ACTI

VITI
ESFORWEEK1&2

1.I
shav
ingadr
iver
’sl
i
censear
ightori
sitapr
ivi
l
ege?Choosey
ouranswerandEXPLAI
N.

-Forme,i
twasapr i
vi
legebecausedr iv
er'l
icensewasi mpor tantespeciall
ytot hepeopl
e
whoneedt otrav
el i
nadi f
ferentplacesal
sohav ingadriver'
sl i
censei sapr i
vil
egebecausef or
thosepeoplewhocanpr ov ethattheycandriveandensur ethatt heycandr iv
ewi thout
endangeri
ngthepublic.Alsoineveryaccidentinvehi
cletheyf i
rstsear chifyouhav eandri
ver'
s
l
icensebecauseifyouhav enol i
censetherearesomepuni shmentbasedont hat.Butsome
peoplenotint
endingtohav eadr i
ver'
sli
censebecauset heyt hi
nki t'
sokayandsomear enot
haveaenoughmoneyt ohav eal i
censebecausenowaday shav ingadr iver
'sli
censealsorequi
re
foryoutoalsohaveaenoughmoney .

2.MakeaTIMELINEoft
heWheel
edVehi
cleandRoadHi
stor
yandt
heEv
olut
ionoft
he
MotorVehi
cle.

WHEELEDVEHI
CLEANDROADHI
STORY

A.Lj
ubl
janaMar
shesWoodenWheel

-
Oldestwheel
everf
oundi
nEur
opeorany
wher
eint
hewor
ld.

-
Discov
eredbyt
woSl
oveneAr
cheol
ogi
stonApr
il2002i
ntheLj
ubl
j
inaMar
shesi
n
Sl
oveni
a.

-
Whencar
bon-
dat
ed,
ther
emai
nsar
eest
imat
edt
o5,
200y
ear
sol
d.

Ear
li
estTy
pesofWheel
edCar
ts:
1.Sol
idWheel
sonFi
xedAxl
e

-
repr
esentanear
lyst
epi
ntheev
olut
ionofwheel
edv
ehi
cles.

-
It
ssol
i
dwheel
s,whi
chwer
emadeofasi
ngl
epi
eceofwood,
rot
atedonsi
ngl
eaxl
e.

2.Sumer
ianChar
iotwi
thFl
ankWheel
s

-
thi
schar
iot
,ofabout2400BC

-
hadsoli
dwheel
sbui
l
tupwi
tht
hreepi
eces,
andwasmor
edur
abl
ethant
heone-
piece
wheel
.

3.Gr
eekQuadr
icawi
thSpokeWheel
s

-
drawnbyf
ourhor
ses

-
ali
ghtandel
egantv
ehi
clef
orgent
lemanabout250B.
C

-I
thadspokedwheel
sandaxl
eofir
onsandbronze,
handl
est
hatai
dformount
ing,
and
seatf
ormedbyaboardpl
aceacr
ossthehandl
es.

4.I
tal
ianCocchi
o
-
1288

-
tr
aveli
ngwagont
hatpr
otect
ingt
hepassengerbycov
eri
ngal
eat
herorcl
othf
ixedov
era
woodenfr
amework.

B.ANCI
ENTROME-Thef
oll
owi
ngar
eanci
entwheel
edv
ehi
clesi
nAnci
entRome

1.Ar
cer
a

-
drawnbyt
woormor
ehor
sesandi
thadf
ourwheel
s

-t
heoutsi
deconsist
edofunhewnboardscoverbyl
oosedr
apery.Thi
svehi
clewas
especi
all
yusedtoconveyt
hesickandinf
ir
m andwasofsuff
ici
entsi
zetoall
ow
occupant
storecl
ine.

2.Ar
cima

-
itwassmal
laconv
eyancet
hati
slar
geenoughf
oronl
yoneper
son.

3.Bast
erna

-commonl
yusedbywomenwhentravel
l
ingandwasbornebyt
womul
es,
onebef
oreand
onebehi
ndeachhi
tchedt
oasepar
atepairofshaf
ts.

4.Benna

-
fourwheel
edconv
eyancet
hatmadeofwi
ckerwor
kandwasofGal
l
icor
igi
n.

-
cancommodat
esev
eral
per
sonswhent
rav
ell
i
ng.

5.Car
pent
um

-
usedbyear
lyRomanei
near
ly500B.
Candasl
ateas5t
hcent
uryoft
heChr
ist
ianer
a.

-acov
eredcar
ri
agewithtwowheels,hadseat
sfort
woort
hreeandwasusual
l
ydr
awned
bytwomules,
horsesorevenoxen.

6.Car
ruca

-
avehicl
ewi
thfourwheel
s,wi
ththef
rontonewassmal
l
ert
hant
het
wobehi
nd.Thathad
acov
eranddrawnbytwotofourhor
sesormules.

-i
twasof
tenor
nament
edbycar
vingsi
nbr
onzeandi
vor
yandbychasi
ngi
nsi
l
verand
gold.

-
member
sofi
mper
ial
fami
l
iesf
ondoft
rav
ell
i
ngusi
ngt
hiski
ndofcoach.

7.Car
rus

-
car
twi
tht
wowheel
sandboar
dedsi
de,
drawnbyoxenorbul
l
ocks

-
mai
nlyusedbyRomanar
miesf
ort
ranspor
tat
ionoft
hei
rbagageandsuppl
i
es.

8.Ci
sium
-l
i
ghtopenv
ehi
cleofGal
l
icor
igi
n,wi
tht
wowheel
sandr
oom f
ort
woper
son.

-
ital
sohasaboxbeneat
htheseat
,wher
esmal
lbagagecancar
ri
edi
n.

-
twoort
hreehor
sesormul
eswher
eusedt
odr
awnt
hisandsui
tabl
eforr
api
dtr
avel
s.

9.Pi
lent
um

-
usedchi
efl
ybywomenoft
heuppercl
asses.

-af
urni
shedwi
thcusi
ons,hadacover
edtop,butopensi
des.Canal
sousedonocasi
ons
byRomanmatron,
pri
estsandvest
alvi
rgi
ns.

-
Int
his,
theycar
ri
edsacr
edv
essel
sandr
odei
npr
ocessi
onsandpubl
i
cgames.

10.Four
-wheel
edPl
aust
rum

-
usual
l
yempl
oyedf
orheav
ybur
densbutwer
eal
sousedf
ort
rav
ell
i
ng.

11.Raeda

-
commonammongt
heRomansdur
ingt
hel
astcent
uryoft
her
epubl
i
c.

-commodiusvehi
cleofGal
li
coriginthathadf
ourwheel
sandhasasuf
fi
cientr
oom f
or
sever
alpersont
ogetherwi
ththeirl
uggage.

12.Sar
racum

-
usedbyanci
entRomanf
armer
sasat
rav
ell
i
ngv
ehi
cle.

13.Tensa

-
sacredvehi
cleel
aborat
elyornament
edwi
thi
vor
yandsi
l
ver
;hadei
thert
woorf
our
wheels,
drawnbyfourhorses.

-
thi
scar
ri
agewasuseddur
ingt
heCi
rcensi
angames,
tocar
ryt
hei
magesofdei
ti
es.

C.WHEELEDVEHI CLESANDCARRI AGES-coul

dnotuset
henarr
owpathsandtr
ail
s
usedbypackanimal
s, andear
lyr
oadsweresoonbui
ltt
oaccomodat
ethelar
ger
tr
anspor
tat
ionvehi
cles.

D.THEROMANS

-
themaj
orr
oadbui
l
der
sint
heanci
entwor
ld.

-
Romansroadnetworkr
eachedatot
alofabout50,
000mi
l
es(
80,
000kms)
,wi
thFEEDER
r
oadbr
anchingoutfr
om themai
nhighways.

-i
twascostl
ybecausei
tsdeepfoundat
ion,
formedbyl
ayeraf
terheav
yst
ones,
was
necessar
ytomaketheroadst
ocar r
yheavytr
aff
icf
ormanyyears.

E.JOHNL.MACADAM

-
didnotabandonthetheor
yoff
eederr
oadbui
l
dingandper
fect
edt
hemacadami
zed
r
oadinEnglandabout1815.
F.AFTERTHEFALLOFROMANS-i nthe5thCent ur
y ,
landhaulage( orcologni
zi
ngt he
forei
gnl andsbyt heEuropeankingdomsandcount r
ies)general
lydeclinedbecause
highway ssuffer edfr
om inadequatemai nt
enance.Suchi mprovement showev er
,ast he
horsecol l
ars( 10thCentury)
,theaddtionofspri
ngst ocoaches, newmet hodsofroad
construction,andi nt
roducti
onoft ol
lroads(18t
hCent ury)al
lcont i
nuedt oeaseand
speedl andt r
av el.

Theinvent
ionofl
argercarr
iagesandvehi
clespull
edei
therbyhumanbei
ngsor
ani
malscouldbeconsi
deredthebasisofmoder nhi
ghwayconstr
ucti
on.

EVOLUTI
ONOFMOTORVEHI
CLES

A.STEAM ENGI
NE

-
wasperfect
edi
nthe1760'
sbyJamesWat
t.Thei
nvent
ionpr
ovi
dedpowerf
ormany
i
ndust
ri
esandfact
ori
esinEngl
and.

B.Bytheendon18t hcent
ury
,French,Scott
ish,
andAmer
icani
nvent
orsat
tempt
edt
o
appl
ythesteam engi
neinwaternavi
gation.

1.Fr
enchmanJacquesPer
ier-bui
l
tanst
eamboati
n1775

2.Rober
tFul
ton-l
aunchedt
hest
eamboatCl
emontont
heHudsonRi
veri
n1807.

3.ThesteamerSavannahcrossedt
heAt l
ant
ici
n1819andbyt
he19t
hcent
ury
,st
eam
navi
gat
ionrepl
acedthesail
i
ngnav i
gat
ion.

C.RAI
LTOADS

-Horse-
drawnwagonswit
hwoodenwheel
sandt
ail
shasbeenusedi
nEngl
i
shand
Europeanminesdur
ing17t
hcent
ury
.

1.Ri
char
dTrevi
thi
ck-andsomeotheri
nvent
orsadapt
edt
hepr
imi
ti
vest
eam
l
ocomoti
vestominer
ail
waybeet
ween1797and1814.

2.Geor
geSt
ephenson-bui
l
tandequi
ppedt
he32-
km St
ockt
onandDar
li
ngt
onr
ail
way
.

-
fi
rstpubl
i
crai
l
waypowerbyst
eam l
ocomot
ivet
hatbeganr
ail
toadbui
l
dingi
nEngl
and.

3.Uni
tedSt
ates

-
tr
emendoysgrowthinr
ail
transportsystem occur
edt
hatby1840mor
ethan4,
800kms
r
ail
roadst
artoper
ati
ngi
ntheeast ernstate.

E.I
NTHEMI
D8t
hCENTURY,
ENGLI
SHROADS

-
weresobadthatthecoachescoul
dav er
ageonl
yabout4mph(
6.4km/
h)andt
hemai
l
wasusual
l
ycarri
edbyboy sandhorses.

F.JOHNPALMER-Mar
chof1786andby1800i
ntr
oducedt
hef
ir
stf
astmai
lcoach.
G.THEI
NVENTI
ONOFBI
CYCLE

-
HOBBYHORSEordanhor set
hewheelsweremadeofwood,wit
hti
resofi
ron,
andt
he
r
ider
'spushedt
hemsel
vesal
ongwi
ththei
rfeetont
heground.

1.Kar
lVonDr
ais

-Ger
manBar
on

-i
ntr
oducedast
eer
abl
ewheel
on1817cr
eat
ing"
drai
senne"
,or"
dandyhor
se"
.

2.Ki
rkpat
ri
ckMacmi
ll
an

-
1838

-
Scat
ti
shbal
cksmi
th

-
madethefi
rstmachi
newi
thpedal
s,whi
chwer
eat
tachedt
oanddr
ovet
her
earwheel
by
meansofcr
anks

H.MOTORVEHI
CLE

-
thef
ir
stmodeoft
ranspor
tat
iont
ochal
l
enget
her
ail
roads.

1.Fer
dinandVer
biest

-
Jesui
tMi
ssi
onar
yinChi
na

-
bui
l
tthef
ir
stst
eam-
power
edv
ehi
clear
ound1672asat
oyf
ort
heChi
neseEmper
or.

2.Ni
col
asJosephCugnot

-
1870-
71

-
demonst
rat
edhi
sfar
dierá(
steam dr
ay)anexper
imentst
eam-
dri
venar
ti
ll
eryt
ract
or

3.Wi
ll
iam Mur
doch

-
1784

-
bui
l
tawor
kingmodel
ofast
eam car
ri
agei
nRedr
uth

4.Ri
char
dTr
evi
thi
ck

-
1801

-
runaf
ull
-si
zedv
ehi
cleont
her
oadCambor
ne.

5.Ol
iv
erEv
ans

-
1789

-
wasgr
ant
edt
hef
ir
staut
omobi
l
epat
enti
ntheUni
tedSt
ate.

6.Fr
ancoi
zIsaadeRi
vaz
-
1806

-Swissengineerbui
l
tandengi
nepower
edbyi
nter
nal
combust
ionofhy
drogenand
oxygenmi xtur
e.

7.JosefBozek

-
1815

-pr
ofessoratpr
aguepol
ytechni
c

-
bui
l
tanoi
l
-fi
redst
eam car

8.SamuelBr
own

-
1826

-Engl
i
shman

-
test
edhishydrogen-
fuell
edinter
nalcombust
ionengi
nebyusi
ngi
ttopr
opel
avehi
cleup
Shoot
er'
sHil
linSouth-eastLondon.

9.Wal
terHancock

-
1838bui
l
tandandoper
atedst
eam busesi
nLondon

10.Chr
ist
ianFr
iedr
ichSchont
ein

-1838

-di
scover
edinpr
inci
plethehy
drogenfuel
cel
l(di
esel
)oneoft
het
echnol
ogi
eshai
l
edas
arepl
acementf
orgasoli
neasanenergysour
ceforcars.

11.Char
lesGoody
ear

-
1844i
nvent
edt
hev
ulcani
zedr
ubberf
ort
ir
es.

12.Rober
tWi
ll
iam Thomson

-
1845-
46

-ascott
ishi
nventedt
hef
ir
stv
ulcani
zedr
ubbert
ir
es.Hi
sinv
ent
ionwor
kedwel
lbutwas
costl
ytoproduce.

13.JeanJosephÉt
einneLenoi
r

-
1858

-al
soknownJeanJ.LenoirBel
ganengineerdevel
opert
heinter
nalcombust
ionengi
ne.
Lenoi
r'
sinv
ent
ioni
sconsideredtobethefir
stcomerci
all
ysuccessf
ulofi
tskind.

14.Gast
onPl
ant
e-Any
osJedl
ik

-
1859
-i
nventedthel
ead-aci
dbat t
eryandelect
ricmotori
n1828-bot
hinv
ent
ionswer
e
contr
ibutor
ytotheinvent
ionofelect
ric-
poweredcar
s.

15.Lenoi
r'
sHippomobi
le-I
n1860wi t
hahy dr
ogen-
gas-
fuel
ledone-cy
li
nderedi
nter
nal
combusti
onenginemadeatestdr
ivef
rom Pari
stoJoi
nvi
ll
e-l
e-Pont
,cover
ingsome9km
i
nabout3hr s.

16.Henr
ySet
hTay
lor

-
1867

-aCanadiandemonstr
atehi
s4-wheel
ed"st
eam buggy
"attheSt
anst
eadFai
rinStanst
ed,
Quebec.Beganbui
l
dingin1865,
wasahigh-wheel
edcarr
iagewi
thbr
aci
ngtosupporta
two-
cyli
nderst
eam engi
nemountedonthefl
oor.

17.Si
egf
ri
edMar
cus

-1870

-AnAustr
iani
nvent
orwhoputali
qui
d-f
uell
edinter
nalcombust
ionengi
neinasimpl
e
handcar
twhichmadehimthef
ir
stmant opropelavehi
clebymeansofgasol
i
ne-known
as"thef
ir
stMarcuscar
".

18.Dr
.J.
W.Car
hat
rt

-1871

-
inv
entedthef
ir
stst
eam poweredcar
ri
age-
sizedaut
omobi
l
esui
tabl
euseonexi
sti
ng
wagonroadsi
ntheUni
tedStat
es.

19.AmedeeBol
lee

-
1873

-
AFr enchwhopruducedthe"r
eal
"aut
omobi
l
e-sel
f-
propel
l
edst
eam r
oadv
ehi
clest
o
t
ransportgr
oupsofpassenger
.

20.Geor
geB.Sel
den

-
May08,
1879

-
anAmericanwhofi
ledforapatentwhi
chi
ncl
udednotonl
ytheengi
nebuti
tsusei
na4-
wheel
edcar.Hewasfi
nall
ygrantedonNov
ember5,1895.

21.I
tal
y'
sEnr
icoBer
nar
di

-
1882

-
patenteda0.024horespower122ccone- cy
li
nderpet
rol
motor
,fi
tt
ingi
ttohi
sson's
t
ryci
cle.Hemaket hi
satleastacandi
dateforthef
ir
staut
omobi
le,
andfi
rstmotor
cycl
e;
i
n1892, heenlar
gedthetryci
clet
ocarrytwoadult
s.

22.Mar
cus
-
1883

-
secur
edaGer
manpatentforalow-
vol
tagei
gni
ti
onsy
stem oft
hemagnet
oty
pe;
thi
s
washi
sonl
yautomot
ivepatent
.

23.Edouar
dDel
amar
e-Dev
out
ebi
ll
e-i
n1884av
ehi
clewaspat
ent
edandt
ri
all
ed.

24.Kar
lBenz

-1885

-bui
lthisf
ir
stautomobi
l
einMannhei
m andgr
ant
edapat
entf
orhi
saut
omobi
l
eon
January29,1886.

-
beganthefi
rstproductionofautomobi
lesi
n1888,afterBer
thaBenzhi
swifehadpr
oved.
Wit
hthefi
rstlong-di
stancetr
ipinAugust1888,
from MannheimtoPfor
zhei
m andback.

25.Dai
mler

-
1885

-
bui
l
tthef
ir
sthi
ghspeedi
nter
nal
combust
ionengi
ne.

26.(
Lat
e19t
hCent
ury
)JohnBoy
dDunl
op

-
1887

-dev
elopt
hef
ir
stpneumat
ict
ir
e(i
nfl
atedwi
thai
r)f
orbi
cycl
eandwasgr
ant
edpat
enti
n
1888.

27.1888-mar
keTheFirstPr
oduct
ionofAut
omobi
l
einGer
manybyKar
lBenz,
andi
n
FrancebyEmi
leRoger
.

28.Got
tl
iebDai
mlerandWi
lhel
m May
bach

-
1889

-
desi
gnedavehi
clef
rom scr
atchtobeanaut
omobil
e,r
athert
hanahorse-
drawncar
ri
age
f
it
tedwit
hanengi
ne.Theyarecredi
tedf
ort
hefi
rstmot
orcycl
ein1866.

29.Panhar
detLav
assorofFr
ance

-
1889

-
wast
hef
ir
stcoompanyf
ormedexcl
usi
vel
ytobui
l
daut
omobi
l
es.

-
alsoi
ntr
oducedt
hef
ir
stf
our
-cy
li
nderengi
ne.

30.Fi
rsthor
sel
ess-
car
ri
ageappear
edi
ntheU.
S.on1890'
s.

31.Char
lesandFr
ankDur
yea

-
1893

-
foundedt
heDur
yeaMot
orWagonCompany
,becomi
ngt
hef
ir
stAmer
icanaut
omobi
l
e
 manuf
act
uri
ngcompany
.

32.Rudol
fDi
esel

-
1893

-Ger
mani nv
entorwhodevel
opthediesel
engi
nealsoknownascompressi
on-i
gnit
ion
engi
neisaninternal
combust
ionenginet
hatusestheheatcompr
essi
ontoini
ti
ate
i
gnit
iontoburnthefuel
.

33.Andr
eaMi
chel
in

-
1895

-
fi
rstper
sont
ousepneumat
ict
ir
esonaut
omobi
l
eti
resbutnotsuccessf
ul.

34.CzechcompanyNessel
sdof
erWagenbaul
aternamedTat
ra

-1897

-
producedt
hefi
rstmotorcarincentr
eal
Eur
opeandoneoft
hef
ir
stf
act
ory
-madecar
sin
t
hewor l
d,t
heParsi
dentautomobil
.

35.Henr
yFor
d

-
1908

-
int
roducedtheMODELT, whi
chwaspr
ovedsopopul
art
hatby1914,
For
dhadadopt
ed
massproducti
onmethodstomeett
hedemand.

36.Phi
li
pSt
rauss

-
1911

-
inv
ent
edt
hef
ir
stsuccessf
ulaut
omobi
l
eti
rewi
thanai
r-
fi
ll
edi
nnert
ube(
int
eri
or)
.

37.Fel
ixWankel

-
1956

-
GermanMat hemati
cian,
dev
elopedanadvance-t
ypeofengi
ne,
namedaf
terhi
m,t
hat
oper
atesdi
ff
erent
lyfr
om gasanddiesel
engines.

 Emai
lme@ sr
71zb@gmai
l.
com y
ouract
ivi
tyorsendmey
ourf
il
eonf
bmessenger@

seanr
eybongzandwr
it
e‘Week1&2Act
ivi
tyont
het
it
let
oget
herwi
thy
ournameand

sect
ion.Thanky
ou

 I
dent
ical
act
ivi
ti
es,
cheat
ing,
plagi
ari
sm andot
herv
iol
ati
onsshal
lbegr
oundsf
orf
ail
ure.