Cel

l-F
unda
ment
alUni
tofL
if
e

Cel
li
scompos
edofs
omeba
sics
truc
tur
es:

Pl
asmaMe mbrane:Pl
a s
mame mbraneisthecover
ingofthecel
ltha
ts eparat
estheconte
ntsoft
hece l
l
fr
omi t
sext
erna
l envi
ronment
.Iti
sali
vingpartoft
hec el
l
. I
tisv
erythi
n, del
icat
e,el
ast
icandsel
ect
ivel
y
permeabl
emembr ane.Pl
asmamembr a
nei sc
ompos edofli
pidandprotein.

F
unc
ti
on:

Asi
tiss
elec
ti
vel
yper
mea
blemembr
ane
,ita
ll
owst
hef
lowofl
i
mit
eds
ubs
tanc
esi
nandoutoft
hec
ell
.

Cel
lwa
ll
:Cel
lwa
lli
snon-
li
vi
ng,
thi
cka
ndf
ree
lyper
mea
blec
ove
ringma
deupofc
ell
ul
ose
.Ce
llwa
lli
s
a
vai
l
abl
eine
uka
ryot
icpl
antc
ell
sandi
npr
oka
ryot
icc
ell
s.

F
unc
ti
ons
:

1. I
tde
ter
mine
sthes
hapeoft
hec
ell
.

2. I
tpr
otec
tst
hepl
asmamembr
ane
.

3. I
tpr
event
sde
sic
cat
ionordr
yne
ssi
nce
ll
s.

4. I
the
lpsi
nthet
rans
por
tofv
ari
ouss
ubs
tanc
esi
nandoutoft
hec
ell
.

Protopl
asm:I
tisaj
el
ly
-l
ik
e,v
isc
ous
,col
our
les
ssemi
-f
lui
dsubs
tanc
einv
ari
ousc
ell
org
anel
l
espr
ese
nti
n
coll
oida
lfor
m.

Pr
otopl
asmc
ons
ist
stwopa
rts
:cy
topl
asma
ndnuc
leopl
asm.

Cy
topl
asmi
stha
tpa
rtofpr
otopl
asmwhi
chs
urr
oundst
henuc
leus
.

Nuc
leopl
asmi
stha
tpa
rtofpr
otopl
asmwhi
chi
sloc
ate
dins
idet
henuc
leus
.

F
unc
ti
ons
:

Pr
otopl
asma
ctsa
sas
tor
eofv
ita
lchemi
cal
sli
kea
minoa
cids
,pr
otei
ns,
sug
arse
tc.

I
tist
hes
it
eofs
omemet
abol
i
crea
cti
ons
.

Gol
giBody:Golg
ibodyareal
soc
all
edGolg
iCompl
ex/Golg
iAppar
atus
.Iti
sfi
rstdi
scov
ere
dbyCa
mil
l
o
Gol
gi
.Itconsi
st
sofme mbra
neboundst
ruct
ure
sar
rangedpar
all
elt
oeachother.

F
unc
ti
ons
:
Gol
gibodi
ess
tor
e,modi
fy
,pa
cka
gea
nddi
spa
tcht
hes
ubs
tanc
es.

T
heyhel
pint
hef
orma
tionofl
ysos
ome
s.

Ri
bos
omes:The
s eareex
tremel ys
mall
,de
nseandr oundbodiesinters
persedi
nt hecyt
opla
sm.
Ri
bos
omesarema deupofr i
bonucl
ei
caci
d(RNA)andpr ot
eins
.Inpr okar
yoti
ccell
,ri
bosomesar
eof70
ty
pes
.Ineuk
aryoti
ccel
ls
,ribosomesar
eof80types.Ribos
omei sresponsi
bleforprot
einsy
nthe
sis
.

Mitochondri
a:Mitoc
hondr
iaa r
es mal
lrod-
shapedorgane
ll
es.I
tisadoublemembranest
ruct
ure.
Outer
membr aneissmoothwhereasinnermembraneisproj
ect
edint
onume rousfi
nger
-l
ikes
truc
tur
es;ca
ll
ed
cr
is
t a
e .Mit
ochondri
acont
a i
ntheirownDNAa ndribos
ome s
.

F
unc
ti
ons
:

T
heypr
ovi
deener
gyf
ort
hev
ita
lac
ti
vi
ti
esofl
i
vingc
ell
s.

T
heyst
oreene
rgyre
leas
esduri
ngreact
ions
,int
hef
ormofAT
P(E
ner
gyc
urr
enc
yoft
hec
ell
).T
her
efor
eit
i
sal
socal
l
edpowerhouseoft
hecell
.

Cent
ros
omea
ndCent
ri
ol
es:

Cent
rosomei sfoundonlyi
neuka
ryoticani
mal c
ell
s.I
tisnotbounde
dbya nymembra
nebutcons
ist
sof
cent
ri
ol
es. Centri
olesa
reholl
owcyl
indri
cals
truct
uresarr
angedatri
ghta
ng l
etoea
chothe
randma de
upofmicrotubules.

Cent
ri
ol
eshe
lpi
ncel
ldi
vi
si
ona
nda
lsohe
lpi
nthef
orma
tionofc
il
iaa
ndf
lag
ell
a.

Plas
ti
ds:Plas
ti
dsarepresenti
nmostoft
hepl
antce
ll
sandabs
entinani
ma l
scel
l
s.Theyar
eusual
ly
spheri
calordi
scoi
dali
nsha pe
d.T
hesear
edoubl
eme mbr
aneboundorganel
l
es.Pl
ast
idsa
lsoha
veits
ownDNAa ndri
bosome s
.

Pl
ast
idsa
reoft
hre
ety
pes
:

Chlor
opla
sts
:Greenc
olour
edpl
ast
idsc
ont
aini
ngc
hlor
ophy
ll
.Chl
oropl
ast
sma
nuf
act
uref
oodbyt
he
proces
sofphot
osynt
hesi
s.

Chr
omopl
ast
s:Col
our
ful
pla
sti
ds.
The
ypr
ovi
dec
olourt
ofl
owe
rsa
ndf
rui
ts
.

L
eucopl
ast
s:Col
our
les
spl
ast
ids
.The
yhel
pint
hes
tor
ageofv
ari
ouss
ubs
tanc
esl
i
kes
tar
ch,
prot
einsa
nd
f
ats
.
L
ysos
ome s
: L
ysosomesar
eforme
dbyg ol
gibodi
es.
T he
ya res
mall
,spheri
cal
,sa
cli
kestr
uct
ureswhi
ch
c
onta
inseveral
diges
ti
veenzy
mesenc
losediname mbrane.T
heyarefoundineuk
ary
oticc
ell
smost
lyi
n
a
nimal
s.

F
unc
ti
ons
:

L
isos
ome
she
lpi
ndi
ges
ti
onoff
orei
gns
ubs
tanc
esa
ndwor
n-outc
ell
org
anel
l
es.

T
heypr
ovi
depr
ote
cti
ona
gai
nstba
cter
iaa
ndv
irus
.

T
heyhel
ptok
eept
hec
ell
cle
an.

Duri
ngthedi
st
urbancei
ncel
lul
armet
aboli
sm,
foreg;
whenthegetsda
maged,l
ysos
ome sma
yburs
tand
theenz
ymesdig
estthei
rowncel
l.
Ther
efor
e,l
ysos
omesar
ea l
soknownass
uic
idebagsofac
ell
.

Vac
uoles:Vacuole
sareli
qui
d/sol
i
dfil
l
ediname mbrane.I
nplantcel
l
s,vac
uolesarelar
gea nd
per
ma nent.I
na ni
malcel
ls
,vac
uol
esaresmal
li
nsiz
ea ndtemporar
y.Inmatureplantc
e l
l
,itocc
upi
es
90%spaceofc el
lvol
ume.Duetoi
tss
ize,
othe
rorganel
lesi
ncl
udingnucl
eusshif
ttowardsplas
ma
membr a
ne .

Endopl
asmi
cRet
icul
um:Iti
sanet
workoftubel
ik
es t
ruct
uresf
romnuc
lea
rmembr
anet
opl
asma
me mbr
ane.
Iti
sabsenti
nprok
ary
oti
ccel
lsandmaturedRBCsofma
mma l
s.

T
her
ear
etwot
ype
sofendopl
asmi
cre
tic
ulum:

Roug
hER:
Inr
oug
hendopl
asmi
cret
ic
ulum,
ribos
ome
sar
epr
ese
ntont
hes
urf
ace
.

S
moot
hER:
Ribos
omesa
rea
bsent
.

F
unc
ti
ons
:

1. I
tgi
vesi
nte
rna
lsuppor
ttoc
ell
.

2. I
thel
psi
ntr
ans
por
tofv
ari
ouss
ubs
tanc
esf
romnuc
lea
rme
mbr
anet
opl
asmame
mbr
aneorv
ice
v
ers
a.

3. I
the
lpsi
nthef
orma
tionofpl
asmamembr
anea
ndg
olg
ibodi
es.

4. Roug
hERhe
lpsi
nsy
nthe
sisa
ndt
rans
por
tat
ionofpr
otei
ns.

5. S
moot
hERhe
lpsi
nsy
nthe
sisa
ndt
rans
por
tofl
i
pids
.

Nucl
eus:
Nuc l
eusi
sdens
eandspher
ica
lorga
nel
l
e .
Nucl
eusisboundedbytwomembranes,
bot
hfor
ming
nuc
learenv
elope.
Nucl
eare
nve
lopeconta
insmanypor
esknowna snuc
lea
rpores
.Thefl
ui
dwhichi
s
i
nsi
det
henuc
leusi
sca
ll
ednuc l
eopl
asm.Nucl
euscont
ainsc
hromos
ome
sandc
hromos
ome
scont
ain
g
eneswhi
cha
retheca
rri
ersofgene
tici
nfor
mati
on.

F
unc
ti
ons
:

Nuc
leusc
ont
rol
sal
ltheme
tabol
i
cac
ti
vi
ti
esofc
ell
.

Nucl
eusi
sthes
tor
ehous
eofg
ene
s.Wi
thoutnuc
leus
,cel
lca
nnei
the
rsur
viv
enors
howss
pec
ial
i
zed
ac
ti
vit
ies
.

T
rans
por
tofS
ubs
tanc
est
hroug
hPl
asmaMembr
ane

S
ubs
tanc
eca
npa
sst
hroug
hpl
asmame
mbr
anebyt
wopr
oce
sse
s:Di
ff
usi
ona
ndOs
mos
is.

Di
ff
usi
on:
Iti
sthepr
oces
sofmov
ementofs
ubs
tanc
esf
romi
tshi
ghc
onc
ent
rat
iont
olowc
onc
ent
rat
ion.

Duri
ngtherespir
ati
on,car
bondiox
ideisgi
venoutawa s
tepr
oductandac
cumul
atesi
nhi g
her
concent
rat
ioninsi
dethecel
lcomparedtooutsi
de.Duet
othedi
ff
erencei
nconc
entra
tionins
idea
nd
outs
idethecel
l,CO2star
tmov i
ngoutofthecel
l.

Osmosi
s:I
tist
heproc
essofmov
ementofwa
terf
romi
tshi
ghc
onc
ent
rat
iont
oit
slowc
onc
ent
rat
ion
thr
oug
hs e
mi -
per
meablemembr
ane
.

I
fthemediumsurr
oundingthecell
hashigherwa t
erconcentrat
ionthani
nc el
l,c
ellwi
llg
ainwa te
rby
os
mos i
s.S
uchdil
utesol
uti
oniscall
edHy pot
onicsolut
ion.Thoughwa t
ermolecul
espassacrosspl
asma
membraneinbot
hs i
desbutmorewa terwil
lenterins
idethecell.
Thecel
listher
efore
,swellupand
i
ncrea
seinvol
ume. T
hisproce
ssiscal
l
edE ndosmosis.

I
fthemediumsurr
oundi
ngt
hecel
li
sex
act
lyt
hesamewate
rconcent
rat
ionasi
nsi
dethece
ll
,the
rewil
l
nonetmovementofwat
erac
ros
smembra
neres
ult
ingi
nnochang
einsizeofc
ell
.Suc
hsol
uti
onisc
all
ed
I
sotoni
csol
uti
on.

themediums ur
roundingthecel
lhasl
owe rwa t
erconc
ent r
ati
onthani
nsi
dethecell
,thecel
lwil
ll
ose
watert
hroughosmosis.Suchc
oncentr
atedsoluti
onisc
alledHypert
oni
csol
uti
on.
T hec el
lwi
l
lthere
for
e,
shr
inkandreduc
einv olume.Thi
sproc
essisknowna sExosmosi
s.