MOTIVATIONAL

THEORIES
SCI
ENTI
FICINQUI
RYANDRESEARCH
METHODOLOGY

Submitt
edto,
Dr.
If
fatNay
ila
By,
Zai
nabRana( DPT07163017)

13DEC
9t
hsemest
er
 Mot
ivat
ionalt
heor
ies

“Motivati
ontheory i
sthestudyofunderstandingwhatdri
vesapersontoworktowardsa
parti
culargoaloroutcome.It
'sr
elevanttoallofsoci
etybuti
sespecial
l
yimportantt
obusiness
andmanagement .That'
sbecauseamot i
vatedemployeeismoreproduct
ive,
andamor e
productiv
eempl oyeeismoreprofi
table.
”

1.Masl
ow’
sNeedHi
erar
chyTheor
y

2.Her
zber
g’sMot
ivat
ionHy
gieneTheor
y

3.McCl
ell
and’
sNeedTheor
y

4.McGr
egor
’sPar
ti
cipat
ionTheor
y

5.Ur
wick’
sTheor
yZ

6.Ar
gyr
is’
sTheor
y

7.Vr
oom’
sExpect
ancyTheor
y

8.Por
terandLawl
er’
sExpect
ancyTheor
y.

1.Masl
ow’
sNeedHi
erar
chyTheor
y:

“
Iti
spr
obabl
ysaf
etosayt
hatt
hemostwel
l
-knownt
heor
yofmot
ivat
ioni
sMasl
ow’
sneed

hi
erar
chyt
heor
yMasl
ow’
stheor
yisbasedont
hehumanneeds.Dr
awi
ngchi
efl
yonhi
scl
i
nical

exper
ience,
hecl
assi
fi
edal
lhumanneedsi
ntoahi
erar
chi
cal
mannerf
rom t
hel
owert
othe

hi
gheror
der
.”

I
nessence,hebeli
evedthatonceagivenlev
elofneedissat
isf
ied,
itnol
ongerser
vesto
moti
vat
eman.Then, thenexthigherl
evel
ofneedhastobeactivat
edinor
dertomotiv
atet
he
man.Maslowidenti
fi
edfivel
evelsinhi
sneedhier
archy
.
Thesear
enowdi
scussedonebyone:
1.Phy si
ologi
calNeeds:
Theseneedsar ebasictohumanl i
feand,hence,incl
udef ood,clot
hing,shelt
er,
air
,waterand
necessit
iesofli
fe.Theseneedsrel
atetothesur v
ivalandmai ntenanceofhumanl if
e.Theyexer
t
tr
emendousi nfl
uenceonhumanbehav i
our.Theseneedsar etobemetf i
rstatl
eastpart
ly
beforehigherl
evelneedsemerge.Oncephy si
ologicalneedsaresat i
sfi
ed, t
heynolonger
mot i
vatetheman.

2.Saf
etyNeeds:

Af
tersat
isf
yingt
hephy
siol
ogi
cal
needs,
thenextneedsf
eltar
ecal
l
edsaf
etyandsecur
it
yneeds.

Theseneedsf
indexpr
essi
oni
nsuchdesi
resaseconomi
csecur
it
yandpr
otect
ionf
rom phy
sical

danger
s.Meet
ingt
heseneedsr
equi
resmor
emoneyand,
hence,
thei
ndi
vi
dual
ispr
ompt
edt
o

wor
kmor
e.Li
kephy
siol
ogi
cal
needs,
thesebecomei
nact
iveoncet
heyar
esat
isf
ied.

3.Soci
alNeeds:

Mani
sasoci
albei
ng.Hei
s,t
her
efor
e,i
nter
est
edi
nsoci
ali
nter
act
ion,
compani
onshi
p,

bel
ongi
ngness,
etc.I
tist
hissoci
ali
singandbel
ongi
ngnesswhyi
ndi
vi
dual
spr
efert
owor
kin

gr
oupsandespeci
all
yol
derpeopl
egot
owor
k.

4.Est
eem Needs:

Theseneedsr
efert
osel
f-
est
eem andsel
f-
respect
.Theyi
ncl
udesuchneedswhi
chi
ndi
cat
esel
f-

conf
idence,
achi
evement
,compet
ence,
knowl
edgeandi
ndependence.Thef
ulf
il
lmentofest
eem

needsl
eadst
osel
f-
conf
idence,
str
engt
handcapabi
l
ityofbei
ngusef
uli
ntheor
gani
sat
ion.
Howev
er,
inabi
l
ityt
oful
fi
ll
theseneedsr
esul
tsi
nfeel
i
ngl
i
kei
nfer
ior
it
y,weaknessand

hel
plessness.

5.Sel
f-
Act
ual
isat
ionNeeds:

hi
slev
elr
epr
esent
sthecul
minat
ionofal
lthel
ower
,int
ermedi
ate,
andhi
gherneedsofhuman

bei
ngs.I
not
herwor
ds,
thef
inal
stepundert
heneedhi
erar
chymodel
ist
heneedf
orsel
f-

act
ual
i
zat
ion.Thi
sref
erst
oful
fi
ll
ment
.

Thet
erm sel
f-
act
ual
i
zat
ionwascoi
nedbyKur
tGol
dst
einandmeanst
obecomeact
ual
i
zedi
n

whatonei
spot
ent
ial
l
ygoodat
.Inef
fect
,sel
f-act
ual
i
zat
ioni
stheper
son’
smot
ivat
iont
o

t
ransf
orm per
cept
ionofsel
fint
oreal
i
ty.

2-
her
zber
g’smot
ivat
ionhy
gei
net
heor
y:

Thepsy
chol
ogi
stFr
eder
ickHer
zber
gext
endedt
hewor
kofMasl
owandpr
opsedanew

mot
ivat
iont
heor
ypopul
arl
yknownasHer
zber
g’sMot
ivat
ionHy
giene(
Two-
Fact
or)Theor
y.

Her
zber
gconduct
edawi
del
yrepor
tedmot
ivat
ional
studyon200account
ant
sandengi
neer
s

empl
oyedbyf
ir
msi
nandar
oundWest
ernPennsy
lvani
a.
McCl
ell
and’
sNeedTheor
y:

Anot
herwel
l
-knownneed-
basedt
heor
yofmot
ivat
ion,
asopposedt
ohi
erar
chyofneedsof

sat
isf
act
ion-
dissat
isf
act
ion,
ist
het
heor
ydev
elopedbyMcCl
ell
andandhi
sassoci
ates’
.

McCl
ell
anddev
elopedhi
stheor
ybasedonHenr
yMur
ray
’sdev
elopedl
ongl
i
stofmot
ivesand

mani
festneedsusedi
nhi
sear
lyst
udi
esofper
sonal
i
ty.McCl
ell
and’
sneed-
theor
yiscl
osel
y

associ
atedwi
thl
ear
ningt
heor
y,becausehebel
i
evedt
hatneedsar
elear
nedoracqui
redbyt
he

ki
ndsofev
ent
speopl
eexper
iencedi
nthei
renv
ironmentandcul
tur
e.

Hef
oundt
hatpeopl
ewhoacqui
reapar
ti
cul
arneedbehav
edi
ff
erent
lyf
rom t
hosewhodonot

hav
e.Hi
stheor
yfocusesonMur
ray
’st
hreeneeds;
achi
evement
,powerandaf
fi
li
ati
on.

McGr
egor
’sPar
ti
cipat
ionTheor
y:

Dougl
asMcGr
egorf
ormul
atedt
wodi
sti
nctv
iewsofhumanbei
ngbasedonpar
ti
cipat
ionof

wor
ker
s.Thef
ir
stbasi
cal
l
ynegat
ive,
label
edTheor
yX,
andt
heot
herbasi
cal
l
yposi
ti
ve,
labl
ed

Theor
yY.

5-
Urwi
ck’
sTheor
yZ:

Muchaf
tert
hepr
oposi
ti
onsoft
heor
iesXandYbyMcGr
egor
,thet
hreet
heor
ist
sUr
wick,

Rangnekar
,andOuchi
-pr
opoundedt
het
hir
dtheor
ylebel
edasZt
heor
y.

Thet
wopr
oposi
ti
onsi
nUr
wicks’
stheor
yar
ethat
:

(
i)Eachi
ndi
vi
dual
shoul
dknowt
heor
gani
sat
ional
goal
spr
eci
sel
yandt
heamountof

cont
ri
but
iont
hroughhi
sef
for
tst
owar
dst
hesegoal
s.

(
ii
)Eachi
ndi
vi
dual
shoul
dal
soknowt
hatt
her
elat
ionofor
gani
sat
ional
goal
sisgoi
ngt
osat
isf
y

hi
s/herneedsposi
ti
vel
y.

6-
Argy
ris’
sTheor
y:

Ar
gyr
ishasdev
elopedhi
smot
ivat
iont
heor
ybasedonpr
oposi
ti
onhowmanagementpr
act
ices

af
fectt
hei
ndi
vi
dual
behav
iourandgr
owt
hInhi
svi
ew,
thesev
enchangest
aki
ngpl
acei
nan
i
ndi
vi
dual
per
sonal
i
tymakehi
m/heramat
ureone.I
not
herwor
ds,
per
sonal
i
tyofi
ndi
vi
dual

dev
elops.

Ar
gyr
isv
iewst
hati
mmat
uri
tyexi
stsi
nindi
vi
dual
smai
nlybecauseofor
gani
sat
ionalset
ti
ngand

managementpr
act
icessuchast
askspeci
ali
sat
ion,chai
nofcommand,uni
tyofdi
rect
ion,and

spanofmanagement
.Inor
dert
omakei
ndi
vi
dual
sgr
owmat
ure,
hepr
oposesgr
adualshi
ftf
rom

t
heexi
sti
ngpy
rami
dalor
gani
sat
ionst
ruct
uret
ohumani
sti
csy
stem;f
rom exi
sti
ngmanagement

sy
stem t
othemor
efl
exi
bleandpar
ti
cipat
ivemanagement
.Hest
atest
hatsuchsi
tuat
ionwi
l
l

sat
isf
ynotonl
ythei
rphy
siol
ogi
calandsaf
etyneeds,butal
sowi
l
lmot
ivat
ethem t
omaker
eady

t
omakemor
euseoft
hei
rphy
siol
ogi
calandsaf
etyneeds.Butal
sowi
l
lmot
ivat
ethem t
omake

r
eadyt
omakemor
euseoft
hei
rpot
ent
ial
inaccompl
i
shi
ngor
gani
sat
ional
goal
s.

7.Vr
oom’
sExpect
ancyTheor
y:

Oneoft
hemostwi
del
yaccept
edexpl
anat
ionsofmot
ivat
ioni
sof
fer
edbyVi
ctorVr
oom i
nhi
s

Expect
ancyTheor
y”I
tisacogni
ti
vepr
ocesst
heor
yofmot
ivat
ion.Thet
heor
yisf
oundedont
he

basi
cnot
ionst
hatpeopl
ewi
l
lbemot
ivat
edt
oexer
tahi
ghl
evel
ofef
for
twhent
heybel
i
evet
her
e

ar
erel
ati
onshi
psbet
weent
heef
for
ttheyputf
ort
h,t
heper
for
mancet
heyachi
eve,
andt
he

out
comes/r
ewar
dst
heyr
ecei
ve.

8.Por
terandLawl
er’
sExpect
ancyTheor
y:

I
nfact
,Por
terandLawl
er’
stheor
yisani
mpr
ovementov
erVr
oom’
sexpect
ancyt
heor
y.They

posi
tthatmot
ivat
iondoesnotequal
sat
isf
act
ionorper
for
mance.Themodel
suggest
edby

t
hem encount
erssomeoft
hesi
mpl
i
sti
ctr
adi
ti
onal
assumpt
ionsmadeaboutt
heposi
ti
ve

r
elat
ionshi
pbet
weensat
isf
act
ionandper
for
mance.Theypr
oposedamul
ti
-var
iat
emodel
to

expl
aint
hecompl
exr
elat
ionshi
pthatexi
stsbet
weensat
isf
act
ionandper
for
mance.
Whati
sthe

mai
npoi
nti
nPor
terandLawl
er’
smodel
ist
hatef
for
tormot
ivat
iondoesnotl
eaddi
rect
lyt
o

per
for
mance.I
tisi
ntact
,medi
atedbyabi
l
iti
esandt
rai
tsandbyr
oleper
cept
ions.
-
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