Rep

ub l
ico
ft h
ePh i
lip
pines
ASI
AN DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATI ON COLLEGE
TACLOBAN CI
TY
S.
Y.2021
-2022

GE 1
12:READINGS IN
PHI
LIPPINE HISTORY
MODULE 1

Th
efo
llo
win
gar
eso
mer
emi
nder
sinu
sin
gth
ismo
dul
e:
1
. Pl
eas
erea
dan
dun
der
sta
ndt
hel
ess
onsi
nth
ismo
dul
e.
2.Rea
dth
ein
str
uct
ionc
aref
ull
ybef
orea
nswer
ingt
hea
cti
vit
y.
3.Ob
ser
veh
ones
tya
ndi
nteg
rit
yindo
ingt
het
ask
s.
4.Su
bmi
tth
eac
tiv
ityt
oyo
urt
eac
hero
norb
efo
ret
hedea
dli
ne.
5.Ifyouenco
unt
eranydi ff
icu
ltyinan
swer
ingtheact
ivi
tyinth
is
modul
e,donothes
ita
t etocons
ultyo
urteach
er.Al
waysbeari
nmin
d
th
a tyoua
renotalone.
Weho
pethatth
roughthi
smater
ial
,youwi
llexp
erien
c emeani
ngf
ull
ear
nin
g
adg
n aindeepunders
tandi
ngoft herel
eva
ntc o
mp eten
cies
.

Pr
epa
redb
y:
Cec
ilP.Da
ga,LPT
I
NSTRUCTOR
 CHAPTER 1
:In
tro
duc
tio
ntohi
sto
ry:defi
nit
ion
,is
sues
,so
urc
es,a
nd
met
hodol
ogy

Lea
rni
ngObj
ect
ives
:
 To u
nder
standthe mea
nin
gofh i
sto
ryasa
na ca
demic di
sci
pli
nea ndt ob
e
fa
mil
iarwit
ht h
eunderl
yin
gph
ilo
soph
yan
dmeth
odolo
gyoft hedisc
ipl
ine.
 Toap
plytheknowledg
ei nh is
tor
ica
lmet ho
dol
ogya
ndp
hil
oso
phyi
nas
ses
sin
g
an
danal
yzi
ngex
isti
ngh i
sto
ric
aln a
rrat
ives
.
 Toex
ami
nea
nda
sses
scr
iti
cal
lyt
hev
alu
eofh
ist
ori
calev
iden
cesa
nds
our
ces
,
 Toappr
eci
atet
hei
mpo
rta
nceo
fhi
sto
ryi
nth
eso
cia
lan
dna
tio
nall
ifeo
fth
e
Ph
ili
ppi
nes
.

Th i
sc hapteri ntr
o ducesh is
torya sa di s
c i
plinea nda sa n a rrati
ve.I t
pr
esentsthe definiti
ono ft heh is
tory,whicht r
anscendst hecommo ndef ini
tion
ofhisto
rya st hes tudy o ft h
ep ast.Thisc ha
ptera lsodi s
cuss
ess ev erali s
sues
inh i
storythatc onsequentlyo pensu pf ort het heoreti
cala spec tso ft he
di
scipl
ine.Th e di s
tinctionb etween p r
imary and s econdary so
u r
c es i sa lso
di
scuss
ed inr elati
ont ot heh i
stor
icalsubjectma tterb eingstudied a ndt he
hi
stor
icalmethodo l
ogyemp loyed byt heh i
stori
an.Ul ti
mately,thi
sc ha p
tera lso
ta
cklest het as
ko ft heh isto
riana sthea r
biter off actsa n
d ev idencesi n
maki
ngh isin
terpretatio
na ndf or
mingh i
stor
icalnarrati
ve.

Def
ini
tio
nan
dSu
bjec
tMa
tter

Historyh asa lwa ysb een k no wn a st hes t

u dy o ft hep ast.St uden tso f
gener a ledu ca ti
ono ftendr ea dt hes ubjectt ori tsn otorietyi nr equiringt h
emt o
memo riz e da tes,p l
ac es,n ames ,a nd ev entsf rom di stan t er as. Th isl ow
appr ec iationo ft hedi sciplinema yb er oo
ted f romt hes h allowu nderst andingo f
histor y'sr elevancet ot hei rl ivesa ndt ot heirr espectivec o n
tex t
s.Wh il
et he
popu la rdef initi
o nofh ist
or ya st hes tudyo ft hep asti sn o twr ong,i tdo esn ot
givej u sti
c et ot hec ompl exityo ft hes ubjecta ndi tsi mp or
tanc et oh u
ma n
civiliza tion.Hi s
t o
ry wa s der ived f ro
mt he Gr eek wo rdh isto
ria wh ich mea ns
"knowl edg ea cquired t hroughi nquiryo ri n v
estigat i
on."Hi st orya sa di sc
iplin
e
existed f ora ro
u n
d 2, 400 yea rsa n di sa so lda sma th ema ticsa ndp hi
losophy.
Th i
st erm wa st hen a dap ted t oc lassi
ca l La t
i n wh er ei ta cquired a n ew
def init ion.Hi stori
abec amek nowna st hea c counto ft h
ep a sto fap er s
o no ro f
ag r ou po fp eoplet hrough wr i
tten do cumentsa n dh istorica l eviden ces.Th at
mea nin gs tuc
ku ntilth eea r lyp a rt
so ft het wen ti
et hc en tu
r y.Hi storyb ecamea n
impo rta nta c
a demi cdi sci
plin e.I tb ec a
met h eh is
tor i
a n
'sdu t yt owr i
t ea boutthe
liv
eso fi mpor ta
n tindividua lsl ikemo narchs,her o
es ,s ai
ntsa ndn obil
ities.Hi stor
y
wasa lsof o cused o n wr iting a bo ut wa rs,r evo luti
ons,a n d o ther i mportant
brea k throu ghs.I ti st husi mp ortantt oa sk:Wh atc ount
sa sh istor
y? Tr aditional
histor ian sl i
v ed wi tht he ma ntrao f" no do cumen t,n oh i
st ory.
"I tmea nst hat
unles sawr ittendo c
u mentc a
np rove ac er ta
inh istori
ca lev ent,t heni tc annot
bec o nsidered a sa h i
storicalf ac t.Bu ta sa n
yo ther a cademi c di scipli
nes,
histor yp rogres s
ed a ndo pen ed u pt ot hep o
ssibil
it yo fv alidh i
storica ls our
ces,
whic h wer e n ot l imited t o wr itten do cument s,l ike g overnmen t r ec o
rds,
chron ic lersa ccounts
,Orp ersonall etters.Gi vingp remiumt o wr ittendo cuments
essen tia llyi nvali
da t
es t heh istoryo fo ther c ivilizat
io n
st hat do n otk eep
writt enr ec ords.So me wer ek eenero np assi
ngt heirh istoryb y wor do fmo uth.
Oth er sg ott heirh is
to ri
caldo cumen tsb urned o rdes tr
oyed i nt h
e ev enwa ro r
colon iz ation. Res tri
ctingh istori
c a
l ev idence a s ex clusively wr itten i sa lso
dis
criminat
iona ga
i n
sto ther s o
cia
lc la
s s
es wh o wereno tr ec
or ded inp aper
.
Nobil
ities
,mo na
rch s
,t he elite,an d even the middlec las
swo u ldh av
et heir
bir
th,edu cat
ion
,ma r
riage,a n
d dea tha sma t
terso fgovernmenta ndh is
tori
cal
recor
d.Bu twh ato fp easantf ami
l i
eso ri ndi
genousgro
up swh ower en otgiven
mucht houghtaboutb ein
gr egis
tered tog overnmentrec
or ds
? Do est h
ea bsence
ofwr it
tendo cu
men tsabo u
tt hem mea nt hatthey werep eopleofn ohist
oryo r
past
?Di dtheyev enex i
st?

Thisloopholewa sr eco
gnized b yh ist
oria
nswh os tarted usi
ngo therk inds
ofh is
tori
cals o
urces,wh i
c hmayn otb ei nwr i
ttenf ormb utwer ej us
ta sv al
id.
A few o ft hese examp les ar
eo ra ltraditio
nsi nf o
rms o f epicsa nds on
g s
,
ar
tifacts
,a rchi
tectur
e,a nd memo ry.Hi stor
yt husb ecame mo rei nc
lusivea n d
st
artedc oll
aborati
ngwi tho th
erdi sc i
pli
nesa si t
sa uxil
iarydi sci
pli
nes.Wi thth e
ai
do fa rc
haeologi
sts,histor
iansc anu sea rtif
actsf rom ab ygon
e erat os t
udy
anc
ientc iv
ili
zation
st hatwer ef ormer lyi gno
red inh ist
o r
yb ecaus
eo fl ac ko f
documents
.Li ngu
istsc ana ls
ob eh elpf
uli nt raci
ngh i
storicalevolut
ions,p ast
con
nectionsamongdi fferentg r
oups,a ndf l
owo fc ulturali nfl
uencebys tudying
la
nguagea ndt hec hangest hatith asu ndergon
e.Ev ens cienti
stslikeb iol
o gi
sts
andb ioc
hemistscanh elpwi tht hes t
udy o fthep astt hrougha nal
yzingg enetic
andDNA p a
tternsofh uma nsoci
eties.

Qu
est
ion
san
dIs
suesi
nHi
sto
ry

In deed,h is
torya sa di sci
p li
neh asa l ready tur n
ed i n
toa c omp lex a n
d
dyna mici nqui
ry.Th i
sdyn ami smi nevitablyp r
o du c
ed v a
r i
ousp erspecti
v eso nt h
e
disciplin er egardi
ng di f
fer entq uestio
n sl ike: Wh ati sh is
tory? Wh ys tudy
his
to ry? An d h i
stor
y f o r wh om? Th ese q uestion
s c an b e a nswer ed b y
his
to riog raphy.I nsimp let erms ,histori
og ra
ph yi st hehi s
toryo fh ist
ory.Hi st
o r
y
andh ist oriogr
aphys hou l
dn otb ec onfus
ed wi thea c hother.Th ef ormer '
so b j
ec t
ofs tu dy 1 sthep ast,t heev entst hath a pp
en ed i nt hep ast,andt h
ec aus
eso f
suchev en ts
.Th el atter'so bjec tofs tudy,o nt heo therh and,i sh is
to ryi tself
(i.
e.
,Ho w wa sac ertainh istorica
lt extwr i
tten ? Wh owr otei t? Wh atwa st h
e
contex to fi tsp u
b l
ica t
ion? Wh atp a r
ticularh istori
calmet hod wa semp loyed?
Wh a
twer et hes ourc
esu sed?) .Th u
s ,h is
toriog ra
p hyl etst hes tudent sh avea
betteru nderstandi
ngo fh istory.Th eydon oto nlyg ett ol earnh is
torica lfac t
s,
butt h ey a rea lsop rov
ided wi tht heu nder standi
ngo ft hef acts
'a ndt h
e
his
to rian 'sc ont
exts.Th emet hodsemp loyed b yt heh ist
o ri
ana ndt het h eorya n
d
perspec t ive,wh i
chg ui
dedh im,wi l
la ls
ob ea na lyzed.Hi s
toriogr
aph yisi mportant
fors o meo ne whos tu
di esh istoryb ec ausei tt ea chest hes tudentt ob ec r
itical
inth el essonsofh is
to ryp resentedt oh im.

His
toryhasp l
ayedv a
riousrolesnt hep ast
.Statesusehist
orytounit
ea
n
ati
on.Itc anb eu s
ed asa t oolt olegiti
mizer egi
mesa ndforgeas enseof
c
oll
ectiv
ei denti
tyt hr
oughc ollec
tive memory.Lessonsfromt h
ep astcanb e
u
sed toma k
es enseoft hep r
esent.Learni
ngo fpastmist
akescanh elppeop
le
t
on o
tr epeatthem.Beingreminded ofag r
ea tpastcaninsp
irepeopletokeep
t
hei
rg oodp r
acti
cestomo v
ef orward.

Po s
iti
vis
ma l
soen t
ail
sa nobject
ivemeansofarri
vin
ga tac on
clu
sio
n .In
t
he di
sci
plin
eo fhist
ory,the mant
ra"nodocument,n
oh is
tor
ys t
emsf r
omt h
is
v
ery sa
me t rut
h,where hist
ori
ans were r
equir
ed tos how wr
itt
en primary
docu
mentsin or
der t o wri
te a pa
rtic
ularhist
ori
caln ar
rat
ive. Po
sit
ivis
t
hi
stor
ian
sa r
ealso ex
pected tobeobj
ectiv
ea n
di mpar
tia
ln otj u
stint hei
r
ar
gumentsb
utal
soo nthei
rc o
nduc
tofhist
ori
calres
ear
ch.

Asan arr
a ti
ve,anyh istoryt hath asb eentaughta nd wr i
t t
en1 sa lways
intended forac ertai
ng roupo fa udience.Whent hei lu
s tr
ados,l ikeJo s
eRi zal
,
Isabelode l osReyes ,a nd Pedr oPa t
ernowr otehis
t or
y,t hey i ntended i tf or
the Sp aniar
dss ot hatt hey wou l
dr ealizethatFi l
ipino sarep eopleo ft heir
own i ntell
ecta nd c ult
u r
e.Wh en Amer i
canh is
tor
ians dep icted t he Fi lipino
peo p
lea su nc
ivi
lized int heirp ub li
cation
s,they intended t ha tn arrati
vef or
theirf ello
wAmer ic
anstoj ustif
yt h eirc o
loni
zati
ono ft hei sl
an ds.Th eywa nt
ed
thec oloni
zati
ont oa ppearn ota s a mea nso fu nder min
ingt he Ph i
lip
p in
es'
sovereignt
y,b uta sac iv
ilizi
ngmi ssiontof ulfi
lwh a
tt heyc alleda st he" white
man '
sb urden.
"Th es amei st ru
ef o
rn ati
onswh i
chp r
es c
r ibeoff ic
ialv er
sionso f
theirh isto
ryl ik
e No rth Korea,t h
e Na ziGermany durin gthe wa rp erio
d,a nd
Th ai
land.Th es a me wasa ttempted b y Ma rcosint he Ph i
lip
p inesdu ri
ngt he
1
970s .

Postcolonial
ism isa s choolo ft ho
u ghtt ha
t emer ged int he ea rly
t
wentiethc en t
ury wh enf or
merlyc o
loniz
ed n ati
onsg r
appled witht heidea o f
c
reatingt heiri denti
tiesa ndu nders
tandingt hei
rs oci
eti
esa gains
tt hes h
a dows
o
ft heirc olo
n i
alp ast.Postcol
onialhistor
yl ooksa ttwothingsinwr i
tinghistory:
f
irs
ti st ot ellt heh is
toryo ft heirnat10nt hatwillh i
g h
ligh
tt heiriden t
ity
f
ree f ro
mt hato fco l
onia
ldi scours
ed k nowledge,ands econdi stoc ri
ticize
t
hemet hods,eff ect
s,a ndideao fc o
lonia
lis
m.Po stcol
oni
alh ist
oryi stherefore
area cti
ona nda na l
ternat
ivet ot h
ec ol
o n
ialh is
toryt hatc olo
nialp owers
c
reateda n dt aughttot heSu bjects.

Oneo ft hep roblemsc o

n f
ronted byh i
storyist hea ccus
ati
ont hatt he
h
istory1 sa lwayswr itt
enb yvictors
.Th i
sc onnotesthatthen arrat
iveo ft he
p
asti sa lwayswr ittenf romt h
eb iaso ft h
ep owerf
ula n
dt he mor
e dominant
p
layer.Fo ri nsta
nce,t heh is
toryo ft he Second Wo r
ld Wari nt he Phi
lipp
ines
a
lwa ysdep i
ct stheUn i
ted Statesa st h
eh eroa ndt heImperialJapanes
eAr my
a
st heo ppr
essors
.Fi li
pinoswhoc o
llaborat
ed witht heJapanesewer elumped in
t
hec ategor
yo ft ra
i t
orso rc o
l l
aborator
s.Ho wever,a moret hor
oughh i
stor
ical
i
nvesti
ga t
ionwi llrevealamo ren uanced accoun
to fthehisto
ryo ft hatperiod
i
nsteado fas impl
ifi
edn arr
ati
vea sas tor
yo fh erovers
usv i
llai
n.

Hi s
torya ndt heHi stor
ianl fh istoryi swritt
enwi t
ha gendao ri sh eavi
ly
in
f uenced b yt heh ist
orian,1si tpossiblet oc omeu pwi tha na bsol
u teh is
toric
al
tr
u th?I sh i
stor
ya no bjecti
vedi sciplin
e?I fi ti sn ot
,i si tstillwo rthwhil
et o
st
u dy h istor
y? Th eseq uest
ionsh a v
eh a u
n ted h i
stor
iansf or manyg enerati
ons.
Indeed,a nex acta n
da ccur
atea ccou
n to ft hep astisi mp os
siblef ort hev ery
si
mp ler easo
nt hatwe c annotg ob a
ckt ot hep ast.We c a n
nota ccesst h
ep as
t
directlya so u
rs ub j
ectma t
ter.Hi sto
r i
anso nlyg ett oa ccessr epresentatio
no f
thep astt hr
oughh istor
icals o
ur c
esa ndev iden c
es.Th erefore,iti st heh ist
orian
s
jobn otj usttos eekh i
stori
calev iden c
esa ndf a
ctsb uta lsot oi n
t erpr
ett hese
facts." Factsc annots peakf ort h
ems elves.
"I ti st hej obo ft heh istori
ant o
gi
v emea ningtot hesef a c
tsa ndo rganizet hem intoat i
mel i
ne,es tablis
hc a
uses,
and wr ite h i
story. Mea nwhile, the h is
t oria
n i sn ot a b lank p aper wh o
mec han
ic allyinterpretsa nda nalyzesp resen th is
tori
calf ac t
.Hei sap erso
no f
hi
so wnwh oi si n
f lu
enced b yh iso wnc o ntext,en v
ironment,ideo l
ogy,edu cat
ion,
andi nfluences,amongo ther s
.I nt hats ense,h isi nterpretati
ono ft heh i
stori
cal
facti sa ffected b y h i
sc ont
ex ta nd c ircumstances.Hi ss u
bjec t
ivit
y wi l
l
inevi
tablyi nf
luencet hep r
ocesso fh ish istoricalr esea r
ch:t he met hodology
thath e wi l
lu s
e,t hef a c
tst ha th es ha l
ls electa nd deem r elevan
t ,h i
s
interpr
et at
ion,and event h ef ormo fhi swr itin
g s.Th us,i none wayo ra nother,
histor
yi salwayss u
bjective.I ft hatiss o,c anh is
torys tillb econsidereda sa n
academica nds ci
enti
fici nq u
iry? Histor
i ca
lr esea r
c hr equir
esr igo
r.Des pitet he
factt hath istor
ianscannota scer
ta i
na b s
olut eo b j
ec t
ivity,thes tudy o fh is
tory
remainss c
ientif
icb ecauseo ft her i
g oro fr esearcha nd methodo lo
gyt hat
histor
iansemp loy Hist
oricalmet hodolog
yc o mprisesc ertaint echni
quesa ndr u
les
thath i
s t
oriansf ol
low i no rder t op ro
p erly u tili
zes ou
rces and h i
stori
cal
evidencesi nwr i
tinghistory.Cer tainrulesa pplyi nc aseso fc onfl
ictinga ccount
s
ins ourcesa sv al
idh ist
o r
ic alev i
den c
e.I ndo i
n gs o,h isto
ricalclaimsdo n eb y
histor
iansa n
dt hea rgumen tst hatt hey f orwardi nt hei
rh i
stor
ical wr it
ings,
wh i
le ma yb ei nfl
uenced b yt heh is
torian'si nclinati
on s
,c ans t
illb ev alidated
byu si
ngr eli
able evidenc es and emp loyingc or r
ec ta nd met ic
uloush i
stori
cal
met h
odo log
y.

Th e AnnalesSc hoolo f Historyi sa s choolo fh is

toryb or
ni n France
thatc hall
enged t hec a
n o
n so fh i
stor
y.Th iss choolo ft houg
h tdi da way with
thec ommonh ist
oric alsubjec tst hatwerea lmo s
ta lwaysr elat
ed t ot heconduct
ofs tates a nd mo narchs.An nales schol
arsi ke Lucien Feb vre,Ma r
c Bl oc
h,
Fernand Br a
udel,a n
d Ja cqu esLe Go f
fs tudied otherSu bjectsi nah is
tori
cal
manner.Th ey werec oncerned wi ths oci
alh is
torya nds tudied longerh is
tori
cal
peri
ods.Fo rexamp l
e,An n aless cholar
ss tudi
ed t heh i
stor
yo fp easantr
y,t he
his
toryo fmedi cine,o rev ent h eh i
stor
yo fen v
iro
nment.Th eh is
t or
yf romb elow
wasp i
oneered b yt hes a me s chola
rs.Th ey a dvocat
ed t hatt hep eopl
ea nd
clas
seswh o weren otr ef lected int heh ist
o ryo ft hes ociet
yi nt heg rand
manner bep rov
ided wi ths pa
c ei nt her ecords of ma nki
nd.|I n do i
ngt his
,
Annales t hi
nkers ma rr
ied h istory with o ther di sci
plin
es l i
ke g eogra
phy,
ant
hro p
ology,archa eolo
gy,a ndl ing
uist
ics.

Fo rexampl
e,i fah ist
ori
anc hoos
est ousea no r
alaccounta shisdatain
studyi
ngt he ethn
ich istor
yo ft h
eI fuga
osi nt he Cordill
eras duri
ngt he
Amer i
canOc cupa
tion,hen eedst ovali
da t
et hecla i
mso fh i
si nf
ormantthro
ugh
comparin
ga ndcorrobor
atingit with wri
tten s
our
c es.Therefor
e,wh il
eb iasis
i
n evi
table,thehist
orianc a
nb alan
cet hi
so utbyr elyin
gt oev i
dencesthatback
uph i
sc l
aim.Int hiss ens
e,t heh is
tori
ann eed n otlet hisb iasblin
dh i
s
judgmenta n
ds uchb iasi so n
lya cceptabl
ei fh e mai
ntain
sh i
sr i
gora sa
resear
cher.

Hi
sto
ric
alSo
urc
es

Witht hep a
sta sh i
stor
y' ssubjectma t
t er,theh is
tori
an'
smo stimp or
ta nt
researc
h t oolsa re hist
orica
ls ources.I n g enera
l,h isto
ricals o
urces c an
class
ified bet
weenp ri
marya nds econdarys o
ur ces.Thec las
sifi
cati
o no fs o
urc es
betweent heset woc ategor
iesdep endso ntheh i
sto
ricalsubjectb eings tu
di ed.
Primarys ourc
esa ret hos
es ourcesp roduced a tt h
es a
me t i
me a st he ev en t
,
period,ors ubjectb eingstudied.Fo rex ampl
e,i fa h i
stor
ianwi s
h est os tudy
the Co mmonwealth Consti
tuti
on Co nvent
iono f1 935,h isp ri
marys our
c es c an
inc
l u
det hemi nuteso fthec onventi
on,newspaperc li
pping
s,Ph i
lipp
ineCo mmission
reportsoft he U.S.Co mmiss
ioners,recordsoft hec on
venti
on,the dr afto ft he
Cons
tit
utio
n,a nd ev en p ho
t ogr
aphso f th
e ev ent
. Eyewit
nessa ccoun
tso f
con
venti
on del ega
tesa ndt heirmemo i
rscana l
sob eu s
ed asp ri
marys ourc
es.
Thes ame g oes witho ther s u
bject
so fh i
stor
icalstu
dy.Ar ch
ival document
s,
ar
tifac
ts,memo rabi
lia,letter
s ,cens
us,andgover
nmentrecor
ds,amongo t
hersa re
th
emo stc ommo nexampleso fp ri
marysour
ces
.

On theo ther h and,s econda

r ys ources aret hoses ou rc
es,wh ich wer e
pro
duced b ya na ut
h o
rwh ou sed primarys o u
rcest op roducet he materi
al.I n
ot
herwo rds,secondarys ourcesa reh istor
icals our
c es,wh ichs tudied a cer t
ain
hi
stori
cals u
bject
.Fo rex ample,ont hes ubjecto ft h
ePh i
lip
p in
eRev olu
tiono f
1
896,s tudent
sc anr ead Teo doroAg o
ncill
o'sRev olto ft he Ma ss
es:Th e Story
of Bonif
acioa ndt he Ka tip
u nanp u
b l
ished o ri
gin
al lyi n1 956.Th e Ph il
ippine
Revolu
tionhappenedi nt hel astyearso ft hen i
neteen t
hc entu
r ywh il
eAg onci
llo
publ
ished hi
swo rkin1 956,wh ic
hma kest heRev olto ft h eMa s
sesas econdary
so
urce.Mo rethant hi
s,i nwr it
ingt h
eb ook,Ag onc
illou s
ed p r
i marys o
urceswi th
hi
sr esearchlike documen tso ft he Katipunan,interview wi t
ht hev eteranso f
theRev o
luti
on,andc orrespondenceb etweena nda mo ngKa tipuneros.

Howev er,a s tu
den ts houldn otb ec onfu
sed a bou
t wh atc ount
sa sa
pri
ma ryo ras econdarys ource.Asmen tion
eda b
ove,t h
ec lass
ifi
cati
ono fs ou
rces
betweenp rima r
ya nds econdarydep endsn otont hep eri
od whent hes o
urcewa s
produced ort het ypeo ft h
es ourceb u
to nt hes ubj
ecto ft heh is
tori
cal
research
.Fo rex ample,at ext bo
oki su s
uall
yc lass
ifieda sas econ
da r
ys ourc
e,a
terti
arys ourceev en.Ho wever,thisc l
assi
ficat
ionisu sualbutnota uto
ma t
ic.Ifa
his
t o
rianc h
o osest owr it
et h
eh i
sto
ryo feducatio
ni nt he1980s,h ec a
nu til
ize
textbooksu sed int hatp erioda sa p r
imarys our
ce.I fah is
toria
n wishest o
stu
dyt heh istori
ographyo ft heFilipi
no-AmericanWa rf orexample,hec anu se
workso fdif ferenta ut
h o
rso nt heto p
ica sh i
sp ri
marys ou
rcea swell.

Bothp rimarya nds econdarys ourcesa r

eu sefuli nwr i
tinga n dl earn
ing
histo
ry. Howev er,h i
stori
ansa nd studen tso f h istory n eed t o t ho
r o
ughly
scrut
iniz
et heseh ist
orica
ls ourcestoa v
o i
d decep tio
na ndt oc omeu pwi tht he
histo
ricaltruth.Th eh i
stori
ans h
ouldb ea bl
et oc o
ndu cta n ex ternala nd
inter
nalc r
itic
is mo ft hes our
ce,es peci
a ll
yp rima rys ourceswh i
chc ana gei n
centuri
es.Exter n
alc rit
icis
mi st h
ep ractic
eo fv erifyıngt hea ut
h enti
cityo f
evidence by ex ami
ning itsp hysi
cal c h
aracteris
tics;c onsi
stency wi th t he
histo
ricalcharacteri
sti
co ft het ime wh eni twa spro duced;a ndt h e materi
a l
s
used fort he ev i
dence.Ex ampleso ft het hi
ngst ha
t wi l
lb e ex amined wh en
conducti
ng externalc r
iti
cismo fado c
umen tincl u
de t heq ua
lityo ft h
ep aper,
thet ypeo ft hei nk,andt hel angua
g ea nd wor dsu sed int he ma terial
,a mong
others.

In
ternalc ri
tici
sm, o n the other h an
d, i st he ex aminat
ion o f t he
tru
th ful
nesso ft he ev i
dence.I tl ooksa tt hec o
ntento ft hes ourcea nd
examines thec irc
ums t
anceo fitsp ro
duction
.I ntern
alc r i
tic
1sml ooksa tt he
tru
th ful
nessa ndf ac
t u
ali
tyo fthe evidenceb yl ooki
nga tt h
ea utho
ro ft he
sour
c e,1 t
sc on
text,t hea genda behind itsc reatio
n,t h
ek nowledge wh ic
h
inf
ormed i t,a nditsi ntended purpos
e,a mongo thers.Fo r example,Ja panese
reportsa n
ddec larat
ionsdu r
ingthep erio
do ft hewa rs h
ou l
dn otb et akena sa
his
tor i
calf ac
th as
tily.Interna
lc ri
tic
ism entai
lsth a
tt heh ist
oriana ckn
o wledge
anda n
alyzeh owsuchr eportscanbema n
ipul
atedt ob eu seda swa rp r
opa g
a nda.
Validating hist
ori
cals o
urces isi mportan
tb ec
a us
e t he u se o fu nverifi
ed,
fals
if i
ed,a n
du ntr
uthfulh i
stor
ica
ls our
cesc anleadt oeq uallyfalsec onclu
s i
ons.
With
outth
oro
ughc r
iti
cis
ms ofh
ist
ori
cal ev
iden
ces
,hi
sto
ric
al dec
ept
ion
san
d
li
eswil
lbeh i
ghl
yp ro
bable.

On eo ft he mosts candal
ousc as
eso fdec eptioni nPh i
lippineh istor yis
theh oaxCo deo fKa lantiaw.Thec odewa sas eto fr ulesc ontainedi na nep ic,
Ma r
a g
tas,wh ich wasa llegedly writ
ten b yac erta
in Da t u Ka lanti
a w.Th e
documentwa ss oldt ot he Na t
ionalLibrarya nd wa sr egarded a sa ni mpo rta
nt
precolon
ialdo cumentu ntil1968,wh enAmer ica
nh is
tori
a nWi lliam Hen ry Sc ot
t
debunkedt hea uthent
icityo fthec odedu et oa nachroni
sma n
dl acko fev idence
top rovethatt hec odeex i
stedint hep r
ec olon
ialPh ili
p p
ines o c
iet y.Fer dinand
Ma r
c o
sa ls
oc l
aimed t h
ath ewasadec or
a ted Wo r
ld Wa rI Is o l
di erwh ol ed a
gueril
lau nitc al
led An g Ma har
lika
.Th iswa swi del yb elieved b ys t
uden tso f
hi
s t
orya nd Ma rco
sh a d warmeda lstos how.Th isc lai
m,h owev er,wa sdi sp ro
ven
when h i
stor
iansc ounterchecked Marcos
'sc laims witht he wa rr ec or
ds o ft he
UnitedSt ates.Thesec asesp ro
veh ow decep t
i0nsc anp ropagatewi thou
tr i
g oro
us
hi
s t
oricalresearch.

Th etasko ft heh i
stor
iani st ol oo
ka tthea v
a i
lableh i
stor
icals o
urces
ands electt he mostrelevan
ta n
d mea ningfu
lf orh istorya n
df o
rt hes ubject
mattert hathei ss t
udying.Histo
ry,l ikeo t
hera cademicdi sci
pli
ne,h asc o
mea
long wa yb uts ti
llh asa l o
to fr emaini
ngt askst odo .I tdoesn otc laimt o
render a bs
olute a n
d ex act j udgment b ecaus
e a sl o
ng a sq uesti
onsa re
conti
n uousl
ya sked,anda sl o
nga st i
meu nfolds
,t hes tudyo fhistor
yc ann ever
bec o mp l
ete.Th et as
ko ft heh istori
ani st oo r
ga n
izet h
ep astt hatisb eing
createds othati tcano ff
erl ess
o n
sf orn at
ions
,s o
c i
eties,andc i
vili
zati
on.I tis
theh i s
torian
'sj obtos eekf ort he meaningo frec ov
eringt hep as
tt ol ett he
peoples ee thec onti
nuin
gr elevanceo fp ro
venance,memo ry,rememb er
ing,a nd
hist
orica lunderst
andingforb otht h
ep r
esenta n
dt h efut u
re.

Ph i
lippin
eh i
storiographyu nder wen ts everalc ha ng
ess i
ncet hep recolon
ial
period untilt hep resent.An c i
en t Fi lipinosn arrated t heirh i
sto r
y t hrough
commu n
als ongsa nd epicst h
a tt heyp as
sed o rall
yf rom ag enerati
ont oa nother.
Wh ent heSp aniar
dsc a
me,t heirc hronic
l erss tarted r ecordingt heiro bservati
o n
s
throughwr it
tena ccounts.Th ep er s
pec ti
veo fh is
tor i
calwr i
tinga ndi nquir
ya l s
o
shi
f t
ed.Th e Sp ani
shc oloni
zer sn a r
rated t heh istoryo ft heirc olonyi na
biparti
tev iew they s a
wt hea g eb eforec olonizationa sa da rkp er i
o di nt he
his
t o
ryo ft hei sl
ands,u ntilt hey b roug htl ightt hrough Wes ternt houghta nd
Christi
ani
ty. Ea rly n ational
ists r efuted t hi
s p erspectiv
e a nd a rgued t he
tri
p a
rtitev i
ew.Th eys a wt hep rec oloni
als ocietya sal uminousa get h atended
withda rknesswh ent hec o
lonizersc a
p t
u red t heirf reedom.Th ey b elieved that
the l i
ght wo uld c ome a gaino nce t h e c o
l on
izers wer e ev ict
ed f rom t he
Philippi
nes. Filipi
no h i
storian Zeu s Sa lazar i ntroduced t he n ew g ui
ding
philos
ophyf o
rwr iti
n ga ndt eachingh is
to ry:p antayo ngp ananaw( f
oru s-fromu s
perspecti
ve).Th i
sp erspecti
veh i
gh li
gh tst hei mpor t
ance o ff acilitati
nga n
int
ernalc onvers
ationa nd discoursea mongFi l
ipinosa b ou
to u ro wnh i
story,u s
ing
thel angua
g et h
ati su ndersto
odb yev eryo ne.
Ref
eren
ce:
Rea
din
gsi
nPh
ili
ppi
neHi
sto
ry
Au
tho
rs:Jo
hnLeeP.Ca
ndel
ari
a& Ver
oni
caC.Al
por
ha

ACTI
VITY NO.1

NAME:
CODE (n
umber
):
COURSE & YEAR:
SCHEDULE:

A.Tru
eo rFa l
se.Wr
itet
ruei
fth
est
atemen
tist
rue.Ot
her
wis
e,wr
itef
als
eint
he
sp
acepro
vided.
1
. Hi
sto
ryi
sth
est
udyo
fth
epa
st._
___
___
_

2.Hi
stor
ica
ls ou
rcest
hatwer
eno
twr
itt
ens
hou
ldn
otb
eus
ed i
nwr
iti
ng
hi
sto
ry.
____
___

3.Th
esu
bjec
tofh
ist
ori
ogr
aph
yish
ist
oryi
tsel
f._
___
___
_
 4.Hi
sto
ryh a
snou
sef
ort
hep
res
ent
,th
us,t
hes
ayi
ngp
asti
spa
sti
str
ue.
__
_____
__

5.Hi
sto
ryi
sli
mit
edt
oth
est
oryo
fah
erov
ers
usav
ill
ain
.__
___
___

6.On
lyp
rima
rys
our
cesma
ybeu
sedi
nwr
iti
ngh
ist
ory._
___
___
_

7.Ther
ea rethree t
ypes o
fso
urc
es:p
rima
ry,s
eco
nda
ry,a
nd t
ert
iar
y
so
urc
es.
___
___
_

8.Extern
alcri
tic
ismi
sdo
neb
yex
ami
nin
gth
eph
ysi
calc
har
act
eri
sti
cso
fa
so
urce.
___
____

9.I
nter
nalcri
tic
ismisdon
eb yloo
kin
gatas
our
ce'
squ
ali
tyo
fpa
pera
nd
t
ypeo fi
nk,amongot
her
s._
___
___

1
0.Th
ehi
sto
ria
nsa
ret
heo
nlys
our
ceo
fhi
sto
ry.
___
___
_

B.WhatSou
rce?Readthef o
llo
wingscen
ario
sa n
dc la
ssi
fythes
ourcesdis
cover
ed a
s
pr
ima
ry,s
econ
dar
y,orter
tia
rys o
urc
es.Writ
eyo u
ra n
swerint
hespac
ep rov
ided.
1
. Jos
ewa sex p
lori
ngthelibra
ryi nh i
sn ew s
cho
oli nMa nil
a.Hewanted t
os t
udy
theh i
sto
ryo fCa l
amba
,La guna duri
ngt henineteent
hc entu
ry.I
no neo fthe
book
s,hes awa nol
dp hot
ographo fawo manstandinginf r
ontofanoldc hu
rch,
cl
ipped amon
gt hepag
es.Att heb acko fthep hotowa saf in
eins
cri
ptio
nt ha
t
sa
ys:"Kalamba,1
9deJu nio1861.
"

I
sth
eph
oto
gra
phap
rima
ry,s
eco
nda
ry,o
rat
ert
iar
yso
urc
e?Ex
pla
in.

2.Itwa sLea n'

sf i
rstdayi nh isf i
rstyea ro fcol l
egei na b i
gu n
iversi
ty.Hi s
excitement made h im come t oc lassu nu
sual
ly ea rly an d h e fo u
nd t heir
classro
om emp t
y.Heex plored thec l
a s
sro
oma nds ata tt h
et eacher'
st able.He
lookeda tt hetabledrawera nds a
wab o
oken t
itledU. G.AnUn dergroundTa le:
The Jo urney of Edgar Jopsona ndt he First Quarter Storm Gen erati
on .He
sta
rt ed readi
ngt heb ooka ndr eal
ized thatitwa sa b i
og r
aphyo fa s tudent
leader t ur
ned poli
tica
la ct
ivi
st duringt h
et i
me o f Fer dinan
d Ma rc
os.Th e
authoru sed int
ervi
ewswi thf r
iendsa ndf amil
yo f Jopson
,a n
do therp rimary
documen t
sr el
atedt ohiswo r
ksa ndlife.

I
sth
ebo
okap
rima
ry,s
eco
nda
ry,o
rat
ert
iar
yso
urc
e?Ex
pla
in.

3.Lorenawa san ew teac

hero fAr ali
ngPa nl
ipunaninaSma llelementar
ys chool
inMa uban,Qu ezon.Herc ol
leaguesga v
eh erthen ew tex
tbookt h
ats heoughtt o
useinc la
ss.Bef o
ret hec l
asss t
arted,Lo renast u
died th
et extboo
kc arefu
lly.
Shen oted tha tt heautho
rsu s
ed wo rk
sb yo t
herk nownhist
ori
ansinwr it
ingthe
textb
ook.Sh es awt hatt heb ibli
ographyi ncluded Teodoro Agonci
llo'
s The
Revolto ft he Ma s
ses and Th e Fa teful Years: Japa
n's Adventu
rei nt he
Phili
ppines,1941 -45.Sh ealsos awt hatt hea uthor
su s
ed Ma .Luis
aCa magay's
th
WorkingWo meno fMa ni
laDu ri
ngt he19 Cen tu
rya ndma nyothers
.

I
sth
etex
tbo
okap
rima
ry,s
eco
nda
ry,o
rat
ert
iar
yso
urc
e?Ex
pla
in.
4.Manuelv i
sit
ed the United Stat
esf ora f ew monthstos ee hi
sr ela
tiv
eswh o
ha
v elived ther
ef ordec ades.Hisu ncl
eb roug
hth imo nt ou
rsa r
oundI l
lin
ois
.
Manuelvisi
tedt heFieldMu seumofNa t
uralHisto
rywh ereag ol
deni mageofa
womanc aughth i
s eye.Ma nuel lo
oked c lo
ser andr eadt hatthei mage was
ca
lled "The GoldenTa ra.
"I torigi
nated fro
m Ag us
anDelSu rand wasb ou
ght
byth emuseumi n1922.I twasb el
ievedt obema dep ri
ort othea r
riv
alo fthe
Spani
ardsint hePh i
lip
pines
.

I
sth
esc
ulp
tur
eap
rima
ry,s
eco
nda
ry,o
rter
tia
rys
our
ce?Ex
pla
in.

5.Greg o
rial oved tot ravela rou
n dthec ountr
y.Sh el iked bri
ngi
ng withh era
travelb rochur
et hati nformsh ero fthe differen
ts it
eswo rthvisi
tin
gi nt he
area.Hert ravelbrochure wasu sua
llyp ro
duced b yt h
et ouri
sm depart
mento f
thep r
ovince.I tshowsp i
ctu
reso f desti
nati
onsv i
sit
ed byt o
uri
stsa n
d af ew
basici n
f o
rma t
iona b
o u
tt hep l
a c
el ik
et h
eo r i
ginoft hen ame,theh is
tori
c a
l
signi
ficanceo ft h
ep l
ac e,ands ome ot
heri n
fo r
matio
na cqu
ired byt heo f
fice'
s
researchersandwr it
ers.

I
sth
etr
avelb
roc
hur
eap
rima
ry,s
eco
nda
ry,o
rat
ert
iar
yso
urc
e?Ex
pla
in.