Hi

stor
yGr
ade10Shor
tNot
eUni
t1-
8

FANAEDUCATI
ON

UNI
TONE
Dev
elopedcapi
tal
ism andcol
oni
ali
sm i
nthe19thcent
ury

Dev
elopmentofCapi
tal
ism i
nEur
opeandt
heUSA

Secondphaseofi
ndust
ri
alr
evol
uti
onhadt
hef
oll
owi
ngf
eat
ures:
-

- Thesubst
it
uti
onofst
eel
inpl
aceofi
ronasabasi
cindust
ri
almat
eri
als

- Ther
epl
acementofcoal
bygas,
oilt
heuseofel
ect
ri
cit
y

- Thedev
elopmentofaut
omat
icmachi
nesand

- Ther
adi
cal
changesi
ntr
anspor
tat
ionandcommuni
cat
ionsy
stem

Maj
ori
nnov
atonsof19thc
i

- I
n1856Henr
yBessemeri
nvent
edmachi
net
hatcoul
del
i
minat
esi
mpur
it
iesf
rom l
i
qui
dir
ont
opr
oducest
eel

- I
n1831Mi
chael
Far
adayst
udi
edpr
inci
plesofdy
namoandel
ect
ri
cit
y

- I
n1879Rudol
fDi
esel
inv
ent
eddi
esel
engi
ne.(
usedi
nmoder
nshi
p&aut
omobi
l
es)

 Canal
swer
econst
ruct
edf
ori
nlandt
ranspor
t.Exampl
es

- Er
iecanal
(USA)connect
edHudsonRi
verwi
thGr
eatLakesi
n1825

- SuezCanal
(Egy
pt)connect
edMedi
ter
raneanSeawi
thRedSeai
n1869.
1
 - PanamaCanal
li
nkedAt
lant
icwi
thPaci
fi
coceani
n1914

- Russi
aconnect
edVol
ga&DonRi
ver
sandBal
ti
cSeawi
thWhi
teSea.

- I
n1825t
hef
ir
str
ail
waywasbui
l
tinEngl
and;
dri
venbyGeor
geSt
ephenson

- Rai
lwayl
i
neexpandedi
nBel
gium,
France,
Spai
nandUSA.

 Communi
cat
ionf
aci
l
iti
es

- I
n1840t
hef
ir
stpost
alsy
stem wasst
art
edi
nEngl
and

- I
n1846t
hef
ir
stt
elegr
aphwasf
ormed

- I
n1876Al
exanderGr
aham i
nvent
edt
elephone

- 1896Gugl
i
smoMar
coni
inv
ent
edwi
rel
esst
elegr
aph

I
ndust
ri
alr
evol
uti
on:
-

- Br
oughtsoci
al,
economi
candpol
i
tical
changei
nEur
ope

- Enabl
eEur
opet
odomi
nat
ethewor
ld(
col
oni
zat
ion)

- Ur
bani
zat
ionwasaccel
erat
ed

- Bour
geoi
si
eandpr
olet
ari
atemer
gedasat
wodomi
nantsoci
alcl
ass

- Thebadwor
kingandl
i
vingcondi
ti
onoft
hewor
ker
scausedt
heemer
genceoft
radeuni
on.

- Agr
oupofski
l
ledwor
ker
s(Luddi
tes)dest
roy
edt
hemachi
net
heywer
ewor
kingwi
thi
nEngl
and

- Ont
heot
herhandworker
sbeliev
edthei
rdemandcoul
dgetanswerbypr
esent
ingpet
it
iont
othepar
li
ament
,the
mov
ementknownaschart
istmovement.

2
 - Kar
lMarxandF.Engel
sbel
i
evedi
nsci
ent
if
icsoci
ali
sm pr
omot
evi
olentst
ruggl
e.Mar
xpubl
i
shed“
communi
st
Manif
est
o”in1848.

- Theabsenceoff
airdi
str
ibut
ionofr
esour
cecausedmassmov
ement
.

- Gov
ernment
sinEur
opeenact
edser
iesofl
awst
oal
l
evi
atet
hesepr
obl
ems

- Thei
deaofl
i
ber
ali
sm,
democr
acy
,pl
ural
i
sm spr
eadal
lov
ert
hei
ndust
ri
ali
zedwor
ld.

- Li
ber
ali
sm i
sthebel
i
efi
nfr
eespeech,
cri
ti
cism,
freedom ofwor
shi
pandpeopl
escont
rol
overt
hest
ate.

- Pl
ural
i
sm meanst
heexi
stenceofamul
ti
plepar
typol
i
tical
syst
em

- Theper
iodwaschar
act
eri
zedbyt
hespr
eadofeducat
ion

- I
ndust
ri
alcapi
tal
i
sm pav
edawayf
ort
hedev
elopmentofnat
ional
i
sm.

- Nat
ional
i
sm i
sthef
eel
i
ngofl
oyal
tyt
oagr
oupornat
ion,
adv
ocat
edcommongoal
sofnat
ional
int
erest

Uni
fi
cat
ionofI
tal
y

I
tal
yhadoncethecentr
eofRomanEmpi r
e&t heplacewheretheRenaissanceCult
uredevelopedlosti
tseconomicandpoli
ti
cal
i
mportancewi
ththeshi
fti
ngofMedi
ter
raneantradetoAt
lanti
cShores.Domi nat
edbyexternalpowerli
keAustri
aandFrance

- 1815Vi
ennacongr
essr
ecogni
zedPi
edmontSar
dini
aasani
ndependentI
tal
i
anst
ate.

- Lombar
dyandVenet
ial
eftt
oAust
ri
apr
ovi
nce

- Par
ma,
Lucca,
Modena,
andTuscanywer
erest
oredt
olocal
pri
nces

- Papal
stat
erul
edbyPope,
Napl
esandSi
cil
yrul
edbyl
ocal
rul
ersdomi
nat
edbyAust
ri
a.

- Theuni
fi
cat
ionandi
ndependencemov
ementi
nIt
alywer
est
art
edbyeducat
edI
tal
i
ansbef
ore1848

- Gi
useppeMazzi
ni(1805-1872)organi
zedthe“YoungI
tal
yMov
ement
”ai
medatcr
eat
ingdemocr
ati
cRepubl
i
cinI
tal
y.
Whohasbeencall
edthesoul oft
heunifi
cati
on

3
 - 1848rev
olut
ionsweptall
overEuroper
evi
vedI
tal
i
annat
ional
i
sm,
prov
idedconst
it
uti
ont
oPi
edmont
,thi
slat
er
becomesconsti
tut
ionofI
tal
ykingdom.

Howwast
heI
tal
yKi
ngdom Real
ized?

- Bef
oret
heuni
fi
cat
iont
her
ehadbeenei
ghtsepar
atepet
tyst
ates

- C.BCav
ourpr
imemi
nst
erofPi
edmontSar
dini
agr
eat
lycont
ri
but
edt
otheuni
fi
cat
ionofI
tal
y

- Cav
ourwast
he“
brai
noft
heuni
fi
cat
ion”

- Pi
edmontpar
ti
ci
pat
edi
ntheCr
imeanwar
,regai
nedLombar
dyi
n1859

- Thef
ourNor
thI
tal
i
anst
atesj
oinedPi
edmontt
hroughpopul
arupr
isi
ngi
n1859.

- Gi
useppeGar
ibal
dil
edami
l
itar
ycampai
gnagai
nstFr
anci
sIIi
n1860

- Garibal
dicededNaplesandt
woSici
lytopi
edmontSar
dini
abyusi
nghi
sfamousar
myknownast
he“
RedShi
rt
”ort
he
“Thousands”.Ther
epubli
cofI
tal
ysetupatTur
ini
n1861

- Af
tert
heuni
fi
cat
ionGar
ibal
diwast
ermedt
he“
swor
doft
heuni
fi
cat
ion”

- I
nthe1866Aust
ro-
Prussi
anwarI
tal
yal
l
iedwi
thPr
ussi
a.Af
tert
hewarAust
ri
acededVenet
iat
oIt
aly

- 1871Fr
ancewi
thdr
awal
herar
myf
rom Romewhi
chmar
kedendofI
tal
yuni
fi
cat
ion.

- Romebecamet
hepol
i
tical
cent
reofuni
fi
edI
tal
yki
ngdom

- Vi
ctorEmmanuel
IIf
ull
ysuppor
terofCav
ourpol
i
ciesbecomeki
ngofI
tal
yin1861

Uni
fi
cat
ionofGer
many

- I
nthe1sthal
fof19thcGer
manywer
edi
vi
dedast
heI
tal
i
ans

Fact
orst
hatpr
ecededt
heuni
fi
cat
ionofGer
many

- Commonsenseofnat
ional
i
ty,
aspi
redf
ort
heuni
fi
edi
ndependent“
fat
herl
and”
4
 - ThewarofNapol
eonar
ousedGer
mannat
ional
i
sm

- 1848r
evol
uti
onsweptal
lov
erEur
oper
evi
vedGer
mannat
ional
i
sm,
prov
idedconst
it
uti
ont
oPr
ussi
a

Fact
orshi
nder
ingGer
manUni
fi
cat
ion

- For
eigndomi
nat
ionori
nfl
uencesf
rom Aust
ri
aandFr
ance

- Austr
ia’
smeasur
estosuppr
esst
hegr
owt
hofnat
ional
i
sm andpat
ri
otf
eel
i
ngandFr
ancedi
dnotwantast
rongand
uni
tedGermanst
ate

- Rel
i
giondi
ff
erencedi
vi
sionbet
weenpr
otest
antNor
thEastandCat
hol
i
csout
h

- Pol
i
tical
l
ythenor
thwasaut
ocr
ati
candt
hesout
hwasl
i
ber
al

- Economi
cal
l
ytheeatwasagr
aranJunker
i sandt
hewestwasi
ndust
ri
ali
zed

Thecour
seoft
heuni
fi
cat
ion

- I
n1819Ger
manst
atescust onZol
om uni lver
einwassetupwi
thPr
ussi
aasal
eader

- I
n1862Ot
toVanBi
smar
ckbecamet
hechancel
l
orofPr
ussi
a.

- I
n1864heal
l
iedPr
ussi
awi
thAust
ri
ani
ntheDani
shwar
.Schl
eswi
gcededt
oPr
ussi
a,Hol
stei
nwentt
oAust
ri
a.

- I
n1866Pr
ussi
adef
eat
edAust
ri
aatt
hebat
tl
eofSadowa;
Aust
ri
afor
cedt
ocedeHol
stei
ntoPr
ussi
a

- I
n1867Pr
ussi
aor
gani
zedt
heNor
ther
nGer
manconf
eder
ati
onheadedbyPr
ussi
a.

- Thesuccessi
onpr
obl
em i
nSpaincausedtheFr
anco-Prussi
anwari
n1870/1.ThePrussi
anar
mygotv
ict
oryatt
he
bat
tl
eofSedanevent
heyover
runFrance.Bi
smarckproclai
medWil
l
iam asaKaiserofGer
many.

- Ont
heFr
ankf
urtt
reat
yFr
anceagr
eedt
ocedeAl
saceandLor
rai
ntoGer
manyandt
opayhugewari
ndemni
ty.

- AsBi
smar
cksai
dGer
manyuni
fi
cat
ionwasachi
evedt
hrough“
BloodandI
ron“andr
ealpol
it
ik

TheAmer
icanCi
vi
lWar
5
 - Af
tert
hei
ndependenceoft
het
hir
teencol
oni
est
heyshowedf
ast
ereconomi
cgr
owt
h

- Thenumberofthestat
esi
ntheuni
ongr
ewr
api
dly
.Dur
ingt
hepr
esi
dencyofA.Li
ncol
nthenumberofst
atesi
nthe
uni
onwerethi
rt
ythree

Causesoft
heci
vi
lwar

- Economi
cdi
ff
erence:
-thenor
thwasmor
eindust
ri
ali
zedwhi
l
ethesout
hdependsonpl
ant
ati
onagr
icul
tur
e

- Pol
i
tical
dif
fer
ence:
-thenor
thwasabol
i
tioni
storuni
oni
st,
thesout
hwantt
opr
eser
vesl
aver
y

- Theel
evenst
atesi
nthesout
hfor
medconf
eder
atest
atesofAmer
ical
edbyJef
fer
sonDav
is

- Thenor
thwasdet
ermi
nedt
opr
eser
veuni
on.Sot
heydecl
aredwaront
hesout
hin1861

Thecour
seoft
heci
vi
lwar

- 1861-
1863t
heconf
eder
atesgai
nvi
ctor
iesov
ert
heuni
oni
st

- Abraham Li
ncol
nint
roducedtheEmanci
pati
onproclamat
ionandt
heHomest
eadl
aws;
setf
reet
hesl
avesandgav
e
theri
ghttohel
daplotoflandint
hewestrespect
ivel
y

- Theeff
ect
ivel
eadershi
pofA.Li
ncol
n,G.Ul
yssesS.Gr
antandT.Sher
mancont
ri
but
edf
ort
hev
ict
oryoft
heuni
oni
st.
Jef
fer
sonDavi
swascapt ur
edonMay26,1865.

Consequenceoft
hewar

- Hi
ghmi
l
itar
ycausal
i
ties

- Abol
i
tionofsl
aver
ybutr
aci
aldi
scr
imi
nat
ioncont
inuedunt
il1960s.

- Theuni
onwaspr
eser
vedandpav
edt
hewayf
ort
her
iseofUSAasamaj
orgl
obal
power
.

- Li
ncol
nwasassassi
nat
edbyJohnWi
l
kesBoot
hinApr
il1865

Col
oni
alRi
val
ri
esofEur
opeanPower
s

6
 - Pr
ior1500Af
ri
car
egar
dedasa“
Dar
kcont
inent
”byEur
opeans.

- I
nthei
rear
lycont
actEur
opeanswer
econduct
ingapr
ofi
tabl
etr
adef
rom gol
d,i
vor
yandsl
aves

- Thi
snat
ureofcont
actchangedaf
tert
hei
ndust
ri
alr
evol
uti
on

- ManyEuropeancount
ri
esdev
elopedcol
oni
ali
nter
esti
nAf
ri
ca.Thi
snewi
nter
estEur
opei
ntoconf
li
ctand
Cooper
ati
on

1.Eur
opeancapi
tal
i
stneededov
erseascol
oni
esf
oreconomi
creason

2.Theemer
genceofI
tal
yandGer
manyasnewpower
ful
stat
es

Theneedtobalanceofpower;
amongt hemajorEuropeancountr
iescausedcompl
eti
ontoacqui
rel
argecol
oni
alt
err
it
ori
es.
Bri
ti
shboast
edbysay i
ng“thesunneversetonBrit
ishempir
e”
Bri
tai
nandFrancewerecompetingt
oeachot herbecauseoftheopeni
ngofSuezCanali
n1869.

- Br
it
ainandFr
ancewer
ever
ycl
oset
owaratFashodai
nci
denti
nSudani
n1898.

TheEur
opeanConf
li
ctandCooper
ati
oni
ntheScr
ambl
eforAf
ri
ca.

- Ther
ushf
oracqui
ri
ngcol
oni
alt
err
it
ori
esof
tencal
l
edt
hescr
ambl
eforAf
ri
ca.

- Thei
mmedi
atef
act
orf
ort
hisr
ushi
ncl
udes

1.Theopeni
ngofSuezCanal

2.Thedi
recti
nvol
vementofKi
ngLeopol
dIIofBel
gium andGer
manyi
nthecol
oni
zat
ionofAf
ri
ca

- TocheckFr
enchadv
ancebey
ondDj
i
bout
iBr
it
ishi
nvi
tedt
heI
tal
i
anst
ocont
rol
Massawai
n1885.

- I
n1880st
hescr
ambl
eledacol
oni
alpowert
ocomet
oanagr
eementt
opar
ti
ti
onAf
ri
capeacef
ull
y.

- Ot
toVanBi
smar
ckar
rangedBer
li
nConf
erenceNov
ember1884t
o26Febr
uar
y1885.

ThePr
ocessofCol
oni
alOccupat
ionofAf
ri
ca

7
- Manyst epsandmet hodologiesweretakent oscr ambleAfrica.Ini
ti
all
yEuropeanexplorer
swer esenttoAfricato
studyandinvest
igat
epossi bil
it
yofcont r
oll
ingthear ea.Theyal sogavev al
uableinf
ormati
onoft heregi
ont otheir
respect
ivegover
nors.Amongt heexplorer
swer eJamesBr uce,ReneCailli
e,Davi
dLivi
ngstone,MungoPar k,Richard
Lander,HenryM.Stanly,
Samuel Bakerandot hers.Laterattheirfoot
stepsmi ssi
onari
eswer esentt
oAf r
icat o
evangel
izethepeople.I
ndividualcompaniesf oll
owedt hemi ssionari
esandcompani eswer efol
lowedbycol onial
government.

- Colonial
governmentmadefaket
reati
eswi
thl
ocal
gov
ernmentt
ogetpossessi
onofl
ands.Theyal
sousedf
orcef
ul
subjugat
ionandcontr
oll
edmanyareas.

- Fr
enchmostofWestAfr
ica,Br
it
ishconquer edEgyptin1882,anddefeat
edMahdistin1898att
hebat
tl
eof
Omdurman.Col
oni
algov
ernmentf acedresi
stancefrom examplefr
om theMahdist
.Seyyi
dMohammedAbdil
e
Hassanor
gani
zedSomalicombatantsagainstBri
ti
shcolonialmast
eruntil
1920s.

- BY1920sonl
yEt
hiopi
aandLi
ber
iawer
eout
sidet
hecol
oni
alzone.

- TheEuropeanswer
esuccessf
uli
nthewarofconquestbecauseoft
hei
rusageoft
echnol
ogi
cal
l
ysophi
sti
cat
ed
munit
ions.

- TheEuropeansf
oll
oweddif
fer
entki
ndsofadmini
str
ati
onsystem.Franceusedt
he“di
rectr
ule“
pol
icywhichwas
for
mulatedbyAl
bertSar
out
,whil
eBri
ti
shfol
lowedthe“i
ndi
rect”pol
i
cywhichwasdesi
gnedbyFredri
ckLugar
d.

8
 UNI
T2

TheFor
mat
ionoft
heModer
nEt
hiopi
anEmpi
re(
1855-
1906)

TheEt
hiopi
anLongDi
stanceTr
adei
nthe19thCent
ury

TheNat
ureofLongDistanceTrade:-Basi
call
ytradei
stheout
comeofsur
pluspr
oduct
ionanddi
vi
sionofl
abor
.Thi
str
ade
di
vi
dedi
ntolongdi
stancetradeandlocalt
rade.

Localt
raderef
erstol
ocalexchangeofgoodsmainlyamongthepeopl
eofthesamer
egi
on,
whi
l
elongdi
stancet
rade(
LDT)
i
nvolv
esdiff
erentmar
kets,peopl
esandregionsandvari
etyoft
radi
ngi
tems.

Fact
orsf
ort
her
evi
val
ofLDTi
nthe19thcEt
hiopi
aincl
udes

1.MohammedAl
ii
nEgy
ptmai
ntai
nedpol
i
tical
stabi
l
ityi
ntheRedSear
egi
oni
n1830s

2.Russi
ansconquer
edCaucasusmai
ntai
nor
deri
ntheMi
ddl
eEast

3.Ther
evi
val
ofEur
opeani
nter
esti
nEt
hiopi
ai he19thc
nt

HenrySal
tvi
si
t edRasW/sel
assi
ein1805;Ni
gusSahl
eSel
assi
esi
gnedtr
eat
ywi
thW.
C.Har
ri
sin1841,
twoy
ear
slat
erwi
th
Rochetd’
Her
ricut.I
n1849Walt
erPlowdensi
gnedt
reat
ywi
thRasAli
II

4.Ther
iseofOr
omomonar
chi
cal
stat
eint
heGi
ber
egi
on.

MerchantsofLDT:
-majormer
chantswer
eJabar
tinNor
thandAf
qal
awer
eint
hesout
hwest
.Mi
normer
chant
swer
eAf
ar,
Har
ari,Somali
andBor
anamerchant
s.

LDTdominatedbyMusli
m mer
chant
s:-theMusli
m hadli
tt
leaccesst
oland,
LDTconnectEt
hiopi
awi
thMusl
i
m Ar
absand
Musl
im soughtt
radeasameansofexpandi
ngthei
rrel
igi
on.

Ext
ernal
tradedominat
edbyGreeks,
Arabs,Ar
menians,andI
ndi
ans.Sudanesemer
chantdomi
nat
edt
het
radeact
ivi
ti
esi
n
Nort
hWestwhi l
etheSaff
arel
i
nkedEthiopi
awithKenyaandSomali
.

It
em ofTrade:
-Impor
tgoodsi
ncl
udes;
copper,
brass,spi
ces,cl
oth,beads,si
l
k,si
l
ver
,fi
rear
ms, car
tri
dges….
.Themaj
or
expor
tit
emswer ei
vor
y,musk,
wax,gol
d,ski
nsandhides,i
ncense,coff
ee,andmostofsl
aves.
9
 Sl
avetr
adereachedi
tspeaki
nEt
hiopi
ai he19thc.Asar
nt esul
toft
hefr
equentwarofconquestandterr
it
ori
alexpansi
on,
i
ntr
oducti
onofmodernfi
rear
minslav
erai
ding,
andthedemandsofnobi
li
ti
estohavethousandsofslav
es.

Thi
ssl
avet
radedepopul
atedt
her
egi
on,
causedl
i
fei
nsecur
it
yandr
egi
onal
fri
cti
onsandet
hni
cani
mosi
ti
es.

Majormar
ketplacesoftheLDTwere;Bonga,
Hir
mat a,
Saqa,
Assandabo,
Basso,
Dir
ta,
Yif
ag,
Met
ema,
Adwa,
Sodo,
Ankobar
,
Al
i
yuAmba, AbdulRasul
,Dawe,Di
reDaweandHar ar
.

Medi
um ofExchange:-bar
ter
,sal
tbar
,Mar
iaTher
esa,
beads,
car
tri
dges,
andpi
ecesofcl
oth.

LDT:-i
tservedasmeansofeconomi ct
iesandint
erdependenceamongpeoplesandst
atesofEthi
opi
a,maj
orsour
ceof
i
ncomef orr
ulers,pol
i
tical
andr
eli
giont
ransf
ormati
onoft heGiber
egi
on,maindri
vingf
orcebehi
ndthesout
her
nexpansi
on
ofcent
ralChri
stianst
ate.

TheRev
ival
ofI
mper
ial
Poweri
ntheChr
ist
ianHi
ghl
andKi
ngdom andt
he

Pr
ocessofEmpi
reBui
ldi
ng(
1855-
1900)

Thetwomaj ort
hemesinthe19thcentur
yEthi
opianhistoryarethef
ormati
onofmoder nEthiopi
anEmpi r
eandt hestruggl
e
agai
nstfor
eignaggr
essors.Theprocessofempirebuildingt
ookhalfacent
ury.Theprocessbeganwi t
ht hecomingtopowerof
TewodrosIIi
n1855.MenelikI
Icompletedthi
sempiref ormati
onbyconquestandincorpor
ationofpeoplesandstatesinsout
h,
sout
hwestandsout heasttotheChri
sti
anhighl
andst ate.

Theat
temptofEmper orTewodros:-t
heperiodofPrinceEr
acametoanendwiththecoronati
onofTewodrosII
.Tewodros
def
eat
edDejazmachGoshuatGur aAmbai nNov ember1852,Bi
ruAl
i
gazandthreewargeneral
satthebat
tleofGorgoraBichen
i
nApri
l1853,RasAl
iIIatAyshal
inApril1853andfinall
yDej
azmachWubeinFebruar
y1855andr est
oredi
mperialpower.

Measur
est
akenbyt
heemper
ort
oest
abl
i
shpol
i
tical
stabi
l
ity
:-

- Decl
aredOr
thodoxTewahdoast
heof
fi
cial
fai
th

- Expel
l
edDeJacobi
nscat
hol
i
cleader
s.

10
 - Mademi
l
itar
yexpedi
ti
oni
ntoWol
l
o,Shoa,
Goj
am andot
hernor
ther
npr
ovi
nces

- Assi
gnednewgov
ernor
sov
ert
heconquer
edr
egi
on

- Tr
iedt
oest
abl
i
shnat
ional
sal
ari
edar
my

- Har
shl
ypuni
shedt
her
ebel
l
ionbycut
ti
ngt
hei
rli
mbsandl
egs

- Plannedtoredi
str
ibut
echurch’
slandandreduci
ngthenumberofpriest
sanddeaconsi
nchur
ch’
s2t o3r espect
ivel
y.
Hef acedopposi
ti
onfrom chur
chleader
s;f
inal
lyhei
mprisonedAbuneSelamai
n1864.Theemperorbecame
unpopular
.

- I
n1866/
7heshi
ft
edhi
scent
ret
oGaf
atwher
ehet
ri
edt
omanuf
act
uremoder
nar
ms.

Heshift
edhiscentr
etoMeqdalla,
event
uall
yal
l t
heregi
onssli
ppedoutofhishandturnbytur
n.Br
it
ishexpedit
ionof1868
causedhisdeat
h.Amongthethreepowercontender
si.
e.(
KassaMi r
tcha,Wagshum GobezeandMeneli
k);GobezeGebre
Medhintookthethr
oneandcoinedhist
hronenameEmper orTekl
eGiyorgi
s.

I
nter
nalPol
i
ticalDev
elopment&Ext
ernalChal
lengesdur
ingt
heRei
gnofEmper
orYohanni
sIV

- I
nJul
y1871KassaMi
rt
chadef
eat
edT/
Giy
orgi
satt
hebat
tl
eofAssem i
nSout
her
nTi
grai
.

- On21,1872hewascr
ownedEmper
orYohanni
sIV.Hei
nher
it
edr
egi
onal
opposi
ti
onandf
orei
gnt
hreat
sfr
om
TewodrosI
I.

- Yohanni
slaunchedmi
l
itar
yexpedi
ti
ont
oGoj
j
am,
Begemi
dir
,Hamasi
en,
andYej
j
utogetsubmi
ssi
onofl
ocal
chi
efs.

- I
n1881Adal
Tessemar
ecogni
zedast
heNi
gusTekl
eHay
manotofGoj
j
am andKaf
fa.

- Menel
i
kdi
dnotr
ecogni
zedt
hepowerofYohanni
sunt
ilMar
ch20,
1878Li
cheagr
eement
.

- Menelikcoi
nedt
heti
tl
e“Ki
ngofKi
ng”
,mai
ntai
nfor
eigncont
actwi
thEgy
pt,
Bri
tai
nFr
anceandI
tal
yandal
sohewas
expandingt
oWoll
o.

- OnLi
cheagr
eement
;Menel
i
kaccept
edYohanni
sov
erl
ordshi
p

11
 - Agr
eedt
ost
opi
ndependentf
orei
gncont
act
,buthecont
inuedi
nsecr
et.

- Menel
i
kal
l
owedt
ocont
inuehi
ster
ri
tor
ial
expansi
ont
onewar
eas

- Li
cheagr
eementsav
edMel
eli
kfr
om possi
bledi
str
act
ion.

- I
tal
i
anpr
omi
sedMenel
i
ktoi
mpor
tfi
rear
mst
hrought
hepor
tofAsseb

- Tof
inancehi
sar
myhecoul
dexpandhi
ster
ri
tor
ytot
her
ichar
easi
nthesout
h,sout
hwest&sout
heast
.

- RasGobanacr
ossedGi
beRi
verandmov
edt
otheOr
omost
atesi
nther
egi
on

- Dej
azmachDer
esohadal
readysubj
ect
edsomeoft
heOr
omoar
easi
nthesout
hwest
.

- Thecl
ashofi
nter
esti
nther
egi
onev
ent
uat
ethebat
tl
eofEmbaboon6June1882i
nEastWol
l
ega.

- T/
Hay
manotwoundedandmadecapt
ivebyMenel
i
k.Yohanni
sreal
i
zedt
hepot
ent
ial
ofMenel
i
k.

- Hecal
l
edbothrul
erst
oWar raIl
luandpunishedbothbytaki
ngawayt her
egionofKaf
faandAgawmiderfr
om
T/
HaymanotandWoll
ofrom Menenilk.Howeverhearr
angedmarri
ageall
iancebet
weenZewdituofMenel
ikandRas
Ar
ayaSel
assi
eofYohannis,
alsoall
owedMenel i
ktoexpandhist
erri
toryi
nsouthwestregi
on.

- Forreli
gionunif
ormityYohanni
scall
edBor
uMedaCounci li
n1878.Al
lowedtherepr
esentat
ivesofdi
ff
erentsectst
o
debateov ert
heirdi
ff
erence.Att
heendYohanni
sdeclar
edTewahdoast heonl
yoffi
cial
doctri
ne.Heoutl
awedt he
others,
forcedtheMuslimsinWollotot
akeconver
sioni
ntoChri
sti
ani
ty.

- MohammedAli
andAhmdeLiban/
AbbaWatewtconv
ert
edi
ntoChr
ist
iani
ty.Thosepeopl
eref
usedt
otakeconv
ersi
on
wer
eexi
ledt
oJimma,Gur
age,Metema,
andArsi
.

- Shei
khTalhaandot
herMusl
i
mref
usedt
ogi
veupt
hei
rrel
i
gion,
howev
ert
hisr
ebel
l
ioncr
ushedbyt
hej
ointar
myof
Yohanni
sandMeneli
k

TheExpansi
onofEgy
pti
ntheHor
nofAf
ri
ca

- I
n1798Napol
eonofFr
ancei
nvadedEgy
ptandendedMumi
l
ukdy
nast
yrul
eint
hecount
ry.

12
 - Thej
ointAngl
o-Ot
tomanmi
l
itar
yoper
ati
onexpel
l
edFr
enchar
myf
rom Egy
pti
n1801.

- MohammedAl
ipl
annedt
o

1.est
abl
i
shEgy
ptonaf
ir
m economi
candpol
i
tical
base

2.Cr
eat
eagr
eatEgy
pti
ntheHor
nofAf
ri
ca.

Toi
mpl
ementt
hisgoal
ther
emustbe

a.Ski
l
ledmanpower

b.St
rongf
inanci
albasi
s

Toat
tai
nthi
sgoal
hepl
annedt
oconquerMi
ddl
eEastandt
heHor
nofAf
ri
ca

- Hi
sexpansi
oni
ntheMi
ddl
eEastcheckedbyBr
it
ishcol
oni
algov
ernmenti
nther
egi
on

- Hi
sexpansi
oni
nthesout
hwassuccessf
uli
nSudani
n1821

- Al
soEgy
pti
anaggr
essi
onwassuccessf
ulamongt
hechi
efdomsofAssosa,
Beni
shangul
,Guba&Khomosha

Et
hio-
Egy
pti
anRel
ati
onsf
rom 1820st
o1872

- Egypti
anexpansioni
ntot
hebor
derr
egi
onsofEt
hiopi
aint
he1820swast
her
evi
val
oft
heol
dEgy
pti
anambi
ti
ont
o
contr
olri
verNil
e.

- Egy
ptusedSudanasast
epst
onet
ooccupySemen,
Dembi
ya,
AssosaandBeni
shangul
.

- Localnobil
i
tieslikeDejazmachWubeofSemen,
Dej
azmachKi
nfuofQuar
aandKassaHai
l
uwer
eresponsi
blet
o
defendthei
rr espect
iveregi
ons.

- KassaHai
l
udef
eat
edbyEgy
pti
anaggr
essor
sint
hebat
tl
eofDebar
ki1848.

- Thi
sbat
tl
eshapedt
hedi
plomatpol
i
cyofTewodr
os.

- Hewr
oteal
ett
ert
oBr
it
ishandFr
enchgov
ernmenti
n1862t
ogetski
l
ledcr
aft
smenf
rom Eur
ope
13
 a.Hei
nfor
medt
hem t
heMusl
i
m Egy
pti
anaggr
essi
on

b.Requi
redt
hem sendi
nghi
m ski
l
ledt
echni
cians

c.Conf
ir
medt
echnol
ogi
cal
backwar
dnessofEt
hiopi
a.

- Tewodr
osr
eli
gionsol
i
dar
it
ywasl
essat
tr
act
ivebecauset
heydi
dnotwantt
oaf
fectt
hei
reconomi
cint
eresti
nEgy
pt

- Eur
opeanswer
eal
socomput
ingi
ntheRedSeat
radesot
heydi
dnotwantst
rongst
atei
nther
egi
on

- Tewodr
osgat
her
edt
hemi
ssi
onar
iest
oGaf
atandf
orcedt
hem t
omanuf
act
uref
ir
ear
ms(
Sebast
opol
)

- Her
efusedt
orel
easet
heunski
l
leddet
ainees,
final
l
yBr
it
ishsentexpedi
ti
onl
edbyGener
alRober
tNapi
eri
n1868.

- Tewodr
osf
oughtt
hebat
tl
eofEr
ogheandon13Apr
il1868Gener
alNapi
erst
ormedMaqdel
l
a.

Egy
pti
anAggr
essi
ononEt
hiopi
a1872-
1885

- Egypt
ianaggr
essioninEthiopi
areachedi
tspeakdur
ingt
her
eignofYohanni
s.I
twasst
art
edasabor
derski
rmi
sh
cul
minatedi
ntofull
scaleinvasi
onsin1875and1876

- Khedi
veIsmailPashaofEgyptorgani
zedt
hei
nvasi
ont
orul
eov
ert
her
egi
onbet
weenMedi
ter
raneanSeat
o
equat
ori
alLakesChadtoIndia.

Fact
orsencour
agedKhedi
veI
smai
ltoi
nvadeEt
hiopi
aincl
udes

a.I
nter
nal
pol
i
tical
inst
abi
l
ityi
nChr
ist
ianHi
ghl
andki
ngdom

b.ThesuccessofGener
alNapi
ermi
l
itar
yex
pedi
ti
oni
n1868i
nEt
hiopi
a

c.I
smai
lsoughtEur
opeansasf
ri
endsofEgy
ptwhowoul
dnotgi
vemi
l
itar
ysuppor
ttoEt
hiopi
a.

- I
smai
lappoi
ntedWer
nerMuzi
ngerasagov
ernorofMassawa.I
n1872Muzi
ngeri
nvadedBogos

- Yohanni
swr
oteal
ett
ert
oKhedi
veI
smai
l
,demandt
hewi
thdr
awal
ofEgy
ptf
rom t
her
egi
on.

- I
nAugust1872heal
sosental
ett
ert
oBr
it
ain,
France,
Ger
many
,Aust
ri
aandRussi
a.
14
 - TheEur
opeansdi
dnotwantt
ori
skt
hei
rtr
adeandi
nvest
menti
nEgy
pt.Sot
heyr
emai
nsi
l
ent

- Hei
nfor
medEur
opeanshi
sai
mist
oexpandwest
ernci
vi
li
zat
ioni
ntoEt
hiopi
a

- I
n1875Egy
pti
nvadedEt
hiopi
afr
om t
hreedi
rect
ion

1.Thef
orceofMohammadRaufPashamov
edf
rom t
hepor
tofZei
l
aandcont
rol
l
edHar
ainOct
ober1875

2.Muzi
ngermov
edt
ocont
rol
thet
rader
out
ebet
weenWol
l
oandShoa.I
nNov
.1875hewaski
l
ledbyt
hel
ocal
peopl
e.

3.Col
onel
Arr
endr
upent
eredi
nthei
nter
iorv
iaMassawa.

Yohanni
smobi
l
izedabout30,
000ar
my,
def
eat
edEgy
ptatt
hebat
tl
eofGundaton16Nov
ember1875andki
l
ledAr
rendr
up.

Torevenget
hisdef
eatI
smai
lPashamobi
l
ized15,
000ar
myequi
ppedwi
thmoder
nar
ti
ll
eri
es,
undert
hel
eaderofGener
al
Lor
ingandMohammedRatti
bPasha.

- Af
terabl
oodywarMar
ch7-
9/1876Yohanni
sdef
eat
edEgy
ptatt
hebat
tl
eofGur
a

- YetEgy
ptr
emai
nedi
ncont
rol
ofsomer
egi
onsofEt
hiopi
a

TheAf
ter
mat
hofGur
a

- Egy
ptdemandr
epat
ri
ati
onandf
reet
radewi
thEt
hiopi
a

- Yohanni
srel
easedwarpr
isoner
s,butr
efusedt
oret
urnt
hecapt
uredwarweapons.

- The1877f
ir
stpeacei
nit
iat
ivesmadebyGener
alGor
donont
hebehal
fofEgy
ptwasf
ail
ed

- Ther
elat
ionbet
weenEt
hiopi
aandEgy
ptdecl
i
nedi
ntot
heper
iodof“
nopeace,
nowar
”

- I
smai
ll
imi
tedt
hei
mpor
tofar
mst
oEt
hiopi
a.

- Ref
usedt
orest
oreoccupi
edar
easofEt
hiopi
a.Theper
iodofnopeacenowarwasl
ast
edupt
o1884

TheHewet
tTr
eat
y

15
TheriseofMahdistmov ementi
nSudanandtheencir
clementofEgypt
iantr
oopsledt
oHewet
tTreatymat
eri
ali
zedthrough Bri
ti
sh
Dipl
omaticinter
vent
ion.Theaim ofthet
reat
ywast osaveEgypti
antroopstr
appedont
heEthi
o-Sudanboar
der.Ethiopi
aful
fi
ll
ed
herpromiseinthetr
eaty,byhel
pingt
heEgypt
ians.

Et
hio-
Mahdi
stConf
li
ct

I
nt heend,itbecameev i
dentthatt
heHewetttreat
yEthi
opiatr
adedoneweakenemyi nt
ot wostr
ongothers,Mahdi
stSudanand
I
tal
y .Consequent
ly,t
heenragedMahdisti
nvadedwester
nEt hi
opi
awitht
hespiri
tofrevenge.Manybat
tleswerefoughtunt
ilt
he
f
inal showdownatthebatt
leofMetemathatcl
aimedthel
ifeofEmper
orYohanni
sIVtookplace.

Expansi
ont
othesout
h,sout
hwestandsout
heast

Emper
orMenel
i
kII(
r1889-
1913)
:-i
nthepr
ocessofmoder
nEt
hiopi
anempi
ref
ormat
ionused

1.For
cef
ulsubj
ugat
ion

2.Peacef
ulsubmi
ssi
on

Menel
i
kII
:-hopedf
orr
evi
val
ofi
mper
ial
aut
hor
it
y

- Per
suadedpol
i
cyofexpansi
onwi
th:
-incr
easi
ngscal
eandgr
eatmagni
tude

- Hi
spol
i
cyofpol
i
tical
re-
uni
fi
cat
ionwentbey
ondt
heol
dpr
ovi
ncesofChr
ist
ianki
ngdom

- Mar
chedt
osout
h,sout
hwestandsout
heastofEt
hiopi
a

- Beganhi
sexpansi
onwhenhewaski
ngofShewanandcompl
etedwhenhebecameanemper
or

Phasesofexpansi
on

A.(
1875-
1889)heI
ncor
por
atedGur
age,
Il
lubabor
,Wol
l
ega,
Gibest
ates,
Arsi
,andHar
ar

Mostoft
heOr
omoofwest
ernEt
hiopi
aandChr
ist
ianGur
agepeacef
ull
ysubmi
tt
ed

Musl
i
m Gur
age,
Arsi
,Har
arsubj
ect
edaf
terabl
oodywar
s

Musl
i
m Gur
ageandSi
l
teunderHassenEnj
amor
esi
stedMenel
i
kexpansi
onunt
il1888.
16
TheAr
siOr
omof
oughtf
rom 1882-
1886unt
ilt
hei
rfi
nal
def
eatatt
hebat
tl
eofAzul
ein1886.

Har
ari
andsout
heast
ernOr
omosubduedaf
tert
hebat
tl
eofChel
enqoi
n1887.

Thr
eef
act
orsf
aci
l
itat
edMenel
i
kIIexpansi
oni
ntheser
egi
ons

1.1878Li
cheagr
eementf
reedMenel
i
ktoconcent
rat
eont
heconquestofnewar
eas(
reducedt
ensi
onwi
thYohanni
sIV)

2.Thebat
tl
eofEmbabo(
1882)el
i
minat
edast
rongr
ivalofMenel
i
k,Ni
gusT/
HaymanotofGoj
j
am,

f
rom t
her
esour
cef
ulr
egi
onsofsout
hwest
.

3.Hi
scommer
cialr
elat
ionwi
thI
tal
yandaccesst
ofi
rear
ms

Resour
cei
nvol
vesi
nthewarofconquest
.

B.(
1889-1896):
-thi
sexpansi
oncoi
nci
dedwi
thGr
eatFami
ne(
Kif
uQen)(
1888- .Thi
1892) sGr
eatf
ami
necausedbycat
tl
e
epi
demichelpedMeneli
ktogethuman.

Nor
ther
ner
sjoi
nedt
hear
miesofMenel
i
k;i
nvol
vedi
nwar
sofexpansi
on,
set
tl
edi
ntheconquer
edt
err
it
ori
es

Expansi
onal
somot
ivat
edbyt
heneedsf
ormobi
l
izat
ionofr
esour
cesf
ort
hebenef
it
soft
heemper
or

Hei
ncor
por
atedar
easWol
ayi
ta,
Bal
e,Si
damoexceptBor
ana.

Wol
ayi
taunderKawoTonasubj
ect
edaf
ter1894bl
oodywar
.Fi
nal
l
yKawoTonawascapt
uredandt
akent
oAddi
sAbaba.

Thel
ocal
peopl
ewer
eensl
aved,
slaught
eredandhouseswer
esetonf
ir
eandal
sor
aided.

C.(
1896-1900)thet
hir
dphasemotivat
edtocreatebuff
erzonebetweenterr
it
oryandadj
acentEur
opeancol
oni
es.Sohe
i
ncorpor
atedareasl
i
keOgaden,Assosa,Beni
shangulBoreanandKaff
aintohisempir
e.

Kaf
faunderTat
oGaki
Ser
ochi
wasast
rongf
eudal
kingdom sur
viv
edr
epeat
edat
tacksbyChr
ist
ianHi
ghl
andKi
ngdom and
17
Omoticst
ates,
buti
n1897cr
ushedbyt
hef
orceofRasWol
deGi
orgi
sandsomel
ocal
Oromor
uler
sofsout
hwest
ern
Et
hiopi
a.

Consequenceoft
hist
err
it
ori
alexpansi
oni
ncl
udes

- Ter
ri
tor
ial
enl
argement
,For
mat
ionoft
heshapeandmapofmoder
nEt
hiopi
aempi
reand

- Demar
cat
ionofboundar
iesf
rom 1896t
o1908

TheFat
esofi
ncor
por
atedpeopl
esandr
uler
s

- I
n peaceful
lysubmitted areas:-l
ocalpeopl
eweresav
ed fr
om rai
dsdevast
ati
ons,ensl
avement
s,spread f
rom
quart
eri
ngofsoldier
s,theirlocalrul
ersal
lowedt
okeepthei
rposi
ti
onandexerci
seautonomousadminist
rat
ions
i
ncludi
ngpayingf
ixedannual t
ribut
es.

- Resist
antar
eas:-peopl
ewer ehar shl
ytr
eated,l
ooted,ensl
aved,compel
li
ngtofleefr
om theirl
ocal
it
ies,
,thei
rlocal
rul
erswereremovedandr epl
acedbyMenel i
kappoint
s,conquer
orswerequart
eredoverpeasant
s,peasantshadto
provi
dedomesti
cneeds,renderlaborser
vicestotheneft
egnaquarter
edinther
egionbytheharshl
yexploi
tedbythe
neft
egnagebbar
.

Bot
hpeacef
ull
ysubj
ect
edandf
orcef
ull
yincor
por
atedar
eas:
-

- Facedfeudalexpl
oit
ati
on,for
cedtopayheavytri
butes,
suf
fer
edf
rom et
hni
candr
eli
gion,
oper
ati
onandSuppr
essi
on
oflocal
tradi
ti
onali
nsti
tut
ionsbel
i
efsandpract
ices.

I
tal
ianCol
oni
zat
ioni
ntheHor
nofAf
ri
ca

Theadv entofI t
alyint hehorngoesbackt oitscontrolofAssebin1862.Backin1869anIt
ali
anprivat
enavi
gati
onal
companyboughtAssebf rom localchief.I
tal
yoccupiedtheportofMassawai n1885ontheevacuat
ionofEgyptwas
fol
lowedbyaggr essi
veexpansioni nt
ot henorther
nEt hi
opi
a. I
tal
yblockedEthi
opi
animpor
toffi
rearmsv iaMassawa.
Ethiopiaprotestagainstthisoccupationbor enofruit
s.Thefir
starmedclashtookpl
aceatDogalii
n1887wher eIt
aly
suffereddefeat.Howev er,
Ital
ydidnotstopheraggressi
on.

18
Br
it
ishdipl
omatsGer
aldPor
talmetYohanni
sinNov
ember1887;
Yohanni
swasaskedt
oapol
ogi
zef
orAl
ual
a’
sunj
ustat
tack
ontheI
tali
ans.

Yohannishi
ghl
yoff
endedbyPor t
alsdi
plomati
cdi
shonest
y.Hewr
oteal
ett
ert
oEur
opeans,
andexpl
ainedhi
sdet
ermi
nat
ion
todefendhi
scount
ry.Hedecl
aredwaronI t
aly
.

I
nMar
ch1888mobi
l
izedhi
sar
my,
butt
heI
tal
i
anr
emai
nint
hei
rfor
t

Fr
eshi
nfor
mat
ionaboutMahdi
stadv
ancei
ntoGondarwasr
eachedhi
m.

Yohanni
swentt
oMet
emat
odef
endhi
speopl
einGondar
.

On9Mar
ch1889,
hewaski
l
ledbyt
heMahdi
st

TheI
tal
o-Shewanr
elat
ion

Shewahadof
fi
cial
rel
ati
onwi
thI
tal
ysi
nce1876.

Menel
i
kgr
ant
edLetMar
efi
atot
heI
tal
yGeogr
aphysoci
etyl
edbyAnt
inor
i

I
n1883Menel
i
ksi
gnedwi
thI
tal
i
andi
plomatAnt
onel
l
ithet
reat
yoff
ri
endshi
pandcommer
ce

Theyagr
eedonf
reet
rade

I
n1887t
heysi
gnedt
het
reat
yofneut
ral
i
tyi
ncaseofwarbet
weenI
tal
yandYohanni
s.

I
tal
ypl
edgedMenel
i
k5000r
if
les

TheWuchal
eTr
eat
y,t
heBi
rt
hofEr
it
reaasanI
tal
ianCol
onyandt
heBat
tl
eofAdwa.

Wuchal
etr
eat
ysi
gnedon2May1889bet
weenMenel
i
kandPi
etr
oAnt
onel
l
ifr
om I
tal
i
ansi
de

Amongthe20ar
ti
clesi
nthi
str
eat
yar
ti
cleI
IIdi
scussaboutdemar
cat
ionoft
err
it
orybet
weenEt
hiopi
aandEr
it
reaasan
I
tal
i
ancolony

19
 Ar
ti
cleXVI
IfousesonEt
hiopi
anf
orei
gnr
elat
ionandt
her
oleofI
tal
y.

Amhar
icv
ersi
onst
atedt
hatEt
hiopi
acoul
duset
heI
tal
i
anser
vicei
nherf
orei
gnr
elat
ion

I
tal
i
anv
ersi
onputEt
hiopi
aundert
heI
tal
i
anpr
otect
orat
e.

TheengagementofYohanni si
nthewaragai
nsttheMahdist,atMetema,gavet i
mef orf
urt
herItal
i
anexpansi
oni
ntot
he
Merebmelashregion.Theywantedtoaddfurt
herterr
it
ori
esundert hepr
e-textoftheconvent
iontheysi
gnedwi
thRas
Mekonnen;t
heyoccupiedthewhol
eofMerebmelashandoffi
cial
l
ydeclar
edtheircol
onyofEri
tr
eain1890.

Theirforcefulexpansi
onanddi pl
omaticeffortstoestabl
ishpr otect
orat
er ightov
ert hewhol eEthi
opi
aandmi schiev ous
treat ar
y( t
icl
eXVI IofWuchal e)ledtot hehistori
cbattl
eofAdwa.Att heexpenseofgr eathumanandmat er
iallosses,
Ethiopi
ascor edamonument al v
ictor
yatAdwai n1896.Thi
sv i
ctoryguaranteedherindependence,t
houghherMerebmel ash
regionrenamedunderI tal
i
ancont rol
.It
alysuffer
edanat i
onalcri
si sandchangedhercabi net
.Adwaalsobroughtsignif
icant
mor ali
ncentivetosubsequentBlackNational
ism andthePanAf rican’
sMov ement.

I
tmustbepointedoutthat,however
,aft
erAdwaEthi
opiai
ndependencer
emainedatri
skf
rom Eur
opeancol
oni
alschemes.
Dur
ingt
hisperi
od,Et
hiopiawassti
l
lunderbackwar
dfeudal
soci
o-economi
ccondit
ions.

UNI
TTHREE

I
nter
nalPowerSt
ruggl
eandFor
eignI
nter
vent
ion

Thepr
obl
em ofsuccessi
onandt
heTr
ipar
ti
teTr
eat
y.

Thepoli
ti
cali
ndependenceandint
ernalstabi
li
tyoft
hemoder nEthi
opi
anEmpi
rebegantof
aceaseriesofpr
oblemssince
1906,
whenEmper orMeneli
kfel
lil
landhishealt
hdeter
ior
ated.Hi
scousi
nandexpect
edhei
r,RasMekonnendi
edinthesame

20
y
ear
.Theset
woev
ent
sopenedt
hewayf
orani
nter
nal
powerst
ruggl
e,mai
nlybet
weenEmpr
essTay
ituandt
heShoannobi
l
ity
.

Theneighbor
ingcol
onialpowerswant
edtodefi
net heirrespect
ivei
nter
est
sinEthi
opiai
nresponset
oint
ernalpol
it
ical
i
nstabi
l
ityandtheadventofGermanyi
nEthiopi
a.Tot hisend,Bri
tai
n,Fr
anceandIt
alysi
gnedTri
part
it
etr
eatyof1906.They
di
vi
dedEt hi
opiai
ntothreespher
eofEconomicinf
luence.

Fort heseinter
nalandexter
nalprobl
ems,Menel i
kestabl
ishedacouncilofmini
stersi
nOctober1907anddesignatedLi
jIy
asu
ashi sheirinay1909.HealsoappointedRasBitwodedTessemaNadewasr egent.MeanwhileEmpr essTayi
tuassumed
supremepoweratt heexpenseofthecouncilandregency.Shef or
medapowerbl occent
eredaroundherfamil
yandthus
broughtt hefir
stser
iouschal
lengetotheorderofMenelik,i
.e.Shoanobi
li
tyr
emov edtheempressfrom gover
nmentworkin
Mar ch1910.

Yetanotherchall
engecamef rom Li
jIy
asu.Hedisregardedandl ackrespectf
ortheoldnobili
tyofEmper
orMeneli
k,appoint
ed
youngandeducat edfr
iendsandr elat
ivestokeyposit
ionsal soappointedhi
sfatherki
ngofNor ther
npr
ovi
nces.Thi
saction
arousedseri
ousopposition.Hegav emor alandmateri
al supportt
ot heSomalinati
onal
istSayyi
dMohammedAbdi l
eHassan.
Hisforei
gnpolicyant
agoni zedthetri
part
itepower
ssot hattheyall
i
edwi thhi
sinter
nalopponents.

Maj
orr
efor
msmadebyLi
jIy
asui
ncl
ude:

a.Modi
fi
edt
het
radi
ti
onal
way
sofcol
l
ect
ingt
it
hes

b.Out
lawedl
ebashayandqur
agnasy
stem

c.Est
abl
i
shedmoder
nmuni
cipal
pol
i
cef
orce(
Trunbul
e)

d.For
medsepar
ateddepar
tmentofeducat
ionandi
ntr
oducedanaudi
ti
ngsy
stem

I
nSept
ember1916,
hewasdeposedandr
epl
acedbyZewdi
tuasanempr
essandTef
ari
andherr
egent
.

On26sep.1916AbuneMat hewsexcommuni
catedIyasu.Thecoupmakerdef
eat
edIyasuatthebatt
leofMi
esoon27
Sept
ember1916.Unt
il1921Iyasul
iv
edinTi
gray
.Finall
yhewascaptur
edinandimpr
isonedinFicheandGar
aMulat
a.

On27October1916RasMi
chael
foughtt
hebat
tl
eofSegel
etor
est
oreI
yasut
ohi
spower
.Butt
hecent
ral
armydef
eat
edhi
m
ar
oundShanoTown.

21
TheDiarchy(1916-1930):
-itwaschar
acteri
zedbyt hepowerstrugglebetweenconservati
veelementsrepresentedbythe
empressandt heoldnobil
it
y ,
andthesocall
edpr ogressi
vewhor all
i
edaroundRasTef ari
.In1918RasTef arirepl
acedthe
counci
lofMi ni
stersbyCrowncouncil.RasTefariremovedhisopponentfrom poli
ti
calsceneturnbyturn.Thesupporter
sof
Zewdit
uFi t
ewurariHabteGiyorgi
sandAbuneMat hewosremovedbynat uraldeat
hin1926, DejBal
chaSaf ouncondit
ional
ly
surr
enderedin1927,AbbaWuqawsubmi ssi
oni n1928andt hedefeatofRasGugsaatt hebat t
leofAnchimi nSeptemberin
1930.Thestrugglecametoanendwi ththecoronat i
onofTefar
i asemperorin1930.

Despit
einter
nalpoli
ti
calcr
isi
s,t
hereweresomeimpor t
antsoci
o-economicdev el
opmentsint
hefi
rstt
hr he20th
eedecadesoft
centur
y.Theyincl
udedtheint
roduct
ionofmoderntechnol
ogy,t
echnicalserv
icesandinst
it
uti
onsandexpansi
onofmodern
educati
onandef f
ort
swer emadeatt heer
adi
cat
ionofslaver
yandsl av
et r
ade.

Soci
o-Economi
cDev
elopment
s1906-
1935

Capi
tal
i
steconomicpenet
rat
ionofEt
hiopi
ainsuchar
easofmoder
ninv
est
mentl
i
kebanki
ng,
rai
l
waymi
ning,
const
ruct
ion,
etc
tr
acesthei
ror
igi
ntothi
speri
od.

Thefir
stfiv
ey earsfol
l
owingthecoronati
onofRasTef ar
iasEmper orwit
nessedtheemergenceoft heaut
ocrat
icst
atein
Ethi
opia.Autocr
acyinEthiopi
aemanatedfrom thegener
alsocio-
economicandpoliti
calt
ransformati
ondur
ingthet
ransi
ti
onal
peri
odofEt hi
opiatowardsanascentcapit
ali
stsyst
em underthetutel
ageofEuropeanimperial
ism.

Indeedabsol uti
sm emergedami dstthechallengeofcent r
if
ugal forcesandf orei
gnt hreat sagai
nstt heindependenceoft he
count ry
.Thus, manychangesandr eformswer emadet oconsol idat eincipientautocr acyofEmper orHai l
eSelassie.The
const i
tuti
onof1931waspr omulgatedasal egal basisofaut ocraticrule.Thecent rali
zationofadmi nist
rati
onwasai medat
uproot i
ngregionalpowers.Themoder nizat
ionoft hebur eaucracyt hrought heexpansi onofmoder neducat i
onanduseof
foreignadv i
sorswasbeguni nordertoconsol i
datet hefinancialbasisoft hest at
e.Fi scal cent
ral
izationwasat tempt ed.The
state’scoerci
veforcethearmy -
hadt obemoder nized.Moder nmi lit
aryt r
ainingwasst artedinEthiopiathrought hehelpof
foreignoffi
cers.In1930Belgianoffi
cersempl oyedt otrainimper ialbody guardandi n1934Swedenof f
icersempl oy
edt otrai
n
theof fi
cersinHoletaMil
itaryacademy .

In1905BankofAby ssi
niawasint
roduced,i
n1908Meneli
kIIschool
wasopened,
in1910Menel
i
kIIHospi
tal
wasest
abl
i
shed
andsmallscal
eindustr
iesandpubli
cservi
ceswerei
ntr
oduced.

22
 UNI
TFOUR

TheAf
ri
canPeopl
es’
Resi
stanceagai
nstCol
oni
alExpansi
onf
rom 1870st
o1914

TheseSt
ruggl
esagai
nstCol
oni
ali
sm haddi
ff
erentst
agesanddi
ff
erentf
ormsi
ndi
ff
erentpar
tsofAf
ri
ca.

1.Ear
lymi
l
itar
yResi
stance:
-begani
nthecour
seofEur
opeancol
oni
alexpansi
on

-Or
gani
zedbypeopl
esandst
ates,
Compl
etel
ysubduedbyEur
opeans

2.Resi
stancei
nthei
nter
warper
iodsshowedv
eryl
i
ttl
esuccess

3.Resi
stanceaf
terWor
ldWarI
I:
-wasmostdeci
siv
e

Thethi
rd st
agewi
tnessed t
heemer
genceofor
gani
zed nat
ionall
i
ber
ati
on mov
ement
sthatf
reed Af
ri
caf
rom
col
oni
ali
sm.

Samur
aiTour
eoft
heMandi
nka

Samor
iTour
e:-Emer
gedasal
eaderi
nthe1870’
s

- Hi
sempi
rei
ncl
udedt
hepr
esentdaySenegal
,Sout
hEast
ernMal
iandGui
nea.

- Hehadadmirabl
emi li
taryskil
lsandl
eadershi
pqualit
ies;example’hewasexpr essedasa“ Napol
eonofWestAfri
ca”
Hi
sempir
ebui l
dingcoincidedwithgr
owingEuropeanspar t
icul
arl
ytheFrenchcolonial
expansioni
nWestAfr
ica.Af
ter
ashor
tmil
it
aryconfrontationhemadepeacefular
rangement swithFrancein1886-87

- Hewassupport
edbyf ell
ow tri
be’
smen,t heMandinkametalworkers,t
omanufact
ureandr epair
edr
if
lesand
musket
s.Headdedmoret er
ri
tori
estohi
sempi r
e.ButFrenchcapt
uredmuchofhisterr
it
ori
esin1891and1894.
Fi
nal
lySamor
iwascapt
uredin1897andexi
ledtoFrenchcol
onyofGabon,wher
ehedi
edtwoy ear
slater
.

23
TheAshant
iEmpi
re

Ashanti(
Asante):
-emer gedasanat i
oni nl e17th cent
at ury.Ashant
ifoundedl ar
geandv astempi rebythe19th centur
ywhi ch
st
archedintoday’
sGhana( WestAfr
ica),rul
edbykingsent i
tl
edAsantehene.It
scoastalst
ripwasannexedbyt heBr i
ti
shi n1974.
Thi
scoastst r
ipwasnotpar tsofAshantiEmpi r
e.Brit
ishestabl
i
shed,Brit
ishGoldCoastCol ony
.In1896Br i
ti
shmadet hefi
rst
mil
it
aryattackandtriedt otakethehinterl
and,Ini
ti
all
ytheAshantiwelldefendedtheBr i
ti
shattacks,t
heyfoughtbr avel
y,paid
i
mmensesacr if
icebuttheylostt
hefinalbatt
lein1900;GoldCoastbecameBr i
ti
shcolony.

Ur
abiPasha’
sRebel
li
oni
nEgy
pt.

- Wit
ht heopeni
ngofSuezCanali
n1869col
oni
alpower
sli
keBr
it
ishandFr
ancei
nter
esti
nEgy
pti
ncr
eased.Br
it
ish
wantedsaf
epassaget
oandfrom I
ndi
a.

- SoEgy
ptdomi
nat
edbyBr
it
ishandFr
enchi
mper
ial
i
st.Col
oni
alpower
scol
l
ectl
oanst
hatt
heyhadgi
vent
oEgy
pt.

- NowEgyptfacedf
inanci
alconst
rai
ntsandtooksever
almeasur
est
osav
egov
ernmentexpendi
tur
e,f
ori
nst
ancet
he
gov
ernmentofEgy
ptreducedthesal
ari
esofthear
my .

- UrabiPashawasacol oneli nthear my ,whenEgy ptwasdomi natedbyBr i

ti
shandFr anceimperi
ali
sm;heor ganized
nati
onalarmyrevoltagainstBr i
ti
shandFr anceimperi
ali
sm andt hepuppetEgyptianrul
ers.Butthisnationali
st
mov ementdef
eatedbyt heBr i
tishf or
ceatt hebattl
eofTelelKabi ri
n1881.SoEgy ptbecameBr i
ti
shcolonyin1882.
Egyptoccupati
onbyt heBr i
ti
shbr oughtbi t
terconf
li
ctbet weent heFr
enchand t heBr i
ti
sh.Evenwor seasa
prot
ectorat
eofEgypt,Brit
ishmov edt oSudanwher eshef acedstrongresi
stancef
rom theMahdistthatwasf ormed
forawarofnati
onalli
berationagai nstEgyptianrul
ein1881.

TheMahdi
stMov
ementi
ntheSudan

Mahdi:-cor
rectwaysofpracticingI
slam.Itwasareli
giousr
evi
val
istandnational
i
stmovementi
ntheSudanstart
ed
i
n1881.TheMahdi stli
beratedSudanf rom theEgypti
anfor
ces,butl at
ertheAnglo-
Egy
pti
anforcesunderthe
l
eadershi
pofGeneralKi
tchenercr ushedtheMahdistunderKal
i
fAbdullahionthebat
tl
eofOmdurmani n1898.
Then
Sudanbecamet heAngl
o-Egyptiancondomi ni
um

TheMaj
iMaj
iRebel
li
on
24
 - I
n1885t
heSul
tanofZanzi
barl
easedt
hecoast
alar
east
otheGer
manEastAf
ri
canTr
adi
ngCompanyf
orf
if
tyy
ear
s.

- TheAr
abpl
ant
erBushur
iIbnSor
gani
zedmasspr
otestagai
nstGEAC&t
hei
rtr
adepost
sin1889.

- GEACempl
oyed600Sudanesewarmer
cenar
iesf
rom Egy
ptt
ocr
usht
hismasspr
otest
.

- I
n1889Sudanesewarmer
cenar
ieski
l
ledBushur
iandcr
ushedt
hemasspr
otesti
nTanzani
a

- TheGermancol oni
zerestabli
shedplantat
ionagricult
ureinthelowlandandf orcedtheAf r
icanstogrowcott
ononthe
pl
antat
ion.Tanzanianssufferedf
rom lowlanddisease,manywer edeceasedbymal ari
a.Thent heTanzani
ansr
evol
t
agai
nstthei
rmast ers.Thismassr evol
ttookr el
igiondimension.Reli
gionleadersprinkl
edwat eronthebodyofthe
prot
est
erstomakei nef
fecti
veGermanbul l
ets.Thismassr evol
tbrutal
lysuppressedin1907.

THEFI
RSTWORLDWAR(
1914-
1918)

Maj
orf
act
ors

1.Ri
val
ryamongi
mper
ial
istpower
sandNat
ional
ism

Thet
ensi
onbet
weenFr
anceandGer
manyandt
hequest
ionofAl
saceandLor
rai
ne

2.Cr
isi
spr
ecedi
ngt
hef
ir
stwor
ldwar

TheMor
occocr
isi
sin1905and1911.

- The1905ent
ent
ecor
dial
bet
weenFr
anceandBr
it
ain.Br
it
ishsuppor
tforFr
anceov
erMor
occo

- Ger
manopposi
ti
on,
whi
chwasr
esol
vedt
hrought
abl
eroundagr
eement

he2ndMor
- 1911t occocr
isi
sGer
mandet
ermi
nedFr
enchf
reehandi
nMor
occo

- Thi
stensi
onr
esol
vedwhenal
l
owedGer
manyt
oCont
rol
Congo

3.TheBal
kancr
isi
s
25
 - Bosni
aHerzegovi
naannexedbyAustr
iaHungar
yin1908.Thisannexati
onopposedbySer
bs.TheRussi
answer
eon
thesi
deoftheSer
bs.Thesubj
ectpeopl
erai
sedthei
ssueofreli
gionandnat
ional
ism.

- Thenat
ionsi
ntheBal
kanf
oughtt
hiswaragai
nstOt
tomani
n1912and1913.

4.Mi
li
tar
yAl
li
ance

- Tr
ipl
eAl
l
iancef
ormedi
n1882.

- I
tcomposedofGer
many
,Aust
ri
a-Hungar
yandI
tal
y

- Buti
n1915I
tal
ylef
tthi
sgr
oupandj
oinedTr
ipl
eEnt
ent
e

- Ent
ent
eCor
dial
eev
olv
edi
ntoTr
ipl
eEnt
ent
ewhenRussi
ajoi
nedt
hegr
oupi
n1907.

- Thi
sgr
oupj
oinedbyUSA,
Japan,
sout
hAf
ri
ca,
Por
tugal
andRumani
ajoi
nedt
hisgr
oup

5.Owi
ngt
omut
ualsuspi
cion

- Per
sist
entcompet
it
ionamongt
heEur
opeanpower
,togat
eaheadofot
her
s.

- Ger
manbui
l
tst
rongnav
alpowert
ogat
eaheadofBr
it
ainsi
nce1898

- Mut
ual
suspi
cionandf
earofoneanot
herr
eignedamongt
henat
ionofEur
ope.

6.TheAssassi
nat
ionofFr
anci
sFer
dinandatSar
ajev
o

- Thi
sassassi
nat
ionbyGavr
il
oPrinci
peon28June1914wast hei
mmedi
atecausef
ort
heout
breakoft
heFi
rstWor
ld
War.Aust
ri
asentanul
ti
matum t
oSer bi
a,t
hisul
ti
mat
um i
ncl
udes

 Serbiastopanti-Aust
ri
anpr
opagandaandal
l
ow Aust
ri
atoi
nvest
igat
ethepl
oti
nSer
biat
hatl
edt
otheassassi
nat
ionof
FrancisFer
dinand.

Thecour
seoft
hef
ir
stwor
ldWar
26
 - I
nJul
y31,
1914Russi
ainsuppor
tSer
biast
artmobi
l
izat
ionofherar
myt
oAust
ri
anbor
der
.

- OnAugust1,
1914Aust
ri
adecl
aredwaronSer
bia,
2August1914Ger
mandecl
aredwaronFr
ance

- On4August1914Br
it
aindecl
aredwaronGer
manywhenGer
manat
tackedBel
gium t
heneut
ral
stat
e

- August6,
1914Aust
ri
a-Hungar
ydecl
aredwaronRussi
a.

 Germanappli
edSchil
i
effenplan;at
tacki
ngFrancet
hroughBel
gium andoccupyPar
iswi
thi
nsi
xweeksi
na“
swi
ngi
ng
atdooroper
ati
on”andthentoturntotheeast

 Cont
rar
ytot
heGer
manexpect
ati
ont
heRussi
anmader
api
dmobi
l
izat
ionandat
tackedt
heGer
mans.

 Ger
manswer
efor
cedt
otr
ansf
ert
hei
rar
myt
otheeast
ernf
ront
.

 Schi
l
ief
fenplanfai
l
edGermanfor
cedtofi
ghtthewarofatt
ri
ti
ononMay7,1915theGer mansubmar
inesanka
commerci
alshi
pstradi
ngwi
tht
heAll
i
edpowerwhi
chcausedt
hedeat
hofAmer
icanci
ti
zens.

 On6Apr
ilUSAj
oinedt
heAl
l
iedpowerwhi
chcausedchangesi
nthebal
anceofpower
.

 OnNov
ember11,
1918Ger
manendedhost
il
it
iesandaccept
ingar
mist
ice.

Theconsequenceoft
hewar

- About10mi
l
li
onsol
dier
slostt
hei
rli
feandov
er20mi
l
li
onwounded

- Mi
l
li
onsofci
vi
li
ansdi
edasar
esul
tofhost
il
it
ies,
fami
neanddi
seaseandf
ami
l
ieswer
edi
slocat
ed

- Economi
cal
l
ytot
alcostoft
hewarest
imat
edov
er300bi
l
li
ondol
l
ar

- I
ndust
ri
alpl
ant
s,br
idgesandot
heri
nfr
ast
ruct
urewer
edest
roy
ed.

- Pol
i
tical
l
ytheuni
tedst
ateofAmer
icaandSov
ietUni
onbecamet
hel
eadi
ngwor
ldpower
s

27
 - Dynasti
esli
keHohenzol
l
ernsofGer
many
,theHapsbur
gofAust
ri
a-Hungar
yandt
heRomanov
sofRussi
awer
e
dethr
oned.

- Ol
dempi
resl
i
keOt
tomanTur
keyandAust
ri
a-Hungar
ywer
edi
sint
egr
atedandnewnat
ionst
ateswer
eemer
ged

- In1919int
ernat
ionalpeacekeepi
nginst
it
uti
onLeagueofNat
ionwassetup.Woodr ow Wi
l
son“
four
teenpoi
nts”
ser
vedasaguideli
neonthepeaceset
tl
ementandfor
mati
onoft
heLeagueofNat
ions.

- Butt
her
ightt
osel
fdet
ermi
nat
ionwasnotext
endedt
otheAf
ri
cancount
ri
es.

- Ver
sai
l
lesTr
eat
yannul
l
edt
het
reat
yofBr
est
-Li
tov
skmadebet
weenRussi
aandGer
manyi
n1917.

- Di
vi
dedt
hef
ormerGer
mancol
oni
esi
nAf
ri
caamongt
hev
ict
ori
esgr
oup.

TheRussi
anRev
olut
ion
Russi
awasunderf
eudal
Czarf
ort
hel
astt
hreehundr
edy
ear
s

- Rul
edbyabsol
uteRomanovdy
nast
y,t
hepeasant
swer
eremai
nser
fsal
lthesey
ear
s

- The1861Edi
ctofEmanci
pat
ional
l
owedsomepeasantt
oownl
ands

- Ther
ewer
efewi
ndust
ri
esi
nRussi
ain1900.

- Wor
ker
sinPet
rogr
adandMoscowl
eadsdi
ff
icul
tli
fe’
s

- Thesocial
i
strev
olut
ionar
iesweredemandingtherepl
acementofRomanovdy
nast
ybydemocr
ati
cpar
li
ament
ary
for
m ofgover
nmentandencour
agedpeasantr
evol
ts

- I
n1898RussianSoci
alDemocr
aticLaborPar
ty(
RSDLP)wasest
abl
i
shed.Thi
spar
tywascomposedofmor
eradi
cal
Mar
xistandmoder
ateref
ormi
sts

- Fi
nal
l
ythi
spar
tydi
vi
dedi
ntoMenshev
iksandBol
shev
iks(
radi
cal
s).

28
 - The1905Rev
olut
ionwasar
ousedbyt
hedef
eatofRussi
aint
heRusso-
Japanesewarof1904.

- Massdemonst
rat
ionl
edbyFat
herGaponmar
chedt
othewi
nterpal
aceofNi
chol
asI
I.

- Ni
chol
asIIorder
edhi
str
oopst
ofi
reont
hepeacef
uldemonst
rat
ors;
thousandsofRussi
answer
emassacr
edont
his
Bl
oodySunday.

- Masspr
otestcont
inuedunt
ilNi
chol
asI
Iagr
eedt
ohav
eaDuma(
par
li
ament
)in1907.

- Lat
eronNi
chol
asI
Iputdownal
lhi
sopponent
sandr
est
ri
ctedt
hepoweroft
heDuma.

- I
n1915Russi
aent
eredi
ntot
heWWI
,Ni
chol
asmadehi
msel
fthecommanderi
nchi
efoft
heRussi
anar
my.

- Hel
eftgov
ernmentaf
fai
rst
ohi
swi
feCzar
inaAl
exandr
aandGr
egor
yRasput
in

Roadst
othe1917Rev
olut
ion

- Russi
alostbat
tl
esaf
terbat
tl
esi
nWWI
.

- Dec.1916Gr
egor
yRasput
inwasassassi
nat
edbydi
scont
ent
edpeopl
e.

- Foodshort
ageandi
nfl
ati
onmadeli
fediff
icul
t,worker
sandcommonpeopl
einPet
rogr
adandMoscow r
iot
s,when
sol
dier
sjoi
nedt
hepeopl
eNichol
asf
orcedtoleavehist
hrone.

- OnMar
ch3,
1917i
nfl
uent
ial
Dumamember
sset
uppr
ovi
sional
gov
ernment
.

- Wor
ker
s,peasant
sandsol
dier
sfor
medsov
iet
s(coor
dinat
ingcommuni
ty)i
nPet
rogr
ad

- TheBol
shev
ikshel
dthepopul
arsl
oganoft
heday
,“Al
lpowert
otheSov
iet
s”andPeace,
LandandBr
ead”

- I
nSept
ember1917Gener
alKor
nil
ovat
tempt
edami
l
itar
yov
ert
ake.

- TheSov
iet
shadst
ronghol
dinPet
rogr
adandMoscow.

TheOct
ober1917Rev
olut
ion
29
- Bol
shev
ikswi
thsov
iet
sinPet
rogr
adl
edpopul
ari
nsur
rect
ionon25Oct
ober1917.

- Pr
ovi
si
onal
gov
ernmentunderKer
enskyr
emov
edf
rom power
,Ker
enskyf
ledt
hecount
ry.

- Bol
shev
iksunderLeni
ncont
rol
l
edcent
ral
pol
i
tical
power
.Tookt
hreei
mmedi
atemeasur
es.

a.Nat
ional
i
zedl
andsf
rom l
andar
ist
ocr
acy
;di
str
ibut
edl
andst
othepeasantt
hroughl
andcommi
tt
ee.

b.Nat
ional
i
zedi
ndust
ri
esanddecl
aredei
ghthour
swor
kingday
.

c.Wi
thdr
ewRussi
afr
om WWI
.Si
gnedt
reat
yofBr
est
-Li
tov
skwi
thGer
manyi
n1917.

- Bydoi
ngsoBol
shev
iksanswer
edt
hequest
ionof“
land,
peaceandbr
ead”
.

- Theex-
czar
istor
gani
zedWhi
teAr
myt
orev
erset
her
evol
uti
on.

- Topr
otectr
evol
uti
onar
ygai
nBol
shev
iksor
gani
zedRedAr
my.

- Ci
vi
lwarf
oughtbet
weenWhi
teAr
myandRedAr
myf
rom 1918-
1922.

- I
n1921Leni
ndecl
aredNEP(
NewEconomi
cPol
i
cy)t
orest
oresmal
lent
erpr
iset
othei
rowner
s

- In1918USSR(Uni
onofSov
ietSoci
ali
stRepubl
i
c)pr
ocl
aimedandCheka(
secr
etpol
i
ce)or
gani
zedt
osuppr
esst
he
count
err
evol
uti
on.

- Af
tert
hedeat
hofLeni
nJosephSt
ali
nandLeoTr
otskycamet
opower
.

- I
n1929LeoTr
otskysentt
oexi
l
etoMexi
cowher
ehewasassassi
nat
edi
n1940.

- JosephSt
ali
nconduct
edGr
eatPur
gef
rom 1928-
1938t
ost
rengt
henhi
spowerandt
oel
i
minat
ehi
senemi
es.

- Hi
sfi
rstf
iveeconomi
cpl
ansl
ast
edf
rom 1928-
1932.

- For
cef
ulcol
l
ect
ivi
zat
ionoff
armer
scausedt
heel
i
minat
ionoft
heKul
aks(
ri
chepeasant
s)

30
 - I
ndust
ri
ali
zat
ionshowedr
api
dadv
anceandf
orei
gni
nfl
uencewasabol
i
shed

- Thet
hir
dfi
vey
ear
spl
anst
art
edwhenNazi
att
ackedRussi
a.

- St
ali
ntr
ansf
ormedRussi
afr
om agr
ari
annat
iont
oamoder
nindust
ri
alst
ate.

- Russi
abecameanaspi
rat
ionf
ort
hosef
ight
ingagai
nstoppr
essor
s.

Ant
iCol
oni
alSt
ruggl
einAf
ri
cabet
weent
het
woWor
ldWar
s

TheYoungKi
kuy
uAssoci
ati
oni
nKeny
a.

- Ki
kuy
u–t
hel
argestcommuni
tyi
nKeny
a.Har
ryThukuwast
hef
ounderoft
hisassoci
ati
on

- I
twasor
gani
zedi
n1921whent
hewhi
temast
ersdeci
dedt
ocutt
hesal
ari
esofbl
ackwor
kerbyonet
hir
d.

- Theassoci
ati
ondemandst
her
etur
nsoft
heexpr
opr
iat
edl
andst
otheAf
ri
cans.

- TheBr
it
isht
ookr
epr
essi
vemeasur
esandi
mpr
isonedHar
ryThukui
n1922.

TheBat
akaAssoci
ati
oni
nUganda

- Bat
aka–t
het
it
leusedbycl
anl
eader
sBuganda,
TheBugandaki
ngshadt
het
it
lecal
l
edKabaka

- TheKabakaconvert
edint
oChristi
ani
ty,
andenf
orcedthi
snewreli
gionint
hecount
ry.Thisf
orcefulconver
sioncaused
massprotest
.In1900Bri
ti
shcoloni
algover
nmentsuppr
essedandestabl
i
shedcol
onialadmini
strat
ion.

- Luki
ko:
acol
oni
alassembl
yfor
medbyBr
it
ainal
l
owedKabakat
orepr
esentt
hepeopl
eint
hepar
li
ament(
Luki
ko)
.

- TheBatakaassoci
ati
onwasfor
medtocoordinat
ethepeopl
esst
ruggleagai
nsttheLuki
koandrepr
esent
ati
onoft
he
peopl
ebyKabakai nthecol
oni
alpar
li
ament.In1947-
1948theBatakaassoci
ati
onbecameprominentpar
tyoft
he
commonpeopl e

Theemer
genceofpol
it
ical
par
ti
esandt
hest
ruggl
eagai
nstcol
oni
alr
ule

31
 TheAf
ri
canNat
ional
Congr
ess(
ANC)

- Est
abli
shed in 1912 i
n Sout
h Afri
ca.I
twas to gui
de and coor
dinat
ethe peopl
es st
ruggl
e agai
nstr
aci
al
di
scri
minat
ions,minor
it
yrul
eandeconomi
coper
ati
on.

- ANCi
nfl
uencedt
hoseseasonal
wor
ker
smi
grantl
abor
ersf
rom ot
herpar
tsofAf
ri
ca.

 Nat
ional
Congr
essofBr
it
ishWestAf
ri
ca

- I
n1918J.ECasel
yHay
for
dfor
medt
hispar
tyi
nGhanat
odemandAf
ri
canspar
ti
cipat
ioni
nthecol
oni
algov
ernment
.

 TheWaf
disti
nEgy
pt

- In1919Egypti
anDelegat
esunderZaghl
ulPashawenttoVer
saill
estodemandEgy pti
anindependencef
rom t
he
LeagueofNat
ions.TheBri
ti
shdepor
tedt
hisdel
egat
etoMal
taI
slandinMedi
ter
raneanSea.

- I
n1922Br i
ti
shrecognizedEgypt
ianindependence,sotheWaf
dfor
medasapar
tyi
n1923i
nor
dert
obr
ingf
ull
i
ndependencetoEgypt.Butwonherindependencein1956.

 TheNeoDat
suri
nTuni
sia

- FoundedbyHabi
bBour
ghi
bai
n1934

- I
tsmaj
orgoal
wast
owi
nthei
ndependenceofTuni
sia

- I
n1956Tuni
siawonheri
ndependenceandHabi
bBour
ghi
babecamet
hef
ir
stpr
esentofi
ndependentTuni
sian

 TheRi
ffRepubl
i
c

- I
twasanar
medst
ruggl
einMor
occocar
ri
edoutwi
thoutal
eaderofapol
i
tical
par
ty.

- AbdulKer
imf
ormedani
ndependentt
heRi
ffRepubl
i
c,butt
hisr
epubl
i
ccr
ushedbyt
hecombi
nedf
orceofFr
anceand
Spai
n.

32
 -

UNI
TFI
VE

Thecausesoft
heI
tal
o-Et
hiopi
anwarof1935-
36

- I
tal
ycol
oni
algov
ernment
:pl
annedt
obui
l
dIt
alyEastAf
ri
cacol
oni
alEmpi
re.

- Thecomi
ngpowerofBeni
toMussol
i
nii
nIt
aly

- Hepl
annedf
orr
etal
i
ati
onoft
hedef
eatofAdwa.

- I
talyusedWalwali
nci
dent
sasapr et
exttoinv
adeEt
hiopi
a.Wal
walinci
dentwasami
l
itar
ycl
ashbet
weenAngl
o-
Ethi
opi
anboundar
ycommissi
onandIt
ali
antr
oopsi
nOgadenon5December1934.

- WhenItal
ydemandst
hatEt
hiopi
ashoul
dapol
ogi
zeandpayr
epar
ati
on.Et
hiopi
atookt
hemat
tert
otheLeagueof
Nat
ions.

- TheLeagueofNationsunabl
etogiv
eaj
ustsolut
ion.Thef
ail
ureoft
heLeagueofNat
ionsandt
heposi
ti
onofBr
it
ain
andFranceencour
agedIt
alyt
oinv
adeEt
hiopi
a

Thecour
sesoft
hewar

- OnOct
ober3,
1935t
heI
tal
i
ant
roopscr
ossedMer
ebRi
ver

- I
nit
ial
l
ythi
scol
oni
alar
mywasl
edbyMar
shal
Emi
l
ioDeBono;
immedi
atel
yrepl
acedbyPi
etr
oBadogl
i
o.

- I
tal
ydepl
oyed300ai
rpl
anesi
nnor
ther
nfr
ontt
oshowerpoi
songasupont
heEt
hiopi
ans.

- I
nthesout
her
nfr
ontcol
oni
alt
roopsl
edbyGener
alRudol
fGr
azzi
ani
suppor
tedby100ai
rpl
anes

Nor
ther
nfr
ont
:

- Shi
ref
rontLedbyRasI
mir
u;wont
empor
alv
ict
oryonShi
ref
ront
.
33
 - Cent
ral
frontl
edbyRasMengashandRasKassa;
def
eat
edatt
hebat
tl
eofTamben

- Thet
hir
dfl
ankl
edbyRasMul
uget
aYi
gezu,
def
eat
edatAmbaAr
dom

- On31Mar
ch1936I
mper
ial
bodyguar
dledbyt
heEmper
orHai
l
eSel
assi
edef
eat
edatMai
chew.

Sout
her
nFr
ont
:

- Thef ourDejazmachint hesouther

nfrontwereDéjà.Dest
aDamt ew,DéjàBalchaSafo,Déj
àNasibuZeamanueland
Déjà.MekonnenEndal kachew.Theyputsti
ffr
esi
stanceagainstthecoloni
alpenetr
ati
on.Theyf
oughtthebatt
leswi
th
greatdeter
mi nat
ionunti
l Addi
sAbabacontrol
l
edbyFascistforce.Checkedfasci
stfor
celedbyGrazzi
anii
nthesouth.

Et
hiopi
alostt
hebat
tl
ebecauseof

- I
tal
y’
smi
l
itar
ysuper
ior
it
yandabsol
utecont
rol
oft
heai
r

- Thei
ruseofpoi
songasandar
myembar
goi
mposedbyt
heLeagueofNat
ions

- Fr
om Et
hiopi
ansi
det
hewarwasunexpect
edandusedt
radi
ti
onal
warl
eader
s.Shet
rust
stheLeagueofNat
ions.

- Hercount
erof
fensi
vecamev
eryl
ate.

- Thepol
i
cyofHai
l
eSel
assi
eIant
agoni
zedmanyl
ords.Thesedi
sappoi
ntedgr
oupsi
dedI
tal
y

- May2,
1936Emper
orHai
l
eSel
assi
eIl
eftt
hecount
ry

- May5,
1936Mar
shal
Badogl
i
ocapt
uredAddi
sAbaba

Theconsequencesoft
heI
tal
o-Et
hiopi
anwar1935-
6

- Gr
eathumanandmat
eri
aldest
ruct
ion

- Greatl
ossesofli
feint
housandsdur
ingtheinvasi
onandi
nthesubsequentpat
ri
oti
cresi
stanceagai
nstI
tal
i
ans,
t
housandsofEt
hiopi
anwer
edeport
edtoabroad.
34
Thef
ail
ureoft
heLeagueofNat
ionst
opassaj
ustsol
uti
on.

- Thel
eadi
ngpar
tsi
ntheLeagueofNat
ions;
Bri
tai
nandFr
ancedi
dnotwantt
odi
sappoi
ntI
tal
y

TheFasci
stoccupat
ion1936-
41andt
heNat
ureofFasci
stAdmi
nist
rat
ioni
nEt
hiopi
a

- Fasci
stoccupat
ionwasami
l
itar
yrul
e,r
aci
st,
viol
entandhi
ghl
ycent
ral
i
zed

- I
tsof
fi
ci
alswer
ehi
ghl
ycor
rupt
ed;
mostoft
hem wer
einef
fi
cientandi
rr
esponsi
ble.

Et
hiopi
anpat
ri
oti
cresi
stanceagai
nstFasci
stoccupat
ion/
rul
etodef
endt
hei
rcount
ry

- I
n1936It
alydecl
aredthef
ormat
ionofI
tal
yEastAf
ri
cabymer
gingt
hreecount
ri
esi
.e.Et
hiopi
a,Somal
iandEr
it
reaas
aonecol
onial
ter
ri
tory

- I
nit
ial
l
yappoi
ntedMarshalBadogl
i
oastheVi
cer
oyoft hi
snew col
oni
alempi
re,i
mmedi
atel
yrepl
acedbyGr
azzi
ani
.
Aft
er1937cr
isi
sinAddi
sAbabaGrazi
ani
wasr
eplacedbyUmbertoD’
Aost
a.

I
tal
ydi
vi
dedt
hisnewcol
oni
alempi
redi
vi
dedi
ntosi
x;

1.Ti
grai
andEr
it
rear
uledf
rom Asmar
a

2.Amhar
aadmi
nist
eredf
rom Gondar

3.Shewar
uledf
rom Addi
sAbaba

4.Or
omoandSi
damar
uledf
rom Ji
mma

5.Har
arandDi
reDawar
uledf
rom Har
aand

6.Somal
iandOgadenr
uledf
rom Mogadi
shu

Thepat
ri
oti
cresi
stancemov
ementhadt
wophases

1.Thef
ir
stwast
hecont
inuat
ionoft
hemaj
orwarl
edbymember
soft
heuppernobi
l
ityi
ncommandoft
hei
rrespect
ivet
roops.
35
 RasImi
ruthedesignat
edleaderi
nGoreinv
itedt
obecamet
heheadoft
heBl
ackLi
onAr
myi
nWol
l
ega.Thi
smi
l
itar
ywi
ng
at
temptt
oliber
ateAddisAbabasdef
eat
edinKaff
a.

RasI
mir
ucaughtanddepor
tedt
oabr
oad.

a.Thesecondatt
emptt
oli
berat
eAddisAbabawasmadebythet
wosonsRasKassa;Déj
à.Abar
aandAsf
awosenKassa.
I
ncoll
aborat
ionwi
thDéj
à.Bal
chaSafo,
RasAbebeAr
egayandDéj
à.Fi
kremar
iam.

b.Oneoftheuni
fyi
ngfi
gur
eoftheattackAbunePeti
rosandthetwosonsofRasKassawer
ecaughtandexecut
edi
n
Addi
sAbaba,Bal
chaSaf
oconti
nuedhisr
esist
anceunt
ilhi
sdeat
hin1937i
nAddi
sAbaba

2.Thesecondphasesoft
her
esi
stancewasLedbyt
henobi
l
ityandl
ocal
not
abl
es;
assumedguer
ri
ll
aty
peofwar
far
e

- Lar
gel
ycar
ri
edouti
nther
ural
areas,
wasv
eryst
rongi
nGoj
j
am,
Begemi
dirandShewa.

- Feb19,
1937MogosAsegdom andAbr
haDebochat
temptt
oki
l
lGr
azi
ani
aatSi
ddi
stKi
l
o.

- Fi
nall
ythef
asci
stcar
ri
edoutWhol
esal
emassacr
ecar
ri
edouti
nAddi
sAbaba.Wi
thi
nthr
eeday
s30,000Et
hiopi
ans
werekil
l
edi
nAddisAbaba

- Thi
smassacr
emor
etar
get
edt
heeducat
edEt
hiopi
ans.

- I
nnerpat
ri
otsmuchcont
ri
but
edi
ntheant
icol
oni
alst
ruggl
edur
ingt
hephase.

Thecauseandcour
sesoft
heSecondWor
ldWar(
1939-
1945)

Thi
swarf
oughtbet
weent
heAl
l
iedandAxi
spower
s.

 Thecausesoft
hewar

- Ther
iseofFasci
stgov
ernmenti
nIt
aly
,Nazi
par
tyi
nGer
manyandi
nJapan

- Thei
nter
est
soft
hesemi
l
itar
ist
icst
atest
ocont
rol
thewor
ldbyusi
ngmi
l
itar
ypower
.

36
 - Beni
toMussoli
nicamet opoweri
nItal
yin1922,Adol
fHi
tl
er(
1889-
1945)camet
opoweri
nGer
manyi
n1933and
Mil
it
aryr
ulecont
rol
ledpoweri
nJapanin1930s.

- Gr
eatDepr
essi
on(
wor
ldwi
deeconomi
ccr
isi
s)pav
edawayf
ort
her
isesoft
heset
otal
i
tar
ianf
orm ofgov
ernment
s.

- Hi
tl
ert
ookpar
tint
heWWI
,j
oinedNazi
par
tyi
n1919;
att
emptacoupwi
thhi
sBr
ownShi
rt
sar
myi
n1923.

- Whenhewasi
npr
isonhewr
oteMei
nKamph(
MySt
ruggl
e)

- Nazi
underHi
tl
erassumedGer
manasasuper
iorr
acei
nthewor
ldandsoughtt
orul
ethewor
ld.

- Bri
ti
shandFranceAppeasementPol
icyandisol
ati
onofUSAfrom t
heLeagueofNat
ions,
inaddi
ti
ont
othi
sRussi
a’
s
soci
ali
stpol
i
cyweresomef act
orsf
ortheri
seofwarmongeri
ngstates.

 TheRoadsf
ort
heout
breakofWWI
I

- I
n1931Japanoccupi
edManchur
iaandwi
thdr
ewf
rom t
heLeagueofNat
ionsi
n1933.

- Theout
breakofSi
no-
Japan’
swar(
1937-
1945)
.

- I
n1933Ger
manwi
thdr
ewf
rom t
heLeagueofNat
ionsandmader
api
dar
mament
s

- I
nMar
ch1936r
eoccupi
edt
heRhi
nel
andandst
art
ednat
ional
mil
i
tar
yser
vices

 TheSpani
shCi
vi
lWar(
1936-
1939)

- Democrat
ical
l
yel ect
edgovernmentremovedfr
om powerandnat
ional
i
star
myl
eaderGener
alFr
ancocont
rol
l
ed
power
.Thisnati
onali
stf
orcewassupport
edbyGermanyandI
tal
y

- Fr
ancoest
abl
i
shedpr
o-f
asci
stgov
ernment
.

 Mar
ch1938Ger
manannexedAust
ri
a

- Si
gnedMuni
chDeal
wit
hBr
it
ishandFr
ance,
annexedCzechosl
ovaki
aasSudet
enl
and.

37
 - I
n1939Nazi
-Sov
ietPactandsecr
etagr
eementnott
ofi
ghtagai
nsteachot
herwassi
gnedt
wocount
ri
es.

Thecour
seoft
hewar

1.On1Sept
ember1939Ger
mani
nvadedPol
andbyBl
i
tzkr
ieg(
li
ght
ingwar
)

2.1939t
o1940Russi
aannexedt
heBal
ti
ccount
ri
es.
(Est
oni
a,Lat
viaandLi
thuani
an)

3.On3,
Sept
ember1939Br
it
ainandFr
ancedecl
aredwaronGer
many
.Ger
manov
err
unswestPol
and.

4.OnMay101940Ger maninv
adedFrancethr
oughBel
gium,
Hol
l
and(
thr
oughl
owercount
ri
es)
,cr
ossedt
heFr
ench
def
ensi
vef
ort
if
icat
ion,
theMaginotl
ine.

5.June1941Ger
mani
nvadedRussi
a.

6.Ger
manal
l
owedt
hef
ormat
ionofFr
enchgov
ernmentl
edbyGener
alPet
ain,
atVi
chy
.

7.Charl
esDeGaull
eannouncedthef
ormat
ionofFr
enchfreeGovernmenti
nEngl
andanddeci
dedt
oresumet
hewar
ofl
iber
ati
on.TheGer
manLuf t
waff
ebombardedmajorBri
ti
shcit
iesandi
ndust
ri
alpl
ant
s

8.OnJune22,1941Hitl
erinvadedRussia.USAopposedtheJapaneseexpansi
oni
ntheFarEastandUSAdeni
ed
Japanr
equestf
orl
oan.JapanattackedUSAnav
albaseatPear
lHarbori
nDecember1941.

9.I
n1942/
3Ger
mandef
eat
edRussi
aatt
hebat
tl
eofSt
ali
ngr
adandKur
sk.

Theent
ryofI
tal
yint
othewaront
hesi
deNazi
Ger
manyandi
tsconsequences

.WhenIt
alyenter
edintot
hewaront
hesi
deofAxi
spowerBr
it
ishmademi
l
itar
yint
erv
ent
ioni
nthel
i
ber
ati
oncampai
gnof
Et
hiopi
aagainstIt
aly
.

i
. Angl
o-Et
hiopi
anl
i
ber
ati
oncampaignwaslaunchedfr
om SudanandKeny
a.Gi
deonar
myl
eadbyChar
lesWi
ngetand
Dani
elSanfor
dwi
thHai
leSel
assi
eenter
edGojjam t
hroughSudan.
38
 i
i
. Fr
om Keny
aBr
it
ishEastAf
ri
caj
ointf
orcel
edbyGener
alCunni
ngham ent
eredAddi
sAbabaon6Apr
il1941.

i
i
i. Gener
alWi
l
li
am Pl
attent
eredEr
it
rea.

i
v. Br
it
ish,
FranceandUSAal
l
iedf
orcedr
oveGer
manyandI
tal
yfor
cesoutofNor
thAf
ri
cai
n1943.

v
. Fr
ancewasl
i
ber
atedi
n1944.

v
i. Russi
aadv
ancedi
nthewestandent
eredBer
li
n.

v
ii
. On30Apr
il1945Adol
fHi
tl
ercommi
tt
edsui
cideandi
nthesamey
earBeni
toMussol
i
niwasmur
der
edbyI
tal
i
ans.

v
ii
i. Fi
nal
l
yGer
mansur
render
edandt
hewarcamet
oanendi
nEur
ope.

i
x. Thewari
ntheEastcont
inued,
USA,
NewZeal
andandAust
ral
i
aoccupi
edt
hePaci
fi
cIsl
ands.

x. On6thand9thAugust1945USAdr
oppedat
omi
cbombsonJapan’
sci
ti
esofHi
roshi
maandNagasaki
respect
ivel
y.

xi
. Russi
ainv
adedManchur
iaandr
emov
edJapanf
rom t
her
egi
on.

. On2ndSept
xi
i ember1945USAf
orceent
eredToky
oandJapanuncondi
ti
onal
l
ysur
render
ed.

Reasonsf
orAl
li
edv
ict
ory

 Thef
ail
ureoft
heAxi
spowert
opr
otectt
hev
astt
err
it
ori
est
heyhadcont
rol
l
ed.

 Theent
ryofUSAandUSSRont
hesi
deofAl
l
iedpowerchangedt
hebal
anceofpower
.

 Thecommit
mentsofWinst
onChurchi
ll
ofUK,Roosev
eltofUSAandSt
ali
nofUSSRandmi
l
itar
ycoor
dinat
ionwer
e
amongthef
act
orsfort
hesuccessofAl
li
edpower.

Theef
fect
sofWWI
I

 Soci
all
yfi
ft
ymi
l
li
onpeopl
elostt
hei
rli
feandt
went
ymi
l
li
onot
her
swer
ewounded.

39
  Poli
ti
cal
l
yUSAandUSSRbecamethewor
ldsuperpower
s,Uni
tedNat
ionOr
gani
zat
ionwasest
abl
i
shed,
andencour
aged
decol
oni
zat
ioni
nAf
ri
caandAsia.

ButAf
tert
woy
ear
scol
dwarbr
okeoutbet
weencapi
tal
i
stwestandSoci
ali
steast
.

Thef
ateofI
tal
yEastAf
ri
cacol
oni
alEmpi
re

Ther
est
orat
ionofaut
ocr
acyi
nEt
hiopi
aaf
tert
hel
i
ber
ati
on

 I
nit
ial
l
yaf
tert
hel
i
ber
ati
ont
hepoweroft
heemper
orwasr
est
ri
ctedbyBr
it
ishar
medf
orces.

 Br
it
ishestabl
i
shedoccupi
edenemyt
err
it
oryadmi
nist
rat
ion(
OETA)ov
erEr
it
reaandOgadent
osust
ainheri
nfl
uencei
n
Et
hiopi
a.

 In1942theymadethefi
rstAnglo-
Ethi
opianTreaty
;whi
chgavei
ntensi
vepowert
oBr
it
ishoverEt
hiopi
anaf
fai
rs,
theemper
or
agreedt
ohaveonlyBri
ti
shciti
zensasadv i
sors,t
hepowert
odeclar
ewaranendwaronlywit
hthepermi
ssi
onofBri
ti
shand
themandatet
ohandItal
ianwarprisoner
ssolelygi
vent
oBri
ti
sh.

 I
n1944t hesecondAngl
o-Et
hiopi
anagreement
;Bri
ti
shagreedt
or est
oreOgadentoEt
hiopi
a,al
l
owedEt
hiopi
atouseAddi
s
Ababa-
Djibout
iRai
lWayandtheemperorwasall
owedtousenon-Bri
ti
shadvi
sors.

 TheWay
aneRebel
l
ioni
n(1943)
:

- I
twasor
gani
zedbyBl
ataHai
l
emar
iam Reda.

- Emper
orHai
l
eSel
assi
edeni
edt
her
ightt
osel
frul
e(byher
edi
tar
yrul
ers)

- Ther
oyal
appoi
nteesoft
heemper
orwer
ecor
rupt
sandunpopul
ar

- Thediscont
ent
edpeopl
erev
oltagai
nstmal
admi
nist
rat
ion,
final
l
ythi
sfi
rstWay
aner
ebel
l
ionwascr
ushedbyt
hej
oint
Angl
o-Ethi
opi
anfor
ce.

40
 UNI
TSI
X

POSTWORLDWARTWO:GLOBALDEVELOPMENT

Thef
ormat
ionofUni
tedNat
ionOr
gani
zat
ion(
UNO)

TheAtl
anticChar
ter(1942):
WinstonChur
chil
lofEngl
andandF.Roosev
eltofUSAmadeajoi
ntdecl
arat
ion,
Expressed
thei
rwi
ll
ingnesst
of orm UNO.Januar
y22.194226nationsmeti
nWashingtonagr
eedt
oacceptAtl
anti
cChart
er.

 OnJune1945t
herepr
esent
ati
vesof50nat
ionsappr
ovedt
hechar
teroft
hef
utur
eUNOatSanFr
anci
sco,
whi
chwas
for
mall
yest
abl
i
shedonApri
l25,1945.

 ThegoalofUNi ncludesmaint
aini
ngint
ernat
ional
peaceandsecur
it
y ,
takingcol
lect
ivemeasuresagai
nstaggr
essors,
creat
ingi
nternat
ionalcooper
ati
oninsolv
ingprobl
ems,todev
elopfr
iendlyrel
ati
onamongnat i
onsandtopromoterespectt
o
humanr i
ghts.

 Theor
ganofUNOincludes;
theGener
alAssembl
y,t
heSecur
it
yCounci
l
,theSecr
etar
iat
,Economi
candSoci
alcounci
l
,Tr
ust
shi
pcounci
landi
nter
nati
onalcour
tofJust
ice

 TheGeneral
Assembl
y;i
tiscomposedofal
lmemberstat
es,
itel
ect
snonper
manentmember
soft
heSecur
it
yCounci
lev
er
twoyear
sandappoi
ntst
hesecret
aryGener
alf
orf
iveyear
s.

 TheSecur
ityCounci
l
;thel
eadi
ngorganofUNO,t
hef i
veper
manentmember shav
ev et
opower
s,i
thasapowert
omobil
i
zed
armedfor
ces,i
mposesancti
onsandcontr
olt
heelect
ionofsecr
etar
ygener
alandtheadmi
ssi
onofthenewmember
s.

 theSecret
aryGeneral
;appoint
edbythecouncil
andappr
ovedbygeneralassembly,
impl
ementsthedecisi
onofgener
al
assembly:TryGi
veLiewast hefi
rst
,repl
acedbyDagHammarskj
old,
laterU-Thantr
epl
acedbyKurtWaldheim,
Perezde
cuel
lar
,ButrosButr
osGali,Kof
iAnanandBankmoon

 Economi
candSocial
counci
l
:assi
gnedbygener
alassembl
yfort
hreey
ear
s.Ther
ear
eespeci
alagenci
esl
i
keI
LO,
WHO,
UNESCOandot
hers.

UNsuccessf
ull
yabl
etost
opt
heci
vi
lwari
nGr
eeceandKor
ea,
hal
tedt
her
eli
giousbl
oodywarbet
weenI
ndi
aandPaki
stanand
41
ar
bit
rat
edt
heAr
ab-
Isr
ael
conf
li
ct,
mandat
edt
heSuezcanal
cri
sis,
adopt
edt
hedecl
arat
ionofhumanr
ight
sin1948.

Theemer
genceofr
ivalsuperpowerandt
heCol
dWar
:

 Theeast
ern(
soci
ali
st)bl
ocdomi
nat
edbyRussi
awhi
l
ethewest
ern(
capi
tal
i
st)bl
ocdomi
nat
edbyUSA.

 I
twasapoli
tical,
soci
alandeconomi
cwarbetweenthewester
nandeasternbl
ocsfr
om 1950supto1989.Amongt
he
Russi
ansat
elli
tesYugosl
avi
aunderMar
shalTi
tolef
tthi
sblocandj
oinedtheNon-
All
iancemovement
.

 Thewest
ernunderUSAt
ookt
hef
oll
owi
ngmeasur
est
ocheckt
heexpansi
onofcommuni
sm.

1.TrumanDoctr
ine:
Contai
nment:mil
it
aryandf
inanci
alsuppor
ttot
hosenat
ionsundert
hecommuni
sti
nfl
uencepar
ti
cul
arl
y
toGreece,
Tur
key,Kor
eaandIndo-
China.

NATOformedin1949wi
thi
t’
sheadquar
teror
igi
nal
l
ywasPar
isbutl
ateront
ransf
err
edt
oBr
ussel
s.SEATOandMETOwer
e
al
soest
abli
shed.

2.TheMar shalPl
an:USAstat
esecret
arygeneralC.Marshal
launchedt
hiseconomicpl
antorebuil
dEuropeanwareconomy
whichwasai medatst
rengt
heni
ngEurope’sEconomicDefense.Thisfi
nancial
aidr
eachedEuropethrought
heorgani
zat
ion
forEur
opeanEconomicCooperat
ion(OEEC).

3.ThePointFourProgr
am:st
rengt
heni
ngNonEuropeanEconomicdef ense;
itwast
hepart
sofTrumandoct
ri
ne:alargescal
e
progr
am ofEconomicai
dtobackwar
dnati
ons.Techni
cal
Assistancetoimprovet
hei
rnat
ural
resour
ceandagr
icult
ure.
Donatedl
argeamountofmoneytosout
hEastAsianandAfr
ican.

TheChi
neseRev
olut
ion

The1911Ant
iImper
ial
i
stRev
olut
ion

Kuomint
angunderDrSunYatSenr
emov
edManchudy
nast
ylastr
uler(
Emper
orPuYi
)fr
om powerandest
abl
i
shedr
epubl
i
can
for
m ofgov
ernmenti
nChina.

In1921theChinesecommuni
stpar
ty(
CCP)wasest
abl
i
shed,
whosest
rongr
ulerwasMaoTseTung.Fr
om 1921-
1927t
her
ewas
anall
iancebet
weenKMTandCCP

42
  I
n1927Chi ngKai
Shekwhor
epl
acedDrSunYatSen;
deci
dedt
ofi
ghtCCP,
sot
heci
vi
lwarf
oughtbet
weenCCPandKMT
unt
il1937.

 I
n1931whenJapani nvadedManchuri
aChingHaiShekinst
eadoftaki
ngact i
onagainstt
heinvader
shedecidedtoresume
theci
vi
l war
.In1934heencir
cledt
hemili
tar
ybasesoftheCCPatKiangsi.CCPunderMaomadeal ongmar chtot
he
nort
hernchi
natotheprovi
nceofYenon.TheChi
nesecommuni stwoncrucial
peasantsupportasaresul
toflandr
eforms.

 I
n1937whenJapani
nvadedt
hewhol
eChi
naCCPandKMTst
oppedt
heci
vi
lwaranddeci
dedt
ofi
ghtagai
nstJapan(
1937-
45)
.

 AfterWWIICCPandKMTr
eenter
edi
ntot
heci
vi
lwar(
1945-
49)andt
henat
ional
i
star
myunderChi
ngKai
Shekdef
eat
ed,
fled
themainl
andtoFor
mosa(
Tai
wan)

 I
n1966Chi
nesemadegr
eatpr
olet
ari
anCul
tur
alRev
olut
ion.Thi
srev
olut
ionaf
fect
sthei
mageofMaoZedong.

TheKor
eanWar(
1950-
53)

 Fr
om 1910to1945KoreawasunderJapanese;
in1943USA,
Engl
andandChi
naagr
eedi
nCai
rot
hef
ormat
ionof
i
ndependentKor
eanst
ate.

 Aft
ert hesurr
enderofJapannort
hernKoreaoccupi
edbyRussi
awhil
esouther
nKoreaoccupi
edbyUSA.I
n1948the
social
istst
ateofnort
hernKoreaunderRussi
aninfl
uencewasset
upandthesout
hernt
heRepubl
icofKor
eaundert
he
i
nfluenceofUSA.

 Anat
ional
elect
ionf
orent
ir
eKor
eawaspr
oposedbyUNO,
butRussi
aref
usedt
hisar
rangement
.

 I
n1950t
hecommuni
sti
ntheNor
thi
nvadedt
heRepubl
i
cSout
h.

 TheSecur
it
yCounci
lfor
medt hef
ir
sti
nternat
ional
armyunderUNf
lagt
odr
iveNor
thKor
eant
roopsoutoft
heSout
h.Thi
s
for
cewasmainl
yAmer i
canbutar
miesfrom 15count
ri
es.

 Throughti
metheUNf orceadvancedintonor
th,
Chinawar
nedUNf
orce;
final
l
ytheyagr
eedt
odr
awal
i
nebet
weenNor
thand
t
h
Southat38 par
all
el.Korear
emai nsdiv
idedunt
ilt
oday
.

43
TheWari
nVi
etnam

 Francer
uledIndo-
Chi
nafrom 1880sunti
ltheout
breakofWWI
I.Af
tert
heendoft
hewarFr
ancedemandt
oregai
nIndo-
Chi
na,
buttheVi
etnameseresi
stedFrenchr
ule.

 Peasantbasedmovementl
edbyHoChi Mi
nhdecl
aredthefor
mat i
onofDemocrat
icRepubl
i
cofViet
nam i
ntheNor
thof17th
paral
l
el;Russi
aandChi
narecogni
zedt
hefor
mati
onofindependentDemocr
ati
cRepubli
cofViet
nam.

 I
n1954t
heVi
etnamsdef
eat
edFr
enchcol
oni
alar
myatt
hebat
tl
eofDi
enBi
enPhu.

 I
nt hof17thpar
hesout all
elcapi
tal
i
stst
atewasest
abl
i
shedunderUSAhegemony
.

 Nat
ionalLiber
ati
onFront(
NLF)establ
ishedi
nthenor
thin1960s.Thecommuni
stf
ormedVietCongandt hemili
tar
ywingof
NLFkil
ledtheheadofsouther
nstate;
NgoDinhDiem i
n1963.NguyenVanThi
eusuppor
tedbyUSAintensif
iedbombingthe
nor
thstate.Manypeoplewereki
l
led.

 I
n1969USAPr esi
dentNixoni
ntroducedthepoli
cyofVietnami
zat
ionandreducedAmericanarmybyhal
f.TheVi
etCong
usedCambodi
aast hei
rbaseforguerri
l
lawarfare.Fi
nal
lytheVi
etnameseemergedvi
ctories.

 Thet
woVi
etnamesewer
euni
tedi
n1976.

Ar
ab-
Isr
ael
iwar
s

 Af
terWWISy
riaandLebanongi
vent
oFr
ance,
Pal
est
ine,
Trans-
Jor
danandI
raqwer
egi
venamandat
etoBr
it
ain.

 Zioni
sm wasf
ormedbyTheodorHerzel
in1897inSwit
zerland.I
n1915Bri
ti
shpr
omisedPal
esti
neforAr
abst
ogetsuppor
ts
f
rom Ott
omanTurks.Buti
n1917Br
it
ishpromisedhomelandfortheHebr
ewonBalf
ourDecl
arat
ion.

 UnderBr
it
ishr
ulet
henumberofJewi
shset
tl
ershadi
ncr
easedi
nPal
est
ine.

 In1947Brit
ishpresent
edthei
ssueofPalesti
netoUNO.UNdeci
dedt
hepar
ti
ti
onofPal
est
inei
ntoAr
abandJewi
shst
ates
andJerusal
em recogni
zedasint
ernat
ionalci
ty.

 OnMay14,
1948t
hest
ateofI
srael
waspr
ocl
aimedandDav
idBenGur
ionbecamei
tsf
ir
stpr
imemi
nst
er.

44
 OnthenextdayBri
tishwithdrewherar
myf r
om Pal
est
ine.Fol
l
owingthi
sinci
dentPal
esti
ne,
theArabst
atesofEgypt
,Sy
ria,
I
raq,Tr
ans-
Jordan,att
ackedt hest
ateofI
srael
.Thi
swast hef
ir
stArab-
Isr
ael
iwar(1948-
1949)
.Isr
aelt
ookcontr
oll
edmuch
t
erri
tor
yandhalfofJerusalem.

 In1952KingFar
oukofEgyptover
thr
ownbyGamal AbdelNassir
.On29October1956Nati
onal
izedSuezCanal.I
srael
att
ackedEgypt
.Bri
ti
shandFranceent
eredint
othewaront hesideofIsr
ael
.USA,USSRandUNf orcedBr
it
ain,
Franceand
Isr
aelt
ostopthewar.Bydoi
ngsoEgy ptwassavedfrom t
otaldefeat
.

 Thethir
dArab-
Israeli
war(1967)t heSi
xDaywar :USA,BritainandFederal
Republi
cofGermanysuppor
tedIsr
ael
;Russi
a
suppl
iedar
myt ot heArabstat
es.AttheendIsraeloccupiedGolanHeightsfr
om Syri
a,Si
nai
andGazaStri
pf r
om Egy
ptand
westBankfrom Jordan.I
sraelusednewlyoccupiedter
rit
oriesasabufferzone.

 ThefourthArab-I
sraeli
war(Yom Kippurwar
)in1973:onthecel
ebrat
ionJewi
shreli
giousHolyDayt heArabstat
esinv
aded
I
srael;t
heArabsdef eatedandt
urnedtoGuerri
l
lafi
ghter
scall
edFedayeen;
the“Bl
ackSept ember”conti
nuedseri
esofatt
ack
onIsrael
itar
gets.I
nSept ember1978JimmyCar t
erandAnwaral-
SadatandMenaaihem BeginsignedCampDav id
AgreementinWashi ngtonDCEgyptrecogni
zedthestat
eofIsr
ael
.ButsoonArabextremistassassi
natedAnwaral–Sadat.

TheNon-
ali
gnedMov
ement

 Thel eadi ngpersonali

ti
esbehi
ndt henon-
Ali
gnedmov ementswer e:-Marshal Ti
toofYugoslav i
a,Jawahar l
alNehruofIndia,
Sukar noofI ndonesiaandGamal AbdelNassi
rofEgypt,Thefoundingconferenceoft hemov ementwast heBandung
conf erenceheldin1955andat tendedby29countri
es.Thereasonsf ormemberst at
estobeneut ralwere;nottothreat
en
theirsov erei
gnty,torel
axtheeastwestconfl
i
ct,t
ogaineconomi candt echnicalassi
stancefrom bothbl
ocs.Ant i
coloni al
ism wast hei
rcommonst ands;i
n1960sthenumberofmemberst ateincreased.Becauseofeconomi candpolit
ical
diff
er encesamongt hememberst atest
heyunablet
odev el
opuniform polici
esonsev erali
ssues.Theylostt hei
rprominence
1980.

45
 UNI
TSEVEN

AFRI
CASI
NCE1945
NATI
ONALI
NDEPENDENCEMOVEMENT

 Af
terSecondWorl
dWarcol
oni
ali
sm i
nAf
ri
cawasbegant
obedi
sint
egr
ated.Ther
efor
ethey
ear1945wasat
urni
ngpoi
nti
n
Af
ri
canhistor
y.

 Fact
orst
hatf
aci
l
itat
edAf
ri
candecol
oni
zat
ioni
ncl
udes:
-

46
 - Pol
it
ical
changesandnewt hinki
ngwit
hint
hecol
oni
alcount
ri
es.Forexampl
einFr
anceChar
lesDeGaul
l
e’sr
egi
me
pr
eparedtogi
veindependenceforFr
enchcol
oni
es.

- Forei
gnEducat
edAfr
icansr
etur
nedtoAf
ri
cawi
thst
rongi
deasoff
reedom,
nat
ional
i
sm,
anddemocr
acyandt
hey
provi
dedl
eader
shi
pinthestr
uggle.

- Dev
elopmentoft
ownsandci
ti
escr
eat
edf
avor
abl
econdi
ti
onsf
ormassmobi
l
izat
ion.

- Thecont
ri
but
ionofPan-
Afr
icani
sm i
nthest
ruggl
eofagai
nstcol
oni
ali
sm.

- Theemergi
ngofnewworl
dpower
sli
keUSAandUSSRandt
hei
rat
ti
tudest
owar
dcol
oni
alpr
ocessi
onandt
he
for
mati
onofUNOandit
schart
er

- Thef
ormat
ionoft
hewor
ldsoci
ali
stsy
stem andsuppor
tgi
venbyt
hesoci
ali
stcamp.

 Thel
i
ber
ati
onst
ruggl
eofAf
ri
canshadt
wof
orms:

a.Vi
oletst
ruggl
ewher
ether
ewer
elar
genumberofwhi
teset
tl
ers

b.Non-
viol
ent

 I
tal
iancol
oni
es

- Li
bya(
1911-
1942)col
oni
zedbyI
tal
yaf
ter1942domi
nat
edbyBr
it
ainandFr
ance

- In1952theuni
teKi
ngdom ofLiby
awaspr
ocl
aimedunderki
ngI
dri
s.OnSept
ember1,
1969af
reeof
fi
cer
scoupd’
etatbr
oughtMuamarGadafit
opower.

- Er
it
reasi
nce1890st
o1941)
:col
oni
zedbyI
tal
y.I
n1952Feder
atedwi
thEt
hiopi
abyt
hedeci
sionofUN.

- I
tal
ySomal
il
anddomi
nat
edbyBr
it
ishi
n1941.Wont
hei
rindependencesi
n1960s

 Fr
enchcol
oni
es

- Morocco:sul
tanMohammedVledt
henati
onali
stl
i
ber
ati
onmov
ement
.Mor
occowonheri
ndependenceon2Mar
ch
1956.Fr
enchandSpani
shMor
occowereunit
ed.

47
 - Tuni
sia:
Neo-Desturpar
ty(
const
it
uti
onal
par
ty)undert
hel
eader
shi
pofHabi
bBour
ghi
bawonheri
ndependenceon
March20,1956.

- Alger
ia:
Algeri
anNat
ionali
stLiber
ati
onFr
ontLedbyAhmedBenBel
laf
oughtpr
otr
actedli
ber
ati
onwar(
1954-
1962)
;
fi
nall
yAlger
iawonherindependenceon1Jul
y1962,wi
thAhmedBenBel
l
aitspr
esident
.

- Fr
enchGui
nea:
becamei
ndependentt
hroughr
efer
endum i
n1958undert
hel
eader
shi
pofSekouTour
e

- I
n1960sFrenchcol
oni
es:Cameroon,
Togo, Madagascar
,Beni
n,Ni
ger
,Burki
naFaso,cotd’I
vore,
Chad,
Cent
ral
Afr
ican
Republ
i
c,Congo(Br
azzav
il
le)
,Gabon,Senegal
,MaliandMauri
tani
awonthei
rindependence.

- I
n1977Fr
enchSomal
il
andemer
gedasDj
i
bout
iandComor
osI
slandbecamei
ndependenti
n1975.

 Br
it
ishcol
oni
es

- Gol
dCoast
:Unit
edConvent
ionPar
tyoftheGoldCoastestabl
i
shedi
n1947.I
n1949underthechair
manshi
pof
KuwameNkrumahconv
enti
onpeople’
spartwassetup.In1957Ghanawonheri
ndependenceundert
hepr
esi
dency
ofNkr
umah.

- Ni
ger
iai
n1960,
Sier
raLeonei
n1961andGambi
ain1970wont
hei
rindependence.

- Egypt
:wonnomi
nali
ndependenceunderki
ngFar
oukl
ateront
hear
myof
fi
cerov
ert
hrewbyGamal
Abdul
Nassi
rand
SuezCanal
wasnat
ional
i
zedin1956.

- Kenya: Br
iti
shsettl
ementcolony;peasantnati
onal
istmovementcal
l
edMauMauwasacti
vebetween1952and
1955.Keny
aemer gedindependentundertheleader
shipKANU(KenyaAf
ri
caNat
ional
Uni
on)par
ty.JomoKenyat
ta
becameherfir
stpresi
dent.

- Zi
mbabwe:wonheri ndependenceundert
heleader
shi
pofZANU&ZAPUPARTI
ES,
ledbyRober
tMugabeandJoshua
Nkomorespect
ivel
yfrom Bri
ti
shcoloni
alr
ulein1980.

- Tanzani
a:Tangany
ikawoni
ndependencei
n1961underTANUpar
tyl
edbyJul
i
usNy
erer
e.

- I
n1963Zanzi
barwonheri
ndependenceandf
eder
atedwi
thTangany
ikat
ofor
m Tanzani
a.

48
 - Zambi
awonheri
ndependencei
n1964,
undert
hel
eadershi
pofKennet
hKaunda(
thel
eaderofNat
ional
)

- Ny
asal
andemer
gedasMal
awi
in1964;
Hast
ingKamuzuBandai
tspr
esi
dent
.

- Basut
olandrenamedLesot
hoemergedin1966,
Bechuanal
andemer
gedasBot
swanai
n1966.t
hei
slandofMaur
it
ius
wonherindependencei
n1968,
andSeychel
lesi
n1976.

 Bel
giancol
oni
es

I
n1959,Bel
gium f
orcedt
ogr
antindependenceforCongo.TheRepubl
i
cofCongoemergedon30June1960undert
he
Kasav
ubuandPatri
ckLumumba.Bythedecisi
onofUNRwandaandBur undi
becamei
ndependenti
n1962.

 Por
tuguesecol
oni
es

I
n1975Mozambi queunderFRELIMOandAngol
aunderUNI TAandMPLAwonthei
rindependences.TheAf
ri
can
i
ndependencepartyofGuineaandCapeVer
de(PAI
GC)l edthetwosmal
lcol
oni
esofPortugalt
ointhesameyear
i
ndependence.SaoTomeandPr i
nci
peal
sowonherindependence.

 Spani
shcol
oni
es

Spani
shGui
nea(
Equatori
alGuinea)wonheri
ndependencei
n1968.Sout
hWestAf
ri
ca(
Nami
bia)undert
hel
eader
shi
pof
SWAPOwonherindependencein1990.

 Apar
thei
dinsout
hAf
ri
ca:
-

I
n1910Sout hAfr
icawasf reefrom Br
it
ishruleandwhi t
eminorit
ygov er
nmentformed.I
n1912theANCwasf ormedf ort
he
ri
ghtsofblackpopulat
ion;onemanonev ot
e.In1948,theAf
rikanernati
onal
partyri
setopowerthr
oughelect
ion.Thi
snew
governmentint
roducedApar thei
dpoli
cy.Forinstancesepar
atedev el
opment,t
hewhiteminor
it
ydominance,87%Af r
ican
l
andr eser
vedtothewhi t
esandr i
gidr
acialsegregat
ion.

I
n1952ANCundert heleadershi
pofAlber
tLuthul
i
,Oli
verTambo,NelsonMandel
aandWal t
erSusuludecl
aredacampai gn
ofpassi
veresi
stanceagainstraci
sm.On21Mar ch1960atSharpev
il
leSout
hAf r
icanpol
i
cekil
led72and186wer ewounded.
MandelaandotherANCl eaderswerei
mprisonedonRobbenIsl
andfor27yearsbyApart
hei
dgov er
nment.Afteralong

49
 per
iodofst
ruggl
eraci
str
egi
mei
nSout
hAf
ri
cacamet
oanendi
n1994.

 PanAf
ri
cani
sm:
-

Itwasanti
col
oni
alst
rugglebyBl
ackAfr
icansli
vi
ngoutsideAf
ri
ca;i
nNor
thAmer
ica,
WestI
ndi
esandEur
ope.I
tsf
ir
st
confer
encewasor
ganizedbySyl
vest
erWill
iamsinLondonin1900.

Thefourt
hpanAfr
icanconfer
encewasorganizedbyAmericansci
enti
stWEBDuBoi si
n1919i nPari
s,i
n1921inLondon
andBrussel
sandin1923inLondonandLisbon,i
n1927inNewYor k.Aft
er20year
sofinter
rupti
on,
thesixt
hPan-
Afri
can
conf
erencewasheldi
n1945inManchester.I
twasdiff
erentfr
om prev
iousPan-
Afr
icanconfer
encesint
woaspects

1.Fort
hefir
stt
imeyoungandact
iveAfr
icanspar
ti
cipatedi
nthisconference:KwameNkrumahofGhana,JomoKeny
att
a
ofKeny
a,NnamdiAzihweofNi
geri
a,Juli
usNyerereofTanzani
a,peterAbraham wr
it
erfr
om sout
hAf
rica

2.Theconfer
encedemandf
ori
ndependenceandanendcol
oni
alr
ule.Theconf
erencemar
kedt
hebegi
nni he2nd
ngoft
phaseofPan-
Afri
ca.

TheFor
mat
ionoft
heOAU

 Thefir
stconfer
enceofindependentAf
ri
canstat
esheldinAccraGhanai
nApril1958.I
twasorgani
zedbyKwameNkr umah,
at
tendedbyEgy pt
,Ethi
opia,
Ghana,Gui
nea,Li
beri
a,Li
bya,MoroccoandTuni
sia.Thi
sconf
erencecal
ledf
ori
ndependenceof
Afr
icafrom col
oni
ali
sm.

 Af
tert
hef
ir
stconf
erence,
Regi
onal
regr
oupi
nghademer
ged

1.TheBr
azzav
il
leGr
oup:
consi
stsofex-
Frenchcol
oni
es;
adv
ocat
edst
rongr
elat
ionwi
thFr
ance.

2.TheCasabl
ancaGroup:-consi
stofGhana,Gui
nea,Mali
andEgypt
;itwasl
edbyNkrumahin1961,
itwasant
iwest
ern
regi
onal
groupi
ng-cr
it
icizedneo-
col
onial
ism,adv
ocatedthef
ormati
onoft
heuni
tedstat
esAfri
ca(USA)
.

3.TheMonrovi
aGroup:
-themembersoft
hisgr
oupi
ncl
udeEt
hiopi
a,Li
ber
iaandLi
bya.Thi
sgr
oupwaspr
o-west
ern;
they
want
edfunct
ional
cooperat
iont
hanuni
ty.

50
  Af
terl
ongdi
plomat i
cef
fort
s31independentAfr
icanst
atesmetinAddi
sAbabaon25May1963decl
aredt
hef
oundat
ionof
OAU.Di
ll
oTel
i becameit
sfir
stGeneral
secret
aryandAddisAbabatheHeadquar
terofOAU.

Pr
obl
emsofi
ndependentAf
ri
canst
atesandt
heOAU

 I
ndependentAf
ri
canst
atesf
aced

- Fr
equentbor
derconf
li
ctsamongAf
ri
canst
ates

- Ci
vi
lwar
s

- Fr
equentmi
l
itar
ycoupsandcount
ercoups:
-bet
ween1958and1969,
aboutt
went
ymi
l
itar
ycoupst
ookpl
ace

- Onepar
tyr
ule

- HI
V/AI
DSwasanot
herser
iouspr
obl
em ofcont
empor
aryAf
ri
ca.

UNI
TEI
GHT

Et
hiopi
afr
om 1941-
1991:Consol
idat
ionofAut
ocr
acy

 I
mmediatel
yaf
terl
iber
ati
onfr
om I
tal
i
anoccupati
onin1941Ethiopi
aremai
nedundert
heBr
it
ishdomi
nat
ion.Andy
etHai
l
e
Sel
assi
etri
edt
otakevari
ousmeasur
est
ostrengthenhi
sabsolutepower
:

1.I
n1943r
eest
abl
i
shedt
hemi
nist
eri
algov
ernment
,when11mi
nist
ershadnor
eal
power
;theywer
etot
all
yobedi
entt
o
51
 hi
m.

2.Expandedmoder
neducat
iont
omeett
hedemandsf
ort
hegr
owi
ngbur
eaucr
acy

 Ther
evi
sedconst
it
uti
onof1955;
becauseof
:-

1.Changesi
nthei
nter
nat
ional
sit
uat
ionaf
tert
heI
IWW

2.Thef
eder
ati
onofEr
it
reawi
thEt
hiopi
a(1952)

 Thi
srev
isedconst
it
uti
onwasal
egal
documentf
ort
heconsol
i
dat
ionofaut
ocr
acy

 I
nther
evi
sedconst
it
uti
onmor
eat
tent
ionwasgi
vent
othei
ssuesofsuccessi
onandt
hepower
soft
heemper
or

 Uni
ver
sal
adul
tsuf
fragewi
tht
hepr
oper
tyqual
i
ficat
ionf
orcandi
dat
eswani
ntr
oduced

 I
tal
soi
ncl
udedpr
ovi
sionsofhumanr
ight
.Int
heor
yfr
eedom ofspeechandt
hepr
essar
eal
soi
nser
ted

3.I
n1942theSwedishassi
stedt
her
eest
abl
i
shmentoft
heI
mper
ial
body
guar
d.Thepol
i
cef
orcewasor
gani
zedont
he
Br
it
ishmodel
inthesamey ear

 TheEt
hiopi
anar
myt
rai
nedf
ir
stbyt
heBr
it
ainandl
aterbyt
heAmer
icans

Et
hio-
Amer
icar
elat
ions:
-

 Ther
elat
ionhadst
art
edbef
oret
heendoft
heBr
it
ishmi
l
itar
ymi
ssi
oni
n1950

 I
twasi
nit
iat
ivebyt
heemper
or

 In1953,
undertheEt
hio-
Americat
reat
y,Ameri
canwasal l
owedt ousetheradi
ocommuni cati
onsst
ati
onknown
asKAGNEW inAsmera.i
nret
urnAmericawastogiveamili
t ar
yassi
stancetoEthi
opi
a,whichwastobe
i
mplementedthr
oughabodycall
edmili
tar
yassi
stanceadvisorgr
oup(MAAG)

 Besi
des,
theAmer
icanassi
stedEt
hiopi
ato:
-

 Est
abl
i
shanddev
elopt
heEt
hiopi
anai
rl
ines(
for
medi
n1942)

52
  Thei
mper
ial
highwayAut
hor
it
y(f
ormedi
n1951)

 Shapedt
heEt
hiopi
aneducat
ional
ongt
heAmer
icansy
stem.

 In1960sagoodnumberofAmeri
canscamet
oEt
hiopi
atot
eachEngl
i
shl
anguageunderwhatwas
cal
l
edthePeaceCor
psprogram.

Cr
isi
sofaut
ocr
acyandopposi
ti
onst
otheI
mper
ialr
ule

1.The1960coupD’
etat

 Anopenr
evol
tagai
nstt
her
egi
meor
gani
zedbyt
het
wobr
other
s-gener
alMengi
stuNewayandGi
rmameNeway

 Mengi
stuwasthecommanderoft
hei
mperialbody
guard.Hi
sbr
other
,Gi
rmame,
Amer
icanseducat
ionandonr
etur
n
gi
venadmini
str
ati
vepostf
ir
stWol
ayi
taandthenJij
iga

 Thecoupmaker
sdecl
aredt
hef
ormat
ionofanewgov
ernmenton14December1960.Theemper
orwasatast
atev
isi
tto
Lat
inAmeri
ca

 Theemper
or’
ssonandhei
r,pr
inceAsf
awosen,
wasmadeheadofst
ate,
sal
ari
edconst
it
uti
onal
,monar
ch

 Thepostofpr
imemi
nist
er,
headofgov
ernment
,wasgi
vent
oli
ber
alar
ist
ocr
at,
RasEmi
ruHai
l
eSel
asi
e

 Butthecoupfail
edaf
teraf
ewday
sfi
ght
ingbet
weent
hecoupmaker
sandt
hel
oyal
i
sts,
especi
all
y,t
hear
myandt
heai
r
for
ceont heother

 Gener
alTsi
geDebu,
commanderoft
hepol
i
cef
orce,
waski
l
ledi
nthebat
tl
e.Gi
rmameal
soki
l
ledi
nAddi
s.

 Gener
alMengi
stuwoundedandcapt
ured.Lat
ert
ri
edandhangedi
nMar
ch1961.

 Thi
s1960unsuccessfulcouphadalast
ingi
mpr
essi
onont
hemi
ndsoft
heEt
hiopi
anpeopl
e.Abov
eal
li
tpr
ovedt
hatt
he
poweroft
heemper orcouldbechal
l
enged

Reasonsf
ori
tsf
ail
ure:
-

1.Thel
ackofpr
operor
gani
zat
ion
53
 2.I
t`
sfai
l
uret
oinv
olv
ethear
myandt
heAi
rfor
ce

TheEt
hiopi
anst
udent
s’mov
ement

 Thi
smov ementwasSt
art
edi
n1950`
s,uni
ver
sit
yst
udent
sbegant
odemandi
mpr
ovementi
neducat
ionf
aci
l
iti
esand
ser
vices

 Theyal
sodemandf
reedom ofpr
essandst
art
edt
opr
oducet
hei
rownNewspapert
oexpr
esst
hemi
ser
abl
eli
feoft
he
peopl
e

 Afterthefor
mati
onoftheuni
versi
tyst
udent
suni
onofAddi
sAbaba(
USUAA)i
n1965,
theycameoutont
othest
reet
swi
th
theslogan,“
Landtot
heTil
ler
”.

 Thef
oll
owi
ngar
ethemaj
orf
act
orst
hati
ncr
easedt
hest
udentconsci
ousnessandt
hei
rradi
cal
opposi
ti
on:
-

 Thei
nfl
uenceoff
orei
gneducat
edEt
hiopi
ans

 Theat
tempt
edcoupof1960

 Thei
ntr
oduct
ionofMar
xistLeni
nisti
deas

 Thegovernmenttookr
esponsi
vemeasur
es,
detaini
ngt
hest
udent
’sl
eader
s,ev
enki
l
li
ngsomeact
ivepar
ti
cipant
smany
act
ivi
stswerefor
cedtofl
eethecount
ryt
oabroad.

PeasantRebel
li
onsi
nBal
eandGoj
jam (
1963-
1970)

 Reasonsf
ort
hesepeasantr
ebel
l
ion

 Feudal
expl
oit
ati
onandCor
rupt
edadmi
nist
rat
ion

 I
ncr
easedl
andt
axes,
thepr
ocessofl
andpr
ivat
izat
ion

 Expansi
onofcommer
cial
far
m andLar
gesal
elandal
i
enat
ions

 Ther
ebel
l
ionst
art
edi
ntheSomal
ii
nhabi
teddi
str
ictofEl
ker
ein1963.

 Thef
amousl
eaderoft
hisr
ebel
l
ionwasGener
alWaqoGut
u.
54
  Thepeasantf
oughtwi
thgr
eatent
husi
asm andki
l
ledsomedi
str
ictgov
ernorandmanygov
ernmentt
roops

 Thepeasantr
efusedt
opaygov
ernmentt
axesandagr
eednott
osel
lgr
ainsatmar
ket
s

 In1970Gener
alWaqosur
render
edandHail
eSel
assi
eappoint
edGeneral
JagamaKel
l
oandsetf
reet
her
ebel
leader
sand
exemptedt
hepeasant
sfr
om payi
ngtaxesf
ort
heyear
sbefore1970.

Goj
j
am Peasantr
ebel
l
ioni
n1968

 Thei
mmedi
atecauseoft
hisr
ebel
l
ionwast
hei
ntr
oduct
ionofnewagr
icul
tur
ali
ncomet
ax.

 Ther
ebel
l
ionst
art
edi
ntheDi
str
ictofMot
aandDagaDamot
.

 Consecut
ivemeasur
eswer
etakenbyt
her
ebel
peasant

 Theyr
efusedt
oper
mitt
axassessor
stowor
k,t
hen

 Pr
esent
edpet
it
iont
othegov
ernment

 El
ect
edt
hei
rleader
sandr
ebel
l
ed

 Agr
eedt
oexpel
gov
ernmentof
fi
cial
s

 Deci
dednott
otaket
hei
rpr
oducet
omar
ket
s

 Fi
nal
l
yther
ebel
l
ionwascr
ushedt
hroughami
l
itar
ycampai
gni
nvol
vi
ngt
hear
myandt
hepol
i
cef
orcesentf
rom t
hecent
re.

 Emper
orHai
l
eSel
assi
evi
sit
edGoj
j
am andt
ookt
hef
oll
owi
ngmeasur
es:
-

 Remov
edunpopul
arof
fi
cial
s

 Postpondt
hei
mpl
ement
ati
onoft
henewagr
icul
tur
ali
ncomet
ax

 Exempt
edt
hepeasant
sfr
om pay
mentoft
axesf
ort
hey
ear
sbet
ween1950and1968.

Theout
breakofFami
ne:
Humanandnat
ural
causes;

55
  Dr
ought

 Ov
erpopul
ati
on

 Def
orest
ati
onandsoi
ler
osi
on,
scantofr
esour
ces

 Backwar
dsy
stem ofpr
oduct
ion

 Fami
nei
nEt
hiopi
awasaggr
avat
edbyf
eudal
expl
oit
ati
onandsur
plusappr
opr
iat
ion.

 I
tdi
scour
agedpeasantt
opr
oducesur
plus

 Wit
hintenyearsofint
erv
alall
mostallregi
onsifEthi
opi
awereaff
ectedbyfaminei
ntheper
iodsafter1958.Fori
nst
ance
Ti
grai(
1965-1966)andWollo(1972-
1973)resul
tedingr
eathumanlossesandpopul
ati
ondi
slocat
ion.

 Thegov
ernmentofHai
l
eSel
assi
ekeptt
hemat
tersecr
etasmuchaspossi
ble.

 I
n1974thedevast
ati
ngfamineofWol
l
owasexposedt
othei
nter
nat
ional
communi
tybyEt
hiopi
anst
udent
sandt
heBr
it
ish
j
our
nal
istJonat
hanDimbil
bi.

TheEr
it
reanpr
obl
em

 AftertheendofItal
ycolonial
administ
rat
ioni
nEri
tr
ea,
Bri
ti
shest
abl
ishedherdominancesbyf
ormi
ngOETAforthenext
elevenyears.Fi
nall
ywit
ht hedeci
sionofUNannexedt
oEthi
opi
athr
oughfederal
system.Butt
hisf
eder
ati
onsy
stem came
toanendi n1962.

Pol
it
ical
groupsi
nEr
it
rea

 Theuni
oni
stpar
ty:
-suppor
tuni
onwi
thEt
hiopi
a,pr
obabl
ybackedbyEt
hiopi
angov
ernment
.

 Thei
ndependentbl
oc:
-consi
stof

 TheLi
ber
alpr
ogr
essi
vepar
ty;
campai
gnedf
ori
ndependentEr
it
reauni
tedwi
thTi
grai
,pr
obabl
ysuppor
tedbyBr
it
ain

 TheMusl
i
m League;
domi
nat
edbyMusl
i
minl
owl
ands,
probabl
ybackedbyMusl
i
m Mi
ddl
eEast

 ThePr
oIt
ali
angr
oup;
consi
stsofI
tal
i
anset
tl
ersandex-
askar
is,
demandi
ndependenceandt
hecont
inuat
ionofI
tal
i
an
56
 i
nfl
uence.

 I
n1948Br
itai
n,Russi
a,FranceandtheUSApr esent
edt
heEri
tr
eancaset
otheUN.TheUNappoi
ntedacommi
ssi
onoff
ive
menfr
om Bur
ma, Guatemala,Nor
way,Paki
stanandSouthAf
ri
ca.

 Thecommi ssi
onwassenttoEr
it
reat
oinvest
igat
et hei
nterestofthepeopl
e;t
hecommissi
onr
etur
nswi
tht
hreeopti
ons:
Paki
stanandGuatemalar
ecommendgranti
ngindependence,BurmaandSouthAfri
car
ecommendedaf
eder
alarr
angement
andNorwayproposeduni
on.

 On2December1950t
heUNi
ssuedt
her
esol
uti
on390Vt
hatdeci
dedEr
it
reanFeder
ati
onwi
thEt
hiopi
a.

 I
n1952t
hef
eder
ati
onofEr
it
reawi
thEt
hiopi
aof
fi
cial
l
ydecl
ared.

 Af
tert
eny
earHai
l
eSel
assi
edi
ssol
vedt
hef
eder
ati
onandmer
gedwi
thEt
hiopi
a.

 Thesepar
ati
stmov
ementi
nEr
it
reaengagedi
npeacef
ulst
ruggl
est
eppedi
ntoar
medst
ruggl
ein1961.

 TheELF(
Jaba)andEPLF(
Sha’
bya)hadbeencompet
ingf
orsupr
emacy
.

 Af
tert
hir
tyy
ear
sbl
oodywarEr
it
reasepar
atedf
rom Et
hiopi
a,f
inal
l
yest
abl
i
shedheri
ndependentst
atei
n1991.

Thepopul
arr
evol
uti
onof1974andi
tsaf
ter
mat
h

Ther
oadt
other
evol
uti
on

 I
nit
iall
yitwasurbanbasedmov ementmai
nlybyst
udent
s,t
eacher
s,ci
vi
lser
vant
s,t
ax-
dri
ver
s,sol
dier
sandt
heunempl
oyed
y
out hpart
ici
pat
edindiff
erentf
ormsofopposi
ti
ons.

 Soldi
ers;
inJanuar
y1974t hesol
dier
softhear
my ’
sfourt
hdivi
sionatNagalleBoranamut i
niedforeconomicreasons;
short
ageofwaterandfood,del
ayinpay
mentofsalari
es,sal
aryincrementandbetteruni
form.Thesoldier
sdetainedt
hei
r
commandersandof f
ici
als.Al
sothosei
notherpar
tsofthecount r
ydemandf orsalaryi
ncrementandbet t
erl
i
v i
ngcondit
ions.

 Theworker
s:opposedlongworki
nghour
sandopposedpoorl
i
v i
ngcondi
ti
ons.I
n1962establ
i
shedtheConfederat
ionof
Ethi
opi
anLaborUnion.Worki
ngcl
assmovementst
art
edbyrai
lwayworker
s,Wonji
SugarFact
oryandtheAkakiTexti
l
e

57
 I
ndust
ry.

 TheTeachers:
on18Feb1974theypr
otestagai
nsttheeducat
ionr
efor
m pr
ogram knownast
heEducat
ionSect
orRev
iew;
thi
sref
orm wasint
endedt
onar
rowtheimbalancebetweentownandcount
rysi
de,maleandf
emal
e.

 TheTaxiDri
ver
:inFebr
uary1974t
heTaxidr
iverwentoutonanstri
kedemandinganincreasedt
ranspor
tfeest
ocopewi
th
th
the50%ri
seinpetr
olpr
iceasther
esul
tofgl
obalenergycri
sisf
oll
owingt
he4 Ar ab-
Isr
aeliwari
n1973.

 TheMuslims:ov
er100,00ofMusli
msandthei
rsuppor
ter
swentoutfordemonst
rat
ionint
hecapi
tal
rai
singsl
oganf
or
rel
i
gionequal
i
ty,separ
ati
onofchur
chandstat
eandnati
onal
observ
anceofMuslim hol
i
days.

 TheDerg:on28JunetheCoordi
nat
ingCommi t
teef
ormedbytheRepresentat
ivesf
rom t
hearmedfor
cethepol
iceandt
he
Ter
ri
tor
ial
Ar my
.Itwasconsi
stofsoldi
ersofl
owerr
ank,noncommissionedoffi
cer
sandjuni
orof
fi
cersupther
ankofmajor
.

 Reformsmadebyt heEmperor :het

ri
edtomit
igat
ethegr owingrevolut
ionar
ythroughmi
norref
orms;suchascancel
ing
educati
onalr
efor
ms,reduci
ngt hepet
rol
pri
ceandincreasingsalar
iesofsoldi
ers.On28Feb1974repl
acedpri
memi nst
er
Akil
il
uHabtewoldbyLij
EndalkachewMekonni
n,butitwasf r
uit
less

 TheDer
gbegant
oexer
cisepower
,on22Jul
y1974Li
jMi
chael
Imi
rur
epl
acedEndal
kachewMekonni
n

 On12Sept
ember1974Emper
orHai
l
eSel
assi
eof
fi
cial
l
ydeposed.

 Der
gdecl
aredt
hecomi
ngt
opoweroft
hePr
ovi
sional
Mil
i
tar
yAdmi
nist
rat
iveCounci
l(PMAC)

 Themi
l
itar
yRul
e(1974-
1991)

 TheDer
gtookpowerundert
hechai
rmanshi
pofGener
alAmanMi
chael
Andom.

 I
nNov
ember1974si
xtyl
eadi
ngof
fi
cial
sincl
udi
ngGener
alAmanexecut
edbywi
thoutt
ri
al.

 Student
s,teachers,wor
ker
sotherci
vi
lser
vant
sandevensomemember soft
hemili
tar
yforcestoodagainstt
he
mili
tar
yregimeanddemandt heimmediat
eformat
ionofpr
ovi
sional
peopl
esgov
ernment,butt
her esponsefr
om t
he
regi
mewasr epressi
ve.

58
 Ref
ormsoft
heDer
g

 I
nDecember1974t heDev elopmentthr
oughCooperati
veCampaignwasannounced.Dergsenthi
ghschooland
universi
tyt
eacher
sandst udentstothecount
ryside.I
twasint
endedtoer
adicat
eill
it
eracyandimpl
ementthe
proclamati
onofrural
landr efor
m.Itwastar
getedtoeli
minat
etheopposi
ti
onforcesfrom t
owns.

 I
n1975theDer gNati
onali
zedindust
ri
es,banksandInsur
anceCompani
es.InMarch1975r
ural
landpr
ocl
amat
ion
wasannounced.Thi
sreformedaboli
shedtenancyandbroughtanendt
olandl
ordi
sm.

 On26,
Jul
y1975ur
banl
andext
rahouseswer
enat
ional
i
zed.Thedecr
eeal
sof
ormedur
bandwel
l
ersassoci
ati
on.

 Ani
mmedi
ater
eact
ioncamef
rom t
hel
eft
sunder
groundor
gani
zat
ionEt
hiopi
anPeopl
eRev
olut
ionar
yPar
ty(
EPRP)
.

 TheEPRPcarr
iedoutanar
medstruggl
eint
ownsandt
hecount
rysi
de;
inr
esponset
othet
heopposi
ti
ont
heDer
g
tookabl
oodycampaign(
RedTer
ror).

 Der
gusedRedt
err
orasmeasur
etoel
i
minat
ehi
sopponent
sli
keEPRP,
TPLF,
EPLF,
OLFandot
heropposi
ti
ongr
oups.

 I
nApril1976theDergfor
medt heprovi
sional
Of f
iceforMassOr ganizat
ionandAff
airs(
POMOA)t odisseminatethe
Marxi
st-
Lenini
sti
deology
.Theoffi
cewasdomi natedbyAll
EthiopianSocial
istMovement(
Meison),
toattai
nt he
obj
ect
iveoftheoff
iceatrai
ningcentr
eofYekat i
t66poli
ti
calschool wasopenedinAddisAbaba.

 Der
g’sPar
tyFor
mat
ion:
-

 InDecember1979theCommi ssi
onforOrgani
zingt
hePar
tyoft
heWorki
ngPeopl
eofEthi
opia(
COPWE)wasfor
med.
Thecri
teri
onformembershi
pwasl oyal
tyt
heleader
shi
pofMengi
stuHai
l
emari
am.In1984thefor
mat
ionofWPEwas
announced.

 I
n1987theDergadopt
edaconst
it
uti
onandpr
ocl
aimedt
hePeopl
e’
sDemocr
ati
cRepubl
i
cofEt
hiopi
aundert
he
di
ctat
orl
eader
shi
pofMengi
stuHail
emari
am.

 TheSomal
iRepubl
i
cinv
asi
onofEt
hiopi
aandt
heI
nter
act
ionofUSSR:
-

 Sei
dBar
reofSomal
i
ainv
adedEt
hiopi
ain1977acr
osst
hepoor
lydef
endedOgaden.
59
  Theinvadersdefeatedbythecount
erat
tackfrom Et
hiopi
anarmywit
hthemil
it
arysupport
sf r
om Cubafr
om the
Democr at
icRepublicofYemanatthebatt
leofKaramara.USSRst
oodonthesi
deofEt hi
opia;f
inal
l
yEthi
opi
ajoi
ned
thecommuni stbloc.

 Decl
i
neandf
all
oft
heMi
l
itar
yRegi
me

 Becauseoft
he1984/85faminetheDergr
esett
ledthenort
her
npeopl
ehi
ghl
yaf
fect
edbyf
ami
nei
ntosout
handsout
h
wester
npart
softhecountr
ywithoutt
heconsentofthepeopl
e.

 TheVi
l
lagi
zat
ionpr
ojectl
aunchedbyt
heDer
gwasal
sounpopul
ar,
thecount
ry’
seconomydecl
i
ned,

 ci
vi
lwar
swi
thEPLF,
TPLF,
OLF,
EPDM wor
sent
hepr
obl
em

 Af
ter1985i
nter
nati
onal
pol
i
ticswaschanging;Michael
Gor bachevi
ntroducedperest
roi
kaandgl
asnost
.Per
est
roi
ka
waseconomi
crefor
mswhil
egl asnostwasaref
ormedf ocusedontransparencyofgover
nment.

 Thedecl
i
neofcommuni
stbl
ocf
aci
l
itat
est
hef
all
ofDer
gregi
me.

 I
nMay1991Megi
stuHai
l
emar
iam f
ledt
hecount
ry,
EPRDFcont
rol
l
edAddi
sAbaba

 Feder
alAr
rangement
:-

 Towardsthefor
mat i
onoftheFeder
alDemocrat
icRepubl
i
cofEthi
opi
athe(FDRE)arr
angedt
hepeaceand
democrat
ictr
ansit
ionconf
erencewhichwashel
dinAddisAbabaf
rom 1-
5July1991.

 Theparti
cipantswerer
epresent
ati
vesofdi
ffer
entpol
i
tical
groups,
nati
onall
iber
ati
onmovement
,andr
eli
gious
i
nsti
tut
ionsintell
ect
ual
s.Theconfer
enceendedbyapprovi
ngthetr
ansi
tionperi
odchar
ter
.

 Wor
ksdonebyt
heTr
ansi
ti
onal
gov
ernment

 I
tsmai
ntaskwaspr
epar
ingev
ery
thi
ngf
ort
hef
ormat
ionofdemocr
ati
cgov
ernment
.

- Endedt
her
epr
essi
vemeasur
esi
nst
it
uti
onsoft
hemi
l
itar
yregi
mes

60
- Rest
oredpeaceandsecur
it
y

- Regr
oupedadmi
nist
rat
iver
egi
onsbasedonl
anguageandet
hni
cbackgr
ound

- Recogni
zedt
heEr
it
reani
ndependence

- Aboli
shedt
hecent
ral
i
zedeconomi
csy
stem andi
ssuedt
het
ransi
ti
onal
per
iodeconomyont
hebasesofmar
ket
economy.

- Dr
aft
edconst
it
uti
onandr
ati
fi
edi
tin1994.

 TheFeder
alDemocr
ati
cRepubl
i
cofEt
hiopi
aundert
hepr
emi
um shi
pofMel
esZenawwasest
abl
i
shed.

61
TheOr
omoPopul
ati
onmov
ementandexpansi
on

I
nthe16thcHor
nofAfr
icawaschar
act
eri
zedbyf
requentwar
sandpopul
ati
onmov
ementoft
heAf
ar’
sandSomal
i
’sbeganbef
ore
t
heOromomov ement
.

Theymov
edt
owar
dst
heHar
apl
ateau

- Accor
dingt
otheOromoor
alt
radi
ti
ont
heor
igi
nal
homel
andofOr
omopeopl
eist
hehi
ghl
andt
hepr
esentdayBal
e
andSi
damoprovi
nces

 Thei
rmov
ementwascausedbydr
ought
,fami
neandl
andpr
essur
e

 Thesemov
ement
scausedt
heAf
ari
,Somal
i
,Ar
gobbaandHar
ai’
sconf
li
ct.

 Lat
eronI
mam Ahmeddi
rect
edt
hismov
ementandconf
li
ctst
owar
dthei
rcommonenemi
es

TheOromopopulat
ionmovementbeguni
nt d16thcMedaWal
hemi abuser
vedasar
it
ual
andpol
i
tical
cent
reofOr
omopeopl
e
bef
orethei
rmovementandexpansi
on.

- Themai
ncausesoft
heOr
omopopul
ati
onmov
ementandexpansi
oni
ncl
ude

A.Landpr
essur
e

B.Waranddi
stur
bancei
ntheHor
nmadeChr
ist
ianki
ngdom andAdal
sul
tanat
e

C.Shor
tageofpast
oral
land

Bef
oret
hei
rmov
ementOr
omopeopl
epr
act
icedmi
xedf
armi
ng

TheOr
omoi
nst
it
uti
onandGadasy
stem

62
TheGadaSy
stem:
-iti
sthesoci
o-pol
i
tical
andmi
l
itar
yor
gani
zat
ionofOr
omopeopl
e

Accor
dingtot
heGadasy
stem al
lmal
emember
soft
hecommuni
typassest
hroughdi
ff
erentGadagr
ades,
eachgr
adel
ast
edf
or
ei
ghtyear
s

IntheseGadagradesal
lmalemembers’passesthr
ought
heper
iodsofi
nit
iat
ion,
trai
ningandper
for
mancesupt
otheLubast
age.
Lubaisthestageofact
iveGadagr
ade.ThatisLuba:
-

- I
twast
her
uli
nggr
oupoft
hesoci
ety

- Conduct
sgener
alassembl
yChaf
feet
omakel
awaswel
lasi
nactl
aws

- TheChaf
feepr
esi
dedbyAbbaGadaorAbbaBokku;
whowast
hechai
rmanoft
heassembl
y.

- Whent
hecommuni
tywasatwarAbbaDul
aexer
ciseshi
ghestpower

- Gadal
eaderwer
eel
ect
ivebasedonabi
l
ityandachi
evement
snotbasedonher
edi
tar
y.

TheQal
l
uInst
it
uti
on:
-

- I
tisar
eli
gioni
nst
it
uti
on

- Qal
l
uatt
hesamet
imer
efer
saper
sonwhoactasahi
ghpr
iesti
nOr
omoi
ndi
genousr
eli
gion

- TheQal
l
ual
socal
l
edAbbaMuuda(
fat
herofanoi
ntment)

Di
recti
onandthestageofOr
omopopulati
onmovementandexpansi
on:
-bef
oret
hei
rexpansi
onandmov
ementOr
omower
e
di
videdint
otwoconfeder
aci
es.I
.e.t
heBor
anaandBarent
u.

 Eachconf
eder
acywascomposedofsmal
l
erdi
vi
sionsandcl
ans

- TheBor
anaconf
eder
acyconsi
stofMacha,
Tul
ama,
Sout
hBor
anaandGuj
icl
ans

- TheBar
ent
uconsi
stsofKar
ayu,
Mar
awa,
Itt
u,Humabana,
Akkachu,
Wol
l
oandAr
si.

 Theexpansi
ont
ookpl
acebet
ween1522and1618.

63
 - TheBar
ent
umov
edi
nnor
theastdi
rect
ionwhi
l
etheBor
anaanor
thwest
erl
ydi
rect
ion.

- Theyal
somov
edi
nthedi
rect
ionofKeny
aandSomal
i
a

Consequencesoft
heOr
omoPopul
ati
onmov
ementandexpansi
on

 TheOr
omoset
tl
edi
nandout
sideEt
hiopi
a.

 Theirset
tl
ementbr
oughtf
undament
alchangesi
nEt
hiopi
anr
egi
on.Et
hni
candcul
tur
ali
ntermi
xi
ngbet
weenOr
omo’
sand
otherpeopl
es.

 I
tcausedt
hedest
ruct
ionofsameol
dst
atesl
i
keDamatandBi
gamyi
nthepr
esentdayShewaandWol
l
ega.

 Bot
hChr
ist
ianst
ateandAdal
sul
tanat
ewer
eweakened.

 Reasonsf
ort
hesuccessofOr
omoexpansi
oni
ncl
udes

- TheGadasy
stem pr
ovi
dedt
rai
ningandmi
l
itar
yor
gani
zat
ion

- Al
mostal
lthemal
emember
spar
ti
cipat
esi
nthewar

- Wi
deandgoodusesofhor
sesatt
het
imeofwar

- TheOromoinsti
tut
ionsl
i
keGuddif
acha(Adopt
ion)
, Moggassa(naming)andMendhacha(tyi
ngf
reshski
nonthewist
oft
hecapt
ive).Thr
oughall
thesei
nst
it
uti
onstheyintegr
atednon-Or
omoi nt
oOromof aci
l
itat
edOromoexpansi
onand
movement
.

64
 Chooset
hecor
rectanswer

1.I
n1941t
hef
orcet
hatf
ir
stcapt
uredAddi
sAbabaf
rom I
tal
i
answast
hosear
miesl
edby
:

A.Gener
alCunni
ngham C.Gener
alWi
ngat
e

B.Gener
alDani
elSanf
ord D.Emper
orHai
l
eSel
assi
eI

2.I
ntheI
tal
i
anEastAf
ri
cancol
oni
alEmpi
re;
Ogadenwasadmi
nist
eredf
rom:

A.Ji
j
iga B.Har
ar C.Moqadi
sho D.Di
reDawa

3.I
n1935I
tal
yinv
adedEt
hiopi
ato:

i
.Er
aset
heshamef
ulscar
east
her
esul
tthei
rdef
eatatt
hebat
tl
eofAdwai
n1896.

i
i
.Ev
angel
i
zeEt
hiopi
ainor
dert
oachi
evet
hepl
anofGi
useppeSapet
oandCar
dinal
Massaj
a.

i
i
i.Ret
ali
atemi
l
itar
ysuf
fer
ingt
heyf
acedi
ntheFi
rstWor
ldWar
.

i
v.Ful
fi
ll
themi
l
itar
ypl
anoft
hecent
ral
power

4.Dur
ingt
heI
tal
o-Et
hiopi
anwarof1935/
36t
hecommanderoft
heEt
hiopi
anar
myi
ntheShi
reFr
ontwas:

A.RasMul
uget
a B.RasKassaHai
l
u C.RasI
mir
u D.RasMangasha

5.I
tal
ydef
eat
edEt
hiopi
aint
hecol
oni
alwarof1935-
36becauseoft
hef
oll
owi
ngf
act
orsal
lexcept
:

65
 A.I
tal
yusedwel
ltr
ainedar
my C.I
tal
yhadsuper
iorar
mament
s

B.Thedef
eatofEt
hiopi
ainOgadenD.t
heI
tal
y’
sabsol
utecont
rol
oft
heai
r.

6.Br
it
ishgov
ernmentdeci
dedt
osuppor
tthel
i
ber
ati
onofEt
hiopi
aaf
terJune1940becauseof:

A.Thei
nter
estt
oest
abl
i
shherOETA(
occupi
edEnemyTer
ri
tor
yAdmi
nist
rat
ion)onOgaden.

B.Thenewl
aborgov
ernmentt
hatcamet
opoweri
nBr
it
aini
n1940wasant
ifasci
st.

C.I
tal
yjoi
nedt
hesecondwor
ldwarf
ight
ingont
hesi
deoft
heNazi
Ger
many

D.Thecomi
ngt
opowerofnewpr
imeMi
nist
eri
nBr
it
ainandhi
snewpol
i
cy.

7. TheEt
hiopi
anpat
ri
oti
cresi
stancemov
ementagai
nstt
heFasci
stf
orcewasv
eryst
rong:

A.Ti
gray B.Shewa C.I
ll
ubabor D.Ogaden

8.Theweaponsofmassdest
ruct
ionusedbyt
heFasci
stf
orcei
nEt
hiopi
ain1935/
36was:

A.Poi
songasB.Ai
rst
ri
ke C.M.K23gunD.moder
nar
ti
ll
ery

9.Thef
ir
stFasci
stVi
cer
oyassi
gnedt
oadmi
nist
ert
heI
tal
yEastAf
ri
cacol
oni
alEmpi
rewas:

A.Umber
toD’
Aost
a B.Gr
azzi
ani C.Badogl
i
o D.Emi
l
ioDeBono

10.
Whi
choneoft
hef
oll
owi
ngi
samongt
her
oleofEt
hiopi
anwomeni
nthepat
ri
oti
cmov
ementagai
nstFasci
stoccupat
ion?

A.Theywer
epr
imar
il
yinv
olv
edi
ninf
ormat
iongat
her
ingf
ort
hepat
ri
ots

B.Theypar
ti
ci
pat
edi
nal
lar
easexcepti
nact
ual
fight
ing

C.Theywer
econf
inedt
ocooki
ngf
oodandnur
tur
ingt
hewounded

D.Theyr
emai
nathomet
onur
tur
ethei
rchi
l
dren
66
Fol
l
owUsOnTel
egr
am t
.me/
fana_
educat
ion

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67
FanaEducat
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68