I

NTRODUCTI
ON
Gonear
ethosewhenr
etr
ibut
iveandpr
event
ivet
heor
iesofcr
imi
nalj
ust
ice
wer
e hol
ding t
he f
iel
din deal
i
ng wi
th cr
ime and cr
imi
nal
s.I
nrecent
decades,t
he r
ehabi
l
itat
ive appr
oaches i
n penol
ogy has gi
ven r
ise t
o
emer
genceoft
heconceptofr
est
orat
ivej
ust
ice.I
trepr
esent
sapar
adi
gm
shi
fti
ndi
spensat
ionofcr
imi
nalj
ust
icebyi
nvol
vi
ngt
heof
fender
,thev
ict
im,
t
he communi
tyand t
he gov
ernmentas a whol
eto ensur
e a bal
ance
bet
ween of
fender
’s puni
shment and pr
otect
ion of v
ict
im r
ight
s.
Compensat
oryr
eli
eft
ovi
cti
m i
sthekeyf
eat
ureofr
est
orat
ivej
ust
ice
1
sy
stem.

Whati
sRest
orat
iveJust
ice?
Rest
orat
ivej
ust
icei
sanew mov
ementi
nthef
iel
dsofv
ict
imol
ogyand
cr
imi
nol
ogy
.Acknowl
edgi
ng t
hatcr
ime causes i
njur
yto peopl
e and
communi
ti
es,
iti
nsi
stst
hatj
ust
icer
epai
rthosei
njur
iesandt
hatt
hepar
ti
es
beper
mit
tedt
opar
ti
cipat
eint
hatpr
ocess.Rest
orat
ivej
ust
icepr
ogr
ams,
t
her
efor
e,enabl
ethev
ict
im,t
heof
fenderandaf
fect
edmember
soft
he
communi
tyt
obedi
rect
lyi
nvol
vedi
nrespondi
ngt
othecr
ime.Theybecome
cent
ralt
othe cr
imi
nalj
ust
ice pr
ocess,wi
th gov
ernment
aland l
egal
pr
ofessi
onal
sser
vingasf
aci
l
itat
orsofasy
stem t
hatai
msatof
fender
account
abi
l
ity
,repar
ati
ont
othev
ict
im andf
ullpar
ti
ci
pat
ionbyt
hev
ict
im,
of
fenderandcommuni
ty.Ther
est
orat
ivepr
ocessofi
nvol
vi
ngal
lpar
ti
es–
of
teni
nface-
to-
facemeet
ings–i
sapower
fulwayofaddr
essi
ngnotonl
y

1
N.
V.PARANJAPE,Cri
minol
ogyandpenologywithvi
cti
mol
ogy673(
CENTRALLAW
PUBLI
CATI
ONS,ALLAHABAD15TH EDI
TION,2012)

1
t
he mat
eri
aland phy
sicali
njur
ies caused by cr
ime,butt
he soci
al,
psy
chol
ogi
cal
andr
elat
ional
inj
uri
esaswel
l
.

Adef
ini
ti
onofr
est
orat
ivej
ust
icet
hatemphasi
zest
hei
mpor
tanceofbot
h
r
est
orat
ivepr
ocessesandout
comesi
sthef
oll
owi
ng:

Rest
orat
ivej
ust
icei
sat
heor
yofj
ust
icet
hatemphasi
zesr
epai
ri
ngt
he
har
m causedorr
eveal
edbycr
imi
nalbehav
ior
.Iti
sbestaccompl
i
shed
t
hroughcooper
ati
vepr
ocessest
hati
ncl
udeal
lst
akehol
der
si.
e.v
ict
im,
2
of
fender
,communi
tyandt
hegov
ernment
.

Pr
act
icesandpr
ogr
amsr
efl
ect
ingr
est
orat
ivepur
poseswi
l
lrespondt
o
cr
imeby
:

1.i
dent
if
yingandt
aki
ngst
epst
orepai
rhar
m,
2.i
nvol
vi
ngal
lst
akehol
der
s,and
3.Tr
ansf
ormi
ngt
het
radi
ti
onalr
elat
ionshi
pbet
weencommuni
ti
esand
t
hei
rgov
ernment
sinr
espondi
ngt
ocr
ime.

Thef
oundat
ionalpr
inci
plesofr
est
orat
ivej
ust
icehav
ebeensummar
ized
asf
oll
ows:

1.Cr
imecauseshar
m andj
ust
iceshoul
dfocusonr
epai
ri
ngt
hathar
m.
2.Thepeopl
emostaf
fect
edbyt
hecr
imeshoul
dbeabl
etopar
ti
ci
pat
ein
i
tsr
esol
uti
on.
3.Ther
esponsi
bil
i
tyoft
hegov
ernmenti
stomai
ntai
nor
derandoft
he
3
communi
tyt
obui
l
dpeace.

2
ht
tp:
//www.d.
umn.edu/~j
maahs/Corr
ectional
%20Assessment/rj
%20brief
.pdf
.(
VISI
TEDON23- 04-
2017)
.
3
ht
tp:
//r
est
orat
ivej
usti
ce.
org/
rest
orat
ive-
justi
ce/about
-r
est
orat
ive-j
ust
ice/t
utor
ial
-i
ntr
o-t
o-r
est
orati
ve-

2
 CHARACTERI
SATI
ONOFRESTORATI
VEJUSTI
CEPROGRAMS
Ther
eisar
angeofRest
orat
iveJust
icePr
ogr
amsacr
ossf
iel
dsasdi
ver
se
asj
ust
ice(
pol
i
cing,cor
rect
ions,andj
uveni
l
ejust
ice)
,school
s,wor
kpl
aces,
or
gani
zat
ions,
fai
thgr
oups,
fami
l
yandcommuni
ty.
Rest
orat
iveJust
icePr
ogr
amsar
echar
act
eri
zedbyf
ourkeyv
alues:

 Encount
er:Rest
orat
ivej
ust
icepl
acesahi
ghv
alueonhav
ingt
hev
ict
im and
of
fenderencount
eroneanot
her
.Thi
sencount
ermi
ghtbedonedi
rect
lyi
na
meet
ingbet
weent
het
wo(
andper
hapsot
her
saswel
l
)wi
thaf
aci
l
itat
or
assi
sti
ngt
hem.I
tcanbedonei
ndi
rect
lyt
hroughexchangeofl
ett
ers,
videos
andbymessagesdel
i
ver
edbyat
hir
dpar
ty.Cr
eat
ingoppor
tuni
ti
esf
or
v
ict
ims,of
fender
s(wr
ongdoer
s),t
hei
rfami
l
iesandcommuni
tymember
s
whowantt
odosot
omeett
odi
scusst
hecr
ime(
inci
dent
)andi
tsi
mpact
ont
hem.

 Amends:Rest
orat
ivej
ust
iceseekst
orepai
rthehar
m donebycr
ime.
Whenev
erpossi
blet
hisr
epai
rshoul
dbedonebyt
heper
sonsr
esponsi
ble
f
ort
hehar
m.Thati
swhyr
est
orat
ivej
ust
icev
aluesef
for
tsbyof
fender
sto
makeamends.Expect
ingwr
ongdoer
stot
akest
epst
orepai
rthehar
mthey
hav
ecausedbycompensat
ingv
ict
ims,gi
vi
ngev
erypossi
bleassi
stancet
o
t
hev
ict
im andanapol
ogybyof
fender
.

 Rei
ntegr
ati
on:Cr
imecausesi
njur
ies.I
tal
socanr
esul
tinbot
hthev
ict
im
and of
fenderexper
ienci
ng st
igmat
izat
ion.Ther
efor
e,r
est
orat
ivej
ust
ice

j
ust
ice/
lesson-
1-what
-i
s-r
est
orat
ive-
just
ice/
.(VI
SITEDON23-
04-
2017)
.

3
 pl
acesahi
ghv
alueont
her
eint
egr
ati
onoft
hev
ict
im andoft
heof
fender
.
Thegoali
stohav
ethem becomewhol
e,cont
ri
but
ingmember
soft
hei
r
communi
ti
es.Seeki
ngt
orest
orev
ict
imsandof
fender
stowhol
eness,t
o
becomecont
ri
but
ingmember
sofsoci
ety
.

 I
ncl
usi
on:Rest
orat
ivej
ust
ice pr
ocesses ar
e mor
eincl
usi
vet
han t
he
t
radi
ti
onalcr
imi
nalj
ust
ice pr
ocesses.Theyact
ivel
yinv
ite al
laf
fect
ed
par
ti
es-
-vi
cti
ms,of
fender
s,and communi
ty member
s--
to par
ti
ci
pat
ein
r
esol
vi
ngt
hecr
ime.

I
ncl
usi
onseekst
hef
ull
par
ti
cipat
ionofal
lpar
ti
es,
andi
tisaccompl
i
shedby
(
1)i
nvi
ti
ngal
lint
erest
edpar
ti
est
opar
ti
cipat
e,(
2)expect
ingt
hepar
ti
est
o
pur
suet
hei
rowni
nter
est
s,and(
3)bei
ngf
lexi
bleenought
oacceptnew
appr
oachesr
elev
antt
othepar
ti
cul
arsi
tuat
ion.Pr
ovi
dingoppor
tuni
ti
esf
or
par
ti
eswi
thast
akei
naspeci
fi
ccr
imeori
nci
dentt
opar
ti
ci
pat
eini
ts
4
r
esol
uti
on.

JOHNSTONE (
2002)i
dent
if
iesf
ouri
deast
hatchar
act
eri
zer
est
orat
ive
j
ust
ice:
-

1.Cr
imei
s,i
nessence,av
iol
ati
onofaper
sonbyanot
herper
sonand
t
hisi
smuchmor
esi
gni
fi
cantt
hant
hebr
eachofl
egal
rul
es.

2.Thepr
imeconcer
ninr
espondi
ngt
othecr
imeshoul
dbet
orespond
t
ovi
cti
ms needs and pr
eventf
urt
her v
ict
imi
zat
ion by maki
ng
of
fender
sawar
eoft
hehar
mthatt
heyhav
ecausedandt
opr
event
t
hem r
epeat
ingt
hathar
m.

4
ht
tps:
//www.
rpi
assn.
org/
pract
ice-
areas/
what
-i
s-r
est
orat
ive-
just
ice/
.(VI
SITEDON24-
04-
2017)
.

4
 3.Thenat
ureofr
epar
ati
onandmeasur
est
opr
eventr
eof
fendi
ngshoul
d
bedeci
dedcol
l
ect
ivel
yandconsensual
l
ybyof
fender
s,v
ict
imsand
r
epr
esent
ati
vesoft
hecommuni
ty.

4.Ef
for
tsshoul
d bemadet
oimpr
ovet
her
elat
ionshi
p bet
weent
he
v
ict
im andt
heof
fenderandt
orei
ntegr
atet
hev
ict
im andof
fender
i
ntot
hecommuni
ty.

Al
ong Johnst
one’
sideas,Dal
yrai
ses cer
tai
n poi
nts aboutr
est
orat
ive
j
ust
icet
hatcanbeusedt
oanal
yzehow r
est
orat
iveser
vicesf
orv
ict
ims
shoul
dwor
k.Shesuggest
srest
orat
ivej
ust
iceshoul
dbeaboutr
epai
ri
ng
har
m and pr
omot
ing di
alogue and negot
iat
ion bet
ween t
he af
fect
ed
5
par
ti
es.

RESTORATI
VEJUSTI
CEPROGRAMS

Anumberofpr
ogr
amshav
ebecomeassoci
atedwi
thr
est
orat
ivej
ust
ice
becauseoft
hepr
ocessest
heyuset
orespondt
oandr
epai
rthehar
m
causedbycr
ime:

 v
ict
im-
off
endermedi
ati
on 
progr
amsuset
rai
nedmedi
ator
sto br
ing
v
ict
imsandt
hei
rof
fender
stoget
heri
nor
dert
odi
scusst
hecr
ime,i
ts
af
ter
mat
h,andt
hest
epsneededt
omaket
hingsr
ight
 ci
rcl
es 
aresi
mil
art
ovi
cti
m-of
fendermedi
ati
on,but
 di
ff
eri
nthatt
hey
i
nvol
venotonl
ytheof
fenderandv
ict
im,
butal
sot
hei
rfami
l
ymember
s,
communi
tymember
s,andgov
ernmentr
epr
esent
ati
ves
 conf
erenci
ng 
progr
amsar
eal
sosi
mil
art
ovi
cti
m-of
fendermedi
ati
on,
buthav
etendedt
omor
ecl
osel
yli
nkedt
othecr
imi
nalj
ust
icesy
stem

5
BRI
ANSTOUT,
JOEYATES,
BRI
ANWI AMSAppl
LLI i
edCr
imi
nol
ogy169(
SAGEPUBLI
CATI
ONS)
.

5
 t
hanei
therVOM orci
rcl
es
 v
ict
im-
off
enderpanel
s br
ingt
oget
hergr
oupsofunr
elat
edv
ict
imsand
of
fender
s,l
i
nkedbyacommonki
ndofcr
imebutnotbyt
hepar
ti
cul
ar
cr
imest
hathav
einv
olv
edt
heot
her
s
 v
ict
im assi
stancepr
ogr
ams 
prov
ideser
vicest
ocr
imev
ict
imsast
hey
r
ecov
erf
rom t
he cr
ime and pr
oceed t
hrough t
he cr
imi
nalj
ust
ice
pr
ocess
 ex-
off
enderassi
stance 
progr
amspr
ovi
deser
vicest
oof
fender
swhi
l
e
t
heyar
einpr
isonandont
hei
rrel
ease
Al
thoughr
epar
ati
vei
nnat
ure,t
hef
oll
owi
ngout
comesar
enoti
nher
ent
ly
r
est
orat
ivesi
ncet
heycanbe-
-andhav
ebeen-
-usedi
nway
sthatar
emor
e
dest
ruct
ive orv
indi
cti
vet
han r
epar
ati
ve.Howev
er,when t
heyar
ethe
out
comeofar
est
orat
ivepr
ocess,t
heycanpr
ovi
dei
mpor
tantav
enuesf
or
"
maki
ngt
hingsr
ight
".
 r
est
it
uti
on 
progr
amsr
equi
reof
fender
stor
epayt
hosewhohav
ebeen
har
medbyt
hei
rof
fenses,gener
all
ythr
oughmonet
arypay
ment
sbuti
n
somecasest
hroughi
n-ki
ndser
vicest
othev
ict
ims
 communi
tyser
vice 
progr
amsr
equi
reof
fender
stoaddr
esst
hei
ndi
rect
har
mtoacommuni
tycausedbycr
imebyper
for
mingunpai
dwor
kthat
benef
it
sthecommuni
ty
 v
ict
im compensat
ion f
unds 
prov
ide pay
ment t
ovi
cti
ms by t
he
gov
ernmentoranot
herpar
tyunr
elat
edt
otheof
fender
,inanamount
6
basedont
henat
ureandext
entoft
hehar
mrecei
ved.

6
ht
tp:
//r
estorati
vej
ust
ice.
org/r
est
orat
ive-
just
ice/about
-r
est
orat
ive-
just
ice/
tut
ori
al-
int
ro-
to-
rest
orat
ive-
j
usti
ce/
lesson-3-
progr
ams/ .(
VISI
TEDON24- 04-2017)

6
RESTORATI
VEJUSTI
CEAROUNDTHEWORLD

Al
thoughr
est
orat
ivej
ust
icei
slesst
han20y
ear
sol
d,i
tsi
nfl
uencehas
spr
eadar
oundt
hewor
ldatar
emar
kabl
espeed.Wecant
racki
nter
nat
ional
dev
elopmenti
ntwobasi
ccat
egor
ies:

I
nnov
ati
onbycount
ri
esi
nthei
ruseofr
est
orat
ivej
ust
ice,

I
ntegr
ati
onbycount
ri
esofr
est
orat
ivei
deasi
ntot
hei
rjust
icesy
stems.

I
nnov
ati
on:
-

Fol
l
owi
ngar
eexampl
esofi
nnov
ati
ver
est
orat
ivepr
act
ices:

 I
ndi
genousorcust
omar
ypr
act
icesar
ebei
ngadapt
edf
orusei
nthe
cr
imi
nalj
ust
icesy
stem.Exampl
esoft
hisi
ncl
udeconf
erenci
ngand
ci
rcl
es

 Vi
cti
m-of
fenderencount
ersar
etaki
ngpl
acei
nsi
depr
isonsi
nEur
ope
andNor
thAmer
ica.I
nsomei
nst
ancest
hisi
nvol
vesv
ict
imsmeet
ing
wi
tht
hei
rof
fender
sinaki
ndof"
postsent
enci
ngmedi
ati
on;
"iti
sev
en
used i
nthi
swayon deat
hrow i
n Texas.I
n ot
heri
nst
ancest
he
meet
ingsi
nvol
vegr
oupsofunr
elat
edv
ict
imsandof
fender
s.These
"
sur
rogat
e"encount
ersmaybeusedbecauset
heact
ualv
ict
im or
of
fenderi
sunknownorunav
ail
abl
e,orasapr
epar
ator
yst
ept
owar
da
meet
ingoft
heper
sonwi
tht
heact
ual
vict
im orof
fender
.

 "
Cir
clesofSuppor
t"i
nCanadawor
kwi
thser
ioussexualof
fender
s
(
oft
engui
l
tyofpaedophi
l
ia)r
eleasedi
ntof
ear
fulcommuni
ti
esatt
he
concl
usi
onoft
hei
rsent
ences.Thepr
ogr
am i
ncr
easessaf
etyoft
he
publ
i
c byest
abl
i
shi
ng a r
eint
egr
ati
on pl
an wi
tht
he of
fender
,by
r
egul
arl
ymoni
tor
ingt
hebehav
iouroft
heof
fender
,andbyensur
ing
7
 t
hatcommuni
tyr
esour
cesneededbyt
heof
fenderar
emadeav
ail
abl
e.
I
tensur
es t
he saf
ety oft
he of
fenderby of
fer
ing a f
orum f
or
communi
tymember
stov
oicet
hei
rconcer
ns,byi
nter
veni
ngwi
th
communi
tymember
swhennecessar
y,andbywor
kingwi
tht
hepol
i
ce
andot
heraut
hor
it
iest
opr
ovi
depr
otect
ionandser
vicesasneeded.

 Uni
que pr
ison r
egi
mes hav
e dev
eloped i
n Lat
in Amer
ica and
el
sewher
einwhi
chpr
isoner
svol
unt
eert
ost
ayatf
aci
l
iti
esr
unl
argel
y
byv
olunt
eer
sandt
hepr
isoner
s.Ther
egi
mesest
abl
i
shapar
ti
cul
ar
spi
ri
tualorcul
tur
alet
host
hati
nvol
vesl
ear
ningt
hroughexampl
eand
appr
ent
iceshi
p.

 Vi
cti
m-of
fender
-communi
ty meet
ings ar
e bei
ng done at many
phasesoft
hej
ust
icepr
ocess.Theyar
erunbypol
i
cepr
iort
ochar
ge,
bypr
obat
ionof
fi
cer
sandonoccasi
onbypar
oleof
fi
cer
sinCanada.
Thi
sisi
naddi
ti
ont
other
icht
radi
ti
onofNGOpr
ovi
si
onofcommuni
ty
-
basedv
ict
im-
off
ender
-communi
tymeet
ings.

 Rest
orat
ivepr
ocessesar
ebei
ngusedt
oaddr
essconf
li
ctbet
ween
ci
ti
zens and t
he gov
ernment
.Ex
ampl
es i
ncl
ude t
he Tr
uth and
Reconci
l
iat
ionCommi
ssi
oni
nSout
hAf
ri
caandt
heTr
eat
yofWai
tangi
Commi
ssi
oni
nNewZeal
and.

I
ntegr
ati
on:
-

Ther
e ar
e al
so si
gns t
hat r
est
orat
ive appr
oaches ar
ejoi
ning t
he
mai
nst
ream ofj
ust
icear
oundt
hewor
ld.

 Legi
slat
iveact
ionhasr
educedl
egalorsy
stemi
cbar
ri
erst
otheuse

8
 of r
est
orat
ive pr
ogr
ams,cr
eat
ed l
egali
nducement
sfor usi
ng
r
est
orat
ivepr
ogr
ams,gui
dedandst
ruct
uredr
est
orat
ivepr
ogr
ams,
andpr
otect
edt
her
ight
sofof
fender
sandv
ict
ims.

 Fundi
ngandst
afff
orpr
ogr
amsi
sexpandi
ng.Bel
gium,f
orexampl
e,
hasadopt
eda"
GlobalPl
an"t
ofi
ghtunempl
oymentandt
ochange
cer
tai
naspect
sofcr
imi
nalj
ust
ice.Muni
ci
pal
i
tiesr
ecei
vef
undi
ngf
or
pr
ogr
am st
affi
ftheyagr
eet
ohel
pcar
ryoutcer
tai
npenalsanct
ions
andmeasur
essuchaspol
i
ced-
basedmedi
ati
on.

 Jur
isdi
cti
on-
widepl
anni
ngi
sincor
por
ati
ngr
est
orat
ivepr
inci
plesi
na
sy
stemi
cfr
amewor
k.Thi
shasbeendoneatt
hest
ateandpr
ovi
nci
al
l
evel
,andonanat
ionall
eveli
nsomecount
ri
es.Thepur
poseoft
he
ex
erci
sei
stoi
nvol
vecr
imi
nalj
ust
icepr
ofessi
onal
sandmember
sof
t
hecommuni
tyi
napr
ocesst
hatl
eadst
oapl
anf
ori
mpl
ement
ati
on
andexpansi
onofr
est
orat
iveappr
oaches.

 Thenumberofr
est
orat
ivepr
ogr
amsi
sgr
owi
ng.Ther
ear
emor
ethan
500medi
ati
onpr
ogr
amsandpr
oject
sinEur
ope,andov
er300i
nthe
US.ACanadi
ansur
veyofr
est
orat
ivepr
ogr
amsandpr
oject
sint
hat
count
ryr
esul
tedi
nov
er100l
i
sti
ngs.

 I
nter
gov
ernment
albodi
esar
etaki
ngnot
eofr
est
orat
ivej
ust
ice.I
n
1999t
heCommi
tt
eeofMi
nist
ersoft
heCounci
lofEur
opeadopt
eda
r
ecommendat
ionont
heuseofmedi
ati
oni
npenalmat
ter
s.TheUN'
s
I
nter
nat
ionalHandbook on Just
ice f
orVi
cti
ms not
es t
hat"
the
f
ramewor
kforr
est
orat
ivej
ust
icei
nvol
vest
heof
fender
,thev
ict
im,
andt
heent
ir
ecommuni
tyi
nef
for
tst
ocr
eat
eabal
ancedappr
oach
t
hati
sof
fender
-di
rect
ed and,att
hesamet
ime,v
ict
im cent
ered.

9
 Vi
cti
m compensat
ionhasbecomeakeyf
eat
ureofr
est
orat
ivej
ust
ice
7
i
nmanydev
elopedcount
ri
es.
"

RESTORATI
VEJUSTI
CEI
NINDI
A

Real
i
sat
ionofmi
stake,
admi
tt
anceofgui
l
tandf
orgi
venessar
esomeoft
he
essent
ialr
equi
rement
sofr
est
orat
ivej
ust
ice.Thepr
esentI
ndi
ancr
imi
nal
j
ust
icesy
stem – ahangov
eroft
hecol
oni
alt
imes– har
dlybear
sany
r
esembl
ance t
oinst
ances ofr
est
orat
ivej
ust
ice orf
orgi
veness oft
he
anci
entt
imesort
hemoder
nonesout
sidet
hef
ormalsy
stem.Butwedo
hav
ethephenomenaofcompensat
ionf
ort
hev
ict
ims.

I
nIndi
a,st
udyhasf
oundt
hatdi
sput
eresol
uti
onout
sidet
hef
ormalcour
t
sy
stem wasef
fect
ivesi
ncet
imei
mmemor
iali
nsomef
orm orot
her
.The
pr
esentsy
stem ofcour
tannexed set
tl
ementaswel
lasout
sidecour
t
set
tl
ementpr
ovi
desagol
denoppor
tuni
tyt
othedi
sput
antt
oresol
vet
hei
r
di
sput
ethr
ough t
he mechani
sm bestsui
ted t
othem.Such pl
ent
yof
mechani
sm whi
chhav
ethecomponent
sofr
est
orat
ivej
ust
icehel
pal
arge
numberofpar
ti
est
oset
tl
ethei
rdi
sput
esout
sidecour
t.Rest
orat
ivej
ust
ice
pr
ovi
desal
argenumberofadv
ant
agesi
ncompar
isont
otheadj
udi
cat
ory
pr
ocesses,suchasspeedydi
sposal
,costef
fect
iveness,mai
ntenanceof
goodr
elat
ionshi
pandchancesofcont
inui
tyofr
elat
ionshi
p,l
essf
ormal
i
ty,
mor
ecompl
i
anceet
c.I
ndi
ff
erentpar
tsoft
hewor
ld,peopl
est
art
edusi
ng
r
est
orat
ivej
ust
icesy
stem wi
thi
ncr
imi
nalJust
iceSy
stem i
ndi
ff
erentway
s,
suchaspl
eabar
gai
ning,
Vict
im-
Off
enderMedi
ati
on,
outofcour
tset
tl
ement
et
c.Benef
it
s obt
ained by such pr
ocesses i
n ot
herj
uri
sdi
cti
ons hav
e
7
ht
tp:
//www.
d.umn.
edu/
~jmaahs/
Cor
rect
ional
%20Assessment
/rj
%20br
ief
.pdf
.(
VISI
TEDON24-
04-
2017)
.

10
compel
l
ed ourl
egi
slat
uret
o use i
twi
thi
nthe I
ndi
an Cr
imi
nalJust
ice
Sy
stem.Ther
esul
tofsuchi
ncor
por
ati
onofdi
ff
erentpr
ocesseswi
thi
n
cr
imi
nalj
ust
icei
semer
genceof‘
PleaBar
gai
ning’underChapt
er21Aof
cr
imi
nalpr
ocedur
e.Mor
eov
er,si
nce t
he begi
nni
ng of t
he cr
imi
nal
pr
ocedur
einI
ndi
ather
e wer
e pr
ovi
si
ons whi
ch coul
d hav
e been
i
nst
rument
alf
orusi
ngr
est
orat
ivej
ust
icewi
thi
nCJSsuchascompoundi
ng
ofof
fence,wi
thdr
awi
ngf
rom pr
osecut
ionet
c.Thust
hest
udyshowst
hat
outofcour
tset
tl
ementwi
thi
ncr
imi
nalj
ust
icesy
stem wasnotal
i
eni
nIndi
a
.
Insuigener
isPl
eaBar
gai
ningpr
ocessv
ict
imsgetr
ight
stodeci
deabout
t
hecase,par
ti
cipat
eint
hepr
ocessal
ongwi
thot
herst
akehol
der
sandi
f
t
hei
raspi
rat
ions ar
eful
fi
ll
ed set
tl
ed t
he case by v
irt
ue of‘
mut
ual
l
y
sat
isf
act
orydi
sposi
ti
on’
.Thi
spr
ocessi
snot
hing butf
ulf
il
lmentoft
he
r
est
orat
ivej
ust
icesy
stem.Si
mil
arl
yot
herpr
ocessesf
oll
owedi
nIndi
asuch
asLok-
Adal
at,compoundi
ngofof
fenceset
c.gi
veenor
mousr
ight
stot
he
v
ict
ims t
o deci
de aboutt
hei
rown case whi
ch makes t
he pr
ocess a
r
est
orat
ivej
ust
icepr
ocess.Mor
eov
er,t
hepr
ocessl
i
keVi
cti
m-Of
fender
Medi
ati
on whi
ch i
s notpr
eval
enti
nIndi
a may be pr
act
iced and t
he
out
comecanber
ecogni
zedt
hroughcour
tbycompoundi
ngofof
fences.
Thust
heuseofal
lsuchpr
ocesseswi
thi
ncr
imi
nalj
ust
icesy
stem i
sin
8
r
eal
i
tyapot
entt
ool
topr
ovi
der
est
orat
ivej
ust
icei
nIndi
a.

Sect
ion357ofTheCodeOfCr
imi
nalPr
ocedur
e,1973

Or
dert
opaycompensat
ion.
(
1) 
WhenaCour
timposesasent
enceoff
ineorasent
ence(
incl
udi
nga
sent
enceofdeat
h)ofwhi
chf
inef
ormsapar
t,t
heCour
tmay
,whenpassi
ng

8
ht
tps:
//paper
s.ssr
n.com/
sol
3/paper
s.cf
m?abst
ract
_id=2566126(
VISI
TEDON24-
04-
2017)
.

11
j
udgment
,or
dert
hewhol
eoranypar
toft
hef
iner
ecov
eredt
obeappl
i
ed-
(
a) 
i
ndef
ray
ingt
heexpensespr
oper
lyi
ncur
redi
nthepr
osecut
ion;
(
b) 
i
nthepay
mentt
oanyper
sonofcompensat
ionf
oranyl
ossori
njur
y
causedbyt
heof
fence,whencompensat
ioni
s,i
ntheopi
nionoft
heCour
t,
r
ecov
erabl
ebysuchper
soni
naCi
vi
lCour
t;
(
c) 
whenanyper
soni
sconv
ict
edofanyof
fencef
orhav
ingcausedt
he
deat
hofanot
herper
sonorofhav
ingabet
tedt
hecommi
ssi
onofsuchan
of
fence,i
npay
ingcompensat
iont
otheper
sonswhoar
e,undert
heFat
al
Acci
dent
sAct
,1855(
13of1855)
,ent
it
ledt
orecov
erdamagesf
rom t
he
per
sonsent
encedf
ort
hel
ossr
esul
ti
ngt
othem f
rom suchdeat
h;
(
d) 
whenanyper
soni
sconv
ict
edofanyof
fencewhi
chi
ncl
udest
hef
t,
cr
imi
nalmi
sappr
opr
iat
ion,
cri
minalbr
eachoft
rust
,orcheat
ing,
orofhav
ing
di
shonest
lyr
ecei
ved orr
etai
ned,orofhav
ing v
olunt
ari
l
y assi
sted i
n
di
sposi
ngof
,st
olenpr
oper
tyknowi
ngorhav
ingr
easont
obel
i
evet
hesame
t
obest
olen,
incompensat
inganybonaf
idepur
chaserofsuchpr
oper
tyf
or
t
hel
ossoft
hesamei
fsuchpr
oper
tyi
srest
oredt
othepossessi
onoft
he
per
sonent
it
ledt
her
eto.
(
2) 
Ift
hef
inei
simposedi
nacasewhi
chi
ssubj
ectt
oappeal
,nosuch
pay
mentshal
lbemadebef
oret
heper
iodal
l
owedf
orpr
esent
ingt
heappeal
hasel
apsed,
or,
ifanappeal
bepr
esent
ed,
bef
oret
hedeci
si
onoft
heappeal
.
(
3) 
WhenaCour
timposesasent
ence,ofwhi
chf
inedoesnotf
orm apar
t,
t
heCour
tmay
,whenpassi
ngj
udgment
,or
dert
heaccusedper
sont
opay
,
bywayofcompensat
ion,suchamountasmaybespeci
fi
edi
ntheor
dert
o
t
heper
sonwhohassuf
fer
edanyl
ossori
njur
ybyr
easonoft
heactf
or
whi
cht
heaccusedper
sonhasbeensosent
enced.
(
4) 
Anor
derundert
hissect
ionmayal
sobemadebyanAppel
l
ateCour
tor

12
byt
heHi
ghCour
torCour
tofSessi
onwhenexer
cisi
ng i
tspower
sof
r
evi
sion.
(
5) 
Att
het
imeofawar
dingcompensat
ioni
nanysubsequentci
vi
lsui
t
r
elat
ingt
othesamemat
ter
,theCour
tshal
ltakei
ntoaccountanysum pai
d
orr
ecov
eredascompensat
ionundert
hissect
ion.

Sect
ion357AofCRPC

Vi
cti
m compensat
ion scheme.-
 (
1) Ev
ery St
ate Gov
ernmenti
n co-
or
dinat
ion wi
tht
he Cent
ralGov
ernmentshal
lpr
epar
e a scheme f
or
pr
ovi
ding f
undsf
ort
hepur
poseofcompensat
iont
othev
ict
im orhi
s
dependent
swhohav
esuf
fer
edl
ossori
njur
yasar
esul
toft
hecr
imeand
whor
equi
rer
ehabi
l
itat
ion.

(
2)Whenev
erar
ecommendat
ioni
smadebyt
heCour
tforcompensat
ion,
t
heDi
str
ictLegalSer
viceAut
hor
it
yort
heSt
ateLegalSer
viceAut
hor
it
y,as
t
hecasemaybe,
shal
ldeci
det
hequant
um ofcompensat
iont
obeawar
ded
undert
heschemer
efer
redt
oinsub-
sect
ion(
1).
 

(
3)I
fthet
ri
alCour
t,att
heconcl
usi
onoft
het
ri
al,i
ssat
isf
ied,t
hatt
he
compensat
ion awar
ded undersect
ion 357 i
s notadequat
eforsuch
r
ehabi
l
itat
ion,orwher
ethecasesendi
nacqui
tt
alordi
schar
geandt
he
v
ict
im has t
o be r
ehabi
l
itat
ed,i
t may make r
ecommendat
ion f
or
compensat
ion.
 

13
(
4)Wher
etheof
fenderi
snott
racedori
dent
if
ied,
butt
hev
ict
imi
sident
if
ied,
andwher
enot
ri
alt
akespl
ace,t
hev
ict
im orhi
sdependent
smaymakean
appl
i
cat
iont
otheSt
ateort
heDi
str
ictLegalSer
vicesAut
hor
it
yforawar
dof
compensat
ion.
 

(
5)Onr
ecei
ptofsuchr
ecommendat
ionsoront
heappl
i
cat
ionundersub-
sect
ion(
4),
theSt
ateort
heDi
str
ictLegalSer
vicesAut
hor
it
yshal
l
,af
terdue
enqui
ryawar
dadequat
ecompensat
ionbycompl
eti
ngt
heenqui
rywi
thi
n
t
womont
hs.
 

(
6)TheSt
ateort
heDi
str
ictLegal
Ser
vicesAut
hor
it
y,ast
hecasemaybe,
to
al
l
evi
atet
hesuf
fer
ing oft
hev
ict
im,mayor
derf
ori
mmedi
atef
ir
st-
aid
f
aci
l
ityormedi
calbenef
it
sto be made av
ail
abl
efr
ee ofcoston t
he
cer
ti
fi
cat
eoft
hepol
i
ceof
fi
cernotbel
owt
her
ankoft
heof
fi
ceri
nchar
geof
t
hepol
i
cest
ati
onoraMagi
str
ateoft
hear
eaconcer
ned,oranyot
her
i
nter
imr
eli
efast
heappr
opr
iat
eaut
hor
it
ydeemsf
it
."

BENEFI
TSOFRESTORATI
VEJUSTI
CE:
-

 I
tsubst
ant
ial
l
yreducesr
epeatof
fendi
ngf
orsomeof
fender
s,al
though
notal
l
,
 I
treducesr
epeatof
fendi
ngmor
ethanpr
isonf
oradul
tsandatl
eastas
wel
laspr
isonf
ory
out
hs,
 I
tdoubl
es(
ormor
e)t
heof
fencesbr
oughtt
ojust
iceasdi
ver
sionsf
rom
cr
imi
nal
just
ice,
 Whenusedasadi
ver
sioni
thel
psr
educet
hecost
sofcr
imi
nal
just
ice,
 I
tpr
ovi
desbot
hvi
cti
msandof
fender
swi
thmor
esat
isf
act
iont
hat
j
ust
icehadbeendonet
handi
dtr
adi
ti
onal
cri
minal
just
ice,

14
 I
treducescr
imev
ict
ims'post
-t
raumat
icst
resssy
mpt
omsand t
he
r
elat
edcost
s,and
 I
treduces cr
ime v
ict
ims'desi
ref
orv
iol
entr
evenge agai
nstt
hei
r
of
fender
s.

LI
MITSOFRESTORATI
VEJUSTI
CE:
-

Rest
orat
iveJust
icedeal
swi
tht
hepenal
ty,notf
act
-f
indi
ngphaseoft
he
cr
imi
nalpr
ocess:
-Ther
eissomedebat
eov
erwhet
herRJpr
ocessescoul
d
beusedi
nfact
-f
indi
ng,butv
irt
ual
l
yal
ltheexampl
esci
tedar
eofdi
sput
e
r
esol
uti
onmechani
smsi
npr
e-moder
nsoci
eti
es,whi
chr
elyonpar
ti
cul
ar
set
sofki
nshi
p,geogr
aphy
,andpol
i
ticalpower
.Whenweconsi
dert
he
t
ypi
calf
ormsofRJpr
act
ices,suchasf
ami
l
ygr
oupconf
erences(
inNew
Zeal
and)
,fami
l
yorcommuni
tyconf
erences(
inAust
ral
i
a),
pol
i
cer
est
orat
ive
caut
ioni
ng schemes (
in sel
ect
ed j
uri
sdi
cti
ons i
n Engl
and and Nor
th
Amer
ica)
,ci
rcl
esand sent
enci
ng ci
rcl
es(
Nor
th Amer
ica)
,orenhanced
f
ormsofv
ict
im-
off
endermedi
ati
on(
Nor
thAmer
icaandsomeEur
opean
count
ri
es)
,weseet
hatal
lar
econcer
nedwi
thwhataj
ust
icepr
act
ice
shoul
dbeaf
teraper
sonhasadmi
tt
edcommi
tt
inganof
fence.RJdoesnot
addr
essi
fa“
cri
me”occur
redornot
,orwhet
herasuspecti
s“gui
l
ty”ofa
cr
imeornot
.Rat
her
,itf
ocuseson“
whatshal
lwedo”af
teraper
sonadmi
ts
t
hats/
hehascommi
tt
edanof
fence.

A“
sincer
eapol
ogy
”isdi
ff
icul
ttoachi
eve:
-Iti
ssai
dthati
ntheaf
ter
mat
hof
cr
ime,
whatv
ict
imswantmosti
s“sy
mbol
i
crepar
ati
on,
pri
mar
il
yanapol
ogy
”
(
Str
ang,2002p.
55,dr
awi
ngf
rom Mar
shal
l& Mer
ry,1990)
.Per
hapsf
or

15
someof
fencesandsomev
ict
ims,
thi
smaybet
rue;
butIsuspectt
hatmost
v
ict
imswantmor
ethananapol
ogy
.Fundament
all
y,v
ict
imswantasense
ofv
indi
cat
ionf
ort
hewr
ongdonet
othem,andt
heywantt
heof
fendert
o
st
ophar
mingandhur
ti
ngt
hem orot
herpeopl
e.Asi
ncer
eapol
ogymaybea
usef
ulst
art
ingpoi
ntbutwemi
ghtexpectmostv
ict
imst
owantmor
e.I
n
r
esear
chonv
iol
entof
fences,f
orexampl
e,Cr
etneyandDav
is(
1995p.
178)
suggestt
hata“
vict
im hasani
nter
esti
npuni
shment
,”notj
ustr
est
it
uti
onor
r
epar
ati
on,
becausepuni
shment“
canr
eassur
ethev
ict
imt
hatheorshehas
publ
i
crecogni
ti
onandsuppor
t.
”

Theconf
erencepr
ocesscanhel
psomev
ict
imsr
ecov
erf
rom cr
ime,
butt
his
9
i
scont
ingentont
hedegr
eeofdi
str
esst
heyexper
ienced.

CONCLUSI
ON

Today
,av
ict
im-
cent
ri
cappr
oachi
ncr
imi
nalj
ust
icecanal
someanheal
i
ng
t
hewoundst
hroughr
econci
l
iat
ionandr
est
orat
ivemeansofj
ust
icer
ather
t
hanl
ett
ingi
tgetpr
olongedi
nthesy
stem,l
eadi
ngt
ofr
ust
rat
ionandmor
e
wr
ongs.Rest
orat
ivej
ust
icei
smor
eaki
ntoi
ndi
genoussy
stemsofqui
ck,

9
ht
tp:
//www.
ant
oni
ocasel
l
a.eu/
rest
orat
ive/
Dal
y_2005.
pdf
.(
VISI
TEDON24-
04-
2017)
.

16
si
mpl
esy
stemsofr
esol
uti
onofwr
ongswhi
chenj
oycommuni
tysuppor
t,
v
ict
im sat
isf
act
ionandof
fenderacknowl
edgementofobl
i
gat
ions.Thus
per
cei
ved,
rest
orat
ivej
ust
icet
akesonboar
dal
lthr
eepar
ti
es—t
heof
fender
,
t
hev
ict
im andt
hecommuni
ty— i
nahar
moni
ousr
esol
uti
onoft
hei
njur
y,
maxi
misi
ngt
hesenseofj
ust
iceandr
est
ori
ngpeaceandhar
monyi
nthe
communi
ty.

Adi
sti
nct
ivef
eat
ureofr
est
orat
ivej
ust
icei
sthati
tlooksatt
heneedsof
cr
imev
ict
imswhi
char
etodayout
sidecr
imi
nalj
ust
iceconcer
ns,l
eadi
ngt
o
f
rust
rat
ionandal
i
enat
ionofv
ict
imsf
rom t
hesy
stem i
tsel
f.Thev
ict
imi
s
depr
ivedofi
nfor
mat
iononwhyheshoul
dsuf
fert
hei
njur
yandhow i
tis
goi
ngt
ober
epai
red.Hewoul
dper
hapsf
eelv
indi
cat
edi
ftheof
fenderwer
e
t
omakeanef
for
ttor
ightt
hehar
m,ev
eni
fpar
ti
all
y,byr
est
it
uti
on.The
v
ict
im woul
drespectt
hesy
stem i
fitcoul
dmaket
heof
fenderassume
r
esponsi
bil
i
tyandper
suadehi
mtot
ransf
orm hi
msel
f.Rest
orat
ivej
ust
ice
t
her
efor
eai
mst
orespondt
otheneedsoft
hev
ict
im andhel
psust
ain
i
nter
per
sonalr
elat
ionshi
pswhi
l
erei
nfor
cingof
fenderobl
i
gat
ions.Just
ice,
i
not
herwor
ds,
shoul
dengagewi
thv
ict
ims,
off
ender
sandt
her
ight
-t
hinki
ng
member
soft
hecommuni
tyi
nanef
for
tofr
econci
l
iat
ionandr
epai
ri
ngof
har
m.Thi
sappr
oachbegi
nswi
thaconcer
nforv
ict
imsandt
hei
rneeds
ev
enwhennoof
fenderhasbeeni
dent
if
iedorappr
ehended.

BI
BLI
OGRAPHY
 PARANJAPEN.
V.CRI
, MINOLOGYANDPENOLOGYWI
TH
VI
CTI
MOLOGY(
CENTRALLAW PUBLI
CATI ALLAHABAD15TH
ONS,

17
 EDI
TION,
2012)
 ht
tp:
//www.
d.umn.
edu/
~jmaahs/
Cor
rect
ional
%20Assessment
/rj
%20
br
ief
.pdf
 ht
tps:
//www.
rpi
assn.
org/
pract
ice-
areas/
what
-i
s-r
est
orat
ive-
just
ice/
.
 BRI
ANSTOUT,
JOEYATES,
BRI
ANWI AMSAPPLI
LLI ED
CRI
MINOLOGY (
SAGEPUBLI
CATI
ONS)
.
 ht
tp:
//r
est
orat
ivej
ust
ice.
org/
 ht
tp:
//www.
d.umn.
edu/
~jmaahs/
Cor
rect
ional
%20Assessment
/rj
%20
br
ief
.pdf
 ht
tps:
//paper
s.ssr
n.com/
sol
3/paper
s.cf
m?abst
ract
_id=2566126
 ht
tp:
//www.
ant
oni
ocasel
l
a.eu/
rest
orat
ive/
Dal
y_2005.
pdf

18