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Cl
ass10-Tot
alHi
stor
y&Ci
vi
csSol
uti
ons

Gr
owt
hofNat
ional
i
sm

Sect
ionA—Chapt
er2

Gr
owt
hofNat
ional
i
sm

Cl
ass10-Tot
alHi
stor
y&Ci
vi
csSol
uti
ons

Shor
tAnswerQuest
ions

Quest
ion1

Expl
aint
het
erm'
Nat
ional
i
sm'
.

Answer

Nati
onali
sm r
efer
st othefeel
ingofonenessandcommonconsciousnesst
hatemergeswhen
peopl
eliv
ingi
nacommont err
it
oryshar
et hesamehist
ori
cal
,pol
it
ical
andcul
tur
albackgr
ound,
havethesameculturalv
aluesandconsiderthemsel
vesasonenati
on.

Quest
ion2

Whywast
hef
eel
i
ngof'
Nat
ional
i
sm'
lacki
ngamongt
heI
ndi
ansbef
oret
hear
ri
val
oft
heBr
it
ish?

Answer

ThoughI ndi
ahadalonghi
storygoi
ngbacktomanycent
uri
es,i
twasnev eraonenati
onand
comprisedmanykingdoms.Therewer
e,howev
er,t
imeswhenv astpor
ti
onsoftheI
ndian
subconti
nentcameundertherul
eofoneempir
e.Butt
heloyal
tyofthepeopl
ewast owar
dsa
par
ti
cul
arKi
ngorki
ngdom.Themoder
nfeel
i
ngofnat
ional
i
sm wasl
acki
ngamongt
hem.

I
temergeddur
ingtheBr
it
ishrul
emainl
yasareact
iontot
heBr
it
ishr
uleandt
hecl
ashof
i
nter
est
softheIndi
anpeopl
ewitht
hoseoft
heBr i
ti
sh.

Quest
ion3

St
atet
wor
easonsf
ort
hedev
elopmentofnat
ional
i
sm i
nthel
ate19t
hcent
ury
.

Answer

Twor
easonsf
ort
hedev
elopmentofnat
ional
i
sm i
nthel
ate19t
hcent
uryar
e-

Economi
cexpl
oit
ati
onofI
ndi
abyt
heBr
it
ish

Repr
essi
veCol
oni
alpol
i
ciesoft
heBr
it
ish

Quest
ion4

Gi
veanytwoexampl
est
oindi
cat
ethatt
heBr
it
ishf
oll
owedt
hepol
i
cyofeconomi
cexpl
oit
ati
on
i
nIndi
a.

Answer

Twoexampl
est
oindi
cat
ethatt
heBr
it
ishf
oll
owedt
hepol
i
cyofeconomi
cexpl
oit
ati
oni
nIndi
a
ar
e-

ThePeasantswer ethemai
nv ict
imsofBrit
ishcoloni
alpol
i
cies.Thegov er
nmenttookawaya
l
argepartoftheirpr
oducei
nt hefor
m oflandrevenueandothertaxes.Theseexor
bit
antt
axes
l
edthepeasant sint
othecl
utchesoflandl
ordsandmoney l
enders.

TheBri
ti
sheconomi
cpol
ici
eswereagai
nsttheint
erest
sofIndi
ant
radeandi
ndustr
y.The
Engl
i
shEastIndi
aCompanyusedi
tspol
it
icalpowertodest
royI
ndi
anhandi
craf
tsandindust
ry.
Indi
abecameasour ceofr
awmat
eri
alsforthei
ndustr
iesofBr
it
ainandamarketfori
tsf
ini
shed
products.Thi
spoli
cycri
ppl
edt
heart
isansandthecraf
tsmenastheyweredevoi
dofthei
r
sourcesofliv
eli
hood.

Quest
ion5

Gi
vet
wor
easonsf
ori
ndust
ri
alst
agnat
iondur
ingt
heBr
it
ishr
ulei
nIndi
a.

Answer

Twor
easonsf
ori
ndust
ri
alst
agnat
iondur
ingt
heBr
it
ishr
ulei
nIndi
aar
e-

Rawmateri
alswereexpor
tedt
oBr
it
ainandhenceI
ndi
arapi
dlydecl
i
nedasamanuf
act
uri
ngand
ani
ndust
ri
alsector
.

TheBr
iti
shbyf
oll
owi
ngt
hepol
i
cyof'
FreeTr
ade'
dest
roy
edt
heI
ndi
ant
ext
il
eandhandi
craf
t
i
ndust
ri
es.

Quest
ion6

Whatr
oledi
dthePr
esspl
ayi
ntheNat
ional
Mov
ement
?

Answer

Largenumberofnewspaper swerestar
tedinthelat
erhalfofthe19t
hcentury.Someofthe
prominentnewspaperwer et
heAmr i
tBazarPatri
ka,TheBengali
,TheTri
bune,ThePioneer
,The
TimesofIndia,
TheHi nduandTheSt at
esmani nEngli
sh.Thesenewspapersplayedasi
gnif
icant
rol
eindev el
opi
ngast rongnati
onal
sentimentamongt heIndi
ansinthefol
l
owi ngmanner:

I
twasthr
oughthepresst
hatthemessageofpatr
iot
ism andmoder
nli
beral
ideal
sofl
i
ber
ty,
f
reedom,
equal
i
ty,homeruleandi
ndependence,
spreadamongthepeopl
e.

Thepresscar
riedondail
ycr
it
icism oft
heunjustpol
i
ciesoft
heBr
it
ishGov
ernmenti
nIndi
aand
exposedthet
ruenatur
eofBri
tishrulei
nIndi
a.

I
tmadepossi
blet
heexchangeofv
iewsamongdi
ff
erentsoci
algr
oupsf
rom di
ff
erentpar
tsof
t
hecount
ryandt
oor
gani
sepol
i
tical
mov
ement
s.

I
tmadeI ndi
ansawareofwhatwashappeni
ngintheworld.Thi
sawarenesshel
pedthem t
o
under
standthepoli
ti
cal
andsoci
aldev
elopmentoftheoutsi
deworl
dandshapet hei
rown
pol
ici
esandprogrammes.

Quest
ion7

Whopassedt
heVer
nacul
arPr
essActi
n1878?Whywasi
tpassed?

Answer

Lor
dLy
ttoni
ntr
oducedt
heVer
nacul
arPr
essActi
n1878.

TheVernacul
arPressActt r
iedt ocontr
olt
hepressandfor
badevernacul
arpaperstopubl
ish
anymateri
alt
hatmi ghtexci
tef eel
ingsofdi
ssat
isf
acti
onagai
nsttheBrit
ishGover
nment.This
actwasnotappli
cabletoEnglishnewspapers.

Quest
ion8

Whor
epeal
edt
heVer
nacul
arPr
essActi
n1882?Whati
mpactdi
dtheActhav
eonI
ndi
ans?

Answer

TheVer
nacul
arPr
essActwasr
epeal
edbyLor
dRi
poni
n1882.

I
tlef
tdeepscar
sofdi
ssat
isf
act
ionanddi
scont
ent
mentamongt
heI
ndi
anpeopl
e.

Quest
ion9

Nameanytwoprominentnewspaper
soft
he19thcent
urywhi
chpl
ayedasi
gni
fi
cantr
olei
n
ar
ousi
ngnati
onalsent
imentamongtheI
ndians.
Answer

Twopr ominentnewspaper
softhe19thcent
urywhi
chpl
ayedasi
gni
fi
cantr
olei
nar
ousi
ng
nat
ionalsenti
mentamongt heI
ndiansar
e-

SamwadKaumudi

Amr
itBazarPat
ri
ka

Quest
ion10

St
ateanyt
woi
ssuest
hatt
hesoci
o-r
eli
giousr
efor
m mov
ement
swor
kedf
or.

Answer

Twoi
ssuest
hatt
hesoci
o-r
eli
giousr
efor
m mov
ement
swor
kedf
orar
e-

Sat
ipr
atha

Chi
l
dmar
ri
age

Quest
ion11

Nameanyt
wosoci
o-r
eli
giousr
efor
mer
swhopr
epar
edt
hegr
oundf
ornat
ional
mov
ement
.

Answer

Twosoci
o-r
eli
giousr
efor
mer
swhopr
epar
edt
hegr
oundf
ornat
ional
mov
ementar
e-

Raj
aRammohanRoy

Jy
oti
baPhul
e
Quest
ion12

Wr
it
eashor
tnot
eonRaj
aRammohanRoy
'sappr
oacht
orel
i
gion.

Answer

RajaRammohanRoywasagr eathumani
st,whostr
essedtheuni
tyofal
lrel
igi
ons.Asay oung
man,hestudiedSanskr
itandHi
nduphil
osophy,t
heQuran,
theBibl
easwel l
asPersianand
Arabi
cli
ter
ature.

I
n1809,hewrot
einPer si
an,
GiftofMonot
heist
sinwhi
chheputfort
hhi
sviewsagai
nstbeli
efs
i
nmanyGodsandf ortheworshipofasi
ngl
eGod.Hestrongl
yhel
dthevi
ewthatal
lthepr
incipal
anci
entt
ext
softheHinduspreachedmonothei
sm.

I
n1814, hestar
tedtheAtmiyaSabhaandcarri
edonapersistentstr
uggl
eagainstworshipof
i
dolsandmeani ngl
essrel
igi
ousri
tuals.I
n1828,hef
oundedBr ahmoSamaj .I
tbeli
evedin
monotheism,condemnedidolworshi
pandlaidemphasi
sonpr ay
er,medit
ati
on,chari
ty,
moral
it
y
andstr
engtheningthebondsofunit
ybetweenmenofallrel
igionsandcreeds.

Quest
ion13

Namet
heor
gani
sat
ionf
oundedbyRaj
aRammohanRoy
.Whydi
dheest
abl
i
sht
hisor
gani
sat
ion?

Answer

I
n1828,
Raj
aRammohanRoyf
oundedBr
ahmoSamaj
.

Thi
sorganisati
onwasest
abli
shedtoref
orm Hindurel
igi
on—promotemonothei
sm, condemn
i
dolworship,l
ayemphasi
sonpr ay
er,
medit
ation,char
it
y,mor
ali
tyandst
rengt
henthebondsof
uni
tybetweenmenofallr
eli
gionsandcr
eeds.
Quest
ion14

Whatwast
heobj
ect
iveoft
heI
lber
tBi
l
l?Whywasi
tnotpassed?

Answer

Theobject
iveoft
heIlber
tBill
wastoprov
idefort
hetri
alofBri
ti
shorEuropeanpersonsby
I
ndians.Bythi
sAct,
theBrit
ishtr
iedt
oint
roduceequal
i
tybetweenBri
ti
shandI ndi
anjudgesi
n
I
ndia.

ThisBi
llwasnotpassedbecausei
twasresentedbytheBri
ti
shandtheystart
edaDef ence
Associ
ationtodefendt
hei
rspeci
alpr
ivi
l
eges.Thisr
eacti
onprovokedcounter
-agi
tat
ionby
educat
edI ndi
ans.Thegov
ernmentul
ti
matel
ywi t
hdrewtheBil
l.

Quest
ion15

Ment
iont
womai
nobj
ect
ivesoft
heI
ndi
anAssoci
ati
on.

Answer

Twomai
nobj
ect
ivesoft
heI
ndi
anAssoci
ati
onar
e-

Cr
eat
ionofast
rongbodyofpubl
i
copi
nion.

I
ntegr
ati
onofI
ndi
anpeopl
eont
hebasi
sofcommonpol
i
tical
int
erest
s.

Quest
ion16

Ment
iont
her
egi
onal
associ
ati
ont
hateachnat
ional
i
stwasassoci
atedwi
th:

(
a)Sur
endr
anat
hBaner
jee
(
b)Dadabhai
Naor
oji

Answer

(
a)Sur
endr
anat
hBaner
jeeheadedt
heI
ndi
anAssoci
ati
oni
n1876.

(
b)Dadabhai
Naor
oji
foundedt
heEastI
ndi
aAssoci
ati
oni
nLondoni
n1866.

Quest
ion17

Wher
e,whenandunderwhosepr
esi
dent
shi
pwast
hesecondsessi
onoft
heCongr
esshel
d?

Answer

Thesecondsessi
onoft
heCongr
esswashel
datKol
kat
ain1886,
undert
hePr
esi
dent
shi
pof
DadabhaiNaor
oji
.

St
ruct
uredQuest
ions

Quest
ion1

Vari
ousfact
orsledt
otheri
seandgrowt
hofnati
onal
i
sm i
nIndi
aint
he19t
hcent
ury
.Int
his
cont
ext,
explai
ntherol
eofeachoft
hefol
lowi
ng:

(
a)Soci
o-r
eli
giousr
efor
m mov
ement
s.

(
b)Repr
essi
veCol
oni
alPol
i
cies.

(
c)ThePr
ess
Answer

(
a)Soci
o-r
eli
giousr
efor
m mov
ement
s:

Thesoci
o-r
eli
giousr
efor
m mov
ement
soft
he19t
hcent
urywer
egr
eatpi
oneer
sofI
ndi
an
nat
ional
i
sm.

TheimpactofWest
erneducat
ion,
whichledtoarat
ional
,humani
tari
anandsci
enti
fi
cappr
oach
tol
if
e,madetheeducat
edIndi
ansreal
isetheneedt
or ef
ormthei
rrel
igi
onandsoci
ety.

Theyf
eltt
hatt
hepat
htopr
ogr
essl
ayi
ntheaccept
anceoft
hebestoft
heEastandt
heWest
.

Theresul
twasthebi
rt
hofsoci
o-r
eli
giousr
efor
m mov
ement
stouchi
ngal
mostev
erysegmentof
I
ndiansoci
ety
.

I
nthesoci
alspher
e,t
hesemov
ementsworkedfortheabol
i
tionofcast
esy
stem,
chi
l
dmar
ri
age,
dowr
ysyst
em, pur
dahsyst
em,
sat
iandinf
anti
cide.

Theyl
aunchedacr
usadeagai
nstsoci
alandl
egal
inequal
i
ties.

I
ntherel
igi
oussphere,
theserefor
m mov ement
scombat
edr
eli
gioussuper
sti
ti
ons,
att
acked
i
dol
atr
y,pol
ythei
sm andheredi
tarypr
iest
hood.

Thesemov
ement
sfoughtf
ori
ndi
vi
dual
li
ber
tyandsoci
alequal
i
ty.

(
b)Repr
essi
veCol
oni
alPol
i
cies:

Thenat
ureoft
heBr
it
ishCol
oni
alr
uleov
erI
ndi
ahel
pedt
hegr
owt
hofnat
ional
sent
imentamong
theI
ndi
ans.

TheBrit
ishhadconquer
edIndi
atopromotetheirownint
erest
sandtherefor
e,f
oll
owedsuch
repr
essi
v epol
i
ciessoastomakeIndiasubser
vientt
otheneedsofBri
tain.

Thesepoli
ciesbecamethemaj
orbar
ri
ert
oIndi
a'
seconomi
c,soci
al,
cul
tur
al,
int
ell
ect
ual
and
pol
iti
cal
development.

Someoftheserepr
essiv
epol
ici
es,especial
lyt
hosefol
l
owedbyLordLy
tton,
Vicer
oyofI
ndi
a
fr
om 1876to1880actedasacatal
ystforthegrowt
hofnat
ional
i
stmovementinI
ndi
a.

(
c)ThePr
ess
Largenumberofnewspaper swerestar
tedinthelat
erhalfofthe19t
hcentury.Someofthe
prominentnewspaperwer et
heAmr i
tBazarPatri
ka,TheBengali
,TheTri
bune,ThePioneer
,The
TimesofIndia,
TheHi nduandTheSt at
esmani nEngli
sh.Thesenewspapersplayedasi
gnif
icant
rol
eindev el
opi
ngast rongnati
onal
sentimentamongt heIndi
ansinthefol
l
owi ngmanner:

I
twasthr
oughthepresst
hatthemessageofpatr
iot
ism andmoder
nli
beral
ideal
sofl
i
ber
ty,
f
reedom,
equal
i
ty,homeruleandi
ndependence,
spreadamongthepeopl
e.

Thepresscar
riedondail
ycr
it
icism oft
heunjustpol
i
ciesoft
heBr
it
ishGov
ernmenti
nIndi
aand
exposedthet
ruenatur
eofBri
tishrulei
nIndi
a.

I
tmadepossi
bletheexchangeofv i
ewsamongdif
fer
entsoci
algr
oupsf
rom di
ff
erentpar
tsof
t
hecount
ryandtoorganisepol
i
ticalmovement
s.

I
tmadeI ndi
ansawareofwhatwashappeni
ngintheworld.Thi
sawarenesshel
pedthem t
o
under
standthepoli
ti
cal
andsoci
aldev
elopmentoftheoutsi
deworl
dandshapet hei
rown
pol
ici
esandprogrammes.

Quest
ion2

Wit
hrefer
encet
oNat
ional
i
sm andt
hebi
rt
hoft
heI
ndi
anNat
ional
Congr
ess,
expl
aineachoft
he
f
oll
owing:

(
a)Ver
nacul
arPr
essAct
,1878.

(
b)St
ateanyt
hreeobj
ect
ivesoft
heI
ndi
anNat
ional
Congr
ess.

(
c)Rol
eofDadabhai
Naor
oji
.

Answer

(
a)Ver
nacul
arPr
essAct
,1878:
Lor
dLy
ttoni
ntr
oducedt
heVer
nacul
arPr
essActi
n1878

TheVernacul
arPressActforbadevernacularpaper
stopubl
ishanymat
eri
alt
hatmi
ghtexci
te
feel
i
ngsofdissat
isfact
ionagainstt
heBr i
ti
shGov er
nment.

Thi
sActwasnotappl
i
cabl
etoEngl
i
shnewspaper
s.

(
b)Thr
eeobj
ect
ivesoft
heI
ndi
anNat
ional
Congr
esswer
e-

Topromotef
ri
endl
yrel
ati
onsbet
weennat
ional
i
stpol
i
tical
wor
ker
sfr
om di
ff
erentpar
tsoft
he
count
ry.

Todevel
opandconsol
i
dat
ethef
eel
i
ngsofnat
ional
uni
tyi
rr
espect
iveofcast
e,r
eli
gionor
pr
ovi
nce.

Tof
ormul
atepopul
ardemandsandpr
esentt
hem bef
oret
hegov
ernment
.

(
c)DadabhaiNaoroj
ipl
ayedasi
gni
fi
cantr
olei
nther
iseofNat
ional
i
sm andt
hebi
rt
hoft
he
I
ndi
anNationalCongr
ess.

TheEastI
ndi
aAssoci
ati
onwasf
oundedi
nLondoni
n1866byDadabhai
Naor
oji
.

TheAssoci
ati
onpr
ovi
dedi
nfor
mat
iononal
lIndi
ansubj
ect
stoBr
it
ishci
ti
zensandMember
sof
Par
li
ament.

I
tvoi
cedt
hegr
iev
ancesofI
ndi
ansandsuggest
edr
emedi
almeasur
es.

Dadabhai
Naoroj
i
,theGr
andOl
dManofI
ndi
a,wasoft
heopi
niont
hatt
heBr
it
ishwer
ebasi
cal
l
y
j
ustandgood.

Hewant
edtoplacet
hetr
uestat
eofaffai
rsi
nIndi
abef
oret
hepeopl
eofEngl
andsot
hatt
he
pr
obl
emsoftheIndi
ansmayberesol
ved.

Theassoci
ati
onhadi
tsbr
anchesi
nMumbai
,Kol
kat
aandChennai
.

Lat
er,
hesuppor
tedt
hef
ormat
ionofI
ndi
anNat
ional
Congr
ess.

Thesecondsessi
onoft
heCongr
esswashel
datKol
kat
ain1886,
undert
hePr
esi
dent
shi
pof
DadabhaiNaor
oji
.

Quest
ion3

Theestabl
i
shmentoft
heIndianNati
onalCongresswasasi
gni
fi
cantev
enti
nthedev
elopment
ofnat
ionalmov
ementinI
ndia.Int
hiscontext
:
(a)Whatwasthenameoft
heI ndi
anNat i
onal
Congr
essbef
oreitgott
hisname?Whogav
eiti
ts
presentname?Wher
ewasitestabl
ishedandwhowasit
sfounder?

(
b)Whydi
dLor
dDuf
fer
inf
avourt
hef
ormat
ionoft
heI
ndi
anNat
ional
Congr
ess?

(c)Whatwasthenatureofthepol
i
tical
associ
ati
onsformedbefor
etheI
ndianNati
onal
Congresswasestabl
ished?Nameanyt woassoci
ati
onswhichact
edasthefor
erunner
soft
he
I
ndianNati
onalCongress.

Answer

(a)Attheti
meofit
sfoundati
on,
Indi
anNational
Congresswascal
ledI
ndi
anNat
ionalUni
on.On
thesuggesti
onofDadabhai
Naoroj
ithenameoft heUni
onwaschangedt
otheI
ndianNati
onal
Congress.

I
n1884,A.O.Hume,i
nconsul
tat
ionwi
tht
heIndi
anleader
s,l
aidt
hef
oundat
ionofI
ndi
an
Nat
ional
CongressatMumbaionDecember28,
1885.

(b)TheVi cer
oy,Lor
dDuff
erin,
favour
edthefor
mati
onoftheIndi
anNati
onalCongressbecause
hewant edittoactasa'
safety
-val
ve'
forpopul
ardi
scont
ent
,ther
eby
,safeguar
dingtheBri
ti
sh
i
nterestinIndi
a.

(c)Bythesecondhal
fofthe19t
hcent ury,t
hereemer gedaconsciousnessamongt heIndi
ans
thatt
heBr i
ti
shwereexer
cisi
ngcontr
ol overtheresourcesofIndi
aandt heli
vesofit
speople
anduntil
thiscont
rol
wasended,Indi
acoul dnotbeasov er
eignnation.Thisconsci
ousnessled
totheformati
onofanumberofpolit
icalassociat
ionsledbyEnglish-educatedprof
essi
onals.

Thoughmanyoftheseassoci
ati
onsweref
ormedi
nspeci
fi
cpar
tsoft
hecount
ry,
theyhad
commongoalsforall
thepeopl
eofIndi
a.
Theydi
dnotwor
kforanyoner
eli
gion,
communi
tyorcl
ass.

Thefi
rstpol
i
tical
associ
ati
ont
obest
art
edi
nIndi
awast
he'
Landhol
der
s'Soci
etyi
nKol
kat
ain
1838.

Manypubli
cassoci
ati
onswer estart
edindiff
erentpart
sofIndi
ali
keBengalBr
it
ishIndi
aSociet
y,
Bri
ti
shIndi
anAssoci
ati
on,EastIndiaAssoci
ation,t
hePoonaSarvaj
ani
kSabha,LondonIndi
an
Soci
etyandIndi
anAssoci
ati
on.Theseassoci ati
onsservedasabasef
orthefor
mat i
onofthe
Congress—anallI
ndi
apolit
icalorgani
sati
on.

Pi
ctur
eSt
udy

Quest
ion1

(a)I
denti
fythepersoninthegi
venpictur
e.Nametheorgani
sat
ionf
ormedbyhi
m.St
ateanyt
wo
beli
efsofthi
sorganisat
ionwit
hregardtoupl
if
tmentofwomen.

I
denti
fythepersoninthegiv
enpictur
e.Nametheorgani
sat
ionf
ormedbyhi
m.Stateanyt
wo
bel
ief
soft hi
sorgani
sati
onwi t
hregar
dtorel
i
gion.Growt
hofNati
onal
i
sm,Total
Histor
yand
Civ
icsSoluti
onsICSEClass10.

(
b)Ment
ionhi
scont
ri
but
iont
othegr
owt
hofI
ndi
anNat
ional
mov
ement
.

(
c)Howdi dt
hesoci
o-r
eli
giousr
efor
m mov
ement
soft
he19t
hcent
uryactaspi
oneer
sofI
ndi
an
Nat
ional
i
sm?

Answer

(a)Theper
soni
nthegi
venpi
ctur
eisJy
oti
baPhul
e.I
n1873,
hef
oundedt
heSat
yaShodhak
Samaj.

Twobel
i
efsoft
hisor
gani
sat
ionwi
thr
egar
dtoupl
i
ftmentofwomenwer
e—

Jy
oti
baPhul
eandhi
sor gani
sat
ionconsi
der
edwomensuper
iort
omenandt
omai
ntai
nithe
want
edtopr
ovi
deeducati
ontowomen.
Jyot
ibaPhul
eandhisorgani
sat
ionpi
oneeredt
hewi
dowr
emar
ri
agemov
ementi
nMahar
asht
ra
andstar
tedapr
ivat
eorphanagefort
hewidows.

(
b)Thecont
ri
but
ionsofJy
oti
baPhul
etot
hegr
owt
hofI
ndi
anNat
ional
mov
ementwer
e:

Hewor kedfortheupli
ft
mentofwomen.Toprovi
dethem educat
ion,
heal
ongwi
thhi
swi
fe
Sav
itr
ibaiPhulestar
tedoneofthef
ir
stgi
rl
sschooli
nPune.'

Hepi
oneer
edwi
dowr
emar
ri
ageandst
art
edapr
ivat
eor
phanagef
ort
hewi
dows.

Heconsi
deredthecastesy
stem pr
eval
enti
nIndi
aasanepi t
omeofslaver
y.I
nhi
sfamousbook,
'
Ghul
amgiri
'
, hedescr
ibedt
hehardshi
psanddist
ressf
eltbythel
owercast
es.

I
n1873, hef
oundedtheSatyaShodhakSamaj
wit
htheai
m ofsecur
ingsoci
alj
ust
icef
ort
he
weakersect
ionsofsoci
ety
.

(c)Thesoci
o-r
eli
giousref
orm movement
soft
he19t
hcent
urywer
egr
eatpi
oneer
sofI
ndi
an
nati
onal
ism i
nthefoll
owingways:

TheimpactofWest
erneducat
ion,
whichledtoarat
ional
,humani
tari
anandsci
enti
fi
cappr
oach
tol
if
e,madetheeducat
edIndi
ansreal
isetheneedt
or ef
ormthei
rrel
igi
onandsoci
ety.

Theref
ormerscondemneduntouchabi
l
ityandthecast
esy
stem.Thei
deasofbr
other
hoodand
equal
it
yatt
ract
edthesocal
ledlowercastes.

Theref
ormerst
aughtpeopl
enott
oignor
ethei
mpor
tanceofwomen,
whocoul
dpar
ti
cipat
ein
thenat
ional
movement.

I
nthesoci
alspher
e,t
hesemov
ementsworkedfortheabol
i
tionofcast
esy
stem,
chi
l
dmar
ri
age,
dowr
ysyst
em, pur
dahsyst
em,
sat
iandinf
anti
cide.

I
ntherel
igi
oussphere,
theserefor
m mov ement
scombat
edr
eli
gioussuper
sti
ti
ons,
att
acked
i
dol
atr
y,pol
ythei
sm andheredi
tarypr
iest
hood.

Thereform mov
ement scr
eat
edaconsci
ousnessofanewsoci
etydev
oidofpr
ivi
l
egesbasedon
cast
e,creedorr
eli
gion.

Theyprot
estedagai
nsttheBr
iti
shdominat
ionofI
ndi
a.SwamiDayanandSaraswatiandSwami
Viv
ekanandaprocl
aimedthesuper
ior
it
yofIndi
ancul
tur
eandciv
il
isati
on.SwamiDay anand
Saraswat
iwasthefir
stt
ouset heword'
Swaraj
'andt
oraiset
heslogan'I
ndi
afortheIndians'
.