Rev

isi
onNot
esTheRi
seofNat
ional
ism i
nEur
ope
Dur
ingt
heni
net
eent
hcent
ury
,thei
deaofnat
ional
i
sm madechangesi
nPol
i
tical
andment
alwor
ldofEur
ope.

TheFr
enchRev
olut
ionandt
heI
deaoft
heNat
ion

Fr
enchRev
olut
ionof1789wast
hef
ir
stcl
earexpr
essi
onofnat
ional
i
sm.

•St
epst
akenbyFr
enchRev
olut
ionar
iest
ocr
eat
easenseofcol
l
ect
ivei
dent
it
yamongstt
heFr
enchpeopl
e:

→I
deasofLapat
ri
eandLeci
toy
en

→ NewFr
enchFl
ag

→ Est
atesGener
alwasel
ect
edandr
enamedNat
ional
Assembl
y

→ Newhy
mnscomposedandoat
hst
aken

→ Cent
ral
i
zedadmi
nist
rat
ionsy
stem

→I
nter
nal
cust
omsdut
iesanddueswer
eabol
i
shed

→ Uni
for
m sy
stem ofwei
ght
sandmeasur
eswer
eint
roduced

→ Fr
enchbecamet
hecommonl
anguage

Napol
ean

•Rul
edFr
ancef
rom 1799t
o1815.

•Gai
nedabsol
utepower
sin1799bybecomi
ngt
heFi
rstConsul
.

Ci
vi
lCodeof1804/Napol
eoni
cCode

•Equal
i
tybef
oret
hel
awwasest
abl
i
shed

•Secur
edt
her
ightt
opr
oper
ty

•Si
mpl
i
fiedadmi
nist
rat
ivemeasur
es

•Abol
i
shedf
eudal
syst
em

•Fr
eedpeasant
sfr
om ser
fdom andmanor
ial
dues

•Gui
l
drest
ri
cti
onswer
eremov
ed

•Tr
anspor
tandcommuni
cat
ionsy
stemswer
eimpr
oved.

Napol
eont
ookawaypol
i
tical
freedom,
incr
easedt
axes,
imposedcensor
shi
pandf
orcedpeopl
etoj
oinFr
enchar
my.

TheMaki
ngofNat
ional
i
sm i
nEur
ope

NoNat
ionst
ateswer
einEur
opebecauseofnotcommoni
dent
it
yorcul
tur
e.

•Peopl
eresi
dingi
ndi
ff
erentar
easspokedi
ff
erentl
anguages.

→ Exampl
e:Hungar
yhal
foft
hepopul
ati
onspokeMagy
arot
herhal
fspokev
ari
etyofdi
alect
sandi
nGal
i
ciapeopl
e
spokePol
i
sh.
TheAr
ist
ocr
acyandt
heNewMi
ddl
eCl
ass

•Ar
ist
ocr
acy

→ Thel
andowni
ngcl
ass.

→ SpokeFr
enchconnect
edbyt
iesofmar
ri
ages.

→ Numer
ical
l
yasmal
lgr
oup.

•Peasant
ry

→ Maj
ori
tyofpopul
ati
on

•Mi
ddl
ecl
ass

→ NewSoci
alcl
assemer
gedwi
tht
hegr
owt
hoft
ownsandemer
genceofcommer
cial
classes.

→ Educat
edcl
asswher
eideasofnat
ional
i
tygai
nedpopul
ari
ty.

Whatdi
dLi
ber
alNat
ional
i
sm St
andf
or?

•Li
ber
ali
sm st
oodf
orf
reedom f
ort
hei
ndi
vi
dual
andequal
i
tyf
oral
lbef
oret
hel
aw

→ Theendofaut
ocr
acyandcl
eri
cal
pri
vi
leges

→ Aconst
it
uti
onandr
epr
esent
ati
vegov
ernmentt
hroughpar
li
ament
.

•Intheeconomicspher
eli
beral
i
sm stoodf
orthefr
eedom ofmar
ket
sandt
heabol
i
tionofst
ate-
imposed
rest
rict
ionsont
hemov ementofgoodsandcapi
tal
.

•Zol
lver
einabol
ishedt
ari
ffbar
ri
ers,
reducedt
henumberofcur
renci
est
otwo,
andpr
omot
edanet
wor
kofr
ail
way
s
tost
imulatemobil
it
y.

ANewConser
vat
ism af
ter1815

•Bel
ievedthatest
abl
i
shedi
nst
it
uti
onsofst
ateandsoci
etyshoul
dbepr
eser
ved,
wit
hthechangesi
nit
iat
edby
Napoleon.

Tr
eat
yofVi
enna(
1815

•Bour
bondy
nast
ywasr
est
oredt
opoweri
nFr
ance

•Aser
iesofst
atescr
eat
edont
heFr
enchboundar
yforpr
event
ingFr
enchexpansi
oni
nfut
ure.

•Ger
manconf
eder
ati
onwasl
eftunt
ouched.

•Mai
nint
ent
ionswast
orest
oret
hemonar
chi
est
hathadbeenov
ert
hrownbyNapol
eon.

TheRev
olut
ionar
ies

Acommitmenttoopposemonar
chi
cal
for
mst
hathadbeenest
abl
i
shedaf
tert
heVi
ennaCongr
ess,
andt
ofi
ghtf
or
l
iber
tyandf
reedom.

Gi
useppeMazzi
ni

•Bor
ninGenoai
n1807
•Amemberoft
hesecr
etsoci
etyofCar
bonar
i

•FoundedYoungI
tal
yinMar
seel
l
ies,
YoungEur
opei
nBer
ne.

•Bel
i
evedi
ntheuni
fi
cat
ionofI
tal
yint
oar
epubl
i
c.

TheAgeofRev
olut
ions:
1830-
1848

•I
nJul
y1830,
Bour
bonki
ngsofFr
ancewer
eov
ert
hrownandaconst
it
uti
onal
monar
chywasest
abl
i
shed.

•Bel
gium br
okeawayf
rom t
heUni
tedki
ngdomsoft
heNet
her
lands.

•Gr
eecewhi
chhadbeenapar
toft
heOt
tomonEmpi
resi
ncet
hef
if
teent
hcent
ury
,st
ruggl
edf
ori
ndependence.

→ Tr
eat
yofConst
ant
inopl
eof1832r
ecogni
sedGr
eeceasani
ndependentnat
ion.

TheRomant
icI
magi
nat
ionandNat
ional
Feel
i
ng

•Acul
tur
almovementwhichsoughttodevel
opapar
ti
cul
arfor
m ofnat
ional
i
stsent
iment,cr
it
ici
zedt
hegl
ori
fi
cat
ion
ofr
easonandsci
enceandfocusedinst
eadonemoti
ons,
int
uit
ionandmysti
cal
feel
ings.

•Germanphi
losopherJohannGott
fri
edHer
dert
ri
edt
odi
scov
eredcul
tur
eamongcommonpeopl
e,t
hroughf
olk
songs,
fol
kpoetryandfol
kdances.

Hunger
,Har
dshi
pandPopul
arRev
olt

•I
nmostcount
ri
est
her
ewer
emor
eseeker
sofj
obst
hanempl
oyment
.

•Popul
ati
onf
rom r
ural
areasmi
grat
edt
otheci
ti
est
oli
vei
nov
ercr
owdedsl
ums.

•Ther
iseoff
oodpr
icesoray
earofbadhar
vestl
edt
owi
despr
eadpauper
ism i
ntownandcount
ry.

•I
n1848,thePopul
ati
onofPar
iscameoutont
her
oadsandLoui
sPhi
l
ippewasf
orcedt
ofl
eeandNat
ional
Assembl
yprocl
aimedaRepubl
ic.

•I
n1845,
weav
ersi
nSi
l
esi
aledar
evol
tagai
nstcont
ract
ors.

1848:
TheRev
olut
ionoft
heLi
ber
als

•Therevol
uti
onwasledbyeducat
edmi
ddl
ecl
asseswhocombi
nedt
hei
rdemandsf
orconst
it
uti
onal
i
sm wi
th
nat
ional
unifi
cat
ion.

Fr
ankf
urtPar
li
ament

•On18May1848,membersofpol
i
tical
associ
ati
on’sel
ected831repr
esent
ativ
eswhotookt
hei
rpl
acesinthe
Fr
ankf
urtPar
li
amentconv
enedi
ntheChurchofSt.Paulanddraf
tedaConsti
tuti
onf
ort
heGermannati
on.

•I
twasopposedbyKi
ngofPr
ussi
aandal
sol
osti
tssoci
albasi
sasnor
ight
swer
egi
vent
owor
ker
sandwomen.

•I
tfor
cedt
heaut
ocr
ati
cmonar
chst
oint
roducesomechanges–ser
fdom andbondedl
abourwasabol
i
shed

•Hungar
ianswer
egr
ant
edmor
eaut
onomy
.

TheMaki
ngofGer
manyandI
tal
y

Ger
many
•Ott
oVanBismarckwi
tht
hehel
pofPr
ussi
anar
myandbur
eaucr
acyt
ookont
hel
eader
shi
poft
hemov
ementf
or
nat
ional
uni
fi
cat
ion.

•Thr
eewarov
ersev
eny
ear
sendedi
nPr
ussi
anv
ict
oryandcompl
etedt
hepr
ocessofuni
fi
cat
ion.

•Kai
serWi
l
li
am IofPr
ussi
aheadedt
henewGer
manEmpi
re.

I
tal
y

•I
tal
ywasdi
vi
dedi
ntosev
enst
atesofwhi
chonl
ySar
dini
aPi
edmontwasr
uledbyanI
tal
i
anPr
incel
yst
ate.

•I
nit
ial
l
yauni
fi
cat
ionpr
ogr
ammewasi
nit
iat
edbyGi
useppeMazzi
ni,
buti
tfai
l
ed.

•Chi
efMi
niserCav
ourl
edt
hemov
ement
,wi
tht
hehel
pofGi
useppeGar
ibal
di.

•I
n1861,
Vict
orEmmanuel
IIwaspr
ocl
aimedki
ngofuni
tedI
tal
y.

TheSt
rangeCaseofBr
it
ain

•I
n1688,
Engl
andest
abl
i
shedasanat
ionst
ate.

•Engl
i
shpar
li
amentsei
zedpowerf
rom t
hemonar
chy
.

•TheActofUni
on1707r
esul
tedi
nthef
ormat
ionoft
he‘
Uni
tedKi
ngdom ofGr
eatBr
it
ain’
.

•I
n1801,
Irel
andwasf
orci
blyt
akenbyt
heBr
it
ishaf
tert
hef
ail
edr
evol
uti
on.

•Anew‘
Bri
ti
shNat
ion’
wasf
oundedt
hrought
hepr
opagat
ionofadomi
nantEngl
i
shcul
tur
e.

Vi
sual
i
singt
heNat
ion

•Nat
ionswer
epor
tray
edasf
emal
efi
gur
e(Al
l
egor
y).

•Thefemal
eformthatwaschosentopersoni
fyt
henati
ondi
dnotst
andf
oranypar
ti
cul
arwomani
nreal
li
fe,
rat
her
i
tsoughtt
ogivetheabst
racti
deaofthenati
onaconcr
etef
orm.

•I
nFr
ancet
heal
l
egor
ywaschr
ist
enedasMar
ianne,
inGer
many–Ger
mani
abecamet
heal
l
egor
y.

Nat
ional
i
sm andI
mper
ial
i
sm

•TheBal
kanscompri
sedmodern-
dayRomani
a,Bul
gar
ia,
Albani
a,Gr
eece,
Macedoni
a,Cr
oat
ia,
Bosni
a-Her
zegov
ina,
Sl
oveni
a,Ser
biaandMont
enegr
o.

•Bal
kanswasar
egi
onofgeogr
aphi
cal
andet
hni
cvar
iat
ionwasundert
hecont
rol
oft
heOt
tomonEmpi
re.

•Thei
deaofRomant
icnat
ional
i
sm madet
hisr
egi
onv
eryexpl
osi
ve.

•TheBal
kanst
ateswer
efi
ercel
yjeal
ousofeachot
herandeachhopedt
ogai
nmor
eter
ri
tor
yatt
heexpenseof
eachot
her.

•Eur
opeanpower
swer
eal
sol
ooki
ngf
ort
heext
endt
hei
rcont
rol
overt
hear
ea.

•Thi
sledt
oaser
iesofwar
sint
her
egi
onandf
inal
l
yresul
tedi
ntheFi
rstWor
ldWar
.