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Li

ket
hen
ames
ugges
ts,t
hel
awofevi
den
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spr
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sedonp
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l
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ti
sa
mean
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om wh
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ybemadeast
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ot
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e demon
str
ati
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act
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ign
ifi
es t
hat wh
ich
demon
str
ates
,mak
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cer
tai
nst
het
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hoft
hever
yfactorp
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ssu
e,
1
ei
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heon
esi
deoront
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her
. Th
eCon
cis
eLaw Di
cti
onar
yqu
otesTayl
or
def
inesevi
den
cet
omeanal
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egal
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icht
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ove an
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teroff
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etr
uthofwh
ichi
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tt
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2
i
nves
tigat
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eral
l
y,t
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den
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l
ect
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s
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ovet
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efact
s
an
dth
efor
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icht
hos
e mat
eri
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ssh
oul
dbep
lacedb
efor
e cou
rt.I
ndeed,t
he
Evi
den
ceActcap6l
awsofUgan
dai
ssu
chal
aw.

Th
elaw ofevi
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ceai
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eli
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nwh
ath
eal
l
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s
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ermi
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elyi
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thst
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e
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ger
oust
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eged
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nst
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den
cet
her
efor
erequ
irest
heal
l
egi
ngp
art
ytop
roveh
is
as
ser
ti
onsb
efor
ehecanb
ebel
i
eved.I
ti
sacommonl
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rin
cip
let
hatwh
oeveras
ser
ts
mu
stp
rove,
buth
ewh
oden
iesn
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rove.
Thi
sisr
efl
ect
edi
nth
epr
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onsofS1013
wh
ichar
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ti
cul
ari
nth
isr
equ
iremen
t.Sect
ion101s
tat
es;

Wh
oeverdes
iresan
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rtt
ogi
ve j
udgmen
tast
oan
ylegalr
igh
torl
i
abi
l
it
y
dep
enden
tont
heexi
sten
ceoff
act
swh
ichh
eors
heas
ser
tsmu
stp
rovet
hat
t
hos
efact
sexi
st.

Th
isp
rovi
si
oni
samon
gth
eru
lest
hath
aveb
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res
cri
bedt
ohel
pint
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tab
li
shmen
t
oft
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i
abi
l
it
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isp
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fi
rmedi
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monMu
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eVUgan
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wash
eldt
h Th
at“ eBu
rdenofPr
oofi
ssot
hath
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oas
ser
tsmu
stpr
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difh
e
as
ser
tsan
ddoesn
otpr
ovet
henh
emu
stf
ail
.

I
nli
ghtoft
heab
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si
on,t
hegen
eralr
ulei
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atf
act
smu
stb
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nles
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tt
ed.Th
elaw ofevi
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cet
her
efor
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ibesi
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ali
a;h
ow f
act
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e
p
roved,wh
omu
stp
rovet
hos
efact
s,an
dth
epr
ocedu
reofp
rovi
ngt
hef
act
s.Th
isi
sby

1
Bryan.A.Garn
er,Bl
ack’
slawdicti
on y9thed,
ar Westpub
li
shi
ngComp
any
2
P.
GOs bor
n,Conci
selawDict
ionar
y,Sweet&Maxwel
l
3
Eviden
ceActcap6LawsofUgan da
mean
soft
het
ool
ofb
urdenofp
roof
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rdenofp
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efer
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heob
li
gat
iont
opr
ovea
4
f
act
. I
timp
li
est
hedu
tyt
oaddu
ceevi
den
ceatacer
tai
nst
agei
nth
epr
oceedi
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k
nownast
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tialb
urdenort
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urdent
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ati
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urdenofp
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S.
102mak
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ebu
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ors
uit
/
p
roceedi
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esont
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onwh
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fth
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asmadeou
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ay
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yth
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l
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efor
e,h
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oveot
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e.Th
is
p
erh
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ondoesn
otn
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an
yth
ingu
nti
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uli
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nsth
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Ver
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tenh
owever
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eext
entoft
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urdenofp
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l
ldep
endont
hen
atu
reoft
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cas
ee.
g.i
nci
vi
lcas
es,ap
ers
onwh
oas
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tsi
sus
ual
l
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epl
ai
nti
ffan
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eref
ore
on
ewh
oisexp
ect
edt
opr
ove,
whi
l
eincr
imi
nal
cas
es,
thi
sbu
rdeni
sont
hep
ros
ecu
tion
.

I
nth
enextt
ext
,Iwi
l
lexami
net
heb
urdenofp
roofi
nbot
hcr
imi
nal
andci
vi
lcas
es;t
obegi
n
wi
th,Iwi
l
lscr
uti
ni
zet
heb
urdenofp
roofi
ncr
imi
nalcas
es.A 28(
3)(
a)oft
he1995
Con
sti
tut
ionofUgan
dagu
aran
teest
hep
res
ump
tionofi
nnocen
ce.Th
epr
osecu
tion
t
her
efor
ehasadu
tyt
opr
oveacas
eagai
nstt
heaccu
sedb
eyon
dreas
onab
ledou
bt.
Thi
s
6
p
osi
ti
onwasr
eaf
fi
rmedi
nWool
min
gtonVDPP. Th
efact
soft
hiscas
ear
eth
ataman
wasch
argedwi
tht
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rderofh
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fe.Hep
leadedacci
den
tasadef
ence,b
utt
het
ri
al
cou
rth
eldt
haton
cet
hep
ros
ecu
tionh
adp
rovedanu
nlawf
ulk
il
l
ing,i
twast
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tyoft
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def
ens
etop
roveci
rcu
mst
anceswh
ichwou
ldr
edu
cet
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oanacci
den
tal
one.Th
e
accu
sedap
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edagai
nstt
hisj
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t.Cou
rth
eld:

I
twaswr
ongl
yhel
dth
att
heaccu
sedwasgu
il
tyb
ecau
seh
ehadf
ail
edt
opr
ove
t
hatt
hek
il
l
ingwasi
nnocen
t.Cou
rts
aidt
hati
ncr
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nal
cas
es,i
tisal
wayst
hedu
ty
oft
hepr
osecu
tiont
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ovet
hecas
eagai
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sedb
eyon
dreas
onab
ledou
bt
t
hatwh
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ais
est
hedef
ens
eofacci
den
t,h
ehasal
readycas
tdou
btson
t
hepr
osecu
tioncas
eth
eref
oret
hepr
osecu
tionh
asadu
tyt
ocl
eart
hatdou
bt.

However
,th
isgen
eralp
rin
cip
leh
asex
cep
tion
s;mos
toft
hem ar
est
atu
tor
yexcep
tion
s,
al
th
oughot
her
sder
ivef
rom commonl
aw,e.
g.t
hedef
ens
esofi
nsan
ityan
din
toxi
cat
ion
.

4
Roll
inM.Perki
ns&Ron al
dN. Cr
Boyce, i
min
alLaw78(
3ded.
1982)
.
5
BhattVR( 1957)EA332
6
(1935)ALLER460
Bel
ow,
Iwi
l
li
nsp
ecteachexcep
tionb
rief
ly.

Th
edef
enceofi
nsan
ityu
nderS11oft
hePen
alCodeActr
equ
irest
heaccu
sedp
ers
on
wh
opu
tsu
pth
edef
encet
obear t
heb
urdenofp
rovi
ngi
t.Howevert
hes
tan
dar
dof
7
p
roofi
sonab
alan
ceofp
rob
abi
l
it
iesan
dnotb
eyon
dreas
onab
ledou
bt.I
nRVKach
inga,
Th
eap
pel
l
anth
adk
il
l
edh
ismot
herb
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lowswi
thanaxean
dah
oe.Headmi
tt
edt
he
cr
imeb
utt
hedef
encer
ais
edi
nsan
ity.Th
eyar
guedt
hatt
heap
pel
l
antwasn
otawar
eof
wh
ath
ewasdoi
ngf
orasmu
chash
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pres
sedr
egr
etofk
il
l
ingt
hemot
her
,hedi
dn’
t
r
ememb
erdoi
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o.Twodoct
orsgaveexp
ertevi
den
ce,on
eth
att
heap
pel
l
anth
ada
men
tal
con
dit
iont
hatcou
ldl
eadh
imt
osu
chact
san
dth
eot
herf
oun
dth
eap
pel
l
antn
ormal
b
utweak
-mi
nded.Th
e as
ses
sor
s al
sof
oun
dth
att
he man was i
nsan
e.Th
etr
ial
magi
str
ater
eject
ed t
he evi
den
ce s
ayi
ngt
hatt
he accu
sed h
ad n
ots
ati
sfact
ori
l
y
di
spen
sedh
isb
urdenofp
roofoft
hedef
enceofi
nsan
ity.

Onap
peal
,cou
rth
eldt
oth
eef
fectt
hatt
heap
pel
l
anth
addi
sch
argedh
isb
urdens
incei
ti
s
n
ott
hatt
hes
tan
dar
dofp
roofi
sth
ath
ighl
i
ket
hemagi
str
ateh
adr
uled,i
twasen
oughf
or
t
heap
pel
l
antt
ohavedi
sch
argedh
isb
urdenb
yth
eevi
den
cegi
ven
.

8
Th
esamei
srequ
iredf
ort
hedef
enceofi
ntoxi
cat
ioni
nS12oft
hePen
alCode. I
nth
e
cas
eofCh
emi
ni
ngwavR9 Th
eaccu
sedwascon
vict
edf
ormu
rderofh
iswi
fe,t
he
def
encegaveevi
den
cet
hatt
heaccu
sedh
adb
eeni
ntoxi
cat
edb
yaf
ri
endwh
oden
ied
t
heal
l
egat
ion
.Th
etr
ialmagi
str
ateh
adcon
clu
dedt
hats
incet
heaccu
sedh
adf
ail
edt
o
p
roveh
isdef
enceofi
ntoxi
cat
ion
,hewasl
i
abl
e.Th
eaccu
sedap
peal
ed,i
twash
eldt
hatI
f
t
heaccu
seds
eek
stos
etu
pth
edef
enceofi
nsan
ityb
yreas
onofi
ntoxi
cat
ion
,th
eB.
O.P
r
est
sup
onh
imt
oatl
eas
tdemon
str
atet
hep
rob
abi
l
it
yofwh
ath
eseek
stop
rove,b
uti
f
t
hep
leai
smer
elyt
hatb
ymean
sofi
ntoxi
cat
ionh
ewasi
ncap
abl
eoff
ormi
ngt
hes
peci
fi
c
i
nten
tionr
equ
iredt
ocon
sti
tut
eth
eof
fen
cech
arged,i
tisaner
rorf
ort
het
rai
lcou
rtt
o
r
estt
heon
usont
heaccu
sed.

Th
edef
enceofAl
i
bial
sor
equ
iresanaccu
sedt
oaddu
ceevi
den
cet
opr
oveh
isal
i
bi.I
n
10
t
hecas
eKan
yol
oPat
ri
ckVUgan
da, agr
oupofp
eop
lewasch
argedwi
thaggr
avat
ed
r
obb
eryan
dmu
rder
,th
etr
ialcou
rtb
asedoni
den
tif
icat
ionevi
den
ceoft
heown
eroft
he
7
(1943)13EACA
8
Cap120l awsofUgan
da
9
(1956)23EACA192
10
(199093)I
VKALR53
h
omet
hatwasb
ein
grob
bedan
dhi
swi
fe.Th
erewasdi
spu
teont
heci
rcu
mst
ances
n
eces
sar
yforp
rop
eri
den
tif
icat
ional
th
ought
hecou
rtu
phel
dth
eevi
den
ce.On
eoft
he
accu
sedh
adal
soi
nhi
stes
timon
ycl
ai
medh
ehadl
eftof
ftoacer
tai
nvi
l
lagei
ncomp
any
of3oft
hememb
ersoft
hegan
g,on
eoft
hememb
er’
sbodywh
omt
heA1cl
ai
medh
ad
l
eftwi
tht
hem wasdi
scover
edont
hes
iteaf
tert
her
obb
ery.Cou
rth
eldt
hats
incet
he
i
den
tif
icat
ionevi
den
cewasadmi
ssi
bl
ean
dth
ats
incet
heA1evi
den
ceofh
avi
ngb
een
wi
ths
omeoft
hememb
ersoft
hegan
gwascor
rob
orat
edb
yth
epr
esen
ceofon
eoft
he
gan
g’sb
ody,
thedef
enceofal
i
bif
ail
ed.

Th
erear
eal
sos
tat
utor
yexcep
tion
swh
ereap
art
yisr
equ
iredt
oaddu
ces
omeevi
den
ce
onab
alan
ceofp
rob
abi
l
it
iest
opr
oveh
isas
ser
ti
ons
.Par
amou
ntoft
hes
eexcep
tion
sis
11
A28(
4)(
a) wh
ichs
tat
est
hat“Not
hi
ngdon
eun
dert
heau
thor
it
yofan
ylaws
hal
lbeh
eld
t
obei
ncon
sis
ten
twi
thcl
aus
e(3)
(a)oft
hisar
ti
cl
e,t
oth
eext
entt
hatt
hel
awi
nqu
est
ion
i
mpos
esu
ponan
y per
sonch
arged wi
tha cr
imi
nalof
fen
ce,t
heb
urdenofpr
ovi
ng
12
par
ti
cul
arf
act
s”Ot
hers
tat
utor
yexcep
tion
sin
clu
deS 59oft
hewi
l
dli
feAct wh
ich
r
equ
iresan
yon
ewh
oki
l
lsanan
imali
nth
ewi
l
dtop
rovet
heydi
dsoi
nsel
fdef
ence,S
13
68(
5)oft
heMi
ni
ngAct ,r
equ
iresap
ers
onf
oun
dinp
oss
ess
ionofmi
ner
alst
opr
oveh
e
h
adal
i
cen
seoran
yau
thor
it
yth
atp
ermi
tt
edh
imt
ohavep
oss
ess
ionoft
hos
emi
ner
als
.
14
Fu
rth
ers
til
l
,S70an
d71oft
heCh
il
drenAct r
equ
iresan
yon
ewh
oal
l
egest
ohave
p
aren
tageoverach
il
dtop
roves
o.

Ont
heot
herh
and,t
heb
urdenofp
roofi
nci
vi
lcas
esi
sont
hep
ers
onwh
owan
tst
obe
b
eli
eved.Th
epr
inci
pl
eher
eist
hath
e wh
o as
ser
tsmu
stp
rove ona b
alan
ce of
p
rob
abi
l
it
ies
.Ci
vi
lcas
est
her
efor
e,t
heb
urdenl
i
esont
heon
ewh
oaf
fi
rmsr
ath
ert
hant
he
on
ewh
oden
ies
.Th
eus
eoft
hewor
d‘as
ser
ti
ng/af
fi
rmi
ng’wascon
sider
edi
nth
ecas
e
ofJ
osephCon
stan
tin
eLt
dvI
mper
ialwh
erei
twash
eldt
hatt
heb
urdenl
i
esont
hat
p
ers
onwh
oaf
fi
rmsan
dnott
hep
ers
onwh
oden
ies
,bu
tth
eter
m‘af
fi
rmat
ion
’iswi
de
en
ought
oin
clu
deever
yal
l
egat
ion
,wh
eth
erp
osi
ti
veorn
egat
ive.

11
1995Consti
tut
ionoftherepub
li
cofUgan
da
12
Chapt
er200LawsofUgan da
13
Cap148lawsofUgan da
14
Cap59lawsofUgan da
15
I
naddi
ti
ont
oth
at,S106oft
heEvi
den
ceAct i
stot
heef
fectt
hati
nci
vi
lpr
oceedi
ngs
,
wh
enan
yfacti
ses
peci
al
lywi
thi
nth
ekn
owl
edgeofan
yper
son
,th
eBal
anceofp
rovi
ng
t
hatf
actl
i
esu
pont
hatp
ers
on.
16
Fori
nst
ance,i
ntaxcas
esu
ndert
heI
ncomeTaxAct ,t
heb
urdenl
i
eswi
tht
het
axp
ayer
t
opr
ovet
hatt
heas
ses
smen
tsar
eex
ces
sivean
dindi
vor
cecas
est
heb
urdenl
i
eson
t
hep
eti
ti
oner
stop
rovet
hatt
hep
rop
ergr
oun
dsf
ordi
vor
cean
dth
att
her
ear
ebas
isi
n
di
vor
cep
roceedi
ngs
.
I
ncas
eofacu
stom,wh
ereacu
stom i
sal
l
egedt
oexi
st,t
heon
ewh
oal
l
egesi
ts
exi
sten
cemu
stp
rovet
hem.I
nth
ecas
eofKi
man
iVGi
kan
gacou
rth
eldt
hatacu
stom
s
hou
ldb
epr
ovedb
ycal
l
ingexp
ert
san
dpeop
lewel
lacqu
ain
tedwi
tht
hecu
stom.
However
,inci
vi
lpr
oceedi
ngsgen
eral
l
y,wh
ereevi
den
cei
ssos
can
tyt
hati
tisdi
ff
icu
ltt
o
f
indacon
clu
siononei
thers
ide,t
heb
urdeni
sont
hatp
ers
onwh
owi
l
lsu
ffermos
tifn
o
evi
den
cei
saddu
cedatt
het
ime.
S102Evi
den
ceActp
rovi
dest
h Th
at“ eb
urdenofpr
oof
i
nas
uitorpr
oceedi
ngl
i
esont
hatper
sonwh
owou
ldf
ail
ifn
oevi
den
ceatal
lwer
egi
ven
onei
thers
ide.

Th
iswasdemon
str
atedi
nWak
li
ngvLon
don&Sou
thWes
ter
nRai
l
wayswh
ereawi
dow
u
ndert
heFat
alAcci
den
tsActal
l
egedt
hath
erh
usb
andh
admeth
isdeat
hth
rou
ght
he
n
egl
i
gen
ceoft
hedef
endan
ts.
Theon
lyevi
den
ceavai
l
abl
ewast
hatt
hedef
endan
t’sb
ody
wasl
yi
ngatt
hes
ideofar
ail
wayl
i
ne,n
earacr
oss
ing.Sh
edi
dnotaddu
cef
urt
her
evi
den
ceb
uti
nvi
tedcou
rtt
osayt
hati
twasdu
etot
her
ail
way’
snegl
i
gen
ce.Cou
rth
eld
t
hatt
hep
lai
nti
ffcou
ldn
ots
ucceedu
nles
ssh
ebr
ough
tfu
rth
erevi
den
cet
osh
owt
hath
er
h
usb
andact
ual
l
ydi
edatt
heh
andsofort
hrou
ght
hen
egl
i
gen
ceoft
her
ail
wayau
thor
it
y.

I
ncon
clu
sion
,wh
ereasi
tcanb
econ
vin
cin
glyar
guedt
hatf
orap
art
ytoear
ncou
rt’
str
ust
h
e/s
heou
ghtt
opr
ovet
heas
ser
ti
onsh
e/s
hemak
esab
outap
art
icu
larf
act
,itcanal
sob
e
ar
guab
lys
tres
sedt
hatt
hecou
rtaccep
tss
omeexcep
tion
swh
ereevenwi
thou
tpr
oof
,
cou
rtt
akescogn
isan
ceofanal
l
egedf
act
.Th
isp
roces
sisk
nownast
aki
ngJ
udi
ci
alNot
ice
ofamat
teres
peci
al
lyLegal
,Con
sti
tut
ional
andCu
stomar
ymat
ter
s.

15
Cap6LawsofUganda
16
S103I
ncomeTaxAct

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