DI

GESTI
VESYSTEM
I
NTRODUCTI
ON
Di
ges
tion i
s t
he pr
oces
s by whi
ch f
ood i
s r
ender
ed abs
orbabl
e. The
di
ges
tive s
yst
em cons
ist
soft
heor
gansdi
rect
lyconcer
ned i
nther
ecept
ionand
di
ges
tion oft
he f
ood,i
tspas
saget
hrough t
hebody and t
he expul
sion oft
he
unabs
orbedpor
tion,The s
yst
em ext
endsf
rom t
hel
ipst
otheanusandpr
esent
sthe
f
oll
owi
ng di
vis
ions
:mout
h, phar
ynx;al
iment
ary canal(
oes
ophagus
,st
omach,
s
mal
lint
est
ineandl
argei
ntes
tine) andacces
sor
yor
gans(
teet
h,t
ongue,s
ali
var
y
gl
ands
,li
verandpancr
eas
).
Food i
sneed asa s
our
ceofheatand ener
gy and f
orgr
owt
hand t
her
epai
rs
of t
iss
ues
.Mos
tfoodmat
eri
alsneedt
obebr
okendownei
therbyenzymat
icor
mi
crobi
al act
ivi
ti
esi
nthei
ntes
tinall
umenbef
oret
heycanbeabs
orbedi
ntot
he
body.Themaj
or nut
rient
sder
ived f
rom f
ood ar
ecar
bohydr
ates
,pr
otei
nsf
ats
,
mi
ner
als
,vi
tami
nsand wat
er.
The di
ges
tion of f
ood di
ffer
sin di
ffer
ents
peci
es of ani
mal
s dependi
ng on
t
hei
rfeedi
ng habi
tsi
nthe nat
urals
tat
ethough domes
ticat
ion may i
nfl
uence
f
eedi
nghabi
ts(
e.gNi
ger
iadogsanddomes
ticat
edpi
gs)
.Ther
ear
ethr
eecl
ass
es
ofani
mal
sont
hebas
is off
eedi
nghabi
ts:
(
i)Car
nivor
es whi
ch eatf
les
h of ot
her ani
mal
.Mos
tof t
hei
r di
ges
tion i
s
enzymes
. E.
gdog,cat
,hyena.
(
ii
)Her
bivor
es whi
ch f
eed manl
y pl
antmat
eri
als
.Her
bivor
es ani
malar
e
ei
ther r
umi
nantornon-
rumi
nant
s.Rumi
nant
sar
eani
mal
sthatr
egur
git
ate
and r
emas
ticat
efood.E.
gCat
tle,Sheep,Goat
,Camel
.Theydependl
argel
y
on mi
crobi
al di
ges
tion (
fer
ment
ati
on) i
n t
hei
r f
ore-
stomachs
. Non-
r
umi
nant
s have s
impl
est
omachs e.
g hor
se and donkey.Mos
tof t
he
mi
crobi
aldi
ges
tion t
akespl
acei
nthel
argei
ntes
tine(
caecum andcol
on)
.
(
ii
i) Omni
vor
eswhi
cheatbot
hpl
antandani
malmat
eri
alsands
ocar
ry
outbot
h enzymat
ic and mi
crobi
aldi
ges
tion.E.
g Pi
g and Man.Under
domes
ticat
ion however
,pi
gsar
elar
gel
yher
bivor
ouswi
thmuchmi
crobi
al
di
ges
tioni
nthe l
argei
ntes
tine.
ANATOMYOFTHEDI
EGESTI
VESYSTEM
The di
ges
tive s
yst
em ext
ends f
rom t
he l
ips t
othe anus and pr
esent
sthe
f
oll
owi
ng di
vis
ions
:mout
h,phar
ynx,al
iment
ary canal(
oes
ophagus
,st
omach,
s
mal
lint
est
ineand l
argei
ntes
tine)andacces
sor
yor
gan(
teet
h,t
ongue,s
ali
var
y
gl
andsl
iverandpancr
eas
).

THEMOUTH
Themout
hist
hef
irs
tpar
toft
hedi
ges
tives
yst
em.I
tisbounded l
ater
all
y by
t
he checks
,dor
sal
lybyt
hepal
ate,vent
ral
lybyt
hebodyoft
hemandi
bleand
t
he myl
ohyoi
deusmus
cleandcaudal
lybyt
hes
oftpal
ate.Theent
ranceoft
he
mout
his cl
osedbyt
hel
ips
Wi
thi
nthecavi
tyoft
hemout
har
etwoacces
sor
yor
ganst
het
ongueandt
he t
eet
h.
Theduct
soft
hes
ali
var
ygl
andsopeni
ntot
hemout
h.

TONGUE
Thet
onguei
samus
cul
arand f
ibr
ousor
ganr
ichl
ysuppl
ied wi
thbl
oodves
sel
s
and ner
vesandcover
edwi
thahi
ghl
yspeci
ali
zedmucousmembr
ane.Thet
ongue
i
sst
art
ed ont
hef
looroft
hemout
hbet
weent
hemandi
blesi
tss
hapevar
iesi
nthe
di
ffer
ent ani
mal
sbuti
nal
l,i
tcons
ist
sofaf
reepar
tort
ip,ami
ddl
epar
t,t
he
bodyandacaudal par
t,t
her
oot

TEETH
The t
eet
h ar
ethe s
truct
ures us
ed f
or mas
ticat
ion.They ar
eimpl
ant
ed i
n
s
ocket
s oft
heupperandl
owerj
aws
.Ther
ear
e3t
ypesoft
eet
h.
The i
nci
sor
s ar
eimpl
ant
ed i
nthe i
nci
sive bones of t
he upper j
aw and i
n
t
he ant
eri
orpar
toft
hemandi
ble.Theyar
esi
tuat
edi
nthef
rontoft
hemout
hbut
ar
eabs
ent i
ntheupperf
rontoft
hecat
tles
heepandgoataswel
lasi
nmot
her
r
umi
nant
s.
The cani
nes ar
e s
ituat
ed behi
nd t
he i
nci
sor
s, bei
ng mos
t devel
oped i
n
t
he car
nivor
esandomni
vor
ous
.Theyar
eus
eles
stot
hedomes
ticat
edher
bivor
ous
ani
mal
s andi
nthem ar
eus
ual
lyofs
mal
lsi
ze.
They ar
e abs
enti
nthe upperj
awsofr
umi
nantand i
nthe l
owerj
awshave
moved f
orwar
dandas
sumedt
hes
hapeandf
unct
ionofi
nci
sor
s.
Themol
arsar
ether
emai
ningt
eet
h,s
ituat
edf
art
herbacki
nthemout
h.They have
br
oads
trongi
rregul
argr
indi
ngs
urf
aces
.
Thedent
alf
ormul
aeofs
omedomes
ticani
mal
sar
egi
venbel
ow:
3 1 4 2
Dog: 2(
I/3 C/1 P /4 M /3) 42
3 1 4 3
Pi
g: 2(
I/3 C/1 P /4 M /3)
Camel
: I1/3 C1/1
2( P3/2 M3/3)
Hor
se: I3/3 C1/1
2( P3-4/3 M3/3)
Cat
tle: I0/4 C0/0
2( P3/3 M3/3)
Sheep: I0/4 C0/0
2( P3/3 M3/3)
Rabbi
t: I2/1 C0/0
2( P3/2 M3/3) 28
Man: I2/2 C1/1
2( P2/2 M3/3) 32

SALI
VARYGLANDS
They ar
ethegl
andswhi
chs
ecr
etes
ali
va t
hrought
hei
rduct
swhi
chopeni
nto
t
he mout
h.Ther
ear
ethr
eepai
rsofgl
andss
ituat
edonei
thers
ideoft
hemout
h-
t
he par
oti
d,mandi
bul
arands
ubl
inguals
ali
var
ygl
ands
.
The par
oti
d gl
and l
iesi
nthe s
pace bel
ow t
he earand behi
nd t
he bor
derof
t
he l
owerj
aw.Themandi
bul
argl
andl
iesj
ustwi
thi
ntheangl
eoft
hel
owerj
aw,
undert
he l
owerpar
toft
hepar
oti
dgl
and.Thes
ubl
ingualgl
andl
iesatt
hes
ideof
t
her
ootoft
he t
ongue.
Each gl
and i
s made up of br
anchi
ng t
ubul
es cl
osel
y packed t
oget
her
and s
uppor
tedbyaf
ramewor
koff
ibr
oust
iss
ue.Thes
etubesar
eli
nedbycel
ls
whi
chs
ecr
ete t
hes
ali
vaandf
rom t
hei
rint
eri
orcomeduct
swhi
ch,uni
ti
ngwi
th
oneanot
her
,ul
ti
mat
ely f
ormt
hel
argeductwhi
chopeni
ntot
hemout
h.
PHARYNX
The phar
ynx i
s a mus
cul
o-membr
anous s
ac whi
ch bel
ongs t
othe di
ges
tive
and r
espi
rat
oryt
ract
sincommon.Ther
efor
e,t
heai
randf
oodpas
sagescr
ossi
n
t
he phar
yngealcavi
tyand i
tist
het
askoft
hephar
ynx t
odi
rectai
rand f
ood
pr
oper
lyt
o avoi
d choki
ng dur
ing t
hepas
sageoff
ood t
hrought
hiss
pace.The
phar
ynxi
ssomewhat f
unnel
-shaped,t
hel
arger
ost
ralpar
tjoi
ningt
hemout
hand
nas
alcavi
ty,whi
let
hes
mal
l endi
scont
inuedbyt
heoes
ophagus
.

ALI
MENTARYTRACT
The al
iment
aryt
racti
sthe r
out
etaken by t
he f
ood f
rom t
he mout
h unt
ili
t
i
s voi
dedt
otheout
side.Theal
iment
arycanali
ncl
udest
heoes
ophagus
,st
omach,
s
mal
lint
est
ineandl
argei
ntes
tine.

OESOPHAGUS
The oes
ophagus i
s a mus
cul
o-membr
anous t
ube whi
ch ext
ends f
rom t
he
phar
vnx pas
sest
hrought
het
hor
aci
ccavi
tyandt
hedi
aphr
agm ent
ert
hes
tomach.
I
nit
scour
se,i
tshowss
ever
aldevi
ati
onst
othel
efti
ntheneck,t
other
ightoft
he
aor
ticar
ch,and dor
salt
othebi
fur
cat
ionoft
het
raches
.
Theoes
ophagusi
scompos
ed ofa t
hickmus
cul
arwal
l,cover
ed ont
heout
side
by l
oos
efi
broust
iss
ueandl
inedbymucousmembr
ane.

STOMACH
The s
tomach i
sthe l
arge di
lat
ati
on of t
he al
iment
ary canal caudal t
o
t
he di
aphr
agm whi
chi
nter
venesbet
weent
heoes
ophagusandt
hes
mal
lint
est
ine.
I
n r
umi
nant
swhi
ch ar
e popul
arl
ythoughtt
o pos
sesf
ours
tomachs
,ther
e ar
e
t
hree di
lat
ati
onsoft
heoes
opahgusl
ying ant
eri
ort
othet
rues
tomach.Hence,
t
her
ear
etwo t
ypesofs
tomachi
nthedomes
ticani
mal
s:s
impl
est
omachand
compounds
tomach.

SI
MPLESTOMACH
Thes
impl
est
omach ast
ypi
calby t
hatoft
hehor
sel
iesi
ntheupper(
dor
sal
)
par
t oft
heabdomi
nalcavi
ty,behi
ndt
hedi
aphr
agm andl
iverandt
othel
eftof
t
hemi
ddl
e l
ineoft
hebody.I
tli
esbet
weent
hel
eveloft 3tht
he1 o17thr
ibs
,movi
ng
backwar
ds and f
orwar
ds bet
ween t
hes
e l
imi
ts dur
ing i
nspi
rat
ion and
expi
rat
ion.
The s
tomach cons
ist
s of a cur
ved, s
omewhat f
lat
tened ovoi
d s
ac,
ar
ranged s
omehow l
iket
hel
ett
er"
U"wi
tht
hreer
egi
ons
:it
sent
rance(
thecar
dia)
,
i
tsexi
t(t
he pyl
orus
)andt
hebodyoft
hes
tomach(
thef
undus
).Thecar
diaand
pyl
orusar
ecl
oset
o eachot
her
.
Ther
eisa s
phi
nct
er mus
cle att
he car
dia whi
ch guar
ds t
he ent
rance i
nto
t
he s
tomachf
rom t
heoes
ophagusand att
heot
herend i
sthepyl
ori
csphi
nct
er
whi
ch r
egul
atest
hepas
sageoff
oodmat
eri
alsf
rom t
hes
tomachi
ntot
hes
mal
l
i
ntes
tine.
The s
tomach i
s at
tached by f
olds of per
itoneum t
othe di
aphr
agm s
pleen,
l
iver
, col
on,s
mal
lint
est
ineandt
hepancr
eas
.

COMPOUNDSTOMACH
The compound s
tomach i
s pos
ses
sed by ani
mal
sthatr
umi
nat
e.Ther
e ar
e
t
wo s
ubor
der
sofani
mal
sthatr
umi
nat
e:
(
i)Rumi
nant
a,whi
ch i
ncl
udes t
he Deer
,Moos
e,El
k, Rei
ndeer
,Car
ibou,
Ant
elope,Gi
raf
fe,Bi
son,Mus
kOx,Cat
tle,SheepandGoat
s,and;
(
ii
)Tyl
opoda,whi
ch i
ncl
udes t
he Camel
,Il
ama,Al
paca and Vi
cuna.The
s
tomachi
ntyl
opoda ani
mal
siss
imi
lart
othatofr
umi
nant
aani
mal
s,t
he
omas
um i
sves
tigi
alorabs
ent
.
Ther
umi
nants
tomach occupi
esnear
lys
tomachoccupi
esnear
lyt
hree-
four
ths
of t
heabdomi
nalcavi
ty.I
tfi
llst
hel
efthal
foft
hecavi
ty(
exceptt
hes
mal
lspace
occupi
ed byt
hes
pleenandpar
toft
hes
mal
lint
est
ine)andext
endswel
lint
othe
r
ighthal
f.I
t cons
ist
soff
ourcompar
tment
s.Rumen,r
eti
cul
um,omas
um,and
abomas
um.Thef
irs
tthr
eepar
tscompr
iset
hef
ores
tomachorpr
ovent
ricul
us
whi
let
heabomas
um i
sthet
rue s
tomach.

RUMEN
The r
umen occupi
ed mos
t of t
he l
eft hal
f of t
he abdomi
nal cavi
ty and
ext
ends cons
ider
abl
ytot
her
ightoft
hemedi
anpl
anevent
ral
lyandcaudal
ly.I
t
ext
endsf
orwar
ds asf
arast
hes
pacebet he7th and8th r
weent ibsandbackt
othe
pel
vis
.Pos
ter
ior
lyt
he r
umen i
sdi
vided i
nto an upper(
dor
sal
)and a l
ower
(
vent
ral
)bl
inds
ac,bydeep depr
ess
ions
.Theent
ranceoff
oodi
ntot
her
umeni
s
byt
het
ermi
nat
ionoft
he oes
ophagus
.
The mucous membr
ane of t
he r
umen has numer
ous f
inger
-li
ke pr
oject
ions
(
about hal
fani
nchl
ong)knownasr
umi
nalpapi
llae.

RECTI
CULUM Thi
sist
he s
mal
les
toft
he di
vis
ions and t
he mos
tant
eri
orl
y
s
ituat
ed.I
tispl
aced i
mmedi
atel
ybehi
ndt
hedi
aphr
agm,pr
act
ical
lyi
nthemi
ddl
e
l
ineoft
hebodyandi
n f
rontoft
her
umen.I
tsent
rancei
sbyt
her
umenor
eti
cul
ar
or
ifi
ce and f
ood mat
eri
al pas
sesf
rom i
tby t
he r
eti
cul
o-omas
alor
ifi
ce.The
mucos
ali
ningoft
her
eti
cul
um hasan hor
ney-
combs
truct
ure.I
tisi
mpor
tantt
o
r
emembert
hatas
paceofonl
yani
nch s
epar
atest
hewal
loft
her
eti
cul
um f
rom
t
he hear
tsac (
per
icar
dium)and s
ince s
har
p - poi
ntf
orei
gn bodi
esar
e ver
y
f
requent
lys
wal
lowed by cat
tle and al
mos
tinvar
iabl
e become l
odged i
nthe
r
eti
cul
um,t
hedangerofs
uchf
orei
gnbodi
esbecomi
ngf
orced t
hrought
hewal
lof
t
her
eti
cul
um,i
ntoandt
hrought
hedi
aphr
agm ands
oint
o i
mmedi
atecont
actwi
th
t
hehear
tisver
ycons
ider
abl
e.

OMASUM
Thi
siss
pher
icali
nshape and opensi
ntot
he abomas
um t
hrough t
he omas
o-
abomas
olor
ifi
ce.Thet
hir
dst
omachl
iesovert
other
ightoft
hemi
ddl
eli
neof
t
hebody bet
weent evelof7th and1
hel 1th
r
ibsandl
iesbet
weent
her
umenandt
he
r
ight abdomi
nalwal
l,andmai
nlyabovet
heabomas
um.

ABOMASUM
Thi
sist
he t
rue di
ges
tive s
tomach of t
he r
umi
nantwhi
ch i
s an el
ongat
ed
f
las
k s
hapeds
ac,l
yingf
ort
hemos
tpar
tont
her
ightl
owerabdomi
nalf
loor
,to
t
her
ightoft
he r
umen and bel
ow t
heomas
um.I
treachesf
rom t
het
othe1
2
i
nter
cos
tal
sspaceand hasanent
rancef
rom t
heomas
um and anexi
tint
othe
s
mal
lint
est
ineoft
hepyl
orus
.
Theabomas
umsi
ssi
mil
art
othes
impl
est
omachofnon-
rumi
nant
sandcons
istof
al
mos
t al
lthes
truct
uresf
oundi
nthes
impl
est
omach.

SMALLI
NTESTI
NE
Thes
mal
lint
est
inei
sthet
ubewhi
chconnect
sthes
tomachwi
tht
hel
arge i
ntes
tine.
I
tbegi
nsatt
hepyl
orusandt
ermi
nat
esatt
hej
unct
ionoft
hecol
onand caecum.
The f
irs
tpar
tist
ermed t
he duodenum whi
let
he r
emai
nder i
s di
vided i
nto
par
tst
ermedt
hej
ejunum (
thel
onges
tsect
ionoft
hes
mal
lint
est
ine)andi
leum.
The duodenum i
sint
imat
elyr
elat
ed pos
iti
onal
ly wi
tht
hel
iver(
from whi
chi
t
r
ecei
vest
he pancr
eat
icduct
).

LARGEI
NTESTI
NE
The l
arge i
ntes
tine ext
endsf
rom t
he t
ermi
nat
ion oft
he i
leum t
othe anus
.It
i
s di
videdi
ntocaecum,col
onandr
ect
um.Thecaecum i
sa bl
inds
acwi
than
openi
ng i
ntot
hebegi
nni
ng oft
hecol
on.Thecol
on begi
nsatt
hecaeco- col
ic
or
ifi
ce and t
ermi
nat
es att
he r
ect
um att
he pel
vici
nlet
.The r
ect
um i
sthe
t
ermi
nal par
toft
hebowel
,itext
endsf
rom t
hepel
vici
nlett
otheanus
.

ANUS
Theanusi
sthet
ermi
nalpar
toft
heal
iment
ary canal
.Iti
ssi
tuat
ed bel
ow t
he
r
oot oft
het
ail
.It
slumen,t
heanalcanali
scl
osedexceptdur
ingdef
ecat
ingby
t
hecont
ract
ion oft
hes
phi
nct
ermus
cles
.

PANCREAS
The pancr
eas i
ssi
tuat
ed t
rans
ver
sel
y on t
he dor
salwal
lof t
he abdomen,
I
tres
embl
est
hes
ali
var
ygl
andsi
nappear
ancebuti
ssof
terandi
tsl
obul
esar
e
mor
e l
oos
elyuni
ted.

LI
VER
The l
iver i
sthe l
arges
t gl
and i
nthe body i
ssi
tuat
ed obl
iquel
y on t
he
abdomi
nal s
urf
ace of t
he di
aphr
agm.The l
iver i
s di
vided by f
iss
ures i
nto
l
obes
.

PHYSI
OLOGYOFTHEDI
GESTI
VESYSTEM
The pr
imar
yfunct
ions of t
he gas
troi
ntes
tinalt
ractand i
ts acces
sor
y or
gans
ar
e di
ges
tionand abs
orpt
ionofs
ubs
tancest
hatwoul
d bet
oxi
cift
heygai
ned
acces
stot
he body.The l
umen oft
he gas
troi
ntes
tinalt
ractcan t
her
efor
e be
cons
ider
edasbei
ng "
out
side”oft
hebody.
Di
ges
tion abs
orpt
ion and as
simi
lat
ion ar
ethe t
hree pr
oces
ses by whi
ch f
ood
i
sincor
por
ated i
ntot
he body.Di
ges
tion i
sthe pr
oces
s by whi
ch f
ood i
s
r
ender
ed abs
orbabl
e.As
simi
lat
ioni
sthepr
oces
swher
ebyt
heal
readydi
ges
ted
f
oods
tuf
fsar
e abs
orbedandut
il
izedbyt
het
iss
ues
.
Di
ges
tionoccur
sint
hemout
hst
omachandi
ntes
tine.

SALI
VARYDI
GESTI
ON
Sal
ivar
y di
ges
tion begi
ns as s
oon as t
he f
ood ent
ers t
he mout
h and
becomes mi
xed wi
ths
ali
va s
ecr
eted by t
he s
ali
var
y gl
ands
.Iti
s notver
y
t
hor
ough i
n ani
mal
ssuch as t
he dog whi
ch bol
tthei
rfood wi
thoutcar
eful
chewi
ng,buti
nthe hor
se dur
ing f
eedi
ng and i
nthe cat
tle and s
heep dur
ing
r
umi
nat
ion.I
treachesa gr
eat
ers
tat
e of per
fect
ion,es
peci
all
y when s
tar
chy
f
oodsar
eeat
en.Sal
ivahasnodi
ges
tiveact
ionupon pr
otei
ns.

FUNCTI
ONSOFSALI
VA
i
. The s
ali
va of dog cont
ains as enzyme cal
led pt
yal
in whi
ch act
ivel
y
changes t
he i
nsol
ubl
est
arch ofcar
bohydr
atef
oodsi
nto par
tlys
olubl
e
s
ugar
s.
i
i. The s
ali
va i
sincor
por
ated and mi
xed wi
th dr
yfoods dur
ing chewi
ng
f
or l
ubr
icat
ionoff
oodandeas
yswal
lowi
ng.
i
ii
. Sal
iva keepst
he or
almucos
a moi
stand t
he mout
hisr
ins
ed by s
ali
va
t
hus cont
ribut
ingt
oor
alhygi
ene.
i
v. The wat
er i
nsal
iva r
eadi
ly evapor
ates f
rom t
he buccalmucos
a and
t
his as
sis
tsi
nther
mor
egul
ati
on,par
ticul
arl
ydur
ingpai
nti
ng.
v. The s
ali
va i
nrumi
nant
s cont
ains s
mal
l amountof ur
ea whi
ch hel
ps
i
n r
ecycl
ingofni
trogen.

STOMACHDI
GESTI
ON
Di
ges
tioni
nthes
tomachbegi
nss
hor
tlyaf
tert
hef
oodent
erst
het
rues
tomach and
cont
inues unt
il i
t l
eaves t
his or
gan. Ther
e ar
e gr
eat di
ffer
ences i
n
domes
ticat
ed ani
mal
sduet
othet
wodi
ffer
entt
ypesofs
tomach.

SI
MPLESTOMACHDI
GESTI
ON
I
nthe hor
se,pi
g and dog when f
ood ent
erst
he s
tomach gas
tri
cjui
ce i
s
s
ecr
eted f
rom t
hedi
ges
tivegl
andss
ituat
edi
nit
swal
ls.Thi
sjui
cecont
ainst
he
enzymespeps
in, whi
chi
nthepr
esenceofdi
lut
eHCl
,al
soel
abor
ated byt
hes
e
gl
andsact
supont
he pr
otei
ncons
tit
uent
s.Bef
oreanyact
ionoccur
showever
,the
s
tomachact
ivel
yengagesi
n avi
gor
ouschur
ningmovementwhi
chhast
heef
fect
oft
oughl
y mi
xing t
hegas
tri
cjui
ce wi
tht
hef
ood aswel
lasbr
eaki
ng up t
he
f
ood.
The f
unct
ion oft
he s
tomach i
sto wor
m i
nges
ted f
ood up,i
ncor
por
ati
on wi
th
i
t gas
tri
cjui
ce,s
oft
ensi
t,andconver
tst
hewhol
emas
sint
oagr
ayi
shwhi
te(
inpi
g
and dog)andbr
owni
sh(
inhous
e)mas
sofuni
for
m cons
ist
ency,i
nwhi
chpar
ticl
es
oft
he var
iousf
oodst
akencanbeeas
ilyr
ecogni
zed.
Gas
tri
c l
ipas
e i
s anot
her enzyme pr
esent i
n bot
h r
umi
nant
s and s
impl
e-
s
tomachedani
mal
s,whi
chi
sconcer
nedwi
thpr
eli
minar
ydi
ges
tionoff
ast
s.
I
nthehor
se,f
ood s
taysi
nthes
tomachunt
ili
tisaboutt
wo-
thi
rdsf
ulland i
s
t
hen hur
ried t
hrought
othes
mal
lint
est
inet
omaker
oom f
orf
urt
heramount
s
ent
eri
ngf
rom t
hemout
h,andyeti
nspi
teoft
his
,thes
tomachi
spr
act
ical
lynever
f
ound empt
yaf
ter deal
th(
unl
esst
hehor
sehasbeens
tar
ved)
.Int
hisway,t
he
s
tomachoft
hehor
semay al
low anamountoff
oodt
woort
hreet
imesgr
eat
er
t
hani
tsmaxi
mum capaci
tyt
opas
sthr
oughi
tdur
ingf
eedi
ngbutwhennomor
e
f
oodi
staken,t
hes
tomachr
etai
nst
hel
ast por
tionsandonl
yal
lowst
hem t
opas
s
s
lowl
youti
ntot
hei
ntes
tine.
I
nthe pi
g and dog,f
ood i
sret
ained i
nthe s
tomach f
or a var
iabl
eti
me
accor
ding t
othes
tat
einwhi
chi
twass
wal
lowedandi
srumi
nat
ioni
sthepr
oces
s
wher
eby f
ood t
aken i
ntot
he s
tomach ofr
umi
nant
sisr
etur
ned t
othe mout
h
s
ubj
ect
edt
osecondmor
e t
hor
oughchewi
ngandi
sagai
nswal
lowed.
Thr
ough chur
ned and mi
xed wi
th gas
tri
c j
uice. Dur
ing t
his t
ime, t
he
s
oft
er por
tions al
ong wi
thf
lui
ds and s
emi
-fl
uids ar
esqueezed t
hrough t
he
pyl
orusi
ntot
he i
ntes
tine.Ass
oonasanys
oli
dhar
dmat
eri
alcomesi
ntocont
ain
wi
tht
hewal
lsneart
he pyl
orust
hel
att
eri
mmedi
atel
ycl
osest
ight
lyandr
etai
ns
t
hehar
dsubs
tance.

RUMI
NANTDI
GESTI
ON
I
nther
umi
nat
ingf
arm ani
mal
s,s
tomachdi
ges
tioni
scompl
icat
edbyt
he pr
esence
oft
hreecompar
tment
s(bef
oret
het
rues
tomachi
sreached)whi
char
e concer
ned
i
nthepr
epar
ati
onoft
hef
oodbef
orei
tent
erst
heabomas
um f
ort
rue di
ges
tion.
Al
thought
her
umenpos
ses
sesnot
ruedi
ges
tivegl
andst
akepl
acei
nitt
hrought
he
act
ivi
tyofcel
lul
ose-
spl
it
ti
ngandot
heror
gani
smswhi
char
enor
mal
ly pr
esenti
n
enor
mousnumber
s.I
nther
umen,bact
eri
abr
eakdownt
hecel
lul
ose(
whi
chf
orms
t
hes
truct
ural mat
eri
alofpl
ant
s)ands
tar
chbymeansofenzymesandconver
t
t
hem i
ntof
att
yaci
ds.
Thebact
eri
afal
lapr
ayt
opr
otozoawhi
chbes
idesdi
ges
tings
tar
ch,t
husper
for
m
t
he us
efult
ask ofconver
ting pl
antpr
otei
nint
o ani
malpr
otei
n.Thi
sbecomes
avai
labl
eto t
her
umi
nantwhent
hepr
otozoaar
elet
terdes
troyedf
urt
herdown
t
hedi
ges
tivet
rai
t andt
hems
elvesdi
ges
ted.
Af
tert
hef
oodhasbeens
ubj
ect
edt
otheact
ionoft
heor
gani
smsi
nther
umen and
has been chewed f
or a s
econd t
ime i
tiss
ent on i
ntot
he omas
um f
or
f
urt
her br
eaki
ngdownt
oreducef
oodmat
eri
alsi
ntof
inerpar
ticl
es.Theomas
um
al
sof
unct
ion t
oper
mitt
heabs
orpt
ionofvol
ati
lef
att
yaci
dsandt
ocompr
esst
he
i
nges
tat
owi
thdr
aw f
lui
dfr
om i
t.
The f
lui
d and f
iner par
ticl
es ar
e s
ent down i
nto t
he abomos
um wher
e
di
ges
tive gl
andsar
epr
esent
,and wher
ea f
orm ofdi
ges
tion s
imi
lart
o what
occur
sint
hes
tomach ofot
herani
mal
stakespl
ace.
Themai
nfunct
ionoft
her
eti
cul
um i
sto actasf
lui
dres
ervoi
rfr
om wher
ea
s
uppl
y off
lui
dcanbes
enti
ntoanycompar
tmentwher
eiti
sneededf
ornor
mal
di
ges
tion.

I
NTESTI
NALDI
GESTI
ON
The s
oft
ened s
emi
-fl
uid mat
eri
alwhi
ch l
eavest
he s
tomach commonl
y known
as '
chyme'i
saci
dics
incei
thasbeenwel
lmi
xedwi
thHCli
nthes
tomach.Shor
tly
af
ter ent
eri
ngt
hes
mal
lint
est
inei
tmeet
swi
thal
kal
inef
lui
dsandi
tsaci
dit
yis
neut
ral
ized
Thi
soccur
sthr
ought
heact
ionoft
hebi
lef
rom t
hel
iverandoft
hepancr
eat
icj
uice
f
rom t
hepancr
easj
uicef
rom t
hepancr
eas
.Theyar
ebot
hal
kal
inebutdi
ffer
gr
eat
lyi
nthei
rfunct
ions
.
The bi
le: (
i)
.Ai
ds t
he emul
sif
icat
ion of f
ats
,di
vidi
ng l
arge dr
opl
etsi
nto
t
iny gl
obul
eswhi
char
emor
eeas
ilys
pli
tint
othei
rcomponentpar
tsby ot
her
enzymespr
ior t
oabs
orpt
ion.(
ii
).As
sis
tsi
nkeepi
ngt
hei
ntes
tinalcont
ent
sasf
lui
d
and pr
event
sundue f
erment
ati
onand put
ref
act
iont
hroughi
tss
lightant
isept
ic
act
ion agai
nstput
ref
act
ive or
gani
sms(
ii
i)
.Its
timul
atesper
ist
als
isand (
iv)i
t
gi
vest
othef
acest
hei
rchar
act
eri
sti
c col
our
.
The pancr
eat
ic j
uice pos
ses
ses at l
eas
tthr
ee power
ful enzymes whi
ch
ar
e pr
obabl
ysuf
fici
enti
nthems
elvest
o ens
urecompl
etedi
ges
tion ofa f
ood
wi
thoutot
her as
sis
tance.(
i)
.Tr
yps
ini
sconcer
ned i
nthef
urt
hers
pli
tt
ing upof
pr
otei
nsubs
tances (
whi
ch have been par
tly act
ed upon by t
he peps
in oft
he
s
tomach)i
nto ami
no aci
ds.(
ii
). Amyl
ops
in act
s on car
bohydr
ate cons
tit
uent
s,
s
pli
tt
ingt
hem upi
ntos
ugar
sandot
her s
ubs
tances
.(i
ii
).Li
pas
eist
hef
ats
pli
tt
ing
enzymesoft
hepancr
eat
icf
lui
d.I
tact
s upont
het
inygl
obul
esoff
atwhi
chhave
beenemul
sif
iedbyt
hebi
leands
pli
tst
hem i
nto gl
ycer
olandf
att
yaci
d.
I
ntes
tinal j
uice pr
oduced by t
he i
ntes
tinal gl
ands i
s of ver
y compl
ex
compos
iti
on. I
tcont
ainsnumber
sofenzymesofwhi
cht
hemos
timpor
tantar
e:
er
eps
in,ent
eroki
nas
e, mal
tas
e,l
act
aseandi
nver
tas
e.
Er
eps
in compl
etes t
he br
eaki
ng up of any pr
otei
n whi
ch may have es
caped
t
he act
ionoft
hepeps
inandt
ryps
in.Ent
eroki
nas
eisconcer
nedwi
tht
hef
ormat
ion
of t
ryps
inf
rom i
tsf
ore-
runner t
ryps
inogen.Mal
tas
e,l
act
ase and i
nver
tas
e
compl
etet
he s
pli
tt
ing up ofcar
bohydr
atesi
ntos
olubl
esugar
s. Bact
eri
a al
so
haveamos
timpor
tantdi
ges
tivef
unct
ioni
nthei
ntes
tines
.Int
he l
argei
ntes
tinesof
her
bivor
ousani
mal
sthey havea cel
lul
oses
pli
tt
ing act
ion,whi
chi
ssomewhat
al
liedt
ofer
ment
ati
onandi
ssi
mil
art
otheact
ivi
tyoft
heor
gani
smspr
esent i
nthe
f
ore-
stomach of r
umi
nant
s. They act upon f
atsi
n a s
imi
lar manner t
o
t
he pancr
eat
icj
uice;t
heyf
orm cer
tai
nvol
ati
les
ubs
tancesf
rom pr
otei
ns.Whi
ch
gi
vet
he f
aecest
hei
rchar
act
eri
sti
codour
;they pr
oducel
act
icaci
dincer
tai
n
cas
es;andt
heymay des
troyal
kal
oidalpoi
sonswhi
chhavebeenf
ormeddur
ing
ot
hers
tagesofdi
ges
tion

ABSORPTI
ON
Wat
er pas
ses t
hrough t
he s
tomach i
nto t
he s
tomach i
nto t
he i
ntes
tine
al
mos
timmedi
atel
yiti
sabs
orbedver
yrapi
dlyandi
sthemedi
um t
hroughwhi
ch
al
lot
herf
ood pr
oduct
sar
etakenupi
ntobodywi
tht
hes
ingl
eexcept
ionoff
ats
.
The chyme whi
ch l
eavest
he s
tomach i
sconver
ted by t
he act
ion oft
he bi
le
and pancr
eat
icf
lui
dsi
ntoayel
lowi
sh-gr
eyorabr
owni
shgr
eenf
lui
dofcr
eamy
cons
ist
ency cal
led'
chyl
e'.Fr
om t
his
,thef
atsar
eabs
orbedbyt
hel
ymphves
sel
s
or‘
lact
eal
s'whi
ch occupyt
hecent
reofeachoft
hevi
llioft
hes
mal
lint
est
ines
.
Thevi
lliar
esmal
lfi
nger
-li
ke pr
oces
seswhi
chpr
ojectf
rom t
hewal
loft
hes
mal
l
i
ntes
tinei
ntoi
tsl
umenand ar
e t
her
efor
econt
inual
lyi
ncont
actwi
tht
hef
ood
pas
singt
hroughi
t.
Sugars
alt
sand ami
no aci
dspas
sdi
rect
lyi
ntot
hes
mal
lbl
ood-
ves
sel
sint
he
wal
ls oft
hei
ntes
tinesand ar
ecar
ried t
othel
iverand s
o ent
ert
hegener
al
ci
rcul
ati
on.
The f
ood i
s pas
sed onwar
ds t
hrough t
he var
ious f
olds and coi
ls of t
he
i
ntes
tines and t
he r
esi
dual unabs
orbed,us
eles
s cons
tit
uent
s ar
e event
ual
ly
di
schar
gedf
rom t
he r
ect
um andanusdur
ingt
hepr
oces
sofdef
ecat
ion.

ASSI
MILATI
ON
As
simi
lat
ion t
akes pl
aces s
lowl
y. Af
ter t
he pr
oduct
s of di
ges
tion have
been abs
orbed i
ntot
he bl
ood,t
hey ar
e car
ried r
ound t
he body,ul
ti
mat
ely
r
eachi
ngever
y or
ganandt
iss
ue,andt
hebodycel
lsext
ractf
rom t
hebl
oodi
nthe
capi
llar
ieswhat
ever nut
rit
ivepr
oduct
stheymayr
equi
ref
orgr
owt
horr
epai
r.
When t
he s
uppl
yis much i
n exces
s of i
mmedi
ater
equi
rement
s,t
he s
urpl
us
i
sst
oredup,asgl
ycogeni
nli
verormus
cleandasf
atdepos
itedi
nthel
oos
er
ar
easoft
he bodye.
gint
heper
itonealcavi
tyorar
oundvar
iousor
gansorunder
t
hes
kinandamong t
hemus
clef
ibr
es.