WEEKONE

HEALTHANDSAFETY

1.
1Heal
thandsaf
etyi
nconst
ruct
ioni
snotamat
tert
obet
akenl
i
ght
ly.I
nfact
,heal
th
andsaf
etyneedst
obef
rontofmi
ndi
nev
eryaspectofconst
ruct
ionatal
lti
mes.
The
const
ruct
ioni
ndust
ryi
spr
onet
omanyhazar
dsandacci
dentpot
ent
ial
.Const
ruct
ion
mat
eri
als,t
ool
s,machi
ner
yandhandl
i
ngt
echni
quesal
lcomewi
tht
hei
rowndanger
s.
Themai
nty
pesofacci
dent
swhi
chcausedeat
horser
iousi
njur
yonconst
ruct
ionsi
tes
i
ncl
ude f
all
s,i
nci
dent
s wi
th si
tev
ehi
cles,col
l
apsi
ng mat
eri
als and cont
actwi
th
ov
erheadpowerl
i
nes.

Mostacci
dent
scanbeav
oidedbyi
mpl
ement
ingst
ri
ngentheal
thandsaf
etypr
otocol
s
andensur
ingt
hosepr
otocol
sar
econst
ant
lymai
ntai
ned.H&Smet
hodswi
l
lensur
ethe
const
ruct
ionsi
tehasgooddesi
gn,goodpl
anni
ngandusest
ri
edandt
est
edsaf
ety
t
echni
ques.

Ther
eissi
mpl
ynoexcusef
orsl
acki
ngorcut
ti
ngcor
ner
swheni
tcomest
oheal
thand
saf
etyi
nconst
ruct
ion.Poor
lyi
mpl
ement
edheal
thandsaf
etyt
echni
ques,desi
gnand
managementcanr
esul
tinacci
dent
s,i
l
lnessandev
endeat
h.

1.
2PPEandit
simport
ance
PPEi
sequi
pmentthatwi
llpr
otectt
heuseragai
nstheal
thorsaf
etyr
isksatwor
k.I
tcan
i
ncl
udei
temssuchas;
saf
etyhel
met
s

Gl
oves

ey
epr
otect
ion
hi
gh-
visi
bil
i
tycl
othi
ng

saf
etyf
oot
wear

andsaf
etyhar
nesses
I
tal
soi
ncl
udesr
espi
rat
orypr
otect
iveequi
pment(
RPE)
1.
3Thecommonsi
gnagef
oundonaconst
ruct
ionsi
te
Heal
thandsaf
etyl
awsr
equi
ret
hatpeopl
eonornearconst
ruct
ionsi
tesar
ewar
nedof
al
lhazar
dousact
ivi
ti
est
aki
ngpl
ace.Bef
oreanyconst
ruct
ionwor
kbegi
ns,bui
l
der
s
mustensur
ethatanadequat
enumberofgener
alsaf
etysi
gns,dependi
ngont
hesi
ze
andcompl
exi
tyoft
hej
obsi
te,
areer
ect
edatt
hewor
kpl
ace.

Ty
pesofsi
gns
Saf
etysi
gnsusedonsi
tegener
all
yfal
li
ntot
hef
oll
owi
ngcat
egor
ies.

Mandat
orysi
gns
Mandat
orysi
gnsi
ndi
cat
ethatani
nst
ruct
ionmustbecar
ri
edout
.Al
lmandat
orysi
gns
canbei
dent
if
iedbyabl
ueci
rcl
ewi
thawhi
tepi
ctur
ewi
thi
n.
 Saf
etysi
gns
Saf
etysi
gnsar
eusedt
owar
nofahazar
dorahazar
douscondi
ti
ont
hati
snotl
i
kel
yto
bel
i
fe-
thr
eat
eni
ng.

Dangersi
gns
Dangersi
gnsar
eusedt
owar
nofapar
ti
cul
arhazar
dorhazar
douscondi
ti
ont
hati
s
l
i
kel
ytobel
i
fe-
thr
eat
eni
ng.Si
gnsi
nthi
scat
egor
yincor
por
atet
hewor
d‘danger
’inwhi
te
l
ett
ersonar
edov
alshapeagai
nstabl
ackbackgr
ound.
1.
4BARRI
CADI
NG
Bar
ri
cadesar
eani
mpor
tantpar
toft
heconst
ruct
ionbusi
ness.Onanygi
venj
obsi
te
t
her
ear
emul
ti
plesi
tuat
ionst
hatcal
lforpr
operbar
ri
cadi
ng.Any
oneofy
oust
andi
ng
her
eatt
hist
ool
boxt
alkcant
hinkabouty
ourj
obandcomeupwi
thatl
eastonei
tem
t
hatneedst
obepr
oper
lybar
ri
caded.I
tcoul
dbeany
thi
ngf
rom bar
ri
cadi
ngahol
eint
he
f
loorofabasementt
oawar
ningl
i
neont
opofaskyscr
apper
.Theneedt
opr
oper
ly
i
dent
if
ypot
ent
ialhazar
dsandconv
eyt
hecor
rectsaf
etymessagei
sahugest
epi
n
pr
event
ingacci
dent
sfr
om occur
ri
ngony
ourj
obsi
te
Put
ti
ngpr
operbar
ri
cadesupont
hej
obsi
tei
sagr
eatwayt
ohel
ppr
eventacci
dent
sand
t
opr
oper
lyputupbar
ri
cadesy
ouneedt
oknowt
hatt
her
ear
emanyt
ypesofbar
ri
cades
t
hatcanbeused.

Bar
ri
cadesi
ncl
udet
heuseof
:
Si
gns
Cones
Bar
ri
cades
Caut
ionTape
Channel
i
ngdev
icessuchasbar
ri
erwal
l
s
Fl
ashi
ngl
i
ght
s
Dangert
ape
Sawhor
ses
Rope
SnowFence
Rememberbar
ri
cadescanbemov
edandi
mpr
ovedf
orwhat
evert
heneedmaybe.
Hav
ingnobar
ri
cadei
npl
acei
snev
ert
her
ightanswer
.Let
’smakesur
ewehav
ether
ight
answert
obar
ri
cadi
ngi
ssuesev
eryt
ime.
Someoft
hepr
imar
yreasonsf
ori
mpl
ement
ingt
heuseoft
hesebar
ri
ersi
ncl
ude:
Pr
event
ing unsaf
eaccesst
o excav
ati
ons,mobi
l
eequi
pmentand associ
ated
l
ater
alandov
erheadsi
tehazar
ds.
Pr
event
ing mat
eri
aland/
ordebr
is bl
ocki
ng publ
i
c access t
o si
dewal
ks and
r
oadway
s
Li
mit
ingt
het
hef
tofmat
eri
alsf
rom const
ruct
ionsi
tesanddamaget
opr
ivat
e
 pr
oper
ty.

1.
5Pr
ecaut
ionar
ycaut
ionsi
nthewor
kshop
Wor
kshopr
ules
St
udentaf
fect
edbydr
ugsoral
cohol
arenotper
mit
tedi
nthewor
kshop
St
udent
swi
thanyheal
thpr
obl
emst
hatmayaf
fectwor
kpl
acesaf
ety(
e.g.
medi
cat
ion,
epi
l
ept
icf
it
s)mustr
epor
tthesecondi
ti
onst
othewor
kshopst
aff
Not
if
ythewor
kshopst
affofy
ourar
ri
val
Nof
oodordr
inki
nthewor
kshop
Weart
hecor
rectpr
otect
iveequi
pmentf
ort
het
ool
syouar
eusi
ng–aski
fin
doubt
Al
lchemi
cal
s(e.
g.gl
uesandpai
nts)mustbecheckedt
hroughChemwat
chand
wi
thwor
kshopst
affbef
oreuse
I
mmedi
atel
ynot
if
ythewor
kshopsuper
visorofanyf
aul
tyorbr
okenequi
pment
Askhowt
ouset
het
ool
ssaf
ely
Makesur
eyourwor
kpi
ecei
sfi
xedsecur
elybef
orewor
kcommences
Keepl
eadsupof
fthef
loor
Keepcl
earofanyper
sonoper
ati
ngt
ool
sandmachi
ner
y(bumpi
nganoper
ator
orgett
angl
edi
nthel
eadcoul
dcauseser
iousi
njur
ytoy
ouort
heoper
ator
)
Donott
alkt
oany
oneoper
ati
ngel
ect
ri
cal
equi
pmentandmachi
ner
y
Keepy
ourwor
kar
eat
idy
Cl
eanupanyspi
l
lsi
mmedi
atel
y
Washhandsaf
terusi
ngequi
pmentandmat
eri
als

Ensur
eyoursaf
etyi
nthewor
kshop
Whenent
eri
ngwor
kshop
Pi
ckup y
ourhear
ing and ey
epr
otect
orsand i
mmedi
atel
yrepor
ttot
hewor
kshop
super
visor
.

Whenexi
ti
ngt
hewor
kshop
Checkt
hatanyt
ool
syouhav
ebeenusi
nghav
ebeenputawayi
ntheappr
opr
iat
espot
s,

cl
eanedupy
ourwor
kar
eaandnot
if
ythewor
kshopst
aff
.

Cl
othi
ng&f
oot
wear
Saf
etygl
assesandhear
ingpr
otect
ion-ev
eryper
sonent
eri
ngt
hewor
kshop
mustcol
l
ectt
hesei
temsf
rom j
usti
nsi
det
hedoor
.Theymustbewor
natal
l
t
imes.
St
udent
sthatweargl
assesshoul
dbeawar
ethesear
enotsaf
etygl
asses,
they
ar
eonl
yimpactr
esi
stantandmayshat
ter
,saf
etygl
assesmustbewor
n.
Al
ll
oosecl
othi
ng(
egshi
rt
shangi
ngout
)mustbet
uckedi
n.
Saf
etyboot
sorencl
osedshoesmustbewor
nint
hewor
kshop.Donotent
er
underanyci
rcumst
anceswi
thoutt
hisf
oot
wear
,ther
ear
enoexcept
ionst
othi
s
r
ule.
Longhai
rhast
obet
iedupi
ncl
udi
ngf
ri
nges.
Remov
eri
ngsandl
oosej
ewel
l
erybef
oreoper
ati
ngmachi
ner
ytheycanbea
hazar
d.
1.
6​Acci
dent
sandt
ypesofi
njur
ies
Usual
lyaninjur
yiswhenthebodyorapar
toft
hebodyi
sdamagedbysomet
hing

out
sideoft
hebody

I
njur
ycanbeby
:

Env
ironment
al–Bur
nsf
rom heatori
njur
yfr
om col
d

Penet
rat
ingi
njur
y–whenashar
pobj
ectl
i
keakni
fepi
ercest
hebody

Bl
unti
njur
y–whensomet
hinghi
tst
hebody(
li
kepunchi
ngsomeoneorf
all
i
ng

f
rom at
ree)

Chemi
cal
–bei
nghur
tbychemi
cal
sli
kebur
nsf
rom aci
d

I
nj ycanbeacci
ur dent
alori
ntent
ional
.Int
ent
ionali
njur
yiswhensomeonet
ri
est
ohur
t

anot
herper
son.(
Int
ent
ionali
njur
yisal ednon-
socal
l acci
dent
ali
njur
y)Acci
dent
ali
njur
y

i
swhennoonemeanst
ohur
tsomeoneel
se.Anexampl
eofacci
dent
ali
njur
yisacar

wr
eck.
Anacci
denti
swhensomet
hinggoeswr
ongwheni
tisnotmeantt
o.Phy
sicalacci
dent
s

ar
ethi
ngsl
i
kecol
l
isi
ons,
inj
uri
es,
andf
all
i
ng.

Fi
rstAi
d
Al
lacci
dent
s,cut
sandabr
asi
onsmustber
epor
tedbef
orel
eav
ingt
hewor
kshop/
sit
e.I
f

anacci
dentdoeshappen,nomat
terhow smal
l
,itmustber
epor
tedt
othewor
kshop

st
aff
/si
tesuper
visorandanAcci
dentRepor
tFor
mfi
l
ledout
.Fi
l
li
ngoutt
hisf
ormi
s

i
mper
ati
vef
oranyf
utur
ecompl
i
cat
ionsr
esul
ti
ngf
rom anacci
dent
.
WEEKTWO

I
NTRODUCTI
ONTOPLUMBI
NG

2.
1GENESI
SOFPLUMBI
NG

Pl
umbi
ngor
igi
nat
eddur
inganci
entci
vi
li
zat
ionssuchast
heGr
eek,Roman,Per
sian,

I
ndi
an,
andChi
neseci
ti
esast
heydev
elopedpubl
i
cbat
hsandneededt
opr
ovi
depot
abl
e

wat
erandwast
ewat
err
emov
al,f
orl
argernumber
sofpeopl
e.St
andar
dizedear
then

pl
umbi
ng pi
peswi
th br
oad f
langesmaki
ng use ofasphal
tforpr
event
ing l
eakages

appear
edi
ntheur
banset
tl
ement
soft
heI
ndusVal
l
eyCi
vi
li
zat
ionby2700BC.The

Romansusedl
eadpi
pei
nscr
ipt
ionst
opr
eventwat
ert
hef
t.Thewor
d"pl
umber
"dat
es

f
rom t
heRomanEmpi
re.TheLat
inf
orl spl
eadi umbum.Romanr
oof
susedl
eadi
n

condui
tsanddr
ainpi
pesandsomewer
eal
socov
eredwi
thl
ead.Leadwasal
sousedf
or

pi
pingandf
ormaki
ngbat
hs.

2.2​Evoluti
onandDev elopmentofplumbing
Plumbi ngr eacheditsearlyapexinancientRome,whi chsaw thei nt
roductionof
expansi vesy st
emsofaqueduct s,t
ilewastewaterremoval
,andwi despreaduseof
l
eadpi pes.Wi t
ht heFallofRomebot hwat ersupplyandsani
tati
onst agnated—or
regressed—f orwel lover1,000 years.Improvementwas v ery sl
ow,wi t
hl i
ttl
e
effecti
vepr ogressmadeunt i
lthegrowthofmoder ndensel
ypopulatedci t
iesinthe
1800s.
 Duringt hisper i
od,publ icheal thaut horit
ies
beganpr essingforbet terwast edisposalsy st emst obei nstalled,topr eventor
controlepi demics ofdi sease.Earli
er,t he wast e disposalsy stem had mer ely
consist ed ofcol l
ect i
ng wast e and dumpi ng iton t he gr ound ori ntoar iv
er .
Event uallythedev elopmentofsepar ate,under groundwat erandsewagesy stems
el
imi nat edopensewagedi t
chesandcesspool s.Mostl ar
geci ti
est odaypipesol i
d
wast est osewaget reatmentpl antsinor dert osepar at
eandpar t
iall
ypur i
fyt he
water ,bef or
eempt yingint ostr
eamsorot herbodi esofwat er.Forpot ablewat eruse,
galvanizedi ronpipingwascommonpl acei ntheUni tedSt atesfr om thel at
e1800s
unti
lar ound1960.Af t
ert hatperi
od,copperpi pingtookov er,f
irstsof tcopperwi th
fl
aredf itti
ngs, t
henwi thrigidcoppertubingut i
l
izingsolderedf it
ti
ngs.
Theuseofl eadf orpot ablewat erdecl i
nedshar plyafterWor ldWarI Ibecauseof

i
ncr
easedawar
enessoft
hedanger
sofl
eadpoi
soni
ng.Att
hist
ime,copperpi
pingwas

i
ntr
oducedasabet
terandsaf
eral
ter
nat
ivet
oleadpi
pes.

2.
3​I
mpor
tanceofPl
umbingto/
inconstr
uct
ion
Pl
umbingisv
eryessent
ial
sinourdai
lyl
ivesbecausewi
thoutt
hispr
oper
lydonebyt
he

ski
l
ledwor
ker
s,pl
umber
,wemi
ghtnotbeabl
etocook,eat
,bat
he,br
ushourt
eet
hand

any
thi
ngt
hatneedst
heuseofwat
er.Wi
thoutpl
umbi
ngwewi
l
lnotbeabl
etohav
eour

wat
err
unni
ngar
oundt
hehousemaki
ngi
tconv
eni
entf
orust
ousei
tany
wher
eint
he

house.Wat
eri
sav
italpar
tofourl
i
vesandwi
thoutt
his,
wewi
l
lnotbeabl
etol
i
vei
nthi
s

wor
ldandcont
inuesur
viv
ingunt
ilt
oday
.Pl
umbi
ngshoul
dbegi
venmor
eval
ueby

ev
ery
oneandt
heuseofwat
ershoul
dbedonei
nacar
eful
way
.

Thepeopl
ewhodot
hepl
umbi
ngser
vicei
nourhousesar
ecal
l
edpl
umber
s.Theymake

i
tpossi
blef
orust
oconv
eni
ent
lyuset
hewat
eri
nourhouse.Becauseoft
hem,weno
l
ongerhav
etouseabucketj
ustt
obeabl
etohav
esomewat
eri
ntheupperpar
toft
he

housebecauset
hepl
umbi
ngwi
l
lenabl
ethewat
ert
orunupt
othesecondl
eveloft
he

house.Thewor
kofapl
umbercan’
tbedonebyj
ustany
onesi
ncedoi
ngi
tpr
oper
lyneeds

t
her
ightski
l
lsandknowl
edge.Wi
thoutt
heset
wo,somet
hingcoul
dgowr
ongandt
he

wat
erorsomeoft
hewat
erwi
l
lsur
elybewast
ed.

Pl
umber
shav
ethei
rownwayonsecur
ingt
hehouse’
spl
umbi
ngsy
stem i
nsuchaway

t
hatnowat
eri
swast
ed.Thi
sisal
sof
ort
hebenef
itoft
hepeopl
eusi
ngi
tfort
hem nott
o

payf
orsomet
hingt
hatt
heydonotuse.Wast
ingwat
eri
sal
soabadhabi
tbecausewe

donothav
eanunl
i
mit
edsuppl
yofwat
erandwer
eal
l
ycan’
taf
for
dtowast
eanyofi
t.

Ther
ear
eal
otofcount
ri
esi
nthewor
ldt
hathav
eashor
tageofwat
erandt
heydonot

ev
enhav
eenoughofi
ttodr
ink.Weshoul
dreal
l
ybemor
ecar
efuloft
hewat
ert
hatwe

ar
eusi
ngbecausewear
eluckyenought
ohav
eit
.

Al
so,weshoul
dbemor
ecaut
iousaboutourpl
umbi
ngsy
stem becausei
tiswhat

sust
ainswat
eri
nourhouse.Weshoul
dal
way
sensur
ethatnof
auceti
slef
tof
tenandi
f

t
her
eisgushi
ngsoundany
wher
eint
hehouse,i
mmedi
atel
ycal
lforhel
pfr
om t
he

pr
ofessi
onalpl
umber
siny
ourar
eaf
ort
hepr
obl
em t
ofi
xedandsot
hatnomor
ewat
er

wi
l
lbewast
ed,
andf
ory
ounott
opayany
thi
ngy
ouar
enotusi
ng.

I
fpl
umbi
nghadnotbeendi
scov
eredbypeopl
e,wewoul
dsur
elynotbel
i
vingas

comf
ort
abl
yaswear
etoday
.Pl
umbi
ngi
sindeedoneoft
hemanyt
hingst
hatwear
e

l
ucky t
o di
scov
erbecause i
tmakes ourl
i
ves easi
er.Ev
ery
one shoul
d know i
ts

i
mpor
tancesot
hatev
ery
onewi
l
lbemor
ecaut
iousi
nusi
ngt
hei
rpl
umbi
ngsy
stem and

t
hewat
ert
hatt
heyar
eusi
ng.Ev
ent
heheat
ingsy
stem r
equi
respl
umbi
ng,
wher
eal
most

hal
foft
hewor
ldi
sinneedbecauseoft
hecol
dtemper
atur
etheyhav
e.Soal
way
s

r
emembert
ocal
lforpl
umber
s.

9Reasonswhypl
umbi
ng/
plumber
sar
eimpor
tantt
oconst
ruct
ion

1.Pl
umbi
nghar
nessesapr
eci
ousr
esour
ce—wat
er—t
ousesaf
elyf
orheal
th,hy
giene
and wel
l
-bei
ng.Pl
umbi
ng makes possi
blet
he mi
racl
e ofcl
ean,conv
eni
entwat
er

—somet
hingof
tent
akenf
orgr
ant
ed.

2. Pl
umbi
ngmanuf
act
uri
ngi
nnov
ati
onst
ogai
nwat
eref
fi
ciencyhav
edr
amat
ical
l
y

r
educedt
heamountofwat
erusedt
hrought
oil
ets,shower
heads,f
aucet
sandot
her

pl
umbi
ngpr
oduct
s.

3. Af
utur
e ofwat
ersust
ainabi
l
ityi
s an achi
evabl
e pr
ospect
,as pl
umbi
ng

manuf
act
urer
swor
kwi
thal
l
iesi
nsaf
epl
umbi
ngandwat
eref
fi
ciencyt
ofi
ndsol
uti
ons.

4.Thei
ncr
easeduseofwat
er-
eff
ici
entpl
umbi
ngi
sani
mpor
tant
,yetof
tenov
erl
ooked,

par
toft
hewat
ersust
ainabi
l
itysol
uti
on.

5. Moder
npl
umbi
ngpr
oduct
shel
pregi
onsaf
fect
edbydr
ought
sandwat
ershor
tages

t
ousewat
ermor
eef
fi
cient
ly.

6.Wat
eref
fi
ci
encycont
ri
but
esgr
eat
lyt
oener
gysav
ings.Lesswat
erusedmeansl
ess

wat
erheat
edandl
esswat
ert
ranspor
ted.

7. Pl
umbi
ngbr
ingscomf
ortandbeaut
yint
ohomesandl
i
ves.Ki
tchensandbat
hrooms

notonl
yser
vef
unct
ionalpur
poses;t
heypr
ovi
de t
he r
efuge ofcomf
ort
ing meal
s,

soot
hingbat
hsandr
est
orat
iver
elaxat
ion.

8. Thepl
umbi
ngi
ndust
ryi
sast
rongeconomi
cengi
ne,pr
ovi
dingj
obsandl
i
vel
i
hoods

t
omi
l
li
onsofpeopl
ear
oundt
hewor
ld.

9. Theabi
l
ityofpl
umbi
ngandsani
tat
ionsy
stemst
odel
i
vercl
eanwat
erandr
emov
e

wast
ehaspr
otect
edpopul
ati
onsf
rom communi
cabl
edi
seaset
hroughouthi
stor
y.Ther
e

i
s acknowl
edgementf
rom many wi
thi
nthe publ
i
c heal
th communi
tyt
hatcl
ean,

dr
inkabl
ewat
erhasl
i
kel
ypr
otect
edmor
eli
vesandext
endedl
i
feexpect
ancymor
ethan

any medi
caladv
ancement
.Pl
umbi
ng adv
ancement
s cont
inue t
o pr
otectl
i
ves i
n

dev
elopi
ngnat
ions.

2.
4INTRODUCTI
ONTOPLUMBI
NGCODES

Pl
umbi
ngcanbedanger
ous,
sot
her ecodest
ear hatmustbef
oll
owedi
nor
dert
o
keepev
ery
onesaf
e.

Acodei
sasetofr
ulest
hatcanbeenf
orcedbyl
aw!
!!
SomeCommonCodes
UPC(
Uni
for
m Pl
umbi
ngCode)
BOCA(
Basi
cBui
l
der
sCode)
I
BOC(
Int
ernat
ional
Conf
erenceofBui
l
dingOf
fi
cial
s)
NPC(
Nat
ional
Plumbi
ngCode)
SPCCI(
Standar
dPl
umbi
ngCode)

Localcodesusual
l
yadoptal
lorpar
tsoft
heUPCorot
herpl
umbi
ngcodes.Once
adopt
ed,
codescanbeenf
orcedbyl
aw!
!
2.
5Ty
pesofdr
awi
ngs

Di
ff
erentt
ypesofdr
awi
ngsi
susedi
nconst
ruct
ionsuchasar
chi
tect
uraldr
awi
ngs,

st
ruct
ural
,el
ect
ri
cal
,pl
umbi
ngandf
ini
shi
ngdr
awi
ngs.Thesedr
awi
ngspr
ovi
desl
ayout

pl
ansanddet
ail
sforconst
ruct
ionofeachandev
erypar
toft
hebui
l
ding.Dr
awi
ngspl
ays

ani
mpor
tantr
olei
ntheconst
ruct
ionf
iel
dtoconv
eyt
hei
deol
ogi
esandper
spect
iveof

t
hedesi
gnert
othel
aymanatsi
te.Thedr
awi
ngsmaybeusedt
oindi
cat
etheov
eral
l

appear
ance,i
nsi
deorout
sidet
hest
ruct
ure,ort
heymaybeusedt
oindi
cat
epr
eci
se

measur
ement
sandot
herdet
ail
sforconst
ruct
ion.

Ther
ear
edi
ff
erentt
ypeofdr
awi
ngusedf
ort
heconst
ruct
ionpr
ocess.Dependi
ngupon

t
hepur
poset
heyser
ve,
const
ruct
iondr
awi
ngsar
edi
vi
dedi
nto5t
ypes,

1.Ar
chi
tect
ural
Drawi
ng

Ar
chi
tect
uraldr
awi
ngcanbet
ermedast
hemot
herdr
awi
ngf
oral
ltheot
herdr
awi
ngs

usedf
orconst
ruct
ion.I
tcont
ainsal
lthedet
ail
soft
hepr
ojectsuchasl
ocat
ionsi
tepl
an,

set
ti
ngoutpl
an,
elev
ati
ons,
sect
ionsandot
herdet
ail
s.
1.
1Si
tePl
an

Thi
sispr
imar
ydr
awi
ngusedf
ormar
kingoutt
hepl
anont
hegr
ound.I
trepr
esent
sthe
l
ocat
ion,or
ient
ati
onandi
nfor
mat
ionaboutt
hesi
te’
stopogr
aphy
,landscapi
ngut
il
it
ies
,
andsi
tewor
k.

si
tel
ayoutpl
an

B.St
ruct
ural
Drawi
ng

St
ruct
uraldr
awi
ngscanbet
ermedast
hebackbonedr
awi
ngoft
hebui
l
ding.I
tconsi
sts
al
lthei
nfor
mat
ionaboutt
hest
ruct
urali
nter
vent
iont
hatar
ecomi
ngonabui
l
ding.I
t
cont
ainsmanyt
ypeofdr
awi
ngwi
thv
erymi
nut
edet
ail
sanddescr
ipt
ion.
C.El
ect
ri
cal
Drawi
ng

El
ect
ri
caldr
awi
ngr
epr
esentt
hedet
ail
sofel
ect
ri
calf
ixt
ures,l
ocat
ionofswi
tches,f
an,
l
i
ghtandot
her
s.I
tal
sor
epr
esent
sthel
oadcal
cul
ati
on,t
appi
ngf
orel
ect
ri
cit
y,wi
ri
ng
pat
handot
heri
nter
vent
ionssuchasACandUPSandi
tscomponent
s

D.Pl
umbi
ngDr
awi
ng
Pl
umbi
ngdr
awi
ngsgi
vet
hel
ocat
ionofsani
tar
y,pi
pingf
orwat
ersuppl
ysy
stem,
fixt
ure,
andt
hepr
ocesst
oconnectev
eryf
ixt
ure.

E.Fi
nishi
ngDr
awi
ngs

Fi
nishi
ngdr
awi
ngsr
epr
esent
sthef
ini
sht
ypeofev
erycomponentoft
hebui
l
dingsuch
asf
loor
ingpat
ter
n,pai
nti
ngcol
or,f
alsecei
l
ingshape,pl
ast
eri
ngt
ext
ureandel
evat
ion
desi
gn.Thesedet
ail
sar
esomet
imegi
veni
nel
evat
iondr
awi
ngsal
so.

Ther
eisnost
andar
drul
eofdr
awi
ngsr
equi
redf
orapr
oject
.Dependi
ngupont
het
ypeof
bui
l
dingandr
equi
rement
,ty
pesofdr
awi
ngsar
emadeandi
ssued.
Ani
mpor
tantpar
tofbui
l
dingconst
ruct
ioni
stheabi
l
ityt
oreadandunder
standt
he
i
nfor
mat
ionshownonaconst
ruct
iondr
awi
ngorasetofconst
ruct
iondr
awi
ngs.The
dr
awi
ngs show what pl
umbi
ng f
aci
l
iti
es ar
erequi
red by usi
ng sy
mbol
s and
abbr
evi
ati
onst
oident
if
yther
ealmat
eri
ali
tems.Thesy
mbol
sandabbr
evi
ati
onsont
he
const
ruct
iondr
awi
ngt
ell
thepl
umbert
hel
ocat
ionofwat
erandwast
epi
pel
i
nes,
thet
ype
andsi
zeofpi
pe,t
het
ypeoff
it
ti
ngsf
orpi
pel
i
neconnect
ions,andt
hel
ocat
ionofal
lthe
f
ixt
uresr
equi
red.
Oncey
oucanr
eadandunder
standt
hei
nfor
mat
iononaconst
ruct
iondr
awi
ng,y
oucan
det
ermi
net
hel
engt
hsofpi
per
equi
redbyt
ypeandsi
ze,
thenumberofdi
ff
erentt
ypesof
f
it
ti
ngsbysi
ze,
andt
henumberofdi
ff
erentt
ypesoff
ixt
ures.Youwi
l
lbeabl
etomakea
l
i
stofpl
umbi
ngmat
eri
alsneededt
oinst
all
anypar
toforal
loft
hepl
umbi
ngsy
stem.

2.
6PLUMBI
NGSYMBOLSANDLEGENDS
WEEK3:COMMONPLUMBINGPROCESSES
3.
1Plumbi
ngt
ool
sandt
ypes
Ther
e ar
e some basi
c pl
umbi
ng t
ool
s and equi
pmentt
hatpr
ofessi
onalpl
umber
s
gener
all
yhav
eint
hei
rpl
umbi
ngki
ts.

TapeMeasur
e
Thi
sisasi
mpl
eequi
pmentwhi
chal
lthepl
umber
shav
e.Amet
all
i
cmeasur
ingt
ape
r
oll
edi
nsi
deasmal
l
,compact
,pl
ast
iccasei
susedt
omeasur
ethedi
mensi
onsof
pl
umbi
ngsy
stem andcomponent
s.

Var
iousScr
ewdr
iver
s
Thescr
ewdr
iver
sar
eusedt
oscr
ew orunscr
ew v
ari
ousconnect
ionswi
tht
hehel
pof
scr
ews,nai
l
s,andnut
s.Av
astv
ari
etyofscr
ewdr
iver
sar
eav
ail
abl
ewi
thv
ari
ouspoi
nt
si
zesand shapes.Themostcommon scr
ewdr
iver
sar
ethest
ar-and pl
us-
shaped
scr
ewdr
iver
s.

Wr
enches
Thi
stoolhasf
ixedoradj
ust
abl
e,t
oot
hedorsmoot
hjawsatoneendofal
onghandl
e.A
v
ari
etyofwr
enchesar
eav
ail
abl
eint
hemar
ketdependi
ngont
hei
rjawheadsi
ze,
handl
e
si
ze,j
aw headshape,t
hepur
poseofuse,et
c.Someoft
hecommonl
yusedwr
enches
ar
etheadj
ust
abl
ewr
ench,
openendwr
ench,
basi
nwr
ench,
pipewr
ench,
etc.Wr
enches
ar
eusedt
ohol
d,t
urn,
remov
e,orf
itpl
umbi
ngpi
pesandf
ixt
ures.

TubeorPi
peCut
ter
s
Thi
sisawr
ench-
and-
bladeset
ti
ngusedt
ocutmet
all
i
corpl
ast
ic(
PEXorPVC)t
ubes
andpi
pes.Theheadoft
hist
ooli
sgener
all
yadj
ust
abl
eaccor
dingt
othewi
dthoft
he
t
ubeorpi
pe.
Pl
unger
s
Thesear
ethev
acuum cr
eat
ingt
ool
susedt
ouncl
ogdr
ains,
sinks,
toi
l
ets,
andbat
htubs.
Thesehav
ear
ubbercupat
tachedt
oawoodenormet
all
i
crod(
handl
e).Ther
ubbercup
cr
eat
esav
acuum andsucksoutt
hecl
oggi
ngdebr
isandmat
eri
als.

Dr
il
landHol
e-Maki
ngTool
Thi
sisanel
ect
ri
cequi
pmentat
tachedwi
thanaugerorahol
e-saw t
hatcr
eat
eshol
es
f
ordi
ff
erent
lysi
zedpl
umbi
ngpi
pesandsy
stems.
Dr
il
landHol
e-Maki
ngTool
Thi
sisanel
ect
ri
cequi
pmentat
tachedwi
thanaugerorahol
e-saw t
hatcr
eat
eshol
es
f
ordi
ff
erent
lysi
zedpl
umbi
ngpi
pesandsy
stems.
3.
3Fitt
ingsinplumbingandthei
rappli
cat
ions
Di
ff
erentpipefi
tti
ngsandthei
rfunct
ionsareexpl
ainedbel
ow.
El
bow
Reducer
Teet
ype
Cr
osst
ype
Coupl
i
ng
Uni
ons
Adapt
ors
Ol
et
Pl
ug
Cap
Val
ve
El
bowPi
peFi
tt
ings
El
bowsar
eused t
o changet
hedi
rect
ion off
low bet
ween t
wo pi
pes.El
bowsar
e
gener
all
yav
ail
abl
ewi
thanangl 5o,45o and90o.I
eof22. fpi
pesar
eofsamedi
amet
er
t
hennor
malel
bowsar
eusedot
her
wiseReducerel
bowsar
eused.El
bowsar
emadeof
di
ff
erentmat
eri
als.Thesear
egener
all
ycomi
ngwi
thf
emal
ethr
eadsandwecanf
ix
t
hem bybut
torsocketwel
dingal
so

ReducerPi
peFi
tt
ings
Reduceri
sapi
pef
it
ti
ngcomponentwhi
chr
educest
hef
lowsi
zef
rom l
argert
osmal
l
er
byr
educi
ngsi
zeofpi
pe.Usual
l
yther
ear
etwot
ypesofr
educer
sar
eav
ail
abl
e.Onei
s
concent
ri
creducerwhi
chi
sli
keconeshapedwi
thgr
adualdecr
easi
ngar
oundt
hepi
pe
buti
nthi
scaseaccumul
ati
onofai
rmaypossi
bleandi
tresul
tsi
ncav
itat
ion.Ot
herone
i
seccent
ri
creducerwhi
chi
shav
ingoneedge

Teet
ypePi
peFi
tt
ing
Teet
ypef
it
ti
ngi
sacomponentofpl
umbi
ngsy
stem whi
chi
sinT-
shape.I
tishav
ingone
i
nletandt
woout
let
s,out
let
sar
ear
rangedat90t
othemai
nli
neconnect
ion(
inl
et)
.Itcan
al
sobeusedt
ocombi
net
hef
lowf
rom t
woi
nlet
stooneout
let
.Theyar
eal
soav
ail
abl
e
i
ndi
ff
erentmat
eri
alsanddi
ff
erentsi
zes.I
fthe3si
desofT-
fi
tt
ingar
esi
mil
ari
nsi
ze
t
heni
tiscal
l
edasEqual
teeot
her
wisei
tiscal
l
edasUnequal
tee.
Cr
osst
ype
Cr
osst
ypef
it
ti
ngscont
ains4openi
ngi
n4di
rect
ions.Thesear
econnect
edwhent
her
e
ar
e4pi
pesar
emeet
ingatapoi
nt.Thesef
it
ti
ngsgener
atemor
eamountofst
resson
pi
peast
het
emper
atur
echanges,becauset
heyar
elocat
ed att
hecent
eroff
our
connect
ionpoi
nts.Cr
ossf
it
ti
ngsar
egener
all
yusedf
orf
ir
espr
inkl
ersy
stems

Coupl
i
ng
Acoupl
i
ngi
susedt
oconnectt
hepi
pesofsamedi
amet
er.Coupl
i
ngar
eal
sousef
uli
f
t
hepi
pei
sbr
okenorl
eakageoccur
s.

Gener
all
yther
ear
etwot
ypesofcoupl
i
ngsar
eav
ail
abl
e.Compr
essi
oncoupl
i
ngandsl
i
p
coupl
i
ng.Compr
essi
oncoupl
i
ngi
sregul
arcoupl
i
ngwhi
chi
sconnect
edbet
weent
wo
pi
pesandi
tpr
event
sleakagebyt
hear
rangementofgasket
sorr
ubberseal
sonbot
h
si
des,ot
her
wisegl
uei
spr
ovi
ded.Sl
i
pcoupl
i
ngi
seasi
ert
oinst
allandi
tcont
ainst
wo
pi
peswhi
char
ear
rangedasonei
ntoot
her
,innerpi
pecansl
i
deupt
osomel
engt
h.So,
wecanf
ixl
ongl
engt
hdamagedpi
pebysl
i
pcoupl
i
ng

Uni
ons
Uni
oni
sat
ypeoff
it
ti
ng,
whi
chf
unct
ionsassi
mil
art
ocoupl
i
ng.Butcoupl
i
ngcannotbe
r
emov
edaf
terf
ixi
ngbuti
nthi
scasewecanr
emov
etheuni
onwhenev
erweneeded.
Uni
ons consi
sts nut
,mal
e and f
emal
e ended t
hreads.So,t
hisi
s al
so usef
ulf
or
mai
ntai
ningpur
poseofpi
pe

Adapt
ors
I
fthepi
pesar
enothav
ing speci
alendsorpl
ainendst
henadapt
orsmaket
hem
t
hreadedei
thermal
eorf
emal
ewhi
chev
eri
sneeded.Adopt
ersar
egener
all
yusedf
or
copperand PVC pi
pes.Mal
eadapt
erscont
ain mal
ethr
eadsand f
emal
eadapt
ers
cont
ainsf
emal
ethr
eads.Oneendofadapt
eri
spl
ainwhi
chi
sgl
uedorwel
dedor
sol
der
edt
othepl
ainpi
peend
Pl
ug
Pl
ugi
sacomponentofpl
umbi
ngcomponentwhi
chi
sgener
all
yusedt
ocl
osepi
pe
openi
ngdur
ingi
nspect
ionsandr
epai
rs.Pl
ugar
egener
all
ycont
ainsmal
ethr
eads

Cap
Capi
sat
ypeofpi
pef
it
ti
ngwhi
chf
unct
ioni
ssameaspl
ugbutt
heonl
ydi
ff
erencei
s
pl
ugcont
ainmal
ethr
eadsandcapcont
ainf
emal
ethr
eadswhi
chi
sscr
ewsont
hemal
e
t
hreadofpi
pe.Thesear
eav
ail
abl
eindi
ff
erentmat
eri
alsl
i
ker
ubber
,copper
,st
eel
,
pl
ast
icet
c
3.4Kitchenandt oil
etfixt
ures
fixtureisdefinedasanassett hati
si nst
all
edorot her
wisefi
xedinortoabuildingor
l
andsoast obecomepar tofthatbui
ldingorland.Sothist
ypesoffi
xtur
esthatcanbe
foundi neit
herkitchenortoil
etsinahomear ecalledkit
chenfi
xtur
esandtoi
l
etsfixtur
es
respectiv
ely.
Kitchenfixt
uresinclude;

ki
tchensi
nks

ki
tchenf
aucet
s(t
aps) et
c.
Toi
l
etsf
ixt
uresi
ncl
ude;
Wat
ercl
oset

washhandbasi
n

showert
aps
showert
ray
/cubi
cl
e et
c

3.5Measur
ing
3.5.
1Metri
cmeasurement
The metri
c syst
em i s an i
nter
nat
ional
l
y r
ecogni
sed deci
mal
i
sed sy
stem of
measur
ement
.Iti
sinwi
despr
eaduse,andwher
eiti
sadopt
ed,i
tist
heonl
yormost
commonsy
stem ofwei
ght
sandmeasur
es(
seemet
ri
cat
ion)
.Iti
snowknownast
he
(
SI)
.Iti
susedt
omeasur
eev
ery
dayt
hingssuchast
hemassofasackoff
lour
,the
hei
ghtofaper
son,
thespeedofacar
,andt
hev
olumeoff
ueli
nit
stank.I
tisal
soused
i
nsci
ence,
indust
ryandt
rade.
I
nit
smoder
nfor
m,i
tconsi
stsofasetofbaseuni
tsi
ncl ngmet
udi ref
orl
engt
h,ki
l
ogr
am
ormass,secondf
f ort
imeandamper
eforel
ect
ri
calcur
rent
,andaf
ew ot
her
s,whi
ch
t
oget
herwi
tht
hei
rder
iveduni
ts,
canmeasur
eanyphy
sicalquant
it
y.Met
ri
csy
stem may
al
sor
efert
oot
hersy
stemsofr
elat
edbaseandder
iveduni
tsdef
inedbef
oret
hemi
ddl
e
oft
he20t
hcent
ury
,someofwhi
char
est
il
li
nli
mit
eduset
oday
.
Themet
ri
csy
stem wasdesi
gnedt
ohav
epr
oper
ti
est
hatmakei
teasyt
ouseandwi
del
y
appl
i
cabl
e,i
ncl
udi
ng uni
tsbased ont
henat
uralwor
ld,deci
malr
ati
os,pr
efi
xesf
or
mul
ti
plesandsub-
mul
ti
ples,andast
ruct
ureofbaseandder
iveduni
ts.I
tisal
soa
coher
entsy
stem,whi
chmeanst
hati
tsuni
tsdonoti
ntr
oduceconv
ersi
onf
act
orsnot
al
readypr
esenti
nequat
ionsr
elat
ingquant
it
ies.
I
MPERI
ALMEASUREMENT

Thesy
stem ofi
mper
ialuni
tsort
hei
mper
ialsy
stem (
alsoknownasBr
it
ishI
mper
ialor
ExchequerSt
andar
dsof1825)i
sthesy
stem ofuni
tsf
ir
stdef
inedi
ntheBr
it
ishWei
ght
s
andMeasur
esActof1824,whi
chwasl
aterr
efi
nedandr
educed.TheI
mper
ialuni
ts
r
epl
acedt
heWi
nchest
erSt
andar
ds,
whi
chwer
einef
fectf
rom 1588t
o1825Thesy
stem
camei
ntoof
fi
ci
aluseacr
osst
heBr
it
ishEmpi
re.Byt
hel
ate20t
hcent
ury
,mostnat
ions
oft
hef
ormerempi
rehadof
fi
cial
l
yadopt
edt
hemet
ri
csy
stem ast
hei
rmai
nsy
stem of
measur
ement
,al
though somei
mper
ialuni
tsar
est
il
lused i
ntheUni
ted Ki
ngdom,
Canadaandot
hercount
ri
esf
ormer
lypar
toft
heBr
it
ishEmpi
re.

CONVERSI
ONFROM METRI
CTOI
MPERI
ALANDVI
CEVERSA
Howt
oconv
erti
nchest
ofeet

1i
nchi
sequal
to1/
12f
eet
:
1″=1/
12f
t=0.
083333f
t
Thedi
stancedi
nfeet(
ft)i
sequal
tot
hedi
stancedi
ninches(
″)di
vi
dedby12:
d(
ft)=d(
″)/12

Exampl
e
Conv
ert20i
nchest
ofeet
:
d(
ft)=20″/12=1.
667f
t

Howt
oconv
ertf
eett
oinches

1f
ooti
sequal
to12i
nches:
1f
t=12″
Thedi
stancedi
ninches(
″)i
sequal
tot
hedi
stancedi
nfeet(
ft)t
imes12:
d(
″)=d(
ft)×12
Exampl
e
Conv
ert2f
eett
oinches:
d(
″)=2f
t×12=24″
Howt
oconv
ertf
eett
omet
ers

1f
ooti
sequal
to0.
3048met
ers:
1f
t=0.
3048m
Thedi
stancedi
nmet
ers(
m)i
sequal
tot
hedi
stancedi
nfeet(
ft)t
imes0.
3048:
d(
m)=d(
ft)×0.
3048
Exampl
e
Conv
ert2f
eett
omet
ers:
d(
m)=2f
t×0.
3048=0.
6096m

Howt
oconv
ertmet
erst
ofeet

1met
eri
sequal
to0.
3.28084f
eet
:
1m =(
1/0.
3048)f
t=3.
28084f
t
Thedi
stancedi
nfeet(
ft)i
sequal
tot
hedi
stancedi
nmet
ers(
m)di
vi
dedby0.
3048:
d(
ft)=d(
m)/0.
3048
Exampl
e
Conv
ert2met
erst
ofeet
:
d(
ft)=2m /0.
3048=6.
5617f
t

Howt
oconv
ertmi
l
li
met
erst
oinches

1mi
l
li
met
eri
sequal
to0.
03937007874i
nches:
1mm =(
1/25.
4)″=0.
03937007874″
Thedi
stancedi
ninches(
″)i
sequalt
othedi
stancedi
nmi
l
li
met
ers(
mm)di
vi
dedby
25.
4:
d(
″)=d(
mm)/25.
4
Exampl
e
Conv
ert20mm t
oinches:
d(
″)=20mm /25.
4=0.
7874″

Howt
oconv
erti
nchest
omi
l
li
met
ers

1i
nchi
sequal
to25.
4mi
l
li
met
ers:
1″=25.
4mm
Thedi
stancedi
nmi
l
li
met
ers(
mm)i
sequal
tot
hedi
stancedi
ninches(
″)t
imes25.
4:
d(
mm)=d(
″)×25.
4
Exampl
e
Conv
ert20i
nchest
omi
l
li
met
ers:
d(
mm)=20″×25.
4=508mm

3.
7TypesofPipesandfi
tt
ings
Ty
pesofhouseholdwat
ersupplypi
pes

Copperpi
pe-Usedf
ordecadesast
hemostcommonwat
ersuppl
ypi
pe.Copperpi
pe
andt
ubi
ngcomesi
nav
ari
etyofsi
zesandt
ypes.
Ty
peL-Thi
ckwal
l
edhar
d/sof
tcopper
Ty
peM -Thi
nwal
l
edhar
d/sof
tcopper
Ty
peK-Thi
ckwal
l
edhar
d/sof
tcopper

PVC-Usedasacol
dwat
ersuppl
ypi
pei
nmanycount
ri
esar
oundt
hewor
ldbecauseof
t
hel
owpr
iceandeaseofi
nst
all
ati
on
CPVC -Usedasahot
/col
dwat
ersuppl
ypi
pei
nmanycount
ri
esar
oundt
hewor
ld
becauseoft
hel
owpr
iceandeaseofi
nst
all
ati
on

PEX-I
scr
oss-
li
nkedpol
yet
hyl
enet
ubi
ngandhasbecomet
hest
andar
dinnew home
const
ruct
ion.PEXcomesi
nav
ari
etyofcol
orsandi
susedf
orpl
umbi
ngandheat
ing
pur
poses.

Gal
vani
zedpi
pe-Mayst
il
lbef
oundi
nmanyhomesbuti
ssel
dom usedany
mor
e
becauseofwat
erdi
scol
orat
ion,
costanddi
ff
icul
trepai
rs

PPR,abbr
evi
ati
onf
or"
pol
ypr
opy
lener
andom copol
ymer
".CanbeUsedasahot
/col
d
wat
ersuppl
ypi
pe

TYPESOFPI
PEJOI
NTSI
NPLUMBI
NG
Ty
pesofpi
pej
oint
sar
emaj
orcomponent
sofpl
umbi
ngsy
stem pr
ovi
dedt
oconnect
mul
ti
plepi
pes.Pi
pej
ointpr
ovi
dedshoul
dwi
thst
andpr
essur
eofeachpi
pe.
Ther
ear
esev
eralway
stoj
oinpi
pes,butsel
ect
ionofpi
pej
ointdependupont
hepi
pe
si
ze,
pipemat
eri
alandf
lowpr
essur
eet
c.
Ty
pesofPi
peJoi
ntsi
nPl
umbi
ng
Di
ff
erentt
ypesofpi
pej
oint
susedi
npl
umbi
ngsy
stem ar
easf
oll
ows.
Thr
eadedj
oint
Br
azedj
oint
Sol
der
edj
oint
Wel
dedj
oint(
but
twel
ded,
socketwel
ded)
Fl
angedj
oint
 Compr
essi
onj
oint
Thr
eadedJoi
nti
nPi
pe
Thr
eaded j
ointmeans,pi
pesar
econnect
ed byscr
ewi
ng wi
tht
hehel
p oft
hreads
pr
ovi
dedf
oreachpi
pe.Onepi
pehav
ingi
nter
nalt
hreadsandt
heot
heronehav
ing
t
hreadsext
ernal
l
y.Casti
ronpi
pes,copperpi
pes,PVCandG.
Ipi
pesar
eav
ail
abl
ewi
th
t
hreads.
Thr
eadedj
oint
sar
eav
ail
abl
efr
om 6mm di
amet
ert
o300mm di
amet
erpi
pes.Theyar
e
pr
efer
abl
eforl
owt
emper
atur
ear
eas

Br
azedJoi
nti
nPi
pe
Br
azi
ngi
sthepr
ocessofj
oint
ingpi
pesusi
ngmol
tenf
il
lermat
eri e840oC.
alatabov
Br
azi
ngi
sgener
all
yusedf
orj
oini
ngcopperpi
pesorcopperal
l
oypi
pes.Thef
il
ler
mat
eri
almaj
orl
yconsi
stt
inwhi
chhasgr
eataf
fi
nit
ytowar
dscopper
.Butbecauseofi
ts
weakpr
oper
tyt
ini
saddedt
oot
hermat
eri
alsl
i
keni
ckel
,bi
smut
h,si
l
verandcopper
.
Themel
ti
ng poi
ntofpar
entmet
alshoul
d behi
ghert
han f
il
lermet
al.Mechani
cal
st
rengt
hofbr
azedj
ointi
slowcompar
edt
oot
herj
oint
s.

Sol
der
edJoi
nti
nPi
pe
Sol
der
ingi
sal
sosi
mil
art
obr
azi
ngbutt
heonl
ydi
ff
erencei
sincaseofsol
der
ingt
he
f
il
lermet
almel
t ow840oC.Sol
satbel der
ingal
sousedt
ojoi
ntcopperandcopperal
l
oy
pi
pes.Bef
orepr
oceedi
ngt
osol
der
ingf
luxcal
l
edpast
eisappl
i
edt
opi
pesandf
it
ti
ngst
o
pr
eventt
hem f
rom oxi
dat
ionf
rom f
lame.Her
eal
sower
equi
reski
l
ledwor
ker
sfor
i
nst
all
ati
on.
Sol
der
ed j
oint
s ar
e sui
tabl
eforl
ow t
emper
atur
e ar
eas.These ar
e hav
ing l
ow
mechani
cal
str
engt
hasbr
azedj
oint
s.

But
tWel
dedJoi
nti
nPi
pe
Whent
hepi
pesar
eofsamedi
amet
erbut
twel
dingi
stodonet
ojoi
nthepi
pes.I
tist
he
mostcommont
ypeofwel
ding.Ski
l
ledwor
ker
sar
erequi
redt
oinst
allt
hej
oint
.These
j
oint
sar
egener
all
yusedf
orl
argecommer
cial
sandi
ndust
ri
alpi
pingsy
stems.
But
twel
dpr
ovi
desgoodst
rengt
hfort
hej
ointandi
tcanr
esi
sthi
ghpr
essur
ebecauseof
smoot
handcont
inuoussur
facei
nsi
det
hej
oint
.But
twel
djoi
ntsar
eexpensi
ve,
tomake
i
teconomi
calsomet
imesi
nter
nalwel
dbacki
ngr
ingsar
eused,
whi
chj
oinst
hepi
pewi
th
l
essamountoff
il
lermat
eri
al.Butt
heser
ingsmayf
ailunderheav
yst
ressandcr
acks
ar
edev
eloped.
Thej
oint
sar
efi
xedanddonotopenedf
ormai
ntenancepur
poses.Ext
ernalsmoot
hing
ofwel
dedpor
ti
onwi
l
lgi
vegoodappear
ancet
othepi
pingsy
stem.

SocketWel
dedJoi
nti
nPi
pe
Socketwel
dedj
oint
sar
eusedwher
evert
her
eisahi
ghchanceofl
eakagei
njoi
nts.
Pi
pesar
econnect
edasput
ti
ngonei
ntoot
herasshownbel
owandwel
dedar
oundt
he
j
oint
.Pi
peshav
ingdi
ff
erentdi
amet
ersar
esui
tabl
efort
hist
ypeofj
oint
.
I
fpi
pes hav
ing si
mil
ardi
amet
er,t
hen r
equi
red f
it
ti
ngs ar
e used.Wel
ding costi
s
gener
all
ylowert
hanbut
twel
ding.Fat
iguer
esi
stancei
slowerf
orsocketwel
dedj
oint
s
whencompar
edt
obut
twel
djoi
nts.Howev
er,socketwel
dedj
ointgi
vegoodr
esul
ts
whencompar
edwi
thot
hermechani
cal
joi
nts

Fl
angedJoi
nti
nPi
pe
Fl
angedj
oint
sar
eusedf
orhi
ghpr
essur
efl
owsandf
orl
argedi
amet
erpi
pes.I
ngener
al
t
heyar
eusedf
orpl
ainendpi
pesort
hreadedpi
pes.Two f
langecomponent
sar
e
connect
edbybol
ts

Compr
essi
onJoi
nti
nPi
pe
Whent
hepi
peshav
epl
ainendst
heyar
ejoi
nedbyi
nst
all
i
ngsomef
it
ti
ngsatt
hei
rends
t
hent
hatt
ypeofj
ointi
scal
l
edcompr
essi
onj
oint
.Thepi
peendswi
l
lbef
it
tedwi
tha
t
hreadedf
it
ti
ngsorcoupl
i
ngshencet
heyar
econnect
ed.
So,
int
hiscasewecanconnectpi
pesofdi
ff
erentmat
eri
alsanddi
ff
erentsi
zes.Butt
he
j
oint
sshoul
dbepr
oper
lyf
it
tedt
oresi
stf
low pr
essur
eot
her
wiset
heymayf
ailand
l
eakageoccur
s.Compr
essi
onf
it
ti
ngsar
eav
ail
abl
eindi
ff
erentmat
eri
alsandsel
ect
ion
off
it
ti
ngsmaydependuponourr
equi
rement
.
WEEK4:KEYPLUMBI
NGPRI NCI
PLES
4.
1Gravi
ty
Whenyouputsomet
hingi
nwater,gr
avi
tycanpul
ltheobj
ectdownt
hrought
hewat
er
onl
yifanequalv
olumeofwat
eri
sal
l
owedt
ogoupagai
nstt
hef
orceofgr
avi
ty;t
hisi
s
cal
l
eddi
spl
acement
.Inef
fectgr
avi
tyhast
ochoosewhi
chi
twi
l
lpul
ldown,
thewat
eror
t
hei
mmer
sedobj
ect
.Whatwecal
lbuoy
ancyi
s,i
nef
fect
,for
cinggr
avi
tyt
omaket
his
choi
ce.
Facedwi
tht
hischoi
ce,
grav
itywi
l
lactmor
est
rongl
yonwhi
chev
erhasmor
emass(
thus,
mor
ewei
ght
)pergi
venv
olume.Soi
fthet
hingy
oui
mmer
sei
sdensert
hanwat
eri
twi
l
l
si
nk,buti
tsappar
entwei
ghti
sreducedbyt
hev
olumeofwat
ert
hatget
sdi
spl
aced
upwar
d.I
finst
eadt
hewat
eri
sdenser
,thei
mmer
sedobj
ectwi
l
lfl
oatupt
othepoi
nt
wher
ethedi
spl
acedv
olumeofwat
ermat
chest
hewhol
eobj
ect
'smass.Thent
henet
wei
ghti
szer
o

TEMPERATURE
Temper
atur
eisaphy
sicalquant
it
yexpr
essi
nghotandcol
d.I
tismeasur
edwi
tha
t
her
momet
ercal
i
brat
edi
noneormor
etemper
atur
escal
es.
4.
3.1.Themostcommonl
yusedscal
esar
etheCel
siusscal
e(f
ormer
l edcent
ycal
l igr
ade)
(
denot
ed°
C),Fahr
enhei
tscal
e(denot
ed°
F),andKel
vi
nscal
e(denot
edK)
.Thekel
vi
n
(
spel
l
edwi
thal
ower
-casek)i
stheuni
toft
emper
atur
eint
heI
nter
nat
ionalSy
stem of
Uni
ts(
abbr
evi
atedSI
),i
nwhi
cht
emper
atur
eisoneoft
hesev
enf
undament
albase
quant
it
ies.TheKel
vi
nscal
eiswi
del
yusedi
nsci
enceandt
echnol
ogy
.
Theor
eti
cal
l
y,t
hecol
destasy
stem canbei
swheni
tst
emper
atur
eisabsol
utezer
o,at
whi
chpoi
ntt
het
her
malmot
ioni
nmat
terwoul
dbezer
o.Howev
er,anact
ualphy
sical
sy
stem orobj
ectcannev
erat
tai
nat
emper
atur
eofabsol
utezer
o.Absol
utezer
ois

denot
edas0Kont
heKel
vi
nscal
e,−273.
15°
Cont
heCel
siusscal
e,and−459.
67°
Fon

t
heFahr
enhei
tscal
e.

Forani
dealgas,t
emper
atur
eispr
opor
ti
onalt
otheav
erageki
net
icener
gyoft
he
r
andom mi
croscopi
cmot
ionsoft
heconst
it
uentmi
croscopi
cpar
ti
cles.
Temper
atur
eisi
mpor
tanti
nal
lfi
eldsofnat
uralsci
ence,i
ncl
udi
ngphy
sics,chemi
str
y,
Ear
thsci
ence,
medi
ci
ne,
andbi
ology
,aswel
lasmostaspect
sofdai
l
yli
fe(
plumbi
ng)

4.
3.2.Fahr
enhei
ttoCel
siusf
ormul
a

Fahr
enhei
t(°
F)t
oCel
sius(
°C)

Howt
oconv
ertFahr
enhei
ttoCel
sius
Thet
emper
atur
eTi
ndegr
eesCel
sius(
°C)i
sequalt
othet
emper
atur
eTi
ndegr
ees
Fahr
enhei
t(°
F)mi
nus32,
times5/
9:

T(
°C)=(
T(°
F)-32)×5/
9
or
T(
°C)=(
T(°
F)-32)/(
9/5)
or
T(
°C)=(
T(°
F)-32)/1.
8
Exampl
e
Conv
ert68degr
eesFahr
enhei
ttodegr
eesCel
sius:
T(
°C)=(
68°
F-32)×5/
9=20°
C

Cel
si
us(
°C)t
oFahr
enhei
t(°
F)

Howt
oconv
ertCel
siust
oFahr
enhei
t
Thet
emper
atur
eTi
ndegr
eesFahr
enhei
t(°
F)i
sequalt
othet
emper
atur
eTi
ndegr
ees
Cel
si
us(
°C)t
imes9/
5pl
us32:
T(
°F)=T(
°C)×9/
5+32
or
T(
°F)=T(
°C)×1.
8+32

4.
4.Wat
erpr
essur
eisameasur
eoft
hef
orcet
hatget
sthewat
ert
hroughourmai
nsand
i
ntoy
ourpi
pes.
I
tismeasur
edi
n'bar
s'-onebari
sthef
orceneededt
orai
sewat
ert
oahei
ghtof10
met
res.Weneed pr
essur
eto push wat
ert
hrough ourpi
pesand i
nto homesand
busi
nesses,whet
hert
heyar
einv
all
eys,hi
gherandhi
l
li
erar
eas,orar
erai
sedl
i
kesome
f
lat
sandapar
tment
s
4.5Val vesandcocks
Thepl umbi ngv al
ve,it'
ssimpl estdefi
niti
oni sanyv alveusedt oregulatethef l
ow of
wateri napot ableorhumanwast ewatersy stem.Pr ettysimpler i
ght?Wesupposet he
thebasi cpremiseofapl umbi ngvalveissimpl ebutt het ypesofv alvesandt hebroad
rangeofappl i
cat i
onsareanyt hingbutsimple
Anglest opsar enamedbecauset heyaremanuf acturedata90degr eeangl e,t
heyar e
usedasshutof fv al
vesatt hewat erintakeofpl umbi ngfixt
uresorappl i
ances.They
usuallyhaveanov alhandleorcanhav ear emov ablehandlewhenv andali
sm ortheftis
ani ssue.Int hepastt heangl estopneededt ober otat
edmanyt imest oensurea
compl etewatershutof ,now mostmanuf acturersmakea1/ 4t urnv al
vesot hewat er
canbeshutof fquickl
yincaseofemer gency .

Thegatev alv
eisav eryol
dv al
v edesign.Itisst i
l
lusedev er
ydayonlar
gediameter
pi
ping,i
nhi ghpressureappl
icat
ionsandi nappl i
cationwher eav al
vei
sneededfora
complet
eshutdown.Thegat evalveistypi
call
yoper atedbyawheelhandleandthat
handlel
i
ftsandlower sametaldi
scorwedgecut t
ingof foropeni
ngthef
lowofwater
.A
gateval
veshouldnotbeusedt othrott
leorregulatethef lowofwater
.
Acheckv al
veisaonewayv alveint hatishasonei nletandoneoutletthatall
owst hea
l
iquidtotr
aveli
nonedi r
ection.I ti
susedt ohaltthefl
owoft heaforement i
onedliquidin
caseofadr opinpr essureorr everseindi rect
ionalfl
ow.Themaj orit
yofcheckv alves
used intheplumbi ng indust rywor kaut omatical
lymeaning when t hepr essureor
dir
ecti
onchangest hev alvesl amsshut .Oneex ampleofacheckv al
vet hatiseasyt o
underst
andisabackwat erv alveusedonasewermai nasitl
eav esar esi
dentialor
commer ci
albui
ldi
ng.

Theballv al
veist hemostpopul arandwi del
yusedt ypeofv al
vei nt heplumbing
i
ndustr
y.Itisbui
ltusi
ngaspher i
caldiscorbal
lwit
haholeinit.Whent heballi
sturned
totheopenposi t
iontheholeorpor tisli
nedupwiththeflow ofl
iquidlett
ingitpass
thr
ough.Whent he"bal
l"i
sturnedtotheclosedposi
ti
ontheportisperpendicul
artothe
fl
owofliquidcut
tingofft
heopening.
Othersar
ebutterf
lyvalv
e,wafercheckval
ve,gl
obeval
veetc
WEEK5: PROPERTI ESOFWATER
5.
1Importanceofwat er
/ter
minologi
es
Di
dy ouknowt hatyourbodyweightisappr
oximat
ely60percentwat
er?Yourbodyuses
wat
eri
nal
lit
scel
l
s,or
gans,andt
issuest
ohel
pregul
atei
tst
emper
atur
eandmai
ntai
n
ot
herbodi
l
yfunct
ions.Becausey
ourbodyl
oseswat
ert
hroughbr
eat
hing,
sweat
ing,
and
di
gest
ion,i
t'
simpor
tantt
orehy
drat
ebydr
inki
ngf
lui
dsandeat
ingf
oodst
hatcont
ain
wat
er.
Ofcour
sesomeoft
hemosti
mpor
tantusesf
orwat
erar
eatourhomes.Domest
icwat
er
usei
swat
erusedf
ori
ndoorandout
doorhousehol
dpur
poses—al
lthet
hingsy
oudoat
home:dr
inki
ng,pr
epar
ingf
ood,bat
hing,washi
ngcl
othesanddi
shes,br
ushi
ngy
our
t
eet
h,wat
eri
ngt
hey
ardandgar
den,
andev
enwashi
ngt
hedog.
Wat
ergener
all
yget
stoourhomesi
noneoft
woway
s.Ei
theri
tisdel
i
ver
edbya
ci
ty/
count
ywat
erdepar
tment(
ormay
bef
rom apr
ivat
ecompany
),orpeopl
esuppl
ythei
r
ownwat
er,nor
mal
l
yfr
om awel
l
.Wat
erdel
i
ver
edt
ohomesi
scal
l
ed"
publ
i
c-suppl
i
ed
del
i
ver
ies"andwat
ert
hatpeopl
esuppl
ythemsel
vesi
scal
l
ed"
sel
fsuppl
i
ed"
,andi
s
al
mostal
way
sfr
om gr
oundwat
er.
Theamountofwat
ery
ouneeddependsonav
ari
etyoff
act
ors,
incl
udi
ngt
hecl
i
mat
eyou
l
i
vei
n,howphy
sical
l
yact
ivey
ouar
e,andwhet
hery
ou'
reexper
ienci
ngani
l
lnessorhav
e
anyot
herheal
thpr
obl
ems.
I
MPORTANCEOFWATERTOTHEBODY
Wat
erPr
otect
sYourTi
ssues,
Spi
nal
Cor
d,andJoi
nts
Wat
erdoesmor
ethanj
ustquenchy
ourt
hir
standr
egul
atey
ourbody
'st
emper
atur
e;i
t
al
sokeepst
het
issuesi
nyourbodymoi
st.Youknowhowi
tfeel
swheny
ourey
es,
nose,
ormout
hget
sdr
y?Keepi
ngy
ourbodyhy
drat
edhel
psi
tret
ainopt
imum l
evel
sof
moi
stur
eint
hesesensi
ti
vear
eas,aswel
lasi
nthebl
ood,bones,andt
hebr
ain.I
n
addi
ti
on,wat
erhel
pspr
otectt
hespi
nalcor
d,andi
tact
sasal
ubr
icantandcushi
onf
or
y
ourj
oint
s.
Wat
erHel
psYourBodyRemov
eWast
e
Adequat
e wat
eri
ntake enabl
es y
ourbodyt
o excr
ete wast
ethr
ough per
spi
rat
ion,
ur
inat
ion,
anddef
ecat
ion.Theki
dney
sandl
i
verusei
ttohel
pfl
ushoutwast
e,asdoy
our
i
ntest
ines.Wat
ercanal
sokeepy
ouf
rom get
ti
ngconst
ipat
edbysof
teni
ngy
ourst
ool
s
andhel
pingmov
ethef
oody
ou'
veeat
ent
hroughy
ouri
ntest
inalt
ract
.Howev
er,
itshoul
d
benot
edt
hatt
her
eisnoev
idencet
opr
ovet
hati
ncr
easi
ngy
ourf
lui
dint
akewi
l
lcur
e
const
ipat
ion.
Wat
erAi
dsi
nDi
gest
ion
Di
gest
ionst
art
swi
thsal
i
va,t
hebasi
sofwhi
chi
swat
er.Di
gest
ionr
eli
esonenz
ymes
t
hatar
efoundi
nsal
i
vat
ohel
pbr
eakdownf
oodandl
i
qui
dandt
odi
ssol
vemi
ner
alsand
ot
hernut
ri
ent
s.Pr
operdi
gest
ionmakesmi
ner
alsandnut
ri
ent
smor
eaccessi
blet
othe
body
.Wat
eri
sal
sonecessar
ytohel
pyoudi
gestsol
ubl
efi
ber
.Wi
tht
hehel
pofwat
er,
t
hisf
iberdi
ssol
veseasi
l
yandbenef
it
syourbowelheal
thbymaki
ngwel
l
-for
med,sof
t
st
ool
sthatar
eeasyt
opass.
Wat
erPr
event
sYouFr
om Becomi
ngDehy
drat
ed
Yourbodyl
osesf
lui
dswheny
ouengagei
nvi
gor
ousexer
cise,sweati
nhi
ghheat
,or
comedownwi
thaf
everorcont
ractani
l
lnesst
hatcausesv
omi
ti
ngordi
arr
hea.I
fyou'
re
l
osi
ngf
lui
dsf
oranyoft
heser
easons,
it'
simpor
tantt
oincr
easey
ourf
lui
dint
akesot
hat
y
oucanr
est
orey
ourbody
'snat
uralhy
drat
ionl
evel
s.Yourdoct
ormayal
sor
ecommend
t
haty
oudr
inkmor
efl
uidst
ohel
ptr
eatot
herheal
thcondi
ti
ons,l
i
kebl
adderi
nfect
ions
andur
inar
ytr
actst
ones.I
fyou'
repr
egnantornur
sing,y
oumaywantt
oconsul
twi
th
y
ourphy
sici
anabouty
ourf
lui
dint
akebecausey
ourbodywi
l
lbeusi
ngmor
efl
uidst
han
usual
,especi
all
yify
ou'
rebr
east
feedi
ng.
HowMuchWat
erDoYouNeed?
Ther
e'snohar
dandf
astr
ule,
andmanyi
ndi
vi
dual
smeett
hei
rdai
l
yhy
drat
ionneedsby
si
mpl
ydr
inki
ngwat
erwhent
hey
'r
ethi
rst
y,accor
dingt
oar
epor
tonnut
ri
ent
r
ecommendat
ionsf
rom t
heI
nst
it
uteofMedi
cineoft
heNat
ional
Academi
es.I
nfact
,
mostpeopl
ewhoar
eingoodphy
sical
heal
thgetenoughf
lui
dsbydr
inki
ngwat
erand
ot
herbev
erageswhent
hey
'r
ethi
rst
y,andal
sobydr
inki
ngabev
eragewi
theachoft
hei
r
meal
s,accor
dingt
otheCent
ersf
orDi
seaseCont
rol
andPr
event
ion.I
fyou'
renotsur
e
abouty
ourhy
drat
ionl
evel
,l
ookaty
ourur
ine.I
fit
'scl
ear
,you'
rei
ngoodshape.I
fit
'
sdar
k,
y
ou'
repr
obabl
ydehy
drat
ed.

5.
2Waterpumps
Ther
earemanytypesofwat
erpumps,butt
her
eisnoi
dealpumpf
orev
eryoccasi
on.
Wat
erpumpsar
eusedmai
nlyf
ordewat
eri
ngpur
poset
oreducedownt
imef
rom l
arge
r
ainev
ent
s.Wat
erpumpsshoul
dbeev
aluat
edbasedonper
for
mance,l
ow downt
ime,
dur
abi
l
ityandpr
ice.Hav
ingabet
terunder
standi
ngofwat
erpumpswi
l
lbei
mpor
tantt
o
r
educeoper
ati
onalcost
s,i
ncr
easet
hedur
abi
l
ityofy
ourpumpandt
hesy
stemsov
eral
l
per
for
mance.
TwoCl
assesofWat
erPumpTy
pes
Ther
e ar
etwo gener
alt
ypes ofwat
erpumps:cent
ri
fugalpumps and posi
ti
ve
di
spl
acementdesi
gnt
ype.Bot
hty
pesf
oll
owt
hesamepur
pose,
whi
chi
stomov
ewat
er
f
rom onepoi
ntt
oanot
hercont
inuousl
y.Theset
womaj
orcomponent
shav
eawi
de
v
ari
etyofopt
ionst
hatmi
ghtbeuseddependi
ngony
ourpr
ojectspeci
fi
cneeds.
Cent
ri
fugal
Wat
erPump

Acent
ri
fugalwat
erpumpusesar
otat
ingi
mpel
l
ert
omov
ewat
eri
ntot
hepumpand
pr
essur
izet
hedi
schar
gef
low.St
andar
d,t
rash,and submer
sibl
emodel
sar
ethr
ee
di
ff
erental
ter
nat
ivest
ocent
ri
fugalwat
erpumps.Al
lli
qui
dscanbepumpedusi
ng
cent
ri
fugalwat
erpumps,ev
enl
i
qui
dwi
thl
ow v
iscosi
ty.Thesepumpswor
kgr
eatwi
th
t
hinl
i
qui
dsandhi
ghf
lowr
ate
WhatAr
etheDi
sadv
ant
agesofUsi
ngCent
ri
fugal
Wat
erPumps?
Cent
ri
fugal
pumpscoul
dpr
esentt
hese6pr
obl
ems:
Cor
rosi
on:
Dif
fer
entf
lui
dpr
oper
ti
escancor
rodet
hepump
 Ov
erheat
ing:Somepumpmi
ghtneedl
i
qui
dreci
rcul
ati
ngt
oav
oidov
erheat
ing
causedbyl
owf
lows
Pr
ime:
Cent
ri
fugal
pumpsmustbef
il
ledwi
tht
hef
lui
dinor
dert
ooper
atepr
oper
ly
Cav
itat
ion:Theposi
ti
vesuct
ionheadoft
hesy
stem i
stool
ow f
ort
hesel
ect
ed
pump
Wearoft
heI
mpel
l
er:
Canbewor
senedbysuspendedsol
i
ds
WhenCanTheyBeUsed?
Cent
ri
fugal
pumpsar
eusedont
hese6appl
i
cat
ions,
justt
onameaf
ew:
Bui
l
dings:Topumpwat
ersuppl
y,i
ncl
udi
ngpneumat
icsy
stemsandi
npl
aces
wher
enosuct
ionl
i
fti
srequi
red.
BoostAppl
i
cat
ion:
Toboostpr
essur
efr
om t
hei
ntakel
i
ne.
Wel
l
s:I
ndomest
icwat
ersuppl
ysy
stems
Hotwat
ercircul
ati
on:
Tomov ewateri
naclosedsyst
em whi
chr
equi
resl
owhead
SumpPits:Eit
herver
ti
calorhor
izont
alwaterpumps.Uni
tsar
eoperat
edbyan
aut
omat
icswi
tchcontrol
l
edbythefl
oat
.

Posi
ti
veDi
spl
acementWat
erPumps

Posi
ti
vedi
spl
acementdesi
gnsar
etheoneswhi
chdel
i
veraf
ixed amountoff
low
t
hrought
hemechani
calcont
ract
ionandexpansi
onofaf
lexi
bledi
aphr
agm.These
pumpsar
eideali
n manyi
ndust
ri
est
hatmanage hi
gh v
iscosi
tyl
i
qui
ds,orwher
e
sensi
ti
vesol
i
dsar
eal
sopr
esent
.Recommendedwat
erpumpst
obeusedf
orl
owf
low
andhi
gh-
pressur
ecombi
nat
ionorot
herappl
i
cat
ions.
Posi
ti
vedi
spl
acementwat
erpumpsorr
otar
ypumpar
ever
yef
fi
cient
,duet
othef
act
t
hatt
heyr
emov
eai
rfr
om t
hel
i
nes,t
husel
i
minat
ingt
heneedt
obl
eedt
heai
rfr
om t
he
l
i
nes.
I
naddi
ti
on,
thesepumpsar
egr
eatwhendeal
i
ngwi
thhi
ghv
iscosi
tyl
i
qui
ds.
Asanyequi
pment
,posi
ti
vedi
spl
acementwat
erpumps​
al
sopr
esentsomedr
awbacks.
Theset
ypesofpumpsr
equi
ret
hatt
hecl
ear
ancebet
weent
her
otat
ingpumpandt
he
out
eredgemustbev
erycl
ose.Thi
scausest
hatt
her
otat
ionoccur
satv
erysl
owspeeds;
ot
her
wise,i
fthepumpi
soper
atedathi
gherspeed,t
hel
i
qui
dsmi
ghter
odeandwi
l
l
ev
ent
ual
l
yreducet
heef
fi
ciencyoft
hewat
erpump.

Wat
erPumpFeat
uresandSpecs
Now t
haty
ouunder
standt
hebasi
csaboutwat
erpumps,y
ouwi
l
lneedt
oknow t
he
i
mpor
tantf
act
orsbef
orebuy
ingawat
erpump.Her
ear
e4i
mpor
tantt
hingst
otakei
nto
consi
der
ati
on:
Power
:Iti
simpor
tantt
oknowt
hef
lowr
ateandhor
sepoweroft
hepumpt
obe
used
Mat
eri
al:Pumpsneedt
obemadeofaweat
her
-r
esi
stantmat
eri
aldependi
ngon
t
hepl
acewher
ethepumpwi
l
lbei
nst
all
ed
Mot
orTy
pe:Youcanchoosebet
weenpower
,gas,di
esel
,hy
draul
i
cormanual
t
ypes.
Head:Knowi
ngt
het
otalheaddi
schar
georhow power
fult
hepumpcanbei
s
i
mpor
tantdependi
ngont
heappl
i
cat
ionf
orwhi
cht
hepumpwi
l
lbeused.
Togetst
art
edchoosi
ngt
her
ightpumpf
ory
ourappl
i
cat
iony
ouneedt
oknow t
he
f
oll
owi
ng:
Howmuchwat
erf
lowwi
l
ldoIneed-
Dut
ypoi
nt?
HowmuchPr
essur
edoIneed-Dut
ypoi
nt?
PumpTy
peandconst
ruct
ioneg:
Casti
ronorSt
ainl
essst
eel
?
Cont
rol
Type?
5.
3Wat
ermet
er
Awat
ermet
eri
sadev
icewhi
chmeasur
est
heamountofwat
ersuppl
i
edt
oyourhome.
Thewat
ermet
ermeasur
est
hev
olumeofwat
ert
hatgoesi
ntoy
ourhomei
ncubi
c
met
res(
1cubi
cmet
re=m3=1,
000l
i
tres)
.
Wat
ermet
eri
ngi
sthepr
ocessofmeasur
ingwat
eruse.
I
nmanydev
elopedcount
ri
eswat
ermet
ersar
eusedt
omeasur
ethev
olumeofwat
er
usedbyr
esi
dent
ialandcommer
cialbui
l
dingst
hatar
esuppl
i
edwi
thwat
erbyapubl
i
c
wat
ersuppl
ysy
stem.
Ther
ear
esev
eralt
ypesofwat
ermet
ersi
ncommonuse.Thechoi
cedependsont
he
f
lowmeasur
ementmet
hod,t
het
ypeofenduser
,ther
equi
redf
lowr
ates,andaccur
acy
r
equi
rement
s.
Benef
it
s
Thebenef
it
sofmet
eri
ngar
ethat
:
i
n conj
unct
ion wi
thv
olumet
ri
c pr
ici
ng i
tpr
ovi
des an i
ncent
ivef
orwat
er
conser
vat
ion,
i
thel
pst
odet
ectwat
erl
eaksi
nthedi
str
ibut
ionnet
wor
k,t
huspr
ovi
dingabasi
s
f
orr
educi
ngt
heamountofnon-
rev
enuewat
er;
i
tisapr
econdi
ti
onf
orquant
it
y-t
arget
ingofwat
ersubsi
diest
othepoor
.
Pr
obl
ems
Pr
obl
emsassoci
atedwi
thmet
eri
ngar
isepar
ti
cul
arl
yint
hecaseofi
nter
mit
tentsuppl
y,
whi
chi
scommoni
nmanydev
elopi
ngcount
ri
es.Suddenchangesi
npr
essur
ecan
damagemet
erst
otheext
entt
hatmanymet
ersi
nci
ti
esi
ndev
elopi
ngcount
ri
esar
enot
f
unct
ional
.Al
so,somet
ypesofmet
ersbecomel
essaccur
ateast
heyage,andunder
-
r
egi
ster
ingconsumpt
ionl
eadst
olowerr
evenuesi
fdef
ect
ivemet
ersar
enotr
egul
arl
y
r
epl
aced
5.
4PRESSURETEST
Oner
equi
rementofbui
l
dingahomei
stot
estal
loft
hev
ari
ouscomponent
sbef
ore
cov
eri
ngt
hem wi
thf
ini
shmat
eri
als.Pl
umbi
ngi
saper
fectexampl
eoft
his.Oncet
he
wal
l
sar
eup,wi
tht
hepai
nt,t
il
e,wal
l
paperandwoodpanel
i
ngi
nst
all
ed,andt
hehome
occupi
ed,t
hepi
pesshoul
dbei
nwor
kingor
dert
oav
oidcost
lyr
epai
rs.Thi
siswhy
pr
essur
etest
ingt
hepl
umbi
ngi
ssoi
mpor
tant
.Ital
l
owsy
out
oheadof
fanypot
ent
ial
l
eaksbef
oref
ini
shi
ngt
hehome’
sconst
ruct
ion.
Fi
l
li
ngpl
umbi
ngpi
peswi
thpr
essur
izedai
risaqui
ckandef
fect
ivewayt
oinspectf
or
l
eaksi
nnewi
nst
all
ati
onofwat
erpi
pesanddr
ain/
wast
e/v
entsy
stems.Youcanal
soai
r-
pr
essur
e-t
est exi
sti
ng pi
pes,but pumpi
ng t
he dr
ain/
wast
e/v
ent sy
stem f
ullof
pr
essur
izedai
rbecomesi
mpr
act
icalaf
teri
nst
all
ati
onoft
hepl
umbi
ngf
ixt
uresand
connect
iont
othesewer
.It
'
seasi
erandof
tenj
ustasef
fect
ivet
odoawat
er-
pressur
e
t
esti
nst
ead.

Test
ingNewPl
umbi
ng

St
ep1

Capal
lthest
ub-
out
sconnect
edt
othesy
stem y
ou'
ret
est
ing.ForaDWVsy
stem,t
his

usual
l
ymeansgl
uingacapt
oeachst
ub-
outwi
thpl
ast
icpi
pecement
.Ify
ou'
ret
est
inga

wat
ersy
stem,y
oumayhav
etogl
ueorsol
dert
hecaps,dependi
ngont
het
ypeofpi
pes

i
nyoursy
stem.You'
l
lcutof
fthecapswhent
het
esti
scompl
ete.

St
ep2

I
nst
allorf
indaf
it
ti
ngt
hatal
l
owsy
out
oconnectanai
rcompr
essorhoseandpr
essur
e

gauget
othesy
stem.I
nwast
esy
stems,
youusual
l
ydot
hisbyscr
ewi
nganadapt
ert
oa

cl
ean-
outf
it
ti
ngandi
nst
all
i
ngat
ee.Forwat
ersy
stems,i
tusual
l
ywor
kst
oleav
eone

st
ub-
outuncappedandi
nst
all
ateeandadapt
erf
ort
hehoseandgaugeont
hatst
ub-
out
.

St
ep3

Tur
nont
hecompr
essorandf
il
lthepi
peswi
thai
runt
ilt
hegauger
eachest
het
est
pr
essur
ereadi
ng.Forwat
ersy
stems,t
hisr
eadi
ngi
susual
l
yar
ound80psi
.Fordr
ain

sy
stems,
it'
smuchl
ower-
-about5psi
.

St
ep4

Tur
n of
fthe compr
essorand l
eav
ethe sy
stem pr
essur
ized f
or15 mi
nut
es.Any

r
educt
ioni
npr
essur
edur
ingt
hatt
imesi
gni
fi
est
hepr
esenceofal
eak.

Ai
r-
Test
ingExi
sti
ngPl
umbi
ng

St
ep1

Ai
r-
testasy
stem ofwat
erpi
pesbyt
urni
ngof
fthemai
nshut
offv
alv
eanddr
aini
ngt
he

wat
erf
rom t
hesy
stem.Af
teral
lthewat
erhasdr
ained,
tur
nof
fal
lthef
aucet
s.

St
ep2

Scr
ew apr
essur
egauget
ooneoft
hef
aucet
s--usual
l
yal
aundr
y-r
oom f
aucetor

out
doorf
aucetwi
that
hreadedspout
.Scr
ew anadapt
ert
oanot
herf
aucett
hatal
l
ows

y
out
oconnectacompr
essorhose.

St
ep3

Char
get
hesy
stem t
oabout60psiandl
eav
eitchar
gedf
or15mi
nut
es.Thesy
stem has

nol
eaksi
fthepr
essur
egauger
emai
nsst
ati
onar
y.

Wat
er-
Test
ingExi
sti
ngPl
umbi
ng

St
ep1

Testawat
ersy
stem wi
thoutdr
aini
ngi
tbyl
ocat
inganout
doororl
aundr
yfaucett
o

whi
chy
oucanat
tachapr
essur
egauge.

STEP2

Scr
ewt
hegauget
othef
aucetspout
,opent
hef
aucetal
lthewayandt
urnof
fthemai
n

shut
offv
alv
efort
hehouse.

St
ep3

Wat
cht
hegaugef
or15mi
nut
es.I
fitmov
es,
ther
e'sal
eaki
napi
peori
naf
aucet
.Check

t
hef
aucet
s,andi
fnoneoft
hem ar
edr
ippi
ng,
thel
eaki
sinapi
pe.
5.
5Siphonage
Backsiphonagei
sapl
umbi
ngt
erm appl
i
edt
other
ever
salofnor
malwat
erf
low i
na

pl
umbi
ngsy
stem duet
oshar
plyr
educedornegat
ivepr
essur
eont
hewat
ersuppl
ysi
de,

suchashi
ghdemandonwat
ersuppl
ybyf
ir
e-f
ight
ing;i
tisnotanact
ualsi
phonasi
tis

suct
ion.

WEEK6:
FITTI
NGFI
XTURES

6.
1 I
nst
all wat
er Cl
oset

6.
2 I
nst
all Wash Hand basi
n
6.
3Inst
all
Bat
hCubi
cle

6.
4Inst
all
Bidet
6.
5Inst
all
Showersy
stem
6.
6Inst
all
tapsandMi
xer
s

6.
7I nst
all
Urinal
Wilbecarri
edoutint
hewor
kshopaspr
act
icef
ori
ndi
vi
dual
trai
nees.

WEEK7:COLDWATERSUPPLY
7.
1Waterst
orage

Wat erSuppl i
ersstorewat ereit
herinitsr awstateinimpoundi ngr eservoi
rsorl akes,or
as t r
eated whol esome wat erin service reservoi
rs/t
anks/ cistern.Wat erSuppl i
ers
endeav ourtost oreanadequat eamountofwhol esomewat eri nt heirservi
cer eservoi
rs
foremer gencypur poses;thisshouldlastf orabout24hour s.Thi spr ovi
sionsaf eguards
againstmai nssuppl y,orpumpf ai
lur
e,andal l
owst i
mef ort her epairtobecar ri
edout
beforethesuppl iesrunout .
7.2Wat erdistri
bution
Wat erdist
ributi
oni stheprovisi
onofwat erbypubl i
cuti
li
ties, commer ci
alorganisati
ons,
communi t
yendeav or
sorbyi ndivi
duals,usuall
yv i
aasy stem ofpumpsandpi pes.
7.3Ser vi
ceandmai nconnect i
on
Wat ermai nsar et hepipesdel i
veri
ngt hewat ersupplyt hroughoutmostt owns.Thi s
networkofpi pesi susuallyi
nstal
ledbelow thetown’sstreet
s.Awaterservicel
ineis
whatconnect sy ourhomewi t
hthewat ermain
7.4Typesofsy stems
Therear etwot ypesofcoldwatersystem:
●Direct
●Indirect
Withadi rectsystem, t
hecoldwaterissuppli
eddi r
ectl
yfr
om themainssupplytoallt
he
draw-offpointswi t
hinthebui
ldi
ng,i.
e.ki
tchensink,bat
h,washbasi
n,WC,etc

Withani ndi
rectsystem,onlyonedraw-offpoint,
usuallytheki
tchensinktapissuppli
ed
dir
ectly
,andt hi
si susedf ordri
nki
ngwat erpurposes.Thesuppl yt
hengoesont ofeed
thecoldwat erstoragecister
n(CWSC) ;whichisusuallyfoundinther oofspaceofthe
buil
dingordwel l
i
ng.TheCWSCi susedtosupplywat ertotheremaini
ngdr aw-of
fpoi
nts
i
ndirectl
y

Dir
ectsyst
em Theinstal
l
ationofadi rectwatersyst
em offersasupplyofwat erat
mains(hi
gh)pr
essuretoalldraw-offpoint
swithint
hebuildi
ng.Theseinst
all
ati
onsar e
permi
tt
edbyWat erSuppl
iersinregionswheret hemainssupplycanprovi
deadequat e
quant
it
iesofwat
eratsuffi
cientpressur
e.Indi
rectsy
stem Theinstal
l
ati
onofani ndir
ect
wat ersy stem of fersasuppl yofl owpr essur ewat erf rom t hest orageci ster nt ot he
designat eddr aw- offpoi ntswi thint hedwel l
ingorbui l
ding.Pr ov i
si onshoul dbemadef or
oneout lettobedi rectlyf edf rom t hemai ns,suppl yingwhol esomewat erf ordr i
nki ng,
cooki ngf oodandwashi ngpur poses
7.5Wat ert r
eat ment
Thet reat mentofwat erisdependentonwher ei tissour cedf rom andwhati mpur i
t i
esi t
cont ai ns.Wat ert hati ssour cedf rom spr ingsandwel lsi snat urallypur i
f i
ed,andshoul d
needl ittl
edi sinfect i
on.Thequal ityofwat ert hatissour cedf rom r eser voirsorr iver s
(rawwat er)wi l
ldet er minet hel eveloft reat ment .Usual lyt hiswi llinv olv esev er alst ages
oftreat menti ncludi ngset tling, fil
teringandf inal‘polishing’ withact i
vat edcar bongr ains
toremov emi nut et racesofi mpur iti
esandi mpr ovewat ert ast e.
Whent hewat erar rivest ot heconsumer , usual lynof urthert reat menti snecessar y.Thi s
i
snotal way st hecasei nhar dwat erar eas.Har dwat ersuppl iescancausepr oblems
anddamaget o ahotwat ersy stem byt heaccumul ationofl imescal e.Thi si san
i
mpor tantf act ort oconsi derwher eacombi nat ionboi l
ermaybei nst alled,ori nanar ea
wher et hedegr eeofwat erhar dnessi sov er150par tspermi ll
ion.Ther ear edi f
fer ent
met hodsf orr educi ngt hebui l
dupofl i
mescal ei ndomest i
cpl umbi ngsy stems, i
ncludi ng:
●Baseexchangesof teners
●El ect rolyti
cscal einhibitors
●Magnet icscal einhi bi
tors
●Di gi tal elect romagnet iccondi tioner s.
BaseexchangeThepr incipleofabaseexchangewat ersof teneri st hatt hei ncomi ng
coldwat erinhar dar easi st reat edasi tf l
owst hroughat ankcont aini ngr esinpar ticles.
Ther esi nat tract sandabsor bst hesal ts’har dness,mai nlycal ci um andmagnesi um,
from t hewat er .Att hesamet imei tr epl acest hem wi thsodi um f rom t her esi ns.Thi s
met hodi st ermedasi onexchange.Af terawhi l
et her esi nbecomessat uratedwi th
hardnesssal tsandneedst ober egener atedusi ngsal tsol utiont oputsodi um backi nt o
ther esi n.Thehar dnesssal tsar er eleasedf rom t her esi nandwasheddownt hedr ai n.
Elect roly ti
cscal einhi bit
orsThepr i
nci pleofdesi gnoft hesedev icesi st oact uallyal t er
thewayi nwhi cht hescal ebehav esi nasy st em,byhi nder ingt hef or mat i
onofcal ci te
cryst alsandkeepi ngt hebenef icialmi ner alcont enti nt hewat eri ntact .Whenf itt
edon
thei ncomi ngsuppl y,electrol yt
icscal ei nhi bitorsof ferwhol e-housepr ot ect ion.
Magnet i
cscal ei nhibitorsThesewor kont hepr i
ncipleofmagnet icf or ce.Whenwat er
fl
owst hrought hedev i
ce,itcr ossesamagnet icf i
eld.Thi scausest het i
nycr ystalst hat
forml imescal et obecomemagnet isedandadher edt oeachot her ;whi cht endst oal t er
thesi zeandshapeoft hecr ystal sandmakest hem l essl ikelyt oat tacht ot hepl umbi ng
sy stem andcomponent s.Themagnet i
cat t
ractioni snotper manentandwear sof f
qui ckl
y ,especi all
y when wat eris stored f ora l ongerper i
od oft i
me,so i tis
recommendedt hatt hemagnet i
cscaleinhibi
tor sareinstall
edont hesuppl ytoprotecta
speci fic appliance, e. g. combi nati
on boi lers, wat er heaters, el ectr
ic shower s,
dishwasher s,washi ngmachi nes,et
c.Somet ypesoft hesei n-
li
nei nhibitor
smayr equi
re
addi ti
onal equipotent i
al crossbonding.
Digi t
alel ectromagnet ic condi ti
oners These wor k on t he principle ofgener ati
ng
elect r
omagnet i
c wav es f rom a cont rolbox.The el ect r
omagnet i
c wav es aret hen
transmi t
tedthrought hecol dwatersystem viaat hinaer i
alwir
ewoundont hepipewor k.
Numer ousscient i
fi
cr epor tshavesuppor tedthet heoryt hatprotectionf r
om li
mescal e
canbeachi evedbyusi ngt heelect
romagnet i
cwav es.Wi thmosti nstall
ati
ons,itisnot
necessar ytocutt hepi pe, butthi
swi l
ldependont hemodelt ypeandt hemanuf acturer.
Inal lthecases, theydor equireapermanentl i
v eelect
ricalsupply.

7.6Frostpr otecti
on
Wat erissuppl i
edt oconsumer satar easonabl yl owt emper ature, andi nwintermont hs,
evenami norr educt i
oni next ernalt emper atur ecancausef reezing.I fcopperpi pewor k
i
sexposedt osub- zerot emper atures,t hewat erint hepi pewi l
lfreeze;r emember ,when
waterf r
eezesi texpandsbyappr oxi mat ely10%andi fther ei snotenoughspacef orthe
i
cet oexpand,pr essur ebui l
dsupont hewal loft hepi pecausi ngi ttost ret chand
eventuallyspl it
.Then,oncet hei cet hawsy ouhav ewhati st ermedasabur stpi pe.A
burstpipei nadwel l
ingorbui l
dingcancausei mmensewat erdamage.Justt hinkoft he
messt hati smadei fy ouspi l
ladr ink,andt heni magi neabur stpi per unningatf ull
pressuref ort wo ort hr eeday s.Thedamagecaused canpr ov et o becost ly;and
remember ,i tal so r esul t
si n an undue wast e ofwat erwhi ch goes agai nstt he
requir
ement softheWat erRegul ations, whi chst atethatal lcol dwat erf it
ti
ngs, incl uding
pipewor klocat edwi thint hebui lding, butout sidet hethermalenv elope, orthoseout si
de
thebui l
ding, mustbepr ot ectedagai nstdamagebyf reezing.Pr ot ectionofunder gr ound
pipewor kInaddi ti
ont of r
ostpr otection,t heot herr easonwhyt hepi pesar elaidt o750
mm i st hati tgivest hem somepr otectionf rom l oadst hatmaybepl acedabov et hem,
andt opr eventsomeoneput t
ingaspadet hr ought hem whendi ggi ngt hegar den.Wher e
asuppl ypi peent ersabui l
dingt hr oughasol idf loor,i
tmustbeduct ed;thepi peduct
mustbeseal edatbot hendst opr eventgases,moi stureorv er mi nget ti
ngi nt ot he
buil
ding.I fthepi peent erst hebui ldingt hroughasuspendedt i
mberf loor,i
tshoul dst i
ll
beduct ed.Thepi pewi thint heductmustbet her mal l
yinsul ated, andt heendsseal edon
compl etion;t hisi sbecauset hev oi dbet weent hesuspendedt i
mberf l
oorandt he
concr eteov ert hesi teisexposedt oext ernal dr aught s.
Pipesandf itti
ngsusedout sideThi sincl udesf it
tingssuchas:
●Ext ernal tapsusedf orgar denhoses, carwashi ng, et c
●St andpi pest hatar eoftenusedonbui l
dingsi tes.
Theabov ef itti
ngsmustbepr otect edagai nstbackf low, whi chcanbeachi evedbyf it
ting
adoubl echeckv alv etot hei nstallati
on,t huspr ev ent ingpot ent i
alcont ami nat
ionoft he
wat ersuppl y.Doubl e checkv alvescan al so be suscept iblet of rostdamage and
thereforeshoul dbepr ot ect edf rom f reezi ng,pr efer ablybyi nstalli
ngt hem i nsidet he
building.
Protect i
onofpi pesandf i
tti
ngsWher epi pewor ki satr iskf r
om f reezi ng,itmustbe
protectedusi ngt heappr ov edpi pei nsul at i
onmat er ial.Mostpeopl et hinkt hatpi pe
i
nsul ati
onpr ev ent st hef reezi ngoft hewat ercont ainedwi thi
nt hepi pebykeepi ngout
thecol d;whi le,inf act,thei nsul ationi sdesi gnedt or etaint heheatener gyi nthewat er,
therebyr educi ngt her i
skoff reezi ng.Theef ficiencyofpi pei nsulat i
oni sdependenton
thef oll
owi ngf act or s:
●I t
st hickness
●I t
st her mal conduct i
vity,inr elationt opi pesi ze.
Sobasi cal l
yt het hicknessofi nsul at i
onr equi redwi l
lbedependenton:● Thepi pe
diamet er
●Thei nsul ationt ypeandi tst her mal conduct i
v i
ty
● Ther easonf ort hei nsul ation,e. g.f rostpr ot ect ion,heatl oss/ gainort opr event
condensat ionont hepi pe
●Locat i
onofpi pewor k,indoor s/out door s, inheat edorunheat edar eas
Gener ally,ther mal insulat ionmat erial
smustber esi st antt o, orprotect edf r
om:
●Rai n
●Moi stur e
●Subsoi l wat er
●Mechani cal damage
●Ver min.
Traceheat ing
Thi si s a met hod off r ostpr ot ection whi ch i s gener allyused on l arge industrial
i
nst all
ations,butt here ar e domest ic pr oduct s av ailable.The i nst al
lation involves
attachingal ow- temper at ureheat ingel ementt ot heout erwal loft hepi pe.Thispr otects
thepi pef rom f reezi ngi nsev ereweat hercondi tions.Thet emper aturecont rolcanbe
self-r
egul atingorcont rolledt her most atically .
WEEK8: HOTWATERSUPPLY
8.1Hotwat erst oragesy stemsandt ypes
Thesuppl yofhotwat eri ndomest icdwel li
ngswasf irsti ntroducedi ntothemaj orit
yof
househol ds ar ound 1920–1930.Fr om t hese ear l
y,r elat i
v ely simpl e applicat i
ons,
emer gingt echnol ogyhasv astl
yimprov edt hedesi gnpr incipl esanduseofcomponent s
andappl i
ancesi nt oday ’
smoder ndomest i
chotwat ersy stems.Tr yt oimaginewhati t
woul dbel i
kef ory ounowi fyoudidnothav ear eadi lyav ail
abl esuppl yofhotwat erfor
bathi ngandcl eani ngpur poses.Thet y peofbui ldingwher eahotwat ersyst em i s
i
nst alledwi l
l usual l
yi nfluencei tsdesign.Asapl umbery ouar el i
kelyt owor kinbui ldi
ngs
othert handomest icdwel li
ngs.Thiscoul di ncl
udewashr oom f acili
ti
esi naf actory
cant een,wher et hei nst all
at i
onofani nst antaneoust ypewat erheat ermaybet hemor e
suitabl eandeconomi calchoi cecompar edt ot hatofahotwat erst oragesy stem.
Typicalhotwat ersy stemsi ndomest icdwel li
ngstodaycani ncl udeat mospher i
cv ent ed
storage sy st ems,unv ent ed storage sy stems,di rect l
yf ed t her malst ores and
combi nationboi lers, oftenr eferr
edtoi nthet r
adeascombi boilers.
Typesofhotwat ersy stemsTher eareanumberoff act orst hatwi llinfl
uencet hedesi gn
andt ypeofhotwat ersy stem.Muchwi lldependont het y peofbui l
dingt hatitisgoi ngt o
bei nst al
led i nto,av ailabili
tyoff uelt y pesand ofcour set her equirement soft he
consumer .Thef ol l
owi ngf actorsshoul dbet akeni ntoconsi derationpr iortosy stem
select ionanddesi gn.
●Fuel costandov erallefficiencyofthesy stem
●Hotwat erdemandr equirement s
●St or ageanddi st ri
but iont emperature
●Inst all
ationandmai ntenancecost s
●Saf etyoft heuser
●Wast eofwat erandener gy

Hotwat ersystemscanr angef rom asi mpl esinglepointout

let
,tot hemor ecompl ex
centr
ali
sedboi l
ersy st
emssuppl yi
nghotwat ertoanumberofout lets.severalwaysof
supply
inghotwat er,andgener al
lytheyar edividedintotwot ypes,cent r
alisedand
l
ocali
sed
Centr
alisedsystem Wi t
ht histypeofsy stem,theheat edwatercanbest or
ed,usually
centr
all
ywi t
hinthebui l
ding,supplyi
ngasy stem ofpipeworktovariousdr aw-offpoi
nts.
Stor
edmeanswat erheldinav esseluntilrequir
ed,withthewatert emper at
ureusually
contr
oll
edbyat hermostat.
Local
isedsy st
em Wi t
ht histypeofsy stem,t hewat erisheatedl ocall
yt omeett he
requirementsoftheconsumer,atypicalexamplebeingasinglepointi
nstantaneous
waterheat ersit
ed overa si
nk.These are oft
en used i
n sit
uati
onswher eal ong
dist
ributi
onpiper
unf r
om astoredsystem woul
dl eadtoanunnecessarywai tforhot
watert obedrawnoff.Notonl
ydoesthissaveenergyandreducethewastageofwat er
,
i
tal sohelpspreventtheri
skofgrowt hofmicroorgani
smssuchasLegi onell
ai nthe
system.

8.2Component sofhotwat ersy stem

Component si fhotwat ersy stem i ncl udesbutnotl imi tedt ot heboi l
er( geyser),hot
wat erpi pes, gat ev al vesandt aps.
8.3Var i
oust y pesofst oragev essel
Storagev essel sar edi vi
dedi nt ot ypesbasedongr ades,capaci ty,cor r
osi onr esisi
tance
andper for mancel ev el.Thi sv ariesf rom count riest ocount r
iesdependi ngont hel ocal
codes
8.4Ther mal insul at ionr equi rement
Themai npoi ntt or ememberwi t hhotwat ersy stemsi st hatt hest oragev esselmustbe
i
nsul at ed.Today ,new cy linder s and st orage v essel s ar e pr elagged dur ing t he
manuf act uringpr ocess,usi ngexpandedchor of luor ocar bon( CFC) -
f reef oam i nsulation.
Thei nsul atedcy l
indermustcompl ywi tht heBui ldingRegul at i
ons.t hatal lpipest hatar e
connect edt oast or agev esselshoul dbei nsul atedf orupt oamet rei nl ength,orupt o
thepoi ntt owher et heybecomeconceal ed.Thi sr equi rementi ncludest hepr imar yf l
ow
andr etur nandv entpi peconnect i
ons, r educi ngt heheatl ossf rom thest or agev essel .
8.5Mai ntenancer equi r
ement sofhotandcol dsy stem
Mai nt enancecheckl ist:
●I sol atet hesuppl yI nsomepr oper ties,iti spossi blet hatser vi
ci ngv alveshav ebeen
fi
ttedt ot hecol dandhotwat ersuppl yundert hesi nk.Thi si sagoodpr act i
ce, butnota
requi rementoft he Wat erRegul at i
ons cur rent ly
.I ft heyar ef i
tted,t urnt hem of f
.
Assumi ngt heyar enotf i
tted,onadi rectcol dwat ersy stem,t urnof ft hecol dwat er
suppl yt ot hesy stem anddr aint hrought hesi nkt apWhati fitisani ndirectsy st em, how
woul dy oui sol at et hesuppl y ?Tr ytot hi nkbackt ot hecol dwat eruni taboutwhatt odo
befor emov i
ngon.
–I fi ti sani ndi rectcol dwat ersy st em,t urnof ft heser vicev alv et ot hecol dwat er
distribut ionpi peanddr aint hr ought hesi nktap
–Forahotwat ert ap, turnof fthegat ev alvet ot hedomest i
chotwat ercy l
inder
–Dr aindownt hehotwat ersy st em pipewor kt hrought hesi nkt ap
●Repai rorr epl acet hedef ectivepar t(ref ert othest ri
ppeddowni mage)Agai n,t he
procedur ewi lldependupont het y peoft apsf i
tted.Mostt apsfit
tedt oki t
chensi nksar e
chrome- platedbr ass.Somemaybepl astic.
–Thef irstj obi st or emov et hecov erf rom t het apheadassembl y ;thesear eusual l
y
screwedt hrought het opoft het apcov er,andconceal edbehindachr omeorpl asticcap.
Thecapi sl iftedbyasmal lflat-headedscr ewdr iver,andt hecov erscr ew ( whi chi s
usuallycr oss- headed)cant henber emov ed.
–Youar et henl ef twi thaheadgearsi mi l
art othest opt apdealtwit
hear li
er
–Thepr ocessf orr e-washer i
ngt het api st hesame–Youmaycomeacr osssi nkt aps
usingcer ami cdi scsr atherthanmor et raditional washerandseat i
ngmet hodsofcont r
ol.
Thecer ami cdi scsdowearandal lowl eakage.Thesedi scscanber epl acedbuty oumay
hav edi f
ficul t
iesi nl ocat i
ngt hepar t
s.I tmaybemor ecostef fecti
vet or eplacethehead
gearcompl et ely.
●Reassembl et hecomponent
–I tisthesamepr ocedur efort hest opt ap, butyouwi l
l al
soneedt or epl acet hecov er.I
f
thecov eri spl ast ic,makesur et haty oudonotov er ti
ghtenthef i
xingscr ew,ori tcoul d
splitthepl ast ic.
●Tur nonandt est
–Makesur et hecol dandhott apst ot hesi nkar eturnedof f
–Tur nont hest opt api fi
tisadi rectsy stem
–Tur nont heser vicev al
veont hecol dwat erdi stri
but i
onpi peifi
tisani ndirectsy stem
–Tur nont hegat ev alv etot hehotwat erst oragecy l
inder
–Ret urnt ot hesi nkt apsandmakesur et hesuppl yofpr essuretot hecol dwat ert api s
satisfactor y( direct )andt hatthecol dwat er(indirect)andhotwat ersuppl yisf lowi ng
smoot hly
–Testt heoper at ionoft het aps

8.6Unv ented/Ventedsyst
ems
Anunv entedhotwat ersy
stem i
sapr essur
isedsy st
em whi
chi
sfeddirect
lyfrom t
he
coldmai nswat erfeedandther
efor
ecandel iverhotwat
eratmai
nspressure,whi
chis
greatf
ori mprovingtheperf
ormanceofyourshowerandbath.

Unvent
edcy li
nder
sdon'
trequi
reacol
dwaterstor
agetank,whi
chi
sideali
fyouar
e
pushedforspaceaswel
lasoff
eri
ngmor
efl
exi
bil
i
tywhensit
ingt
hecy
li
nder
.

Thewat ercanei
therbeheat
eddi r
ect
lyviaanimmersi
onheaterorindi
rect
lyv
iathe
cent
ralheati
ngsy
stem,sol
arther
maltechnol
ogyorot
herrenewalener
gysuchasheat
pumpsandbiomass.Ifyouar
econsi
der
ingusi
ngmul
ti
plef
uelsour
ces,y
oumaywi
sh
toconsi
derat
her
mal st
ore.

Unvented hotwatercy
li
ndersr equir
e expansi
on vessel
sto be fi
tt
ed to al
low t
he
expansionofwaterint
hesy st
em asi theatsup.Unv ent
edcyl
inder
salsocomewi t
h
othersafet
ymechani
sms,suchaspr essur
ereli
efval
vesandtwi
nt her
mostats.

Aventedhotwat ersy
stem isthemoretradi
ti
onalappr
oachwher
ether
eisacoldwater
st
oragetank,
oftenintheloft
,whichsuppl
ieswatert
othehotwat
ercyl
i
nderonagrav
ity
sy
stem -seeschematicbelow.
Thecol
dwaterisheat
edeitherdi
rect
lyfrom animmer si
onheaterwit
hint
hehotwat
er
cyl
i
nderori
ndi
rect
lyvi
athecentr
alheati
ngboilerorsol
i
df uel
appli
ance.

Thecoldwat ert
anki susedtoenabl
etrappedairtoescapeaswellasacti
ngasan
expansiontanktoaccommodatetheexpansionoft hehotwaterdur
ingtheheat
ing
processandtheoccasi
onali
nst
anceofanoverheatsi
tuat
ion.

Astheyarerel
ati
vel
ysi
mpleinthei
rconst
ruct
ionandoper
ateatl
owerpr
essur
e,v
ent
ed
hotwatercy
li
nderst
endtobecheapert
hanunv ent
ed.

Thebi
ggestchal
l
engei
stheymaydel
i
veral
owerpr
essur
eofwat
er.

Thesystem al
sotakesupmorespacei
nthehomewi
tht
hecombi
nat
ionoft
hecol
d
watert
ankandthehotwat
ercy
li
nder.

Howev
er,ont
heplusside,Vent
edHotWat
erCy
li
nder
stendt
obecheaperandr
equi
re
al
mostnomai
ntenance.
WEEK9:​
ABOVEAND​
​ UNDERGROUNDDRAI
​ NSYSTEM
9.
1Drai
nageSyst
em
Ther
earethr
eemaint
ypesofdr
ainagesy
stems:

●Thesepar
atesy
stem

●Thepar
ti
all
ysepar
atesy
stem

●Thecombi
nedsy
stem.
Theseparatesystem Heref
oulwaterr
unsi
ntoasepar
atesewer
,andt
her
ainwat
er
l
ikewi
seintooneforsurf
acewat
er.

Par
ti
all
yseparatesy
stem Thi
ssy st
em sti
llusestwopi
pes,butsomeoft
hesur
face
wat
erisdi
schargedi
ntoawatercourse,
soakawayoradr
ainagedi
tch.

Thecombinedsyst
em I
nthissy
stem t
hewat
erf
rom t
hesani
tar
yappl
i
ances(
foul
wat
er)
andt
herai
nwateral
lgoint
othesewer.

9.2Sanit
arysyst
em, sani
tar
yappliances
Sani
taryappli
ancesplayav i
talroleinallourli
ves.Theymeanwecankeepour
sel
ves
andoureatingutensi
lscl
ean,andwecanuset hetoil
eti
npri
vat
eandi
ncomfor
t.
Ty
pesofappl
i
ancesandmat
eri
als

Mater
ial
susedi
nsani
tar
yappl
i
ancesMat
eri
alsusedi
nsani
tar
yappl
i
ancescanbet
he
f
oll
owing:

●Vi
tr
eouschi
na

●Fi
recl
ay●

Castandf
ormedacr
yli
c

●Enamel
l
edst
eel

●St
ainl
essst
eel

●Enamel
l
edcasti
ron.

Vitr
eouschi naI tismadef rom ami xt
ureofwhi t
eburningclaysandf i
nelyground
mat eri
al s,whi chafterfi
ringathi ght emper ature,andwhenungl azed,doesnothav ea
meanwat erabsorpti
ongr eaterthan0. 5%oft hedryweight.Thi
s99.5%v itr
eosit
ymeans
that,ev eni funglazed,itcannotbecont aminat edbybacteriaandwi l
lremainhy gienic.
Howev er ,itisst i
l
lcoat edonal lexposedsur f
aceswithani mpervi
ousnon- crazing
vit
reousgl azegivi
ngei t
herawhi t
eorcol our edfini
sh.I
tishol l
ow cast,whichmeans
carefulhandl i
ngwhent ransporti
ngt heappl iancesandwheni nstal
l
ing.Thismat eri
alis
i
dealf orusewi t
hsanitaryappl i
ances, suchaswashbasi ns,WCsui t
es,bidetsandur i
nal
bowl s.

Fi
recl
ayFirecl
ayissol
idcastasopposedt ohol l
ow castvit
reouschina.Thi
smakesi t
i
dealwhenv er
yheavydut ywar eisrequi
red.Thecl aybodyisofsuffi
cientst
rengththat
i
tcanbeusedt omanufacturev er
ylargesanitarypiecesaswellasofferi
ngheav yduty
WCs,basinsandshowert rays.Iti
salsousedt omakemoder nsinks,li
keBelfastsi
nks,
whichar
enowv er
ypopularindomest icki
tchens.

Castandf ormedacr yl
icCastacr yl
i
cisusedmost l
yf ort
heproduct
ionofbaths.Cast
acryl
i
ci sacomposi teofr esinsandmi ner
als,whichi scastontotherev
erseofa
vacuum acryl
icshellproducinga‘ f
act
orymade’pr oductusual
lywit
hami ni
mum wal l
thi
cknessof8mm.Castacr yl
i
ci sver
yri
gid,i
nf actitisthemostri
gidofal
lsynthet
ic
bathmaterial
sincl
udingcastpol y
merbaths.
For
medacr yli
cbathsaremanufacturedf
rom acryl
icsheet.Thesheetisvacuum formed
toproducetherequi
redshapeandt henful
lyrei
nforced.Theadvantageofacryl
icsheet
i
sitslowthermalconduct
ivi
ty,
li
ghtweight,
andhighgl osswhichi
seasytomai ntain.

Othersynt
heticmat eri
alsMateri
alsusingablendofquar
tzsi
li
caandacryl
i
cr esins,or
quart
zrockpar ti
clesandacr y
li
cr esi
nsar emouldedtoproducesinksformoder n
ki
tchenappli
cations.Inject
ionmouldingisusedtopr
oduceWCseatsandsomeci sterns
aremanufacturedusi nghigh-
impactplasti
c.

Enamel l
edst eelSheetsteeli
spr essedi
ntothedesi
redshapeandt hencoat
edwi th
l
ay er
sofv i
tr
eousenamelwhi chisthenfi
redatahight emper
ature.Theenameland
steelbonddur i
ngf i
ri
ngtogivetheenamelaglassl
i
kefini
shwhichisbothpract
icaland
durable.Enamelledsteel
isusedforthepr
oducti
onofbathsandsinks.

Stai
nlessst
eelStai
nlesssteeli
susedext ensi
vel
yint
hepr
oducti
onofsanit
arywar e,
rangi
ngfrom si
nkst
ospecialappl
icat
ionssuchasWCbowl
sforuseinpubl
i
ctoil
ets.

WEEK10:​
FI
​ RETECHNOLOGY
Const
it
uentofFi
re
Fi
rei
sther
esul
tofachemi
calr
eact
ioncal
l
edcombust
ion.Atacer
tai
npoi
nti
nthe
combust
ionr
eact
ion,cal
l hei
edt gni
ti
onpoi
nt,f
lamesar
epr
oduced.Fl
amesconsi
st
pr
imar
il
yofcar
bondi
oxi
de,
wat
erv
apor
,oxy
gen,
andni
tr
ogen.

St
ateofMat
terofFi
re
I
nacandl
efl
ameorsmal
lfi
re,mostoft
hemat
teri
naf
lameconsi
stsofhotgases.A
v
eryhotf
ir
erel
easesenoughener
gyt
oioni
zet
hegaseousat
oms,f
ormi
ngt
hest
ateof
mat
tercal
l
edpl
asma.Ex
ampl
esoff
lamest
hatcont
ainpl
asmai
ncl
udet
hosepr
oduced
bypl
asmat
orchesandt
het
her
mit
ereact
ion.
10.
2Methodoffi
reexti
ngui
shment
I
fthet
hreepar
tsofthe‘f
ir
etri
angl
e’ar
ekepti
nmi
nd,
ext
ingui
shi
ngasmal
lbl
azeshoul
d
beamat
terofcommonsense.Thepr
inci
plesoff
ir
eext
inct
ionst
atet
hataf
ir
ewi
l
lbe
putouti
foneoft
het
hreeel
ement
sar
eremov
ed,andt
hiscanbedoneusi
ngt
hree
di
ff
erentappr
oaches,
asdet
ail
edbel
ow…
Cool
i
ng
Remov
ingt
heheati
soneoft
hemostef
fect
ivemet
hodsoff
ir
eext
inct
ionav
ail
abl
e,
whi
chi
swhywat
eri
sapopul
arext
ingui
shi
ngmat
eri
al.Thef
ir
ewi
l
lgooutsol
ongas
t
heheatgener
atedbyt
hef
ir
eisl
esst
hant
hatwhi
chi
sabsor
bedbyt
hewat
er.
Remember
:wat
eri
snotanappr
opr
iat
eext
ingui
shi
ngmat
eri
alt
ouseonel
ect
ri
calf
ir
es,
aswel
last
hosecausedbycooki
ngoi
l
s/f
atsorot
herf
lammabl
eli
qui
ds.
St
arv
ing
Whi
l
ecool
i
ngr
emov
est
heheat
/i
gni
ti
onel
ementoft
he‘
fi
ret
ri
angl
e’
,st
arv
ingt
hebl
aze
ofi
tsf
uelsour
ceappr
oachesext
inct
ionf
rom adi
ff
erentangl
e.Ar
agi
ngf
ir
ewi
l
lbur
n
i
tsel
fouti
fitr
unsoutoff
lammabl
emat
eri
als,suchasabonf
ir
eouti
ntheopent
hat
i
sn’
tincont
actwi
thanyot
herwoodordr
ygr
ass.Si
mil
arl
y,agasf
ir
ewi
l
limmedi
atel
y
ext
ingui
shi
fthegassuppl
yiscutof
f–y
ouonl
yhav
etol
ookatagasst
oveorBunsen
bur
nert
oseet
hat
.
Smot
her
ing
Ast
heot
herkeycomponentpr
esenti
nthechemi
calr
eact
iont
hatcausescombust
ion,
r
emov
ingoxy
genf
rom t
heequat
ioni
sthef
inalwayofext
ingui
shi
ngaf
ir
e.Forexampl
e,
smot
her
ingaf
ryi
ngpanbl
azewi
thaf
ir
ebl
anketr
educest
heoxy
gent
obel
owt
he16%
r
equi
redt
oreact
,whi
l
ecov
eri
ngacandl
ewi
thagl
asswi
l
lsnuf
fitouti
nav
acuum.
Smot
her
ingi
sat
echni
quet
hati
smost
lyappl
i
cabl
etosol
i
dfuelf
ir
es,al
thoughsome
mat
eri
alsmaycont
ainenoughox
ygenwi
thi
nthei
rownchemi
calmakeupt
okeept
he
bl
azebur
ning.
10.
3Fi
redet
ect
ionandal
arm sy
stems
Af
ir
eal
arm sy
stem hasanumberofdev
iceswor
kingt
oget
hert
odet
ectandwar
n

peopl
ethr
oughv
isualandaudi
oappl
i
anceswhensmoke,
fir
e,car
bonmonoxi
deorot
her

emer
genci
esar
epr
esent
.Theseal
armsmaybeact
ivat
edaut
omat
ical
l
yfr
om smoke
det
ect
ors,andheatdet
ect
orsormayal
sobeact
ivat
edv
iamanualf
ir
eal
arm act
ivat
ion

dev
icessuchasmanualcal
lpoi
ntsorpul
lst
ati
ons.Al
armscanbeei
thermot
ori
zed

bel
l
sorwal
lmount
abl
esounder
sorhor
ns.Theycanal
sobespeakerst
robeswhi
ch

soundanal
arm,
fol
l
owedbyav
oiceev
acuat
ionmessagewhi
chwar
nspeopl
einsi
det
he

bui
l
dingnott
ouset
heel
evat
ors.Fi
redet
ect
ionsy
stemsar
edesi
gnedt
odi
scov
erf
ir
es

ear
lyi
nthei
rdev
elopmentwhent
imewi
l
lst
il
lbeav
ail
abl
efort
hesaf
eev
acuat
ionof

occupant
s.Ear
lydet
ect
ional
sopl
aysasi
gni
fi
cantr
olei
npr
otect
ingt
hesaf
etyof

emer
gencyr
esponseper
sonnel
.Pr
oper
tyl
osscanber
educedanddownt
imef
ort
he

oper
ati
onmi
nimi
zedt
hroughear
lydet
ect
ionbecausecont
rolef
for
tsar
est
art
edwhi
l
e

t
hef
ir
eisst
il
lsmal
l
.Mostal
arm sy
stemspr
ovi
dei
nfor
mat
iont
oemer
gencyr
esponder
s

ont
hel
ocat
ionoft
hef
ir
e,speedi
ngt
hepr
ocessoff
ir
econt
rol
.

Tobeusef
ul,det
ect
orsmustbecoupl
edwi
thal
arms.Al
arm sy
stemspr
ovi
denot
icet
o

atl
eastt
hebui
l
dingoccupant
sandusual
l
ytr
ansmi
tasi
gnalt
oast
aff
edmoni
tor
ing

st
ati
on ei
theron orof
fsi
te.I
n some cases,al
arms maygo di
rect
lyt
othe f
ir
e

depar
tment
,al
thoughi
nmostl
ocat
ionst
hisi
snol
ongert
het
ypi
cal
appr
oach.

These sy
stems hav
e numer
ous adv
ant
ages as di
scussed abov
e.The one maj
or

l
i
mit
ati
oni
sthatt
heydonot
hingt
ocont
ainorcont
rol
thef
ir
e.

10.
4Fi
xedf
ir
eext
ingui
shi
ngsy
stem/
Inst
all
ati
on
Fi
xedf
ir
eext
ingui
shi
ng/
suppr
essi
onsy
stemsar
ecommonl
yusedt
o pr
otectar
eas

cont
aini
ng v
aluabl
e or cr
it
ical equi
pment such as dat
a pr
ocessi
ng r
ooms,

t
elecommuni
cat
ionswi
tches,andpr
ocesscont
rolr
ooms.Thei
rmai
nfunct
ioni
sto

qui
ckl
yext
ingui
sh adev
elopi
ng f
ir
eand al
ertoccupant
sbef
oreext
ensi
vedamage

occur
sbyf
il
li
ngt
hepr
otect
edar
eawi
thagasorchemi
cal
ext
ingui
shi
ngagent
.

The aut
omat
ic spr
ay orspr
inkersy
stem pr
ovi
des a net
wor
k ofspr
inkl
erheads

t
hroughoutt
hepr
otect
edspaces.Thi
ssy
stem maybeusedi
naccommodat
ionar
eas,

andi
nmachi
ner
yspaceswi
thcer
tai
nvar
iat
ionsi
ntheequi
pmentusedandt
hemet
hod

ofoper
ati
on.

The accommodat
ion ar
easar
efi
tt
ed wi
th spr
inkl
erheadswhi
ch bot
h det
ectand

ext
ingui
shf
ir
es.Thespr
inkl
erheadi
scl
osedbyaquar
tzoi
dbul
bwhi
chcont
ainsal
i
qui
d

t
hatexpandsconsi
der
abl
yonheat
ing(
Figur
e).Whenexcessi
vel
yheat
edt
hel
i
qui
d

expands,
shat
ter
sthebul
bandwat
erwi
l
lissuef
rom t
hespr
inkl
erhead.

Adef
lect
orpl
ateont
hespr
inkl
erheadcausest
hewat
ert
ospr
ayoutov
eral
argear
ea.

Thewat
eri
ssuppl
i
edi
nit
ial
l
yfr
om at
ankpr
essur
isedbycompr
essedai
r(Fi
gur
ebel
ow)
.

Oncet
het
ankpr
essur
efal
l
s,asaspr
inkl
eri
ssueswat
er,asal
twat
erpumpcut
sin

aut
omat
ical
l
ytomai
ntai
nthewat
ersuppl
yasl
ongasi
snecessar
y.Thesy
stem i
s

i
nit
ial
l
ychar
gedwi
thf
reshwat
ert
oreducecor
rosi
onef
fect
s.
Thecompl
etei
nst
all
ati
oni
sdi
vi
dedi
ntosev
eralsect
ions,
eachcont
aini
ngabout150t
o

200spr
inkl
ersandhav
inganal
armv
alv
e.Whenoneormor
espr
inkl
ersoper
atewat
er

f
lowst
hrought
hesect
ionv
alv
eandsoundsanal
arm andal
sopr
ovi
desav
isualdi
spl
ay

i
dent
if
yingt
hesect
ioncont
aini
ngt
hef
ir
e.

I
nthemachi
ner
yspacet
hespr
inkl
erheadsar
eknownas'
spr
ayer
s'and hav
eno

quar
tzoi
dbul
b.Al
sot
hesect
ionv
alv
esar
emanual
l
yoper
atedt
osuppl
ywat
ert
othe

spr
ayer
s(Fi
gur
eabov
e).Thesy
stem i
spr
essur
isedbycompr
essedai
rwi
thasal
twat
er

pumpar
rangedt
ocuti
naut
omat
ical
l
yift
hepr
essur
edr
ops.Theaccommodat
ionand

machi
ner
yspacesy
stemsmaybecombi
nedbyav
alv
ewhi
chi
snor
mal
l
ykeptl
ocked

shut
.

Thesy
stem shoul
dber
egul
arl
ycheckedbycr
eat
ingf
aul
tcondi
ti
onsatt
hev
ari
ous

sect
ioncont
rolv
alv
esbyopeni
ngat
estv
alv
e,andchecki
ngf
oraudi
bleandv
isual

al
arms.

Spr
inkl
erPi
pingr
equi
rement

Smal
l
-bor
epi
peskeptper
manent
lychar
gedwi
thf
reshwat
eratabout10barpr
essur
e.A

spr
inkl
ersy
stem i
sar
rangedt
orel
easeaut
omat
ical
l
yatt
emper
atur
esofabout70°
C,so
t
hesy
stem canbot
hdet
ectandext
ingui
shaf
ir
e.Thesy
stem usessal
twat
eraf
tert
he

f
resh.Af
teruse,i
tisf
lushedwi
thf
reshwat
ert
omi
nimi
secor
rosi
on.Somesy
stems

oper
ateathi
gherpr
essur
es.

Wat
erspr
aysy
stems

Usual
l
ysmal
l
-bor
epi
ping,whi
chi
sdr
ywhennoti
nuse.A wat
erspr
aysy
stem i
s

oper
atedmanual
l
yandl
ookssi
mil
art
oaspr
inkl
ersy
stem.

WEEK11: ​
ELECTRI
​ CITY
11. 1Principlesofel ectri
city
Per hapst hesi mpl estwayofdescr i
binghowel ectri
cit
ywor kst oapl umbi ng
studenti st ocompar eittowat erflowingt hroughapi pe.Bothwat erand
electri
citycando‘ work’ast heyflow bet weent wopoi nts.Forexampl e,
fl
owi ngwat ercant urnawat erwheelorat urbine;electri
cit
ycanpr oduce
l
ightasi tfl
owst hroughal amp, orrotati
on( whi chcandr i
vesomet hing)ifi t
fl
owst hroughanel ectri
cmot or.Thef l
owi sther esultofpr essurei neach
case–t hehi ghert hepr essur e, t
hegr eaterthef l
ow.Butact i
ngagai nstt his
pressure,t her ei ssomet hingcal l
edi mpedanceorr esi
stance.A si mi l
ar
situati
onappl iest oel ectri
cityi nthatsomemat eri
alsal l
ow el ectri
cityt o
fl
ow easi l
y,whi lstother sr esistittoagr eaterorl esserdegr eeandmay
compl etelypr eventi t.Mat erialswhi chper mi taf low ofcur rentar ecal led
conduct orsandt hosewhi chpr eventitar ecal l
edi nsulator
s.Conduct ors
arel i
ket hewat erpipe;abi goneal l
owscur rentt oflowmor eeasi lythana
smal lone,butt hemat eri
aloft heconduct oral soaffectsthef reedom wi th
whi chthecur rentcanf l
ow t hr oughi t–t her esistance.Mostmet alshav e
l
ow r esistance and ar e good conduct ors,whi l
stmany non- met alli
c
mat eri
als such as cer ami cs,pl astics and r ubberhav e extremel yhi gh
resistance and ar e used as i nsul at ors.Li ke wat er ,el ectricity needs
somewher et of low–i not herwor ds, aci rcuit.Aci rcui tst artsatt hesour ce
ofsuppl y,i nt hecaseofy ourhouseef fect i
v elyatt hemet er.Itt hent ravels
throught heconduct or( thephasewi rei sof tenr efer redt oast hel i
v ewir e,
butsi ncebot hsuppl yconnect i
onsar eef f
ect ively‘li
v e’ thet erm‘ phasewi r e’
i
smor eappr opr iat
e)t owher ev eritisneededt odowor k.Theni tf lowsback
throughanot herconduct or( theneut ralwi re)t oi t
ssour ce.Thef lowofan
electriccur r
enti smeasur edi namper es( Aorampsf orshor t),
andi sdr iv
en
byt hepr essur ediff
er ence( cal ledpot ent ialdi fference)bet weent heendsof
theci rcuit ;thisi smeasur edi nv ol ts( abbr ev i
atedt oV) ,andondomest i
c
i
nst allat
ionsapot ent i
aldi fferenceof230Vi st henor m( nomi nal230Vt o
harmoni se wi th otherEur opean Communi ty count ries) .The pot ential
diff
er encedr ivest hef low ofel ect ricityagai nstt heci rcui t
’si mpedance
(measur edi nohms, oftengi vent hesy mbolΩ) .Asel ect ricityflowst hrough
theci rcuit,t heamountofwor ki tdoesi smeasur edi nwat ts( Wf orshor t)
andi npr act i
calt ermst hewat tsconsumedar egi venbyt hepr oductoft he
suppl yv oltageandt hecur rentdr awn; wat tsv oltsamps.So, anel ect r
icfire
takingacur rentof10ampsf rom a230Vsuppl ywi l
lconsume2300W or
2.3ki lowat ts( 2.3kW) .Thet i
mef act ormustal sobet akeni nt oaccount
whenmeasur i
ngt heamountofel ect ri
ci tyweuse, soourf iretaki ng2. 3kW
andbur ni ngf oranhourwi lluseup2. 3ki lowat t
-hour s( kWh)ofel ect ri
ci
t y.
Thisi srecor dedbyy ourhome’ sel ect ri
ci t
ymet eras2. 3kWhor2. 3uni t
s( a
uniti s1kWh) .Thewi ringt hroughwhi cht hecur rentf lowspossesses
resistanceandt hepr essur eoft hef lowagai nstt her esi stancecr eat esheat .
Thesmal lert hecabl e,thehi ghert her esistance,soi tisi mpor tantt hatany
cablei sl ar geenoughnott ocauseheatt obegener at edwhi chcoul d
damaget hecabl eorany thi ngi ncont actwi thi t
Basi ccircui tt heoryAti tssi mpl est, anel ectriccur renti saf lowofel ectrons.
Foranel ect ri
ccur rentt of low i nasi mpl eci rcuit,t wor equi rement sar e
necessar y :
●asour ceofchemi cal energy
 ●acont i
nuousl oopofaconduct i
ngmat er
ialwhichwi l
lall
ow t he
tr
ansferofthatenergy.
Thesour ceofchemi calener gymostcommonl yusedi stheel ectr
iccell(a
groupofcel lsform abat tery)
.Allmat t
erismadeupofat omswhi ch
arrangethemselvesinar egularframeworkwithinthemat eri
al.Theatom i s
madeupofacent r
al,positi
velychargednucleus,surroundedbynegat ively
chargedelectr
ons.Theel ectri
calpropert
iesofamat eri
aldependl argely
uponhowt i
ghtl
ytheseelectronsar ebondedtothecent ralnucleus.
Aconduct
ori
samat
eri
ali
nwhi
cht
heel
ect
ronsar
eloosel
yboundt
othecent
ralnucl
eusandar
e,

t
her
efor
e,f
reet
odr
if
tar
oundt
hemat
eri
alatr
andom f
rom oneat
om t
oanot
her
,asshowni
nFi
gur
e

9.
1.Mat
eri
alswhi
char
egoodconduct
orsi
ncl
udecopper
,br
ass,
alumi
nium andsi
l
ver
.Ani
nsul
atori
s

amat
eri
ali
nwhi
cht
heout
erel
ect
ronsar
eti
ght
lyboundt
othenucl
eus,andsot
her
ear
enof
ree

el
ect
ronst
omov
ear
oundi
nthemat
eri
al.I
fabat
ter
yisat
tachedt
oaconduct
or,
asshowni
nFi
gur
e

9.
2,t
hef
reeel
ect
ronsdr
if
tpur
posef
ull
yinonedi
rect
iononl
y.Thef
reeel
ect
ronscl
oset
otheposi
ti
ve

pl
ateoft
hebat
ter
yar
eat
tr
act
edt
oit
,si
nceunl
i
kechar
gesat
tract
,andt
hef
reeel
ect
ronsneart
he

negat
ivepl
atewi
l
lber
epel
l
edf
rom i
t.Foreachel
ect
ronent
eri
ngt
heposi
ti
vet
ermi
naloft
hebat
ter
y,

onewi
l
lbeej
ect
edf
rom t
henegat
ivet
ermi
nal
,sot
henumberofel
ect
ronsi
ntheconduct
orr
emai
ns

const
ant
.Thi
sdr
if
tofel
ect
ronswi
thi
naconduct
ori
sknownasanel
ect
ri
ccur
rent
,measur
edi
n

amper
esandr
epr
esent
edbyt
hesy
mbolA.Foracur
rentt
ocont
inuet
ofl
ow,t
her
emustbea

compl
eteci
rcui
tfort
heel
ect
ronst
omov
ear
ound.I
ftheci
rcui
tisbr
okenbyopeni
ngaswi
tch,f
or

exampl
e,t
heel
ect
ronf
low andt
her
efor
ethecur
rentwi
l
lst
opi
mmedi
atel
y.Tocauseacur
rentt
o

f
lowcont
inuousl
yar
oundaci
rcui
t,adr
ivi
ngf
orcei
srequi
red,j
ustasaci
rcul
ati
ngpumpi
srequi
red

t
o dr
ive wat
erar
ound a cent
ralheat
ing sy
stem.The dr
ivi
ng f
orce i
sthe el
ect
romot
ivef
orce

(
abbr
evi
atedt
oemf
).Eacht
imeanel
ect
ronpassest
hrought
hesour
ceofemf
,mor
eener
gyi
s

pr
ovi
ded t
o send i
ton i
tswayar
ound t
heci
rcui
t.An emfi
sal
way
sassoci
ated wi
th ener
gy

conv
ersi
on,suchaschemi
calt
oel
ect
ri
cali
nbat
ter
iesandmechani
calt
oel
ect
ri
cali
ngener
ator
s.

Theener
gyi
ntr
oducedi
ntot
heci
rcui
tbyt
heemfi
str
ansf
err
edt
othel
oadt
ermi
nal
sbyt
heci
rcui
t

conduct
ors.Thepot
ent
ialdi
ff
erence(
abbr
evi
atedt
op.
d.)i
sthechangei
nener
gyl
evel
smeasur
ed

acr
osst
hel
oadt
ermi
nal
s.Thi
sisal
socal
l
edt
hev
oltdr
oport
ermi
nalv
olt
age,
sinceemfandp.
d.ar
e

bot
hmeasur
edi
nvol
ts.Ev
eryci
rcui
tof
fer
ssomeopposi
ti
ont
ocur
rentf
low,
whi
chwecal
ltheci
rcui
t
r
esi
stance,measur
edi
nohms(
symbolΩ)
,inhonouroft
hef
amousGer
manphy
sici
stGeor
gSi
mon

Ohm,
whowasr
esponsi
blef
ort
heanal
ysi
sofel
ect
ri
cal
cir
cui
ts.

Ohm’
slaw I
n 1826,Ohm publ
i
shed det
ail
sofan exper
imenthehad donet
oinv
est
igat
ethe

r
elat
ionshi
pbet
weent
hecur
rentpassi
ngt
hroughandt
hepot
ent
ialdi
ff
erencebet
weent
heendsofa

wi
re.Asar
esul
toft
hisexper
iment
,hear
ri
vedatal
aw,nowknownasOhm’
slaw,whi
chsay
sthat
:

Thecur
rentpassi
ngt
hroughaconduct
orunderconst
antt
emper
atur
econdi
ti
onsi
spr
opor
ti
onalt
o

t
hepot
ent
ial
dif
fer
enceacr
osst
heconduct
or.Thi
smaybeexpr
essedi
nthef
ormul
ae:

●V AΩor

●A V Ωor

● VA

Wher
eV v
olt
s,A amps(
cur
rent
)andΩ ohms(
resi
stance)
.

Youmayseei
nsomet
ext
bookst
hatt
hesy
mbolusedf
ormeasur
ingcur
rent(
amper
e)i
sI,andt
hat

f
orr
esi
stance(
ohms)i
sR.Wehav
eav
oidedusi
ngt
heseher
einor
dert
oav
oidconf
usi
on.Exampl
e1

Anel
ect
ri
cheat
er,whenconnect
edt
oa230Vsuppl
y,wasf
oundt
oconsumeacur
rentof4A.

Cal
cul
atet
heel
ement
’sr
esi
stance.Usi
ngΩ V AExampl
e2A12Vbat
ter
yisusedt
oser
veaci
rcui
t

i
nwhi
cht
het
otalr
esi
stancei
s3Ω.Cal
cul
atet
heel
ect
ri
calcur
rent
.Usi
ngA V ΩExampl
e3Whena

4Ωr
esi
storwasconnect
edacr
osst
het
ermi
nal
sofanunknownd.
c.suppl
y,acur
rentof3Af
lowed.

Cal
cul
atet
hesuppl
yvol
tage.
Usi
ngV AΩV 3A4Ω 12VResi
sti
vi
tyTher
esi
stanceoropposi
ti
ont
o

cur
rentf
low v
ari
esf
ordi
ff
erentmat
eri
als,eachhav
ingapar
ti
cul
arconst
antv
alue.I
fweknow t
he

r
esi
stanceof
,say
,1m ofamat
eri
al,t
her
esi
stanceof5m wi
l
lbef
ivet
imest
her
esi
stanceof1m.

Ther
esi
sti
vi
ty(
symbolρ–t
heGr
eekl
ett
er‘
rho’
)ofamat
eri
ali
sdef
inedast
her
esi
stanceofa

sampl
eofuni
tlengt
handuni
tcr
osssect
ion.Ty
picalv
aluesar
egi
veni
nTabl
e9.
2.Usi
ngt
he

const
ant
sforapar
ti
cul
armat
eri
alwecancal
cul
atet
her
esi
stanceofanyl
engt
handt
hicknessof

t
hatmat
eri
alf
rom t
heequat
ion.wher
eρt
her
esi
sti
vi
tyconst
antf
ort
hemat
eri
al(
Ωm)lt
hel
engt
hof

t
hemat
eri
al(
m)at
hecr
oss-
sect
ional
areaoft
hemat
eri
al(
m2)
.

Ther
esi
sti
vi
tyv
aluest
abl
egi
vest
her
esi
sti
vi
tyofsi
l
veras16.
4109Ωm,
whi
chmeanst
hatasampl
e

ofsi
l
ver1m l
ongand1m i
ncr
osssect
ionwoul
dhav
ear
esi
stanceof16.
4109Ω.

Fuses

Fusi
ngi
sasaf
etymeasur
ewhi
chai
mst
opr
eventhi
ghel
ect
ri
calcur
rentpassi
ngt
hroughwi
rest
hat

ar
enotdesi
gnedt
ocar
rysuchl
argechar
ges.Thi
sisv
eryi
mpor
tantbecausei
facur
rentwhi
chi
stoo
hi
ghf
ort
hewi
rei
spassedt
hroughi
t,t
heov
erheat
ingoft
hewi
recausesaser
iousr
iskoff
ir
e.

Howdof
useshel
p?Al
lthev
ari
oust
ypesoff
usest
hatex
istcont
ainf
usewi
re.Thef
usewi
rewi
l
lmel
t

or‘
blow’i
fel
ect
ri
ccur
rentabov
ethespeci
fi
edamounti
spassedt
hrought
hewi
ri
ng.Fusescomei
n

di
ff
erentsi
zest
opr
otectagai
nstdi
ff
erentl
evel
sofcur
rent
.Youwi
l
lal
socomeacr
osst
hemi
niat
ure

ci
rcui
tbr
eaker(
mcb)
,adev
icewhi
chwi
l
ltr
ipaswi
tcht
obr
eakt
heel
ect
ri
calcur
renti
fexcessi
vel
y

hi
gh cur
renti
s det
ect
ed.These ar
e mor
e expensi
vet
han f
uses,butar
ere-
set
tabl
e and ar
e

commonl
yfoundi
nconsumeruni
tswi
thi
nnewerdomest
icpr
oper
ti
es.FuseRat
ingToensur
ethat

t
heappr
opr
iat
esi
zef
usei
sused,t
hef
user
ati
ngcanbewor
kedoutbyusi
ngt
hesi
mpl
efor
mul
a

wat
tsv
olt
s amps.Fr
equent
ly,i
ndomest
icenv
ironment
s,f
usesar
eov
err
ated,i
.
e.af
usewi
tht
oo

hi
ghr
ati
ngi
sused.Forexampl
e,i
fal
ampcont
ainsa100W l
i
ghtbul
b,t
hef
user
ati
ngwoul
dbe:100

240(
thev
olt
ageofdomest
icmai
nssuppl
y)0.
416amps.Ther
efor
ea1ampf
usewoul
dbesuf
fi
ci
ent

f
oruse,t
houghusual
l
ya3ampf
usewoul
dbef
it
ted.Manypeopl
e,outofi
gnor
ance,woul
dfi
ta13

ampf
uset
oal
lappl
i
ances.Whyi
sthi
snotagoodi
dea?Ther
eispot
ent
ialf
orconf
usi
onher
e,

because1ampofcur
renti
smor
ethansuf
fi
cientt
oki
l
lat240V.Remembert
hatt
hepur
poseoft
he

f
usei
stopr
otectt
hewi
ri
ng;
andt
hatoft
heear
thi
stopr
otecty
ou–t
heuser
.
Ci
rcui
tsTher
ear
etwobasi
cty
pesofel
ect
ri
cal
cir
cui
ts.Thesear
e:

●ser
iesci
rcui
ts

●par
all
elci
rcui
ts.

Ser
iesci
rcui
tFi
gur
e descr
ibesasy
stem wher
ethecur
rentf
low i
smadet
opasst
hrougheach

component(
e.g.abul
b)i
naci
rcui
t.Thecur
rentshoul
dbet
hesamei
nanypar
toft
heci
rcui
t,butt
he

v
olt
agewi
l
lvar
ydependi
ngupont
her
esi
stanceofeachcomponent
.Thet
otalv
olt
ageofal
lthe

component
s mustnotexceed t
he t
otalav
ail
abl
evol
tage,ot
her
wise t
he bul
bs wi
l
lnotgl
ow

suf
fi
cient
ly.

Par
all
elci
rcui
tInasi
mpl
epar
all
elci
rcui
tasshowni
nFi
gur
e howev
er,t
her
ear
eal
ter
nat
iver
out
es

opent
othef
low ofel
ect
rons,andt
hecur
rentwi
l
lfl
ow al
ongbot
h.Thi
sresul
tsi
nav
erydi
ff
erent

ef
fectf
rom aser
iesci
rcui
t,whent
woel
ect
ri
clampsar
econnect
edi
npar
all
el.

I
nthi
ssy
stem,whenonebul
bbl
ows,t
heot
her
sst
ayal
i
ght
;wher
easi
naser
iessy
stem,whenone
bul
bbl
ows,
itbr
eakst
heci
rcui
tandal
lthebul
bsgoout
,forexampl
e,t
hel
i
ght
ingi
nahousei
swi
red

upi
npar
all
elanddecor
ati
veChr
ist
mast
reel
i
ght
sar
enor
mal
l
ywi
redupi
nser
ies.

Di
rectandal
ter
nat
ingcur
rent

Di
rectcur
rent(
d.c.
)Inad.
c.el
ect
ri
calci
rcui
t,t
heel
ect
ronf
lowi
sint
hesamedi
rect
ional
lthet
ime.

Oneexampl
ewoul
dbef
rom t
heanodet
othecat
hodeofabat
ter
yar
oundasi
mpl
eci
rcui
t.

Al
ter
nat
ingcur
rent(
a.c.
)Al
ter
nat
ingcur
renti
sfoundi
nthemaj
ori
tyofdomest
icpr
oper
ty,
theusual

r
ate‘
atsocketl
evel
’bei
ng230Va.
c.Wi
thi
ntheal
ter
nat
ingcur
rent
,el
ect
ronst
rav
elcont
inuousl
y

backandf
ort
h,asshowni
nFi
gur
e9.
7.Ther
easonf
ort
hisi
sar
esul
toft
hewayt
hecur
renti
s

pr
oduced.Al
ter
nat
ingcur
renti
spr
oducedasar
esul
tofel
ect
romagnet
ism.

●Al
lel
ect
ri
calcur
rent
spr
oduceamagnet
icf
orce;t
hisi
sthebasi
cfactt
hatunder
pinst
hecr
eat
ion

ofal
mostal
ltheel
ect
ri
cit
yusedi
ntoday
’swor
ld

● Theappl
i
cat
ion oft
hisf
actwasf
ir
stdemonst
rat
ed byMi
chaelFar
adayi
nthe1830swho

di
scov
eredt
hatel
ect
ri
ci
tycoul
dbegener
atedbymov
ingamagneti
nandoutorar
oundacoi
lofwi
re,

whi
chi
swoundont
oasof
tir
oncor
e

●El
ect
ri
cgener
ator
satpowerst
ati
onsst
il
lpr
oducea.
c.el
ect
ri
ci
tyont
hispr
inci
plet
oday
.

Basi
cdomest
icci
rcui
tsThef
inalj
our
neyofel
ect
ri
ci
tyi
sfr
om t
heconsumeruni
ttof
ami
l
iar

domest
icout
putdev
ices,suchassocket
sandel
ect
ri
cli
ght
ing.Asapl
umbery
ouwi
l
lusual
l
ycome

i
ntocont
actwi
tht
hreet
ypesofwi
ri
ngci
rcui
ts:Li
ght
ing,Ri
ngmai
nandSpurout
let
s.Li
ght
ingci
rcui
t

Thi
sisar
adi
alci
rcui
twhi
chmeansi
tfeedseachov
erheadl
i
ghtorwal
ll
ighti
ntur
n.Tost
opt
hel
i
ght

bei
ngoncont
inuousl
y,t
hel
i
veorphasewi
rei
spassedt
hroughawal
l
-mount
edswi
tch,usedbyt
he

pr
oper
tyownert
otur
nli
ght
sof
fandonatwi
l
l.Two-
wayswi
tchesar
eal
soused(
usual
l
yon

st
air
way
s)andt
heser
equi
respeci
alswi
tchcont
rol
s.Thel
i
ght
ingci
rcui
tisusual
l
yfedbya1.
5mm2

t
winandear
thPVCi
nsul
atedcabl
eandi
spr
otect
edbya5ampf
useormcbatt
heconsumeruni
t.

Youwi
l
lof
tenf
indt
hatt
hel
i
ght
ingci
rcui
tindomest
ichousesi
sspl
i
tint
otwo– upst
air
sand

downst
air
s.

Ri
ngmai
nci
rcui
t–13ampsocketout
let
sThesocket
syouwi
l
lseei
ndomest
icpr
oper
ti
esf
eedi
ng

t
elev
isi
onsandst
ereoswi
l
lnor
mal
l
ybe13ampsocket
sfedf
rom acont
inuousr
ingci
rcui
t.Aswi
th

t
hel
i
ght
ingci
rcui
t,cabl
esci
rcul
atef
rom t
heconsumeruni
troundeachsocketandt
henr
etur
ntot
he

consumeruni
t.Ther
ingmai
nci
rcui
tisf
edusi
nga2.
5mm2t
winandear
thedPVCcabl
eandi
s
pr
otect
edbya30ampf
useormcb.

Spurout
let
sSpurout
let
sar
eusedwher
eiti
sinconv
eni
entt
opl
aceasocketf
rom t
her
ingmai
n.The

spuri
sconnect
edt
other
ingmai
nthr
oughaj
ointbox,ori
swi
reddi
rect
lyf
rom t
hebackofan

exi
sti
ngsocket
.Spur
scanbeei
therf
usedornon-
fused.Fi
gur
e9.
10showsexampl
esofal
lthe

f
eat
uresdescr
ibed.Takeamomentt
ocl
osel
yexami
net
hedi
agr
am andt
ryt
orecogni
seasmanyof

t
hef
eat
uresdescr
ibedaspossi
ble.

11.
2El
ect
ri
cit
ysuppl
y
Scopeofel
ect
ri
cal
wor
kcar
ri
edoutwhi
l
stwor
kingondomest
icpl
umbi
ngi
nst
all
ati
ons
Pl
umber
scar
ryoutwor
konel
ect
ri
calsy
stems,whi
chi
nthe‘
mai
n’i
srest
ri
ctedt
oconnect
ing

suppl
i
est
oappl
i
ancesandcont
rol
s.Youar
eunl
i
kel
ytober
equi
redt
oinst
allel
ect
ri
calci
rcui
tsi
n

ei
thernew orexi
sti
ngdwel
l
ings,buti
tisi
mpor
tantt
haty
ouhav
eabasi
cunder
standi
ngofhow a

ci
rcui
twor
ks.Whenwor
kingondomest
icpl
umbi
ngi
nst
all
ati
ons,y
ouwi
l
lbeexpect
edt
opr
ove

compet
ence i
nthe el
ect
ri
cali
nst
all
ati
on r
equi
rement
s and saf
e sy
stems r
elat
ed t
o domest
ic

i
nst
all
ati
onwor
kint
hef
oll
owi
ngar
eas:

●Under
standi
ngt
heel
ect
ri
cal
hazar
dsandr
iskst
owhi
chy
oumaybeexposeddur
ingy
ourwor
k,and

t
hepr
ecaut
ionst
opr
eventel
ect
ri
cal
inj
ury

●Thepr
ocedur
esf
orpr
event
ingel
ect
ri
cali
njur
ydur
ingi
nst
all
ati
on,commi
ssi
oni
ng,mai
ntenance,

di
agnost
ict
est
ing,f
aul
tfi
ndi
ng,modi
fi
cat
ion,and de-
commi
ssi
oni
ng ofdomest
ic pl
umbi
ng

i
nst
all
ati
ons.Thi
smusti
ncl
udet
hesaf
eisol
ati
onandt
hesaf
econnect
ion/
reconnect
ionofel
ect
ri
cal

ci
rcui
tsandcomponent
sindomest
icpl
umbi
ngsy
stems,andt
hesaf
etyr
equi
rement
srel
ati
ngt
o

wor
kingon,
ornear
,li
veel
ect
ri
cal
syst
emswher
ether
eisar
iskofel
ect
ri
cal
inj
ury
.

● The i
nst
all
ati
on r
equi
rement
sforel
ect
ri
calci
rcui
ts and component
sin domest
ic pl
umbi
ng

i
nst
all
ati
ons,asspeci
fi
edi
nBS7671‘
Requi
rement
sforEl
ect
ri
calI
nst
all
ati
ons’●Ther
equi
rement
s

r
elat
ingt
otheear
thi
ngandbondi
ngofexposedandext
raneousconduct
ivepar
tsi
ndomest
ic

pl
umbi
ngsy
stems,i
ncl
udi
ngt
her
equi
rement
sfort
empor
aryorper
manentear
thcont
inui
tybondi
ng

ofpi
pewor
kwher
enecessar
ydur
ingwor
konanydomest
icpl
umbi
ngi
nst
all
ati
on.

Any
onewor
kingonel
ect
ri
cit
ysuppl
i
esmustbecompet
ent
.Theai
m oft
hissect
ioni
snott
otur
nyou

i
ntoanel
ect
ri
cian,
butt
ogi
vey
ousuf
fi
cientknowl
edget
odoy
ourpar
toft
hej
obcompet
ent
ly.I
nthi
s

sect
ion,
youwi
l
llookatsaf
ety
,andt
henl
ookatpr
act
ical
requi
rement
sofsy
stem i
nst
all
ati
on.

Saf
etyr
equi
rement
swhenwor
kingwi
thel
ect
ri
cit
yThet
womosti
mpor
tantt
hingsher
ear
e:●Ci
rcui
t

pr
otect
ion

●Saf
eisol
ati
on.

Ci
rcui
tpr
otect
ion The Wi
ri
ng Regul
ati
ons r
equi
ret
hatan el
ect
ri
c cur
renti
s di
sconnect
ed

aut
omat
ical
l
yshoul
dagr
eat
ercur
rentf
low t
hroughaconduct
or(
cabl
e)t
hanwhatt
heci
rcui
twas

desi
gnedf
or.Thi
sshoul
dhappenwi
thi
n0.
4sf
orappl
i
anceswi
thasocketout
let
,and0.
5sf
orf
ixed

appl
i
ances,
e.g.i
mmer
sionheat
er.Thef
aul
tsi
dent
if
ied ar
eusual
l
ydownt
obadl
ydesi
gnedci
rcui
ts,

f
aul
tyappl
i
ances,
and/
orpoori
nst
all
ati
on.Ci
rcui
tsar
epr
otect
edagai
nstov
erl
oadandshor
tci
rcui
ts
usi
ngei
therf
usesorci
rcui
tbr
eaker
s.Ci
rcui
tpr
otect
ionagai
nstear
thf
aul
tsi
ncl
udesf
uses,ci
rcui
t

br
eaker
s,orar
esi
dualcur
rentdev
ice(
RCD)
.Thi
nkaboutt
heel
ect
ri
calcomponent
sofanywat
er

heat
ingappl
i
ancesy
ouar
efami
l
iarwi
th.Whatki
ndoff
aul
tscanoccur
,andwhatmi
ghtcauset
hese

f
aul
ts?

El
ect
ri
cshock

Di
rectcont
act

Ther
ear
edi
ff
erentmet
hodst
opr
eventagai
nstdi
rectcont
act
.Insul
ati
ngt
hel
i
vepar
tsoft
hesy
stem

whi
chcar
ryt
hecur
rentwi
thnon-
conduct
ivemat
eri
al,
e.g.conduct
orsi
nacabl
eorf
lexar
epr
otect
ed

wi
thapl
ast
iccoat
ing,i
sonesuchmet
hod.Component
ssuchaspumpsandv
alv
esusi
ngel
ect
ri
c

mot
orsar
eal
soi
nsul
atedi
nter
nal
l
y.Anot
hermet
hodi
stoensur
ethat
,undernor
malci
rcumst
ances,

l
i
vecomponent
sar
epl
acedwi
thi
nanencl
osur
esuchasaj
unct
ionbox,whi
chmeanst
heex
posed

cabl
i
ngcannotbet
ouched.Thi
nkaboutt
heef
fectt
hatani
nfest
ati
onofmi
ceorr
ats(
oranescaped

hamst
er)coul
dhav
e,gi
venar
odent
’sl
i
kingf
orgnawi
ngonany
thi
ngr
esembl
i
ngat
reer
oot(
whi
ch

i
ncl
udespl
ast
ic-
coat
edcabl
i
ng)
.Whatt
ell
tal
esi
gnsmi
ghtal
erty
out
oar
odent
’spr
esence?

I
ndi
rectcont
act

I
ndi
rectcont
acti
spr
event
edbyamet
hodcal
l
edEar
thEqui
pot
ent
ialBondi
ng.Thi
sensur
est
hatal
l

exposedmet
alwor
kinabui
l
dingi
sbondedt
oget
herandconnect
edt
otheear
thi
ngbl
ocki
nthe

consumeruni
t.Shoul
danyexposedmet
alwor
kbecomel
i
veduet
oanel
ect
ri
calf
aul
t,t
hent
he

cur
rentwi
l
lbe di
schar
ged t
o ear
th.The f
aul
twi
l
lal
so be det
ect
ed byt
he RCD,whi
ch wi
l
l

aut
omat
ical
l
ycutof
fsuppl
y

Saf
eisol
ati
on

Theappr
ovedmet
hodoft
est
ingi
faci
rcui
tisl
i
vei
sbyusi
ngav
olt
agei
ndi
cat
ingdev
ice.Thi
scanbe

doneusi
ngapocket
-si
zedv
olt
agedet
ect
or,at
est
erwi
thmul
ti
plef
unct
ions,suchasv
olt
age,

cont
inui
tyandcur
rent

11.
3Domest
icel
ect
ri
cal
inst
all
ati
on.
Fusedspurout
let
sYousaw whataf
usedspurout
letl
ookedl
i
kei
nFi
gur
e9.
9.I
tcanbesur
face-

mount
ed,ormount
edf
lusht
othewal
lfi
nish.Onest
hatar
efl
ushwi
tht
hewal
lar
efi
tt
edt
oamet
al

backbox.Doy
our
ememberwheny
oul
ookedatt
hel
ayoutofadomest
ichousewi
ri
ng.I
tshowed

t
her
ingmai
nandl
i
ght
ing
ci
rcui
tfr
om aconsumeruni
t?Gety
ourt
utort
oshowapr
act
icalexampl
eofhowt
heappl
i
ancesand

component
sar
econnect
edt
otheci
rcui
tusi
ngaf
usedspurout
let
.