ural
cer
emonies.

-
thet
ri
bal
spi
ri
tsdeal
wit
hissuessuchasf
ert
il
it
yandr
ainf
all
.

-
Tri
balspi
ri
tsareconcernedwiththewelf
areofagr
oup/acommuni
ty
/
thewholetr
ibeandindi
vidual
problems

-Tr
ibalspi
rit
saretheguar
diansofthelandt
heyarespiri
tualpr
otectors
oftheland.Theycl
osel
ywiththosewhohavethepol
i
ticalpowersi.
et he
chi
efs

-
Themhondor ospeakst
hroughthei
rmedium andt
heyareprophetswho
f
oreseethefutur
eandev er
ychildshoul
dhav ehi
sorherownt r
ibalor
t
erri
tor
ial
spi
ritwhomeddlebetweenthel
ivi
ngandthespi
ri
tualworld.

QUESTI
ON-Whatcausesdr
ought
sandf
ami
ne?

-
int
hemoder
ndaysensewhatcausest
hesedr
ought
scl
i
mat
icchange

-mostBant ugroups–i ncl

udi
ngtheonesinZimbabwebeli
eved t
hat
droughtarecaused incest
,pr
ost
it
uti
on,v
iol
enceandbypeopl
ewhodo
notrespecttaboos.

-
thetaboosincl
uderespectsacr
edday
sofrestorcer
tai
nanimal
sand
t
reeswhi charenotsupposedtobekill
edorcut
.Mberengwa–juj
u–
Mermaids.

-
Intheti
mesofdr
oughttheChi
efshouldsummont
her
ainpr
iest
sort
he
t
ri
balspi
ri
tst
ohol
dtherainmaki
ngrit
uals.
Alt
houghmanypeoplewithi
nthatrai
nmakingri
tual
sarecar
ri
edout
duri
ngtheti
meofdroughtinact
ualfactt
heser
it
ualshoul
dbecar
ri
ed
outever
yyear
.

THERAI
NMAKI
NGPRACTI
CES

-
ther
ainmaki
ngr
it
ual
sar
eoutofsi
ngl
eev
ent

-I
nsomecasesadomest i
canimalwil
lbeslaught
eredandal lni
ght
ceremonywi
l
lbehel
dwer
etheywil
lbedanci
ngandspi
ritpossessi
on

-
speci
alr
aindancesandmusi
cwi
l
lbesung

-
thepl
acewher
ethi
scer
emonyandr
it
ual
wil
lbecar
ri
edoutdi
ff
ers.

-
e.g.speci
fi
ctr
eesshoul
dbesel
ect
edont
heper
ipher
yoft
hev
il
lageegg
muhachaormukamba.

-
amongstt
hemany
ikai
twi
l
lbehel
donasacr
edmount
ain

-l
otsofbeerwi l
lbel
eftatcl
erkt
reesandsacr
edmount
ainsf
ort
he
spir
it
stodr
ink.

-
dance and song are ar
e an i
mport
antv
ehi
cle ofcommuni
cat
ion
bet
weentheli
vingandspir
it
ual
worl
d.

-t
herainmakingceremonyi
ncludessexualsongsa,andsexualinit
iati
ve
dancesasasy mbol
icwayofseducingtheancestorstor
eleasetherai
n.
–Therei sal otofsymbol
ism whichincl
udef er
til
i
ty,manhood,semen
andwet nessetc.

-ot
herceremoni
esincl
udetheFI
RSTFRUI
TSCEREMONY(usual
l
yhel
din
Januar
y/Febr
uary)andHARVESTCEREMONY(
Apri
l/
May)

-
peopl
emaynoteatthenew pr
oducebef
oret
hiscer
emonyandbef
ore
t
hechi
efal
l
owsthem todoso

-AmongsttheNdebelepeopl
eadayissetasideforpeopl
etogooutand
cleart
hebush( UKUVESULAINKOZA)–Taboosmenwer enotsupposed
tohaveint
ercoursewi
ththei
rwif
e-t
henightpri
ortotheday
 HERI
TAGE
-
Heri
tagecanber egar
dedasalltheinheri
tedresour
ceswhichpeopl
e
v
aluefort
hereasonsbeyondf
unct
ionalanduti
li
tar
ianr
easons.

-
Herit
agetheref
oreencompassesallt hi
ngsthatasoci ety
,gr oup of
peopl
eorevenindi
vi
dual
sdeem necessarytor
etai
nforposteri
ty.

-Int
ernati
onalCul
tur
alTour
ism Char
ter
,ICOMOS(1999)def
inesher
it
age
asabr oadconceptandincludesthenatur
alaswellast hecult
ural
envi
ronment.

-I
tshould encompass landscapes,hi st
ori
c places,sit
es and bui
lt
envi
ronments,aswellasbio-di
versi
ty,coll
ecti
ons,pastandconti
nui
ng
cult
ural
practi
ces,
knowledgeandlivi
ngexper i
ences.

-
Itrecordsandexpressesthelongprocessesofhistor
icdevel
opment,
f
ormingt heessenceofdiver
senati
onal,regi
onal
,indi
genousandlocal
i
dentit
iesandisanint
egral
partofmodernlif
e.

-I
tisady nami
cr eferencepointandposit
ivei
nst
rumentforgrowthand
change.Thepart
icularheri
tageandcol
lect
ivememoryofeachlocal
it
yor
communi t
y is i r
r epl
aceable and an i mport
ant foundati
on f or
devel
opment,bothnowandi ntot
hefut
ure.

Ty
pesofHer
it
age
Her
it
age

Cul
tur
al Nat
ural

Mount ai
ns
T
ang
ibl
e I
nta
ngi
bl
e Spri
ngs
Pools
Archaeologi
cal-
Monume nts, Game s Animals
si
tes,Rockart Fol
ktales Rocks
Ethnographi
ca l
-Mater
ial
cult
ure Mus i
c Landscapes
l
ikec l
aypotse t
c. Ski
ll
s Caves
Histor
icbuil
dings-
Vic
tori
aHotel
, Taci
tKnowledge Fossi
ls
Me ikl
esbuil
ding,I
tal
ianChapel
, Dancesandsongs Fall
s
UtopiaHouseet c. Rit
uals
Colonial
-Gra
vesofRhode s,
All
an Soci
alprac
tic
es
Wi l
sonattheMa t
opos Craf
tsmanshi
p
-
Basical
ly,heri
tagecanbet her
efor
econsi der
edassomet hi
ngpassed
f
rom precedinggenerat
ions.Thi
smeanst hatheri
tagecanbesomet
hing
t
ransmitt
edoracquiredf r
om apredecessor(l
egacy)

-
Zimbabwel
i
kemanyot
hercount
ri
esi
sri
chi
nher
it
age.

-Heri
tagecanber ecogni
sedasNatural,
Cultur
al,
Tangibl
eandintangi
ble.
Heri
tagecanbemov abl
eori mmov able.InZimbabwet her
ei salso
str
ongr ecogni
ti
onofLiberat
ionHer
it
age.

-Natur
alheri
tageisthatheri
tagethatcanbeconsi
derednaturalandt
hat
canexistorthatcamei nt
obeingwithoutt
hehumaninput.Examplescan
belandscapes,Rocks,ani
mals,Fal
lsli
keVict
ori
aFal
ls

Cul
- t
uralheri
tageisaher i
tagethathashumaninput.Humanbei ngsuse
resourcesandt heybecomei mportantaspect
soft heircul
turehence
become cul t
uralher i
tage.Exampl es can be st
ructures l
ike Gr
eat
Zimbabwe, Khami andotherZimbabwesites

Tangi
- bleHer
it
agei
sthather
it
agewhi
chonecant
ouchandf
eel

Intangibleher i
tageist hatwhi chwecannotbet ouched.Itistransmi tt
ed
from gener ationt ogener ationl ikeanyot herpi eceofher i
t age.Iti s
const antl
yr ecreatedbycommuni t
iesandgr oupsi nresponset otheir
env i
ronment ,theirinteract
ionwi thnat ur
eandt heirhistory.Itpr ovi
des
peopl ewithasenseofi dentityandcont i
nuityandpr omot esr espectf or
culturaldiversit
y.Exampl esar epr acti
ces,representat
ions,expr essi
ons
as wel las knowl edge and ski ll
s.Thi s shouldi nclude inst ruments,
objects,artefacts,
culturalspacest hatcommuni ti
es,gr
oupsandi nsome
cases i ndi
v i
dualsr ecognise as par toft heircultur
alher i
tage.I ti s
somet i
mescal l
edl i
vi
ngcul tur alherit
ageandi smani f
est edint erali
ai n
thef oll
owingdomai ns
  Oraltr
adit
ions and expr
essi
ons eg.l
anguage as a v
ehi
cle of
i
ntangi
blecult
uralher
it
age

 Soci
alpr
act
ices,
rit
ual
sandf
est
iveev
ent
s

 Knowl
edgeandpr
act
icesconcer
ningnat
ureandt
heuni
ver
se

 Tr
adi
ti
onal
craf
tsman

Col
oni
alHer
it
age

Thi
sisheri
tagethathascol onialbear
ing.InZimbabwet hi
sheri
tagei
sa
pai
nfulher
it
ageorher i
taget hathurts.Rhodes’sgraveattheWor l
d’s
vi
ew atMat opos.ActuallyZi mbabwe’ shist
orywillnotbecompl ete
wit
houtincl
usionofRhodes, Al l
anWillson’
sgraveatGreatZi
mbabwei n
whichhi
sboneswer elaterburiedatMat oposisanot
herexample

Hi
stor
icBui
ldi
ngs

InZimbabwe,hist
oricbuil
dingsf or
m anotherpieceofheri
tage.Allthe
buil
dingsthatwer
econst r
uctedbef ore1890arehistor
icbuil
dingsthat
arewor thconser
vati
on.Masv ingoi stheoldesttownandhasmany
hist
oricbui
ldi
ngsl
ikeFortVict
oria,Meikl
esbuil
ding,
Vict
ori
ahotel,I
tal
ian
Chapel,Bel
landCurf
ewTower

Ar
chaeol
ogi
calHer
it
age

Zimbabwei sper hapstheonl ycount r

yint hewor l
dnamedaf teran
archaeologi
cal si t
e- Great Zimbabwe. Mat er
ial ev i
dence that is
excavatedbyar chaeol
ogistsgivesveryimportantinformati
onaboutour
pastand cul tures.Itist hrough archaeol
ogy t hatbul k ofcul t
ural
i
nformat i
onofsi tesli
keGr eatZimbabwewasunv ei
led.Rockar tsit
es
fal
lsint hiscategoryofar chaeol
ogicalheri
tage.Chamav ara,Dengeni,
Diana’
sVowar esomeexampl es

Li
ber
ati
onHer
it
age

Itisheri
tage inhonouroft heli
ber
ati
onwarandt hef al
lenandli
ving
heroes.Thisheritageisr elati
vel
ynew heri
tageinZi mbabwe.Itwas
real
isedsoonaf t
erindependenceandcanbeexpr essedthroughher
oes’
acres,pr
ovinci
alheroes’acres,guns,
weaponr
yandr egal
ia
Her
it
ageManagementi
nZi
mbabwe

Themanagementofher itageshoul dencompassal laspect sofcar efor

thather it
agesot hati t
sl ongev i
tyisensur ed.Caringf oraher it
agesi t
e
meanst hatitssignifi
cancei srevealedandr etai
nedt oawi deraudience
and t herefor
ei t
sf uturei s secur ed (Ndoro,2005: 8).The hi stor
yof
heritage managementi n Zi mbabwe can be done t racing whatwas
happeni ngatt heGr eatZimbabwe.I tshouldbepoi ntedoutt hatalthough
scient ifi
cmet hodsofher i
tagemanagementpar ticularlyconser vati
on
wasbr oughtbyEur opeans, itshouldbet akenintocogni sanceasNdor o
(2005)suggest sthatt hef actt hatEuropeansf oundmanymonument s
sti
llint actisat esti
monyt hatt herewasaf orm ofher i
tagemanagement
which pr edates those i ntroduced byt he west.Var i
ous t aboos and
restrictionsespeci all
yatsi test hatwereconsi deredasr eli
giousandor
shrines r eceived a f ai
rshar e ofpr eservati
on bef oret he Europeans
i
nt r
oduced sci enti
fic met hods.Si t
es like GreatZi mbabwe,Khami ,
Slozwane, andBomboshav aamongot hersar ecasesi npoi nthere.

The moder n herit

age managementi n Zi mbabwe and ot hermany
southern count ri
es was i nit
iall
y a pr eserve oft he few and was
considered to be a hi ghly academi c subjectnotmeantf orpubl i
c
consumpt ion.Thi sled t ot hemanagementofher i
tageto beunder
universi
ti
es and Museums.These i nstit
utions wer e est
abl ished to
researchandaddsci enti
f i
cf l
av ourinthemanagementofher itage.This
result
edi ntheresearchesmor ef ocussedont ypologi
es,categor iesand
chronologies and unf or t
unately not hing was done t o l ink the
communi t
ieslivi
ngorst ayingneart hosesi t
es.I nfactthel ocal swere
takenasobj ect
sofst udyandwer eabov eal ltakenast ablar asasor
blankslates.Thi sagai nr esultedi nthealienationanddr iv
ingawayof
l
ocalcommuni t
iesfrom t hesitesast hesiteswer edel i
neated.Col onial
education was under mi
ning Afr
ican tradit
ionalval
ues and therefor
e
grosslydiscouraged Afr
icans tor espectand honourt hei
rheritage.
Moder nheri
t agemanagementwasst i
mulatedorwasar eacti
onofwhat
washappeni ngaf t
erthePioneercolumndi sbandedatFortSal
isburyand
wentonar ampageofgol dsearching.Targetsweredzimbabwesand
ancientsi
tesast herewasabi gmy thofKingSol omon‘
sGol dmines.

Asmember soft hepi oneercol umn,wental ldirecti

onsi nambi t
ious
search ofGol d,ther ewasaconsi derabl
edamaget hatwasdonet o
monument sl i
keRegi na(Zi
njanja), Danamombeandot hersandGr eat
Zimbabwewasdecl aredanogoar eabyRhodes.Thi swasbecauseof
toomuchhi ghexpect ati
onofGol datt hemonument .Itwasi n1902that
theBASCO i nef fortt opr ot
ectmonument sf r
om t heev erincr
easing
acti
viti
esoft heset tlersindest r
oyingt hesit
es,theAnci entMonument s
Protecti
onOr dinancewaspassed.I tshouldbethereforetakennotethat
alt
hought heor dinancedi dnotcov erotherformsofher i
tageli
keRock
Art,theor dinancebasi call
yl aidf oundati
onf orthemoder nher i
tage
managementi nZi mbabwe.They ear1902i sal andmar kinheri
tage
managementdev elopment sinZi mbabwebecausei twast hesamey ear
whent heNat uralHi storyMuseum wasest abli
shedwi ththemandateof
managi ngnat ur
alhist oryofthenat i
on.

In1936t her
ewaspr omulgat i
onofMonument sandRelicsActwhich
brought about the ranki
ng of monument s.The act brought t
he
Commi ssionforthePreservati
onofNat uralandHi st
ori
calMonuments
and Relics. This was known as Monument s Commi ssi
on. The
Commi ssionwast askedf orthedocument ati
onofal lmonumentsin
Souther
nRhodesi aandkeept heregist
er.Abov eal
lthecommissionwas
toundertakeall
thesit
emai ntenanceandexcav ati
ons.

Her
it
agel
egi
slat
ioni
nZi
mbabwe

Heritageneedst obepr otect

edandt hereshouldbeani nst
rumentf or
the pr otect
ion of Her
itage.Legi
slati
on as an i nst
rumentf orthe
protectionofherit
agehasbeenadopt edbymanycount ri
eswor ldwide.
I
ti ssuf fi
cetoment i
onthatalmostallsouther
nAf ri
cancount r
ieshav e
l
awst hatgov er
nt heprotect
ionanduseofher i
tageresource( Ndoro,
2005:16).Basi call
y,Heri
tagelegislati
onshoul dbeputi nplaceinor derto
ensuret her esource’slongevit
yandcont i
nuit
yexi stsforthebenef itof
futur
e gener ati
ons. Legislat
ion shoul d ensur e dev elopment of
understandingandex peri
enceoft hecul t
uralheritagewitht heai m of
i
mpr ovi
ngqual i
tyofli
fe.Itshouldal soensurepr otecti
onandext r
action
ofscientif
ici nformati
oncont ainedwi t
hintheculturalenvir
onmentasa
preconditi
onofdescr i
bingandi nterpreti
ngthehistoryitembodi es.

NMMZACT1

In Zi mbabwe,t he legislati
on pr ot ecting her itage is cal l
ed Nat ional
MuseumsandMonument sActof1972chapt er25/ 11.Thi sactspel l
s
outt hatwhati sconsider edt obeher i
tagei st hatwhi chexi stedbef ore
1890.I tisthrought hi
sl egislationt hat12000si teshav ebeenr egistered.
About200si teshav ecol onialancest ry .Oft he172decl arednat ional
monument s,about143 ar e col oni alsi tes orhav er el
at i
onshi p wi th
colonialher i
tage.Theacti ssi lentonl i
berationher itage.Gener all
yt he
l
aw put smor eemphasi soft angi bleher i
tageandi sagai nsi lenton
i
nt angibleher i
tage.Thisi sal lstemmi ngf rom t hefactt hatt heActi s
l
acki ngmeani ngfulreview si ncei t
spr omul gat i
on.Ini t
sdef i
niti
on,t he
Actdef i
nesher it
ageas‘ anybui lding,r uinorr elicoranar eaofl andof
historical
,archaeological,pal eont ologicalorot herscient i
ficv alue’ i tis
howev ersadt hatthet ermsCul tureandCul tur alHeritagear enotused
i
nt heAct .

I
ssuesofAccess

TheActst atest hatifamonumenthasbeendi scov ered,i tshouldbe

i
mmedi atelyr eported t o Nat ional Museums and Monument s of
Zimbabwe.TheActgr antpower stoMonument si nspector sandsuch
power sar er ef
erredasr easonableaccesst oprivat epr oper t
ywi tht he
aim ofi nspect i
ngt heher i
tage.Despi t
ethatint he1980sand1990s
somemonumenti nspect orshasof t
enencounter edaccesspr oblems
i
nt othewhi teownedf armswhent heywer edeniedaccess.Thi swas
becauset hedef i
nit
ionofr easonableaccesswasnotwel ldefinedand
also the pr ev al
ence ofpr i
vacyl aws which prohi bi
tst ranger sf rom
enter
ingpr i
v atepropert
y .Itshouldbeagai nacknowl edgedt hatalthough
thelaw ex ists,inmostcasest hel aw enf
orci
ngagent sar enotf ull
y
awarei fnoti gnorantoft he existence ofsuch l egislati
on.Fr om
i
ndependencev
eryf
ew(
ift
her
ewer
esomeatal
l
)casest
hatwentt
othe
cour
ts.

Pr
esent
ati
onandi
nfor
mat
ion

Int erms ofpr esent

at i
on and i
nformat i
on,t he actpr ovides forthe
extensivedisseminati
on.Thereisusef ulanduncompl icatedprovisi
on
thatex hort
sMuseumsandMonument sboar dt omai ntainacont i
nuous
fl
ow ofi nf
ormati
ont ot hepubli
cr egardingthepr ofessionalactiv
iti
es,
programmesandpr ojectsoftheor ganisati
on. Thi smeanst hatthe
i
nfor mationshouldbedisseminatedthroughav ar
iet
yofmeans.

I
ncent
ives

Theactstat
esthati
famonumenti shasbeendiscovered,…’
Itshoul
dbe
repor
tedtotheboar
dwithoutdel
ayby(a)thedi
scovererther
eofand( b)
theowneroroccupi
erofthel
and….whenthedi
scoverycomei ntonot
ice.