WWW.

LIVELAW.
IN
1
I
NTHESUPREMECOURTOFI
NDI
A

CI
VILORI
GINALJURI
SDI
CTI
ON

WRI
TPETI
TION(
CIVI
L)NO.732OF2017

I
NTHEMATTEROF:

TusharGandhi …Pet
it
ioner

VERSUS

Uni
onofI
ndi
a&Or
s. …Respondent
s

WRI
TTENSUBMI
SSI
ONONBEHALFOFTHEPETI
TIONERBYMS.

I
NDI
RAJAI
SING,
SENI
ORADVOCATE

Thel
“ awmaynotbeabl
etomakeamanl
oveme,
buti
tcankeep

hi
mfr
om l
ynchi
ngme”–Mar
ti
nLut
herKi
ng,
Jr.

I
ntr
oduct
ion:Nat
ureandext
entoft
arget
edl
ynchi
ngs.

1. Ly
nchi
ngi
sdef
inedasagr
oupofpeopl
eki
l
li
ngaper
sonf
oran

al
l
egedof
fencewi
thoutal
egal
tri
al.

2. Ov
ert
hel
ast3-
4year
s,I
ndi
ahaswi
tnessedanumberofcases

wher
e ci
ti
zens bel
ongi
ng t
o t
he mi
nor
it
y communi
ty

(
Musl
i
ms/
Dal
i
ts)hav
ebeenv
ict
imsoft
arget
edv
iol
ence.Thi
s

t
arget
edv
iol
encehasoccur
redmai
nlyont
hef
alsesuspi
ci
onof

car
ryi
ngcat
tl
eforsl
aught
eroront
hepr
etextt
hatt
heywer
e

consumi
ngbeef
.Thepr
esentpet
it
ionf
il
edi
npubl
i
cint
erestt
o

pr
eventandendt
arget
edv
iol
ence/
lynchi
ngsofMusl
i
ms/
Dal
i
ts
 WWW.
LIVELAW.
IN
2
i
ntheent
ir
ecount
ry.ThePet
it
ionerhasf
il
edI
nter
im Wr
it
ten

Submi
ssi
onsbef
oret
hisHon’
bleCour
tandt
hesamei
sannexed.

At
ruecopyoft
heI
nter
im Wr
it
tenSubmi
ssi
onoft
hePet
it
ioner

f
il
edbef
oret
hisHon’
bleCour
tinWr
itPet
it
ionCi
vi
lNo.732of

2017i
sannexedher
ewi
thasAnnexur
eA-
1atpages19t
o31.

3. Bet
ween2014andAugust2017,
mor
ethan70casesoft
arget
ed

l
ynchi
ngswer
erepor
tedi
nrel
i
abl
enewspaper
sandhav
ebeen

putonr
ecor
dbyt
hePet
it
ioneri
ntheWr
itPet
it
ionasAnnex
ureP

-
2atpages47t
o61andannexedher
ewi
thagai
nfort
heeasy

r
efer
enceoft
hisHon’
bleCour
t.A det
ail
edl
i
stpr
ovi
dingt
he

f
act
sandci
rcumst
ancesoft
hesel
ynchi
ngat
tacksaswel
las

t
he name ofv
ict
ims i
s annexed her
ewi
th and mar
ked as

Annexur
eA-
2atpages32t
o46.I
naddi
ti
ont
othet
abl
eal
ready

putonr
ecor
dbyt
hePet
it
ioner
,dat
apubl
i
shedbyar
eli
abl
enews

por
tal
namel
yIndi
aSpendon08.
12.
2017.At
ruecopyoft
hedat
a

publ
i
shed by a r
eli
abl
e news por
talnamel
yIndi
aSpend on

08.
12.
2017i
sannexedasAnnexur
eA-
3atpages47t
o57.

4. Tar
get
edv
iol
encei
sdef
inedasv
iol
encewi
tht
hemot
iveof

t
arget
ingapar
ti
cul
arcat
egor
yofpeopl
ebasedon r
ace,sex,

r
eli
gion or cast
e.I
tis submi
tt
ed t
hat Ar
ti
cl
e 15 f
orbi
ds

di
scr
imi
nat
ionbasesonsex,cast
e,r
eli
gion,andr
ace.Thesai
d

cat
egor
ies ar
e consi
der
ed v
ulner
abl
e communi
ti
es and i
tis

summi
tedt
hati
nal
lsoci
eti
esmi
nor
it
iesar
eindangerofbei
ng

domi
nat
edbymaj
ori
ti
esandt
hisi
sthev
eryr
easonwhyal
l
 WWW.
LIVELAW.
IN
3
const
it
uti
on’
s guar
ant
ee t
he r
ight
s ofmi
nor
it
ies.The I
ndi
an

Const
it
uti
onal
sopr
otect
sal
lthesai
dcat
egor
iesandi
nfact

pr
ovi
dedaf
fi
rmat
iveact
ionf
ort
hem r
ecogni
zi
ngt
oser
vet
hei
r

unequalposi
ti
on.Ther
ightt
ofr
eedom ofr
eli
gionandt
her
ight

t
opr
eser
veonesowncul
tur
ear
epr
ovi
dedbyAr
ti
cl
e25and

Ar
ti
cle29oft
heConst
it
uti
onofI
ndi
a.I
tissubmi
tt
edt
hatt
he

f
ail
uret
opr
otectt
hemi
nor
it
iesv
iol
atedt
hei
rfundament
alr
ight
s.

I
tisf
urt
hersubmi
tt
edt
hatt
heSt
atesandCent
ralgov
ernment
s

hav
eadut
ytopr
otectandofduedi
l
igencet
othepeopl
eoft
he

count
ryandhencemustbehel
dinbr
eachoft
hisdut
y.

5. Ar
ti
cles14and21oft
heConst
it
uti
onofI
ndi
amaket
her
ightt
o

l
i
fe and equal
i
tysal
i
ent
.Howev
er,i
nthe r
ecentpast
,sel
f-

pr
ocl
aimedcowpr
otect
orshav
etakenl
awunt
othemsel
vesand

hav
etar
get
edt
heci
ti
zensoft
hemi
nor
it
ycommuni
tyont
he

f
alse pr
etext of possessi
ng cows f
or sl
aught
er/
eat
ing

beef
/dr
essi
ngi
napar
ti
cul
armanner
.Theexponent
iali
ncr
ease

i
ntar
get
edv
iol
enceandmobv
iol
enceov
ert
hel
ast3-
4year
s

poi
ntst
othef
ail
ureoft
heSt
ateGov
ernment
sandal
sooft
he

Uni
onGov
ernmentt
opr
eventt
hesai
dvi
olencel
eadi
ngt
othe

i
nfer
encet
hatt
her
eisder
eli
cti
onofdut
yont
hei
rpar
t.Ev
enaf
ter

or
der
sbyt
hiscour
ttoappoi
ntnodalof
fi
cer
s,Hapuront
he

out
ski
rt
sofDel
hiwi
tnessedacowv
igi
l
ant
emur
derofQasi
mfor

whi
chcont
emptpet
it
ionsar
ependi
ng.TheRespondent
shav
e

di
spl
ayed an i
nabi
l
ityt
oimpl
ementor
der
s oft
he cour
tfor
 WWW.
LIVELAW.
IN
4
r
easonsbestknownt
othem.

6. Ther
eis no doubtt
hatt
hese l
ynchi
ngs ar
etar
get
ed as i
s

ev
idencedbyt
hedat
apr
ovi
dei
nrel
i
abl
erepor
tsaswel
las

r
esear
chbasedar
ti
cles,sev
eralofwhi
chhav
ebeenappended

t
otheWr
itPet
it
ion.Mor
especi
fi
cal
l
y,Musl
i
mswer
ethet
arget

of51%ofv
iol
encecent
redoncowv
igi
l
ant
ism ov
ernear
lyei
ght

y
ear
s(2010t
o2017)andcompr
ised86%of28I
ndi
anski
l
ledi
n

63i
nci
dent
s.97% oft
heat
tackst
arget
edonMusl
i
ms/
Dal
i
ts

cent
eri
ngoncowv
igi
l
ant
ism wer
erepor
tedi
nthel
ast3-
4year
s.

These at
tacks i
ncl
ude mob v
iol
ence,at
tacks by v
igi
l
ant
es,

mur
derandat
temptt
omur
der
,har
assment
,assaul
tandev
en

r
ape.At
ruecopyoft
henewsr
epor
tdat
ed28.
06.
2017publ
i
shed

byI
ndi
aSpendi
sannexedasAnnexur
eA-
4atpages58t
o63.

Par
all
els bet
ween l
ynchi
ng i
nIndi
a and t
he Uni
ted St
ates of

Amer
ica.

7. Bet
weent
heAmer
icanCi
vi
lWarandt
heWor
ldWarI
I,t
heUS

wi
tnessedaner
aofr
aci
alsubor
dinat
ionandsegr
egat
ionwher
e

t
housandsofAf
ri
canAmer
icanswer
ely
nchedont
hebasi
sof

t
hei
rraceandcol
or.Ly
nchi
ngi
ntheUSwasat
oolt
orei
nfor
ce

t
he Ji
m Cr
ow l
aws t
hatenf
orced t
he pr
inci
ples ofr
aci
al

subor
dinat
ionandsegr
egat
ionbyr
est
ri
cti
ngci
vi
lli
ber
ti
esand

ci
vi
lri
ght
soft
heAf
ri
canAmer
icanswhi
chpav
edwayf
orwhi
te

supr
emacyor
,insi
mpl
eter
ms,i
mposedapost
-sl
aver
ysy
stem

ofr
aci
aldomi
nance.Thel
ynchi
ngsi
ntheUni
tedSt
atescanbe
 WWW.
LIVELAW.
IN
5
cat
egor
izedashav
ingoneormor
eoft
hef
oll
owi
ngf
eat
ures:

a) Ly
nchi
ngst
hatr
esul
tedf
rom awi
l
dlydi
stor
tedf
earofi
nter
-

r
aci
alsex

b) Ly
nchi
ngsi
nresponset
ocasual
soci
alt
ransgr
essi
ons

c) Ly
nchi
ngsbasedonal
l
egat
ionsofser
iousv
iol
encecr
ime

d) Publ
i
cspect
acl
ely
nchi
ngs

e) Ly
nchi
ngst
hatescal
atedi
ntol
arge-
scal
evi
olencet
arget
ing

t
heent
ir
eAf
ri
canAmer
icancommuni
ty

f
) Ly
nchi
ngs ofshar
ecr
opper
s,mi
nist
ers,and communi
ty

l
eader
swhor
esi
stedmi
str
eat
ment
.

8. Si
mil
arl
y i
n I
ndi
a, t
he suspi
ci
ous ci
rcumst
ances of

mur
der
s/ki
l
li
ngsoft
henumer
ousci
ti
zensi
nIndi
anbel
ongi
ngt
o

t
hemi
nor
it
ycommuni
ty(
Musl
i
ms/
Dal
i
ts)i
nvol
veoneormor
eof

t
hef
oll
owi
ngf
eat
ures:

a) Fal
sepr
etextofcar
ryi
ng/
possessi
ng cow f
orsl
aught
er/

eat
ingbeef

b) Ont
hebasi
soft
heappar
el,whi
chmayi
ncl
udeei
thera

kur
taorapr
ay t
ercap‘aqi
yah’

c) Ont
hebasi
soft
hei
rappear
ance,
incl
udi
ngkeepi
ngabear
d.

9. Fori
nst
ance,an i
nci
dentt ace on 18th June,2018 i
ook pl n

Pi
l
akhuwa,Hapurdi
str
icti
nUt
tarPr
adeshwher
eonemanwas

beat
ent
odeat
handanot
herwassev
erel
yinj
uredbyamobf
or

al
l
egedl
yat
tempt
ing t
o engage i
n cow sl
aught
erand cat
tl
e

smuggl
i
ng.Thef
ami
l
iesoft
hev
ict
imshav
est
atedt
hatQasi
m,
 WWW.
LIVELAW.
IN
6
t
hedeceased,wasacat
tl
etr
aderwhohadl
efthi
shouseupon

r
ecei
vi
ngacal
lfr
om anal
l
egedcat
tl
esel
l
er.Samey
ddi
n,t
he

i
njur
edv
ict
im,hadl
efthi
shouset
ocol
l
ectgr
assf
orhi
scat
tl
e.

Theywer
etar
get
edandat
tackedont
hef
alsepr
etextt
hatt
hey

wer
einv
olv
edi
ncowsl
aught
er.Thei
nci
dentt
ookpl
acei
naf
iel
d

bet
weent
wov
il
lages.Av
ideor
ecor
dingf
rom t
hei
nci
dentcl
ear
ly

showsQasi
mly
ingont
hegr
oundwi
thv
isi
blei
njur
iesandt
orn

cl
othes,pl
eadi
ngf
orwat
er,whi
l
esur
roundedbyagr
oupofcow

v
igi
l
ant
es.The sur
roundi
ng cr
owd’
svoi
ces can be hear
d

t
hreat
eni
ngQasi
m andsay
ingt
hathehasbeenbeat
enbyt
hem

becausehewasgoi
ngt
osl
aught
ercowsandhewoul
dhav
e

donesoi
ftheyhadnotar
ri
vedi
nti
me.Thev
ict
im wasdecl
ared

deaduponbei
ngt
akent
oahospi
tal
.Asecondv
ideoshowst
he

i
njur
edv
ict
im al
readyhav
ingsust
ainedi
njur
iesbei
ngbeat
en

r
epeat
edl
ybymenwhi
l
einsi
sti
ngt
hathewasnoti
nvol
vedi
nthe

sl
aught
erofcows.I
nbot
hvi
deos,v
erbalexpl
eti
vesdi
rect
edat

t
he men can be hear
d.The Pet
it
ionerhas f
il
ed addi
ti
onal

son28thJune,
document 2018t
obr
ingt
hisi
nci
dentt
othenot
ice

oft
hisHon’
bleCour
t.

10.I
nDecember2017,
asi
mil
arandout
rageousi
nci
dentt
ookpl
ace

wher
eina47y
ear
sol
dMusl
i
m man,
namel
yMohammadAf
razul
,

waski
l
ledbr
utal
l
ybyamancl
aimi
ngt
obet
hepr
otect
orof

‘
Hindu’r
eli
gioni
nRaj
samandi
nRaj
anagarDi
str
ictofRaj
ast
han.

Theper
pet
rat
ori
nthev
ideowasseent
obeat
tacki
ngt
hev
ict
im
 WWW.
LIVELAW.
IN
7
f
rom behi
ndwi
thwhatseemedt
obeapi
ckaxandwasst
ri
ki
ng

hi
m ov
erandov
eragai
nast
hev
ict
im waspl
eadi
ngf
ormer
cy.

Thev
ict
im wast
henbur
ntaf
terhewasbeat
ent
odeat
handt
he

ent
ir
einci
dentwasshotbyt
heper
pet
rat
or’
steenagef
ri
endand

wasupl
oadedonsoci
almedi
a.I
tisev
identf
rom t
hev
ideot
hat

t
hel
ynchi
ngoft
hemanAf
razulwast
osendamessaget
othe

ent
ir
ecommuni
tyofMusl
i
msbyt
heper
pet
rat
or.Ther
eaf
ter
,the

i
nci
dentwasf
oll
owedbyapr
otestagai
nstt
hear
restoft
he

per
pet
rat
or/
accused.Thi
sinci
denti
sshowst
hatI
ndi
atodayi
s

ent
eri
nganer
asi
mil
art
otheper
iodbet
ween1880sand1960s

i
ntheUni
tedSt
ateswher
ely
nchi
ngsofper
sonsbel
ongi
ngt
othe

mi
nor
it
ycommuni
tywasnor
mal
i
zedbyal
argesect
ionoft
he

soci
ety
.Hence,i
mmedi
ateact
ioni
srequi
redt
obet
akenj
oint
ly

byt
hej
udi
ciar
y,execut
iveandt
hel
egi
sl
atur
etopr
eventt
his

t
arget
edv
iol
enceagai
nstt
heMusl
i
ms/
Dal
i
ts.ThePet
it
ionerhad

f
il
ed addi
ti
onalaf
fi
dav
iton 4th Januar
y 2018 br
ingi
ng t
his

i
nci
dentt
othenot
iceoft
hisHon’
bleCour
t.

11.Theabov
est
atedt
woi
nci
dent
sar
egr
uesomeandpr
ovet
hat

l
ynchi
ngofMusl
i
minI
ndi
ahav
ebecomeabadgeofhonourf
or

t
heper
pet
rat
ors.

To add i
nsul
ttoi
njur
y,t
he v
ict
im i
s shown as t
he

per
pet
rat
ori
ntheFI
Rleadi
ngt
oendl
essl
i
tigat
ionf
orquashi
ng

t
heFI
Randr
ecor
dingacor
rectone.

12.Si
mil
arl
y,i
ntheUni
tedSt
ates,
bet
weent
he1880sandt
he1960s,
 WWW.
LIVELAW.
IN
8
t
he l
ynchi
ngs ofAf
ri
can Amer
icans was l
egi
ti
mized byt
he

soci
ety
.Bur
nt,mut
il
ated,i
njur
ed bodi
es ofl
ynched Af
ri
can

Amer
icanswer
ephot
ogr
aphedandconv
ert
edi
nto post
car
ds

whi
ch wer
e sentt
ofami
l
yand f
ri
ends al
ong wi
th cheer
ful

messages.Some of t
hese post
car
ds al
so cont
ained t
he

conf
identposesst
ruckbyt
hel
yncher
sasamar
kofv
ict
oryand

oft
heby
stander
s.Thef
actt
hatt
hesel
yncher
sandby
stander
s

t
ookpr
ideaf
terl
ynchi
nganAf
ri
canAmer
icanonl
yshowedt
hat

l
ychi
ngswer
eper
cei
vedt
oal
egi
ti
mat
eact
ionandnotacr
ime

ast
heper
pet
rat
orsdi
dnotf
eelt
heneedt
ohi
det
hei
rident
it
ies.

(
Submi
ssi
onsoft
hispar
agr
aphar
eheav
il
ydr
awnf
rom:Equal

Just
iceI
nit
iat
ive,‘
Lynchi
ngi
nAmer
ica:Conf
ront
ingt
heLegacy

ofRaci
alTer
ror
,SecondEdi
ti
on,
2015)
.

13.Thesubst
ant
ial
incr
easei
nthenumberofl
ynchi
ngsi
nIndi
aov
er

t
hel
ast3-
4year
shasi
nnosmal
lmeasur
ebeenencour
agedby

pol
i
tici
ans bel
ongi
ng t
othe maj
ori
ty BJP i
s al
armi
ng and

r
equi
resi
mmedi
atei
nter
vent
ionoft
hisHon’
bl
eCour
t.Sev
eral

st
atement
sbyseni
orBJP l
eader
saswel
laspol
i
ceof
fi
ci
als

hav
ebeenat
tachedt
otheWr
itPet
it
ionandt
heot
heraddi
ti
onal

document
sfi
l
ed wi
thi
t.I khand,on 6th Jul
n Jhar y2018,8

conv
ict
soft
heoft
heRamgar
hly
nchi
ngcasewer
egr
eet
edby

Uni
onMi
nist
er,Jay
antSi
nha,andwer
efaci
l
itat
edwi
thgar
lands

af
tert
heywer
egr
ant
edbai
lbyt
heHon’
bleHi
ghCour
t.At
rue

copyoft
henewsr
epor
tdat
ed06.
07.
2018publ
i
shedbyI
ndi
a
 WWW.
LIVELAW.
IN
9
Todayi
sannexedasAnnexur
eA-
5atpages64t
o66.

14.Thecommondef
ini
ti
onof‘
l
ynchi
ng’dev
elopedbyt
heNAACP

(
Nat
ionalAssoci
ati
onf
ort
heAdv
ancementofCol
oredPeopl
e),

whi
chi
susedi
sthat
:

1) t
her
emustbeevi
dencet
hataper
sonwaski
l
led;

2) t
heper
sonmusthavemetdeat
hil
l
egal
l
y;

3) a gr
oup oft
hree ormor
e per
sons musthave

par
ti
cipat
edi
ntheki
l
li
ngs;
and

4) t
hegr
oupmusthaveact
edundert
hepr
etextof

pr
otect
ingj
ust
iceort
radi
ti
on.
”

An ar
ti
cle publ
i
shed by t
he AlJazeer
ati
ted ‘
l A hi
stor
y of

Amer
icanl
ynchi
ngs’dat
ed09.
05.
2017i
sannexedasAnnexur
e

A-
6atpages67t
o83.

15.I
ntheUni
tedSt
ates,t
hreeCi
vi
lRi
ght
sSt
atut
eswer
eenact
edt
o

pr
ovi
det
heAf
ri
canAmer
icanswi
thr
ight
sandt
osaf
eguar
dthei
r

i
nter
est
s.Atf
ir
st,t
heCi
vi
lRi
ght
sAct
,1866wasenact
edwhi
ch

out
lawedt
heBl
ackCodesandpr
ovi
dedt
hatal
lper
sonswer
eto

enj
oyt
hesamer
ight
saswhi
teper
sonst
othef
ullandequal

benef
itofal
llawsandpr
oceedi
ngsf
ort
hesecur
it
yofper
sons

andpr
oper
ty.Ther
eaf
ter
,theCi
vi
lRi
ght
sAct
,1871pr
oscr
ibed

t
heact
ivi
ti
esoft
heKuKl
uxKl
an,whi
cht
hroughv
iol
enceand

i
nti
midat
ion had been t
err
ori
zi
ng bl
acks and t
hei
r whi
te

suppor
ter
sint
heSout
hdur
ingt
heper
iodofReconst
ruct
ion.

Sect
ion3oft
heCi
vi
lRi
ght
sAct
,1871st
ates:
 WWW.
LIVELAW.
IN
10
“
That i
n al
lcases wher
einsur
rect
ion,domest
ic

vi
olence,unl
awf
ulcombi
nat
ions,orconspi
raci
es i
n

anySt
ateshal
lsoobst
ructorhi
ndert
heexecut
ionof

t
he l
aws t
her
eof
,and oft
he Uni
ted St
ates,as t
o

depr
iveanypor
ti
onorcl
assoft
hepeopl
eofsuch

St
ateofanyoft
her
ight
s,pr
ivi
l
eges,ori
mmuni
ti
es,or

pr
otect
ion,namedi
ntheConst
it
uti
onandsecur
edby

t
hisact
,andt
heconst
it
utedaut
hor
it
iesofsuchSt
ate

shal
lei
therbeunabl
etopr
otect
,orshal
l
,fr
om any

cause,f
aili
norr
efusepr
otect
ionoft
hepeopl
einsuch

r
ight
s,suchf
act
sshal
lbedeemedadeni
albysuch

St
ateoft
heequalpr
otect
ionoft
hel
awst
owhi
cht
hey

ar
eent
it
ledundert
heConst
it
uti
onoft
heUni
tedSt
ates;

andi
nal
lsuchcases,….i
tshal
lbel
awf
ulf
ort
he

Pr
esi
dent
,and i
tshal
lbe hi
s dut
ytot
ake such

measur
es,byt
heempl
oymentoft
hemi
l
iti
aort
hel
and

andnavalf
orcesoft
heUni
tedSt
ates….
”

16.Howev
er,t
heSupr
emeCour
toft
heUni
tedSt
ates,i
naser
iesof

deci
sions,begi
nni
ng wi
t he Sl
ht aught
er-
HouseCases(
1873)

andev
ent
ual
l
ycul
minat
ingwi
t heCi
ht vi
lRi
ght
sCases(
1883)

l
i
mit
ed t
he scope ofr
ight
s guar
ant
eed by t
he Ci
vi
lRi
ght
s

St
atut
es.

17.TheCongr
essnev
erpassedanyf
eder
alant
i-
ly
nchi
ngbi
l
land

i
nst
ead sur
render
ed t
othe ar
gumentt
hatsuch l
egi
sl
ati
on
 WWW.
LIVELAW.
IN
11
const
it
uted r
aci
alf
avor
it
ism and v
iol
ated st
ates’r
ight
s.The

Sout
her
nst
ates,howev
er,passedt
hei
rownant
i-
ly
nchi
ngl
aws

t
oshow t
hataf
eder
all
egi
slat
ioni
snotnecessar
y,butnev
er

enf
orcedt
hesel
aws.I
nthe1900s,onl
y1%oft
hel
yncher
swer
e

conv
ict
edofmur
derofanAf
ri
canAmer
icanper
son.

18.Atf
ir
st,i
twast
hef
ormat
ionoft
heNAACPandcampai
gni
ng

l
ynchi
ngsas‘
Amer
ican’
sshame’andf
oraf
eder
alant
i-
ly
nchi
ng

l
egi
slat
ion t
hathel
ped t
urnt
he t
ide ofpubl
i
c opi
nion.The

cont
inuousef
for
tsoft
heAf
ri
canAmer
icanst
ocombatr
aci
al

v
iol
encebet
ween1900sand1940sf
orcedt
he‘
for
war
d-l
ooki
ng

whi
tes’
,i
nthemi
d1930s,t
oadoptaposi
ti
ont
hatl
ynchi
ngwas

bar
bar
icanddi
sgr
acef
ul,
evenast
heycont
inuedt
odef
endwhi
te

supr
emacy
.Ev
enaf
tert
heendoft
heer
aofr
aci
alv
iol
ence

agai
nstt
heAf
ri
canAmer
icans,t
heycont
inuedt
ofacev
iol
ent

i
nti
midat
ion when t
hey t
ransgr
essed soci
alboundar
ies or

asser
ted t
hei
rci
vi
lri
ght
s,and t
he cr
imi
nalj
ust
ice sy
stem

cont
inued t
otar
getpeopl
e ofcol
orand v
ict
imi
ze t
hem.I
n

addi
ti
ont
othi
s,l
ynchi
ngsandot
herf
ormsofr
aci
al/
tar
get
ed

v
iol
encei
nfl
i
cteddeept
raumat
icandpsy
chol
ogi
calwoundson

sur
viv
ors,wi
tnesses,f
ami
l
ymember
s,andt
heent
ir
eAf
ri
can

Amer
ican communi
ty.The whi
tes who par
ti
ci
pat
ed i
n or

wi
tnessedgr
uesomel
ynchi
ngsandsoci
ali
zedt
hei
rchi
l
dreni
n

t
hiscul
tur
e ofv
iol
ence wer
e al
so psy
chol
ogi
cal
l
ydamaged.

(
Submi
ssi
onsoft
hispar
agr
aphar
eheav
il
ydr
awnf
rom:Bar
bar
a
 WWW.
LIVELAW.
IN
12
Hol
den-
Smi
th,‘
Lynchi
ng,Feder
ali
sm,and t
he I
nter
sect
ion of

RaceandGenderi
nthePr
ogr
essi
veEr
a’,
Issue1Vol
ume8,
Yal
e

Jour
nal
ofLaw&Femi
nism,
1995)
.

19.Fr
om 1882-
1968,4,
743 l
ynchi
ngs occur
red i
nthe Uni
ted

St
ates.
 Oft
hesepeopl
ethatwer
ely
nched3,
446wer
ebl
ack.
 

The bl
acks l
ynched account
ed f
or 72.
7% of t
he peopl
e

l
ynched.
 Thesenumber
sseem l
arge,buti
tisknownt
hatnotal
l

oft
hel
ynchi
ngswer
eev
err
ecor
ded.
 Outoft
he4,
743peopl
e

l
ynchedonl
y1,
297whi
tepeopl
ewer
ely
nched.
 Thati
sonl
y

27.
3%.
 Manyoft
hewhi
tesl
ynchedwer
ely
nchedf
orhel
pingt
he

bl
ackorbei
ng ant
ily
nchi
ng and ev
en f
ordomest
iccr
imes.

(
Submi
ssi
onsoft
hispar
agr
aphar
eheav
il
ydr
awnf
rom Ar
ti
cl
e

at
tachedasAnnexur
eA-
7)At
ruecopyoft
her
epor
tofNAACP

ont
hest
ati
sti
csofl
ynchi
ngi
nAmer
icai
sannexedasAnnexur
e

A-
7atpages84t
o87.

CasesofLynchi
ngsi
ntheUS

20.I
nthe Mi
chaelDonal
d Ly
nchi
ng Case,a ni
net
een-
year
-ol
d

Mi
chaelDonal
dwasonhi
swayt
othest
orei
n1981whent
wo

member
soft
heUni
tedKl
ansofAmer
icaabduct
edhi
m,beat

hi
m,cuthi
sthr
oatandhunghi
sbodyf
rom at
reeonar
esi
dent
ial

st
reeti
nMobi
l
e,Al
a.Thet
woKl
ansmenwhocar
ri
edoutt
he

r
it
ual
i
sti
c ki
l
li
ng wer
e ev
ent
ual
l
y ar
rest
ed and conv
ict
ed.

Conv
incedt
hatt
heKl
ani
tsel
fshoul
dbehel
dresponsi
blef
ort
he

l
ynchi
ng,Cent
erat
tor
ney
sfi
l
edaci
vi
lsui
tonbehal
fofDonal
d'
s
 WWW.
LIVELAW.
IN
13
mot
her
,Beul
ahMaeDonal
dvs.Uni
tedKl
ans.I
n1987,
theCent
er

wonanhi
stor
ic$7mi
l
li
onv
erdi
ctagai
nstt
hemeni
nvol
vedi
n

t
hel
ynchi
ng.Thev
erdi
ctmar
kedt
heendoft
heUni
tedKl
ans,
the

same gr
oup t
hathad beat
en t
he Fr
eedom Ri
der
sin 1961,

mur
der
edci
vi
lri
ght
swor
kerVi
olaLi
uzzoi
n1965,andbombed

Bi
rmi
ngham'
s16t
hSt
reetBapt
istChur
chi
n1963.(
Submi
ssi
ons

oft
hispar
agr
aphar
eheav
il
ydr
awnf
rom Ar
ti
cl
eat
tachedas

Annex
ureA-
8)At
ruecopyoft
hear
ti
cl
eont
heMi
chaelDonal
d

Ly
nchi
ng Case publ
i
shed i
n 1987 by t
he New Yor
k Ti
mes

Magazi
nei
sannexedasAnnexur
eA-
8atpages88t
o89.

Ly
nchi
ngsi
nIndi
a

21.I
tshoul
d be not
ed t
hatat
least100 i
nci
dent
s ofl
ynchi
ngs,

most
lyenabl
edbyv
igi
l
ant
egr
oupshav
ebeenr
epor
tedacr
oss

t
hest
atesofMahar
asht
ra,Guj
arat
,Ut
tarPr
adesh,Raj
ast
han,

Jhar
khand,Har
yana,Kar
nat
aka,Madhy
a Pr
adesh,Jammu &

Kashmi
r,Del
hiet
c.I
tmustber
eit
erat
edt
hatt
het
abl
eat
tached

her
eisnotexhaust
ive,andt
hePet
it
ionerhasr
easont
obel
i
eve

t
hatmor
einci
dent
s hav
e act
ual
l
yoccur
red t
hathav
e been

r
epor
tedi
nver
nacul
armedi
a.Ther
efor
e,t
hesear
enoti
sol
ated

i
nci
dent
sbuthav
ebecomequi
tef
requentov
ert
hepastt
wo

y
ear
s.Thesear
emost
lyt
arget
edagai
nstMusl
i
msandDal
i
ts.

22.Thesef
requentepi
sodesofl
ynchi
ngdemonst
rat
ethatt
hest
ate

hasnotonl
ycompl
etel
yfai
l
edt
opr
otecti
tsci
ti
zensbutal
so

r
efusedt
otakeact
ionagai
nstt
heper
pet
rat
orsoft
hesecr
imes.
 WWW.
LIVELAW.
IN
14
I
nsomecases,i
thasbeenr
epor
tedt
hatt
hepol
i
cer
efuset
o

r
egi
sterFI
Rswhenmember
soft
hev
ict
im’
sfami
l
yappr
oach

t
hem.I
twasonl
ysubsequentt
opr
essur
efr
om medi
aandot
her

ci
vi
lsoci
etygr
oupst
hatanFI
Risev
enr
egi
ster
edi
nthesecases.

Thi
sabdi
cat
ionoft
hei
rdut
ytopr
otectbyt
heGov
ernment
,local

admi
nist
rat
ionandpol
i
ceof
fi
cial
shasonl
yembol
denedt
hese

v
igi
l
ant
egr
oups,
whoar
einst
igat
ingt
hesel
ynchi
ngsf
urt
her
.

23.Byf
ail
i
ngt
opr
eventt
hev
igi
l
ant
egr
oupsf
rom l
ynchi
ng/
ext
ra

j
udi
cial
l
yki
l
li
ngci
ti
zensoft
hiscount
ry,t
heGov
ernmenthas

v
iol
atedt
hef
undament
alguar
ant
eespr
ovi
dedi
nthe….ofI
ndi
a,

i
ncl
udi
ngRi
ghtt
oLi
fe(
Art
icl
e21)andRi
ghtt
oEqual
i
ty(
Art
icl
e

14)
.

Thepol
i
cewhoar
eresponsi
blef
orl
aw andor
derandt
he

pr
event
ionofcr
imebehav
eli
keby
stander
stur
ningabl
i
ndey
e.

Thi
sspel
l
sthedeat
hoft
her
uleofl
aw andi
ndi
cat
est
het
otal

pol
i
tici
zat
ionoft
hepol
i
cei
nthecount
ry.I
tissubmi
tt
edt
hatt
he

Commi
ssi
oner
sofPol
i
ceandt
heMi
nist
eri
nchar
geofHome

Af
fai
rsmustbehel
dresponsi
blef
order
eli
cti
onofdut
y.

Responsi
bil
it
ytopr
otect

24.Ther
esponsi
bil
i
tyt
opr
otectal
soemanat
esf
rom I
nter
nat
ional

Lawobl
i
gat
ionsofI
ndi
aincl
udi
ngundert
heI
CCPR(
Int
ernat
ional

Cov
enantonCi
vi
landPol
i
ticalRi
ght
s).TheI
CCPRspeci
fi
cal
l
y

pr
ovi
desf
ort
hepr
otect
ionofmi
nor
it
iesunderAr
ti
cl
e27:

I
“nt
hoseSt
atesi
nwhi
chet
hni
c,r
eli
giousorl
i
ngui
sti
c
 WWW.
LIVELAW.
IN
15
mi
nor
it
iesexi
st,per
sonsbel
ongi
ngt
osuchmi
nor
it
ies

shal
lnotbedeni
edt
her
ight
,incommuni
tywi
tht
he

ot
hermember
s oft
hei
rgr
oup,t
o enj
oyt
hei
rown

cul
tur
e,t
opr
ofessandpr
act
iset
hei
rownr
eli
gion,ort
o

uset
hei
rownl
anguage.
”

25.TheI
nter
nat
ionalCr
imi
nalLawandHumanRi
ght
sjur
ispr
udence

t
hathasev
olv
edsubsequentt
otheNur
embur
gTr
ial
shasal
so

consi
stent
lyemphasi
zedupont
hepr
otect
ionofmi
nor
it
ies.Ev
en

t
heI
CTY(
Int
ernat
ionalCr
imi
nalTr
ibunalf
orYugosl
avi
a),I
CTR

(
Int
ernat
ionalCr
imi
nalTr
ibunalf
or Rwanda) and t
he I
CC

(
Int
ernat
ionalCr
imi
nalCour
t)hav
est
ri
ctl
ypr
ohi
bit
edact
sthat

sy
stemat
ical
l
ytar
getanyet
hni
corr
eli
giouscommuni
ty.The

pr
inci
ples under I
nter
nat
ionalLaw f
ind r
esonance i
nthe

const
it
uti
onal
jur
ispr
udenceofI
ndi
a.

Concl
usi
on

26.They
earof2017hasbeent
ermedbymanymedi
ahousesas

t
hey
earofhat
ecr
imei
nIndi
aduet
othesheernumberof

l
ynchi
ngs t
hathav
etaken pl
ace i
n one y
ear
.Fur
ther
,the

ci
rcumst
ancesi
nwhi
cht
heci
ti
zensofmi
nor
it
ycommuni
tyhav
e

been l
ynched ar
e ev
identoft
he f
actt
hatt
hese v
ict
ims of

l
ynchi
ngswer
eei
theri
dent
if
iabl
easMusl
i
ms/
Dal
i
tsorwer
e

knownt
obeMusl
i
ms/
Dal
i
ts.Forexampl
e:t
het
arget
edki
l
li
ngof

asi
xteeny
earol
dJunai
dKhanonat
rai
nfr
om Far
idabad t
hat

occur
redonacr
owdedMat
hur
aboundt
rai
nwher
einhewas
 WWW.
LIVELAW.
IN
16
st
abbedt
odeat
haf
terr
epeat
edl
ybei
ngcal
l
ed‘
ant
i-
nat
ional
’and

‘
beef
-eat
er’
.Thet
eenagerwast
arget
edbyt
heper
pet
rat
orsi
na

cr
owdedt
rai
nasaMusl
i
m boyashewaswear
ingaskul
lcap–

‘
taqi
yah’
.

27.I
tisappar
entt
hatt
hel
ynchi
ngsofMusl
i
ms/
Dal
i
tsi
nIndi
a,

whi
chhav
eoccur
redi
nal
mostev
eryst
ate,i
sacount
rywi
de

phenomena and necessar

il
y at
tr
act
sthe i
mpl
ement
ati
on of

Ar
ti
cle256oft
heConst
it
uti
onwher
eint
heCent
ret
akest
he

r
esponsi
bil
i
tyt
odi
rectt
heSt
atest
oimmedi
atel
yputanendt
o

t
het
arget
edv
iol
encewhi
chwi
l
lonl
yleadt
oast
ateofanar
chy

wher
eint
heci
ti
zensofI
ndi
aatl
argewi
thoutanyaut
hor
it
ywi
l
l

t
akel
awunt
othei
rhandsandcausechaos.Ar
ecentexampl
eof

whi
ch i
s ev
ident
lyi
l
lust
rat
ed f
rom t
he Dhul
e Ly
nchi
ng case

wher
einamobconsi
sti
ngof‘
hi
ghl
yinebr
iat
edpeopl
e’l
ynched

f
ivet
ri
bal
sont
hef
alsesuspi
ciont
hatt
heywer
echi
l
dli
ft
ers,

whi
chwasspr
eadt
hroughsoci
almedi
a.At
ruecopyoft
henews

r
epor
tdat
ed 04.
07.
2018 publ
i
shed byt
heTi
mesofI
ndi
ais

annexedasAnnexur
eA-
9atpages100t
o102.

28.Thef
actt
hatt
heact
ionsoft
hesel
yncher
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 WWW.
LIVELAW.
IN
17
r
easonabl
e/unr
easonabl
ejudgment
.

Set
tl
edby
:-

I
ndi
raJai
sing,
Sr.Adv

Dr
awnBy
: Fi
ledBy
:

War
ishaFar
asat
,Adv
.

Rudr
akshi
Deo,
Adv

Haf
saKhan,
Adv ShadanFar
asat

Dat
e:09.
07.
2018Adv
ocat
eonRecor
dfort
hePet
it
ioner