ANASSI

GNMENTONGENDERANDFOODSECURI
TY

COURSECODE:AEC401

COURSETI
TLE:FARM RECORDS,
BUDGETI
NGANDFOODSECURI
TY

SUBMI
TTEDBY

ADEKOLAANJOLAOLUWABLESSI
NG

SLM/
2016/
009

DEPARTMENTOFSOI
LSCI
ENCEANDLANDRESOURCESMANAGEMENT

TO

DRA.
D.KEHI
NDE

DEPARTMENTOFAGRI
CULTURALECONOMI
CS

OBAFEMIAWOLOWOUNI
VERSI
TY,
ILEI
FEOSUNSTATE,
NIGERI
A

ON

25t
hMARCH,
2021.

1
QUESTI
ON1:HOW DOESGENDERI
NTERCEPTWI
THSUSTAI
NABLEDEVELOPMENT?

Genderi
nter
cept
swi
thsust
ainabl
edev
elopmentwhent
her
eisgenderi
nequal
i
ty.

Femal
esbot
hol
dandy
oungar
eof
tenmor
eaf
fect
edbyeconomi
c,soci
aland

env
ironment
alst
ressandshockt
hanmal
est
her
ebyhi
nder
ingsust
ainabl
edev
elopment
.

Thi
sisbecauset
her
eisanunev
enbal
anceofpowerbet
weenmenandwomen.

Women’
slabor
sar
eof
tenexpl
oit
edandunpai
d.Becauset
heneedt
oaddr
essgender

i
nequal
i
tyhasnotbeenpr
ior
it
izedandemphasi
shasnotal
way
sbeenont
her
eal
i
zat
ion

ofhumanr
ight
s,sust
ainabl
edev
elopmenthasal
way
sbeenhi
nder
ed.

Mostt
imes,
thepol
i
cyappr
oachest
hatseekt
opr
omot
esust
ainabi
l
itycanunder
mine

women’
sri
ghtandgenderequal
i
ty.Tosol
vet
hesedi
l
emmas,
ther
ear
eal
ter
nat
ive

dev
elopmentpat
hway
sthatmov
etowar
dssust
ainabi
l
ityandgenderequal
i
ty.

Ther
eneedt
obeabal
ancebet
weent
hem.Thesust
ainabl
edev
elopmentgoal
scannot

beachi
evedi
fther
eisgenderi
nequal
i
ty.Sot
hegapmustbecl
osedi
not
hert
oachi
eve

sust
ainabl
edev
elopmentgoal
s.

2
QUESTI
ON2:HOW I
SPOWERDI
STRI
BUTEDORSHAREDWI
THI
NSPECI
FIED

COMMUNI
TIES?

Mostoft
hepoweri
nsomespeci
fi
edcommuni
ti
esar
elef
ttot
hemal
es.Femal
esar
e

consi
der
edl
esssuper
iorandsoar
enotgi
venmaj
orr
oles.Theyar
elef
ttomanaget
he

homesbutar
enotal
l
owedt
otakepar
tinpol
i
tics.Womenar
eal
sonotal
l
owedt
otake

par
tindeci
sionmaki
ng.Thet
ypi
cal
nat
ivewomanwhenaskedaquest
ionwi
l
lfi
rst

i
nqui
ref
rom herhusbandonwhatt
osaywher
easherhusbandwi
l
lnotaskheropi
nion

whent
aki
ngadeci
sion.

I
nsomecommuni
ti
es,
ther
ear
eagr
oupofpeopl
ewhocont
rol
theaf
fai
rsoft
he

member
soft
hecommuni
ty.Thesepeopl
ear
ecal
l
edt
hekeyl
eader
sorpoweract
ors.

Thekeypeopl
einv
olv
edi
ncommuni
tydeci
sionmaki
ngcandi
ff
erdependi
ngont
he

i
ssue.Thesepeopl
ear
eal
way
sawar
eoft
hei
rposi
ti
onandv
alueandcannotbe

ov
erl
ookedi
fany
thi
ngi
stobeachi
evedi
nthecommuni
ty.Theyhav
ethepowert
o

suppor
tapr
ojectoropposei
tandal
sobyal
l
owi
ngordeny
ingr
esour
ces.

3
QUESTI
ON3:HOW DOWEMAKECONTRI
BUTI
ONTOFOODSECURI
TY?

Thef
ourcomponent
soff
oodsecur
it
yincl
udes:
theav
ail
abi
l
ityoff
ood,
economi
c,

phy
sical
andsoci
alaccesst
ofood,
foodut
il
izat
ionandt
hest
abi
l
ityoft
heset
hree

di
mensi
onsov
ert
ime.

Si
ncef
oodsecur
it
ydependsonaccesst
ofood,
accesst
ofoodf
orbot
hfoodpr
oducer
s

andconsumer
scanbecr
eat
edi
nor
dert
osuppor
tfoodsecur
it
y.Accor
dingt
oFAO2011,

womenpl
aycr
it
ical
rol
esi
nthef
oodsy
stem.I
.e.Pr
oduct
ion,
processi
ng,
prepar
ati
on,

consumpt
ionanddi
str
ibut
ionoff
ood.Yett
heyhav
eli
tt
leornobar
gai
ningpoweri
n

t
heser
oles.Soi
nor
dert
osuppor
tfoodsecur
it
y,genderequal
i
tymustbeachi
eved.We

canal
socont
ri
but
etof
oodsecur
it
ybypr
event
ingwast
ageoff
ood.Av
ail
abi
l
ityoff
ood

i
snott
hepr
obl
em st
il
li
tdoesn’
tgett
osomepeopl
e.Af
terpr
oduct
ionofcr
ops,
ther
e

ar
enotenoughpr
ocessi
ngandst
oragef
aci
l
iti
eswhi
chmakemor
ethanhal
foft
he

pr
oducedf
oodwast
e.Forexampl
e,f
rui
tsoncet
heseasonf
orapar
ti
cul
arf
rui
tin

Ni
ger
iahaspassed,
itwi
l
lbehar
dfory
out
ofi
ndt
hatf
rui
tbecauseal
lthepr
oduced

oneshav
efi
nished.Al
so,
ift
her
ewasawayAgr
icul
tur
alwast
escanbeusedf
orot
her

pur
poses,
itwi
l
lal
sor
educef
oodi
nsecur
it
y.

4
QUESTI
ON4:WHATARETHEKEYGENDERI
SSUEDI
FFERENTI
ATEDROLESI
N

AGRI
CULTURALPRODUCTI
ON?

Thekeygenderi
ssuesi
nagr
icul
tur
alpr
oduct
ionar
e:

i
. Powerhi
erar
chy
:womenar
ebel
i
evednott
obeabl
etodosomet
hingswhi
l
emen

can.Sot
heyar
eal
l
owedt
oonl
ydocer
tai
nthi
ngsi
nagr
icul
tur
e.Buti
ftheyar
e

gi
vent
hechance,
theymi
ghtdobet
tert
hanmen.

i
i
. Pol
i
tics:
forexampl
e,i
fther
ear
epal
l
iat
ivest
obeshar
edamongf
armer
s,t
hemen

woul
dbegi
venwhi
l
ethewomenwon’
tgetbecauset
heyar
enotbel
i
evedt
obe

f
armer
s.

i
i
i. l
andr
ight
s:womenar
enotgi
venr
ightt
oownl
andsast
hisi
sbel
i
evedt
obef
or

menal
one.

i
v. pr
oduct
iver
esour
ces:
product
iver
esour
cesar
eal
sogi
vent
omenonl
ulycausi
ng

i
nequal
i
ty.

v
. unpai
dwor
k:womenar
eal
l
owedt
owor
kbutof
tent
imesar
enotpai
dfort
hewor
k

done.

v
i. Empl
oyment

v
ii
. Deci
sionmaki
ng:
thi
sisl
eftt
othemal
esasf
emal
esar
eexpect
edt
ofol
l
owt
he

deci
sionsoft
hei
rhusbands.

5
QUESTI
ON5:WHATARETHEGENDERDI
FFERNTI
ATEDROLESI
NAGRI
CULTURAL

PRODUCTI
ON?

Thegenderdi
ff
erent
iat
edr
olesar
e:

i
. Pr
oduct
ion:
menar
elef
tatt
hehel
m ofpr
oduct
ion.Theybr
ingi
deasonwhatt
o

pr
oducewhi
l
ewomenar
etof
oll
owwi
thoutcompl
ain.Themenar
einchar
geof

pl
ant
ingt
hecr
ops.

i
i
. Har
vest
ing:
womenar
eal
l
owedt
ohar
vestt
hepr
oducewhi
l
ethemenmoni
tort
he

pr
ocess.

i
i
i. Pr
ocessi
ng:
thi
sissol
elyl
eftt
othewomen.Af
terhar
vest
ingt
hepr
oduce,
the

pr
ocessi
ngofsuchpr
oducei
slef
ttot
hem.

i
v. Mar
ket
ing:
thi
sisal
sol
eftt
othewomen.Shecandeci
det
omar
keti
twi
thor

wi
thoutt
hehel
pofherchi
l
drenandt
henr
etur
nthemoneyear
nedt
oherhusband.

Ther
olesoft
hemensomet
imesst
opatt
hepr
oduct
ionst
age.

6
QUESTI
ON6:WHATARETHEFACTORSTHATMAKESWOMENPARTI
CULARLY

VULNERABLETOFOODSECURI
TYANDHOW DOTHEYHI
NDERAGRI
CULTURAL

DEVELOPMENT?

Thef
act
orsar
e:

i
. Womendonothav
eaccesst
oland:
inmostcommuni
ti
es,
menar
eseenast
he

onei
nchar
geoff
armi
ngwhi
l
ethewomenar
esupposedt
ost
ayathomeand

t
akecar
eoft
hechi
l
dren.I
fawomant
her
efor
edeci
dest
hatshewant
stogoi
nto

agr
icul
tur
al,
shemi
ghtnotgett
her
esour
cesneededespeci
all
yland.Thi
shi
nder
s

agr
icul
tur
aldev
elopmentbecausei
fwear
egoi
ngt
oat
tai
nfoodsecur
it
y,weneed

mor
ehandsondeckandt
hiscannotbeachi
evedi
fwomenar
enotgi
vent
he

chancet
oshowwhatt
heycando.

i
i
. For
eigni
nvest
orsar
ewi
l
li
ngt
oonl
ywor
kwi
thmenwi
thf
ormal
landr
ight
:inmost

par
tsi
nNi
ger
ia,
womencannoti
nher
itt
hei
rfat
her
’spr
oper
ty.Mostt
imeswomen

donotev
enownl
andr
ight
sandi
nvest
orsar
eonl
ywi
l
li
ngt
owor
kwi
thmenwho

possesst
hesel
andr
ight
sther
efor
ehi
nder
ingwomenf
rom goi
ngi
ntoagr
icul
tur
e

andt
hiswoul
donl
yleadt
omor
efoodi
nsecur
it
y.

i
i
i. Womenmostt
imescannotaccesscr
edi
torext
ensi
onser
vicesandt
hesemi
ght

maket
hem excl
udedf
rom benef
it
ingf
rom newi
nnov
ati
ons:
inal
andwher
e

womenar
enotconsi
der
edt
obef
armer
s,i
twoul
dbehar
dfort
hem t
oaccess

cr
edi
tser
vicesbecauset
her
ewi
l
lbedoubtoft
hem succeedi
ngi
nagr
icul
tur
enot

t
otal
kofr
etur
ningt
hecr
edi
t.Al
sot
heymi
ghtnotbeabl
etohav
eaccesst
o

ext
ensi
onser
vicesandnewi
nnov
ati
ons.

7
QUESTI
ON7:HOW SHOULDGENDERBEMAI
NSTREAM I
NAGRI
CULTUREANDFOOD

SECURI
TY,
POLI
CY,
PROJECTANDPROGRAMMI
NG?

Gendercanbemai
nst
reamedi
nagr
icul
tur
e,f
oodsecur
it
ypol
i
cy,
proj
ectand

pr
ogr
ammi
ngbygi
vi
ngt
hewoment
hechancet
akei
npr
oduct
ionpr
ocesses.I
not
her

wor
dst
her
eshoul
dbegenderequal
i
ty.Womenmakeasi
gni
fi
cantcont
ri
but
iont
ofood

pr
oduct
ion.Theycanal
sobei
nvol
vedi
npol
i
cymaki
ngandpr
ojecti
mpl
ement
ati
on.

Womenar
eresponsi
blef
oral
lagr
icul
tur
alact
ivi
ti
esl
i
kehoei
ng,
weedi
ng,
har
vest
ing,

t
ranspor
ti
ng,
processi
nge.
t.
c.Mai
nst
reami
ngofgenderi
nanydev
elopmenti
snotabout

addi
nga“
woman’
scomponent
”orev
ena“
genderequal
i
tycomponent
”int
oanexi
sti
ng

act
ivi
ty.I
tismor
ethant
hei
ncr
easeofwomen’
spar
ti
cipat
ion,
iti
sbr
ingi
ngt
he

exper
ience,
int
erest
sandknowl
edgeofwomenandment
obeari
nthedev
elopment

agenda.

Ther
efor
e,t
hef
oll
owi
ngar
easar
eimpor
tanti
ngendermai
nst
reami
ngofdev
elopment

pr
ogr
am r
elat
edt
oagr
icul
tur
alpr
oduct
ionsuchast
heNi
ger
iaATA.Thesei
ncl
ude:

1.Tar
getgr
oups

2.Moni
tor
ingandev
aluat
ion

3.Sensi
ti
zat
ion

4.Capaci
tybui
l
dingandempower
ment

5.Gr
ouppr
omot
ionandpol
i
cydi
alogue

8
9