Cha

pte
r-1

Cons
ti
tut
ion:
Whya
ndHow?

Or
igi
noft
het
ermc
ons
ti
tut
ion

 T
het
ermCons
ti
tut
ioni
sde
riv
edf
romL
ati
nwor
d'Cons
ti
tur
e'whi
chme
ans'
toe
sta
bli
sh'
.

Wha
tisaCons
ti
tut
ion?

 I
tist
hef
unda
ment
all
awoft
hec
ount
ry.

 I
tisg
ene
ral
l
ycons
ide
reda
sthepr
ima
ryc
odeofs
tat
e.

 I
tde t
ermine
stheexi
st
e nc
eoft heSt
atea ndthefunc
ti
oni
ngoft
heg
ovt
.Soi
tis
nec
essar
ythate
ver
ynat
ionshoul
dhav
eac onst
it
uti
on.

F
unc
ti
ons
/Obj
ect
ive
soft
heCons
ti
tut
ion
1.T
opr
ovi
deas
etofba
sicl
awst
oco-
ordi
nat
ethepe
opl
eofag
ive
nSoc
iet
y.

2.T
ospe
cif
ywhi
chi
nst
it
uti
onha
sthede
cis
ionma
kinga
uthor
it
yinas
oci
ety
.

3.T
oli
mitt
hepowe
rsoft
heg
ovt
.

4.T
oena
blet
heg
ovtt
oac
hie
vet
hea
spi
rat
ionsa
ndg
oal
soft
heS
oci
ety
.

5.T
ogi
vef
unda
ment
ali
dent
it
ytot
hepe
opl
e.

T
hea
uthor
it
yofaCons
ti
tut
ion

 Acons
ti
tut
ionisac
oll
ect
ionoff
unda
ment
all
aws
.Itc
ont
ainst
hel
awswhi
chs
houl
dbe
f
oll
owedbythegov
tinastat
e.

 T
hea
cce
pte
nceoft
heCons
ti
tut
ionr
eal
l
yde
pendsons
eve
ral
fac
tor
s.T
heya
re:

1.ModeofPr
omulg
ati
on-Itr
eferst
ohowac ons
tit
uti
onc
ameintoexi
st
ence?.Who
madet
heCons
ti
tuti
on?
.Wha twasthe
ira
uthor
it
ytomaket
hecons
ti
tuti
on?
.

2.Thes ubs
tant
iveprovi
si
onsofac onst
it
uti
on-T heProvi
si
onsofacons
ti
tuti
on
shoul
dbea cc
eptabl
eforal
l
.Peopl
edonota c
ceptaConst
it
uti
onwhi
chi
spart
ial
or
whichdoesnotre
spectt
hei
rint
egr
ity
.

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 3.Bala
nc e
dI nst
it
uti
onalDe si
gn -Itisne ces
sar
yt hata uthor
it
ys houl
d notbe
concentr
ateda ta sing
lec entr
e.Its houl
d be dist
ributeda mong di
ffe
rent
i
nsti
tuti
ons,f
oreg:Le
gisl
ature.
Excec
uti
ve,j
udici
aryet
c..
,

Ma
kingoft
heI
ndi
anCons
ti
tut
ion

 Oneofthei mpor
tanta
chi
eve
ment
sofI
nde
pende
ntI
ndi
awa
sthema
kingoft
he
Cons
ti
tut
ion.

 T
hec
ons
ti
tut
ionwa
sfor
mal
l
yma
debyt
heCons
ti
tue
ntAs
sembl
y.

 T
heme
mbe
rsofc
ons
ti
tue
ntAs
sembl
ywe
ree
lec
tedi
ndi
rec
tl
ybyt
hepe
opl
e.

 T
heywe
ree
lec
tedbyt
heme
mbe
rsoft
hePr
ovi
nci
alL
egi
sl
ati
veAs
sembl
i
es.

 The
yweret
ota
ll
y385.It
s292me mbe
rswe
ref
rom Br
it
is
hIndi
anPr
ovi
nce
sand93
membe
rswe
refrompr
inc
elys
tat
es.

Compos
it
ionoft
heCons
ti
tue
ntAs
sembl
y

 J
uly1946-
>El
ect
iont
otheCons
ti
tue
ntAs
sembl
y.

 9t
hDece
mber1946->F
irs
tme e
tingoftheConst
it
uentAs
sembl
yandt
hee
lec
ti
onof
Dr
.Sa
chi
dana
ndaSi
nhaasi
tst
empor a
ryChai
rman.

 11t
hDe
cembe
r1946-
>Dr
.Ra
jendr
aPr
asa
dwa
sel
ect
eda
sit
spe
rma
nentc
hai
rma
n.

 29t
hAugus
t1947-ADr
aft
ingCommi
tt
eewa
sfor
medunde
rthec
hai
rma
nshi
pof
Dr.
BRAmbedk
ar.

 26t
hNov
embe
r1949-
>Indi
anCons
ti
tut
ionwa
sadopt
edbyt
heCons
ti
tue
ntAs
sembl
y.

 26t
hJa
nua
ry1950-
>Indi
anCons
ti
tut
ionc
amei
ntoe
xis
tenc
e.

L
egi
ti
mac
y/Aut
hor
it
yoft
heCons
ti
tue
ntAs
sembl
y

 T
her
ear
efourf
act
orswhi
chg
ive
saut
hor
it
ytot
heCons
ti
tue
ntAs
sembl
y.T
heya
re:

1.
ThePr
inc
ipl
eofDe
li
ber
ati
on

 T
heCons
ti
tut
ionofI
ndi
awa
sfor
mul
ate
daf
terde
tai
l
eda
ndt
hor
oug
hde
li
ber
ati
ons.

 Re
all
y,t
heAs
sembl
ywa
sade
li
ber
ati
vebody
.

 Na
tiona
lint
ere
stwa
sthe
irpr
imec
onc
ern.

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 Al
loft
hemg
avemor
eimpor
tanc
etot
hei
nte
res
toft
hes
tat
etha
nse
cta
ria
nint
ere
sts
.

2.
Proc
edur
es

 I
mport
ancewa
sgi
vent
opubl
i
cre
asonse
veni
ntheda
il
ypr
oce
dur
eoft
heCons
ti
tue
nt
As
sembl
y.

 F
ort
hes
moot
hfunc
ti
oni
ngoft
heAs
sembl
y,v
ari
ousc
ommi
tt
eeswe
ref
orme
d.

 T
her
ewe
re8ma
inCommi
tt
ees
.

 Themostimpor
tantc
ommi
tt
eea
mongt
hem wa
stheDr
aft
ingCommi
tt
ee,c
hai
redby
Dr.BRAmbedka
r.

 I
tsre
portwa ssubmi
tte
di nc ons
ti
tue
ntAs
sembl
yinNov
embe
r1948.But
titwa
s
a
doptedon26thNove
mbe r1949.

3.
Inhe
rit
anc
eoft
heNa
tiona
lMov
eme
nt

 T
heleader
sofnati
ona
lmov
eme
ntr
eal
l
ydi
scus
sedt
heba
sici
ssue
soft
hema
kingof
t
heConst
it
uti
on.

 Theydis
cus
sedtheis
suesl
ik
ethefor
m ofgovt
,theval
ueswhi
cht
hegovts
houl
d
uphol
dandthei
nequa
li
tywhi
chs
houl
dbeera
dic
atedf
romtheI
ndi
anS
oci
ety
.

 Themos
timport
antpri
nci
pl
ea dopt
edbytheCons
ti
tue
ntAs
sembl
yfr
omt
hena
tiona
l
moveme
ntiss
eenintheObje
cti
veResol
uti
on.

 I
twa sNehr
uwhopr e
sent
edt
heObj
ect
iveRe
sol
uti
oni
ntheCons
ti
tue
ntAs
sembl
yon
13t
hDe c
ember1946.

 I
tr e
all
yde f
ine
dt he majorobj
ecti
vesofthe Cons
ti
tut
ion l
i
kee
qua
li
ty,l
i
ber
ty,
democr
acy
,sovere
ignt
y,s
ecul
ari
sm,Republ
i
cetc
..
,.

 The Obje
cti
ve Re
sol
uti
on i
sre
all
ysumma
riz
edi
nthe pr
eambl
etot
he I
ndi
an
Cons
tit
uti
on.

4.
Ins
ti
tut
iona
lAr
rang
eme
nt

 T
hee ff
ect
ive
nessofac
ons
ti
tut
ioni
sba
sedont
heba
lanc
eda
rra
nge
mentoft
he
i
nst
it
uti
onsofgov
t.

 T
heConst
it
uentAssembl
yofIndi
aspentalotofti
meine vol
vi
ngt
heri
ghtbal
anc
e
a
mongthevar
iousi
nst
it
uti
onsl
ik
ethee
x ec
uti
ve,
theLeg
isl
atur
eandt
hej
udi
ci
ary
.

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 Pr
ovi
si
onsBor
rowe
dfr
omot
herCons
ti
tut
ions
UK

 Pa
rli
ame
nta
ryf
ormofg
ovt
.

 Rul
eofL
aw.

 T
heOf
fi
cea
ndt
her
oleofs
pea
ker
.

 L
egi
sl
ati
vepr
oce
dur
e.

 Ci
ti
zens
hip.

US
A

 F
unda
ment
alRi
ght
s.

 J
udi
ci
alRe
vie
w.

 Pr
eambl
e.

Ca
nada

 F
ede
ral
sys
temwi
thas
trongc
ent
ral
Gov
t.

 Re
sidua
ryPowe
rs.

I
rel
and

 Di
rec
ti
vePr
inc
ipl
esofS
tat
ePol
i
cy.

F
ranc
e

 T
hePr
inc
ipl
esofL
ibe
rty
,Equa
li
tya
ndF
rat
erni
ty.

 Re
publ
i
c.

Aus
tra
li
a

 Conc
urr
entL
ist
.

Rus
sia

 F
unda
ment
alDut
ies
.

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 S
out
hAf
ri
ca

 Cons
ti
tut
iona
lAme
ndme
nt.

Ge
rma
ny

 E
mer
genc
y.

J
OBYJ
OHN,
ST.
JOHN'
SHS
SPa
lav
aya
l

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