SOLI

DWASTEANDSOLI
DWASTEMANAGEMENT

Wast
eis an unav
oidabl
e by
-pr
oduct of most human act
ivi
ty.Economi
c

dev
elopmentandr
isi
ngl
i
vingst
andar
dsi
ntheAsi
anandPaci
fi
cRegi
onhav
eled

t
oincr
easesi
nthequant
it
yandcompl
exi
tyofgener
atedwast
e,whi
l
sti
ndust
ri
al

di
ver
sif
icat
ionandt
hepr
ovi
sionofexpandedheal
th-
car
efaci
l
iti
eshav
eadded

subst
ant
ialquant
it
iesofi
ndust
ri
alhazar
douswast
eandbi
omedi
calwast
eint
o

t
he wast
e st
ream wi
th pot
ent
ial
l
ysev
ere env
ironment
aland human heal
th

consequences.TheChapt
erdi
scussest
hegener
ati
on,t
reat
ment
,di
sposaland

management of t
he gr
owi
ng v
olume of wast
e,whi
ch poses f
ormi
dabl
e

chal
l
engest
obot
hhi
ghandl
ow-
incomecount
ri
esoft
her
egi
on.

I
npoor
 i
nef
fi
ci
ent
 t
rash 
col
l
ect
ion 
and 
a l
ack 
of 
disposal
 
faci
l
iti
es 
are 
prev
alent
 i
s

sues.
 Dev
elopi
ng 
count
ri
es 
are 
unabl
e t
o pur
chase 
i
nnov
ati
ve 
and 
expensi
ve 
tech

nol
ogi
es 
to 
suppor
t 
wast
e management
 ef
for
ts 
due 
to 
a l
ack 
of 
resour
ces.

Dev
elopi
ng 
count
ri
es 
are 
mor
e af
fect
ed 
than 
dev
eloped 
count
ri
es.

The 
muni
ci
pal
 
sol
i
d wast
e st
ream 
i
n most
 dev
elopi
ng 
count
ri
es 
i
s "
domi
nat
ed 
by 

or
gani
cs.
" 
Thi
s means 
that
 i
nci
ner
ati
on 
i
s di
ff
icul
t 
to 
uti
l
ize 
and 
that
 compost
ing 
i

s 
requi
red.
 I
n t
he 
i
nfor
mal
 
sect
or,
 
ther
e ar
e al
so 
a l
arge 
number
 of
 per
sons 
who 
a

r
e unempl
oyed.
The 
LGUs'
 
key
 i
nvol
vement
 i
n t
he 
i
mpl
ement
ati
on.
 RA 
9003 
mand

at
es 
that
 t
he 
LGUs 
be 
the 
pri
mar
y r
esponsi
ble 
uni
ts 
i
n t
he 
i
mpl
ement
ati
on 
of 
the 

Act
, 
accor
ding 
to 
the 
Phi
l
ippi
ne 
Local
 
Gov
ernment
 Code 
(Sect
ion 
10)
.Theyar
e

t
askedwi
thf
ormi
ngpr
ovi
nceandci
ty/
muni
cipal
sol
i
dwast
emanagement
boar
ds,
aswel
lasdev
elopi
nga10-
yearsol
i
dwast
emanagementst
rat
egyf
or

t
hei
rcommuni
ty(
Sect
ions11,
12,
and13aswel
las16)
.Themandat
orycl
osur
e

ofal
ldumpsi
tes.RA9003pr
ohi
bit
stheoper
ati
onandest
abl
i
shmentofopen

dumpsi
tesupont
hecomi
ngi
ntof
orceoft
heAct
.Itf
urt
herst
ates

t
hatal
lopendumpsi
tesshoul
dbeconv
ert
edi
ntocont
rol
l
eddumpsi
tesaf
ter

t
hreey
ear
s,andt
hatal
lcont
rol
l
eddumpsi
tesshoul
dbecl
osedwi
thi
nfi
vey
ear
s

oft
hei
mpl
ement
ati
onoft
heAct(
Sect
ion37)
.TheDENRandNSWMCpr
ovi
ded

gui
del
i
nesf
ort
hesaf
ecl
osur
eandr
ehabi
l
itat
ionofopenandcont
rol
l
eddump

f
aci
l
iti
es(
DENR2006aandNSWMC2005b)
.

Asanal
ter
nat
ive,t
heconst
ruct
ionofsani
tar
ylandf
il
l(SLF)i
sal
l
owedasaf
inal

di
sposalsi
tef
orr
esi
dualwast
esbuti
tshoul
dbei
naccor
dancet
othecr
it
eri
a

pr
ovi
dedbyt
heAct(
Sect
ions40,41,and42)
.TheDENR andt
heNSWMC

pr
ovi
dedgui
del
i
nesont
hecat
egor
izat
ionoff
inaldi
sposalf
aci
l
iti
es(
DENR2006b

andNSWMC2005c)basedont
hepot
ent
ial
netr
esi
dual
sol
i
dwast
egener
ati
onof

t
he muni
ci
pal
i
ty,and al
so t
he env
ironment
al,soci
o-economi
c and hy
dro-

geol
ogi
calchar
act
eri
sti
csoft
hear
ea.Themandat
ory25%wast
edi
ver
sion.The

LGUsar
eal
somandat
edt
odi
ver
t25%oft
hei
rgener
atedwast
ewi
thi
nfi
vey
ear
s

af
tert
hei
mpl
ement
ati
onoft
heActt
hroughcompost
ing,r
e-useandr
ecy
cli
ng

act
ivi
ti
es.I
tfur
therst
atest
hatt
her
educt
ionshoul
dbei
ncr
easedev
eryt
hree

y
ear
s(Sect
ion20)
.Thus,t
heActal
somandat
esasegr
egat
ionofsol
i
dwast
eat

sour
ce(
Sect
ion21)andt
hecr
eat
ionofMRFi
nev
erybar
angayorcl
ust
erof
bar
angay
s(Sect
ion32)
.Thebar
angayi
sresponsi
blef
ort
hecol
l
ect
ionoft
he

segr
egat
edbi
odegr
adabl
eandr
ecy
clabl
ewast
eswhi
l
etheci
tyormuni
cipal
i
tyi
s

r
esponsi
blef
ort
hecol
l
ect
ionofnon-
recy
clabl
eandspeci
alwast
es(
Sect
ion10)
.

Al
lsect
ors ar
einv
ited t
o par
ti
cipat
e.Al
though t
he LGUs ar
ethe pr
imar
y

account
abl
efort
heAct
'
simpl
ement
ati
on,t
hepr
ivat
esect
orandt
hecommuni
ty

ar
eal
soencour
agedt
opar
ti
cipat
e(Sect
ion5q)
.TheActal
sost
ipul
atest
hatt
he

Sol
i
dWast
eManagementAut
hor
it
y(SWMAA)beest
abl
i
shed.Ev
erypr
ovi
nce,
cit
y,

ormuni
ci
pal
i
tyshoul
dhav
ear
epr
esent
ati
veont
hemanagementboar
d,f
rom t
he

non-
prof
itsect
or,t
he r
ecy
cli
ng busi
ness,ort
he manuf
act
uri
ng i
ndust
ry.To

encour
agegr
eat
erpar
ti
cipat
ionbyt
heci
ti
zens,t
heActal
l
owsany
onet
ofi
l
ea

ci
vi
l,
cri
minal
oradmi
nist
rat
iveact
ionagai
nstanyi
ndi
vi
dual
,i
nst
it
uti
onoragency
,

oragai
nstgov
ernmentof
fi
cial
swho v
iol
ate orf
ailt
o compl
ywi
tht
he l
aw

(
Sect
ion52)
.

TheNSWMCi
ncoor
dinat
ionwi
thot
herconcer
nedgov
ernmentagenci
es,NGOs

andpr
ivat
einst
it
uti
onsi
sal
somandat
edt
opr
omot
econt
inui
ngeducat
ionand

i
nfor
mat
ion campai
gns t
o dev
elop publ
i
c awar
eness about sol
i
d wast
e

management(
Sect
ion55)
.

Thei
ntegr
ati
onofenv
ironment
alconcer
nsi
nschoolcur
ri
cul
aatal
llev
elsshoul
d

al
sobest
rengt
hened(
Sect
ion56)
.

TheRA9003i
sconsi
der
edast
hemostcompr
ehensi
vesol
i
dwast
emanagement
Acti
nthePhi
l
ippi
nesandi
tseemst
obeabi
gst
epf
orwar
dinaddr
essi
ngt
he

sol
i
d wast
emanagementpr
obl
emsi
nthecount
ry.TheActt
akesahol
i
sti
c

appr
oachi
ndeal
i
ngwi
tht
hepr
obl
em andi
tacknowl
edgest
hei
mpor
tanceoft
he

par
ti
cipat
ionofal
lsect
orsf
ori
tsef
fect
ivei
mpl
ement
ati
on.Howev
er,
ther
ecor
ds

oft
heNSWMCshow t
hatt
hei
mpl
ement
ati
onoft
heActi
sbehi
ndschedul
e.I
t

hasbeent
eny
ear
sal
readysi
ncet
heenact
mentoft
heRA9003i
n2001,
butt
her
e

ar
est
il
lal
otofopenandcont
rol
l
eddumpsi
test
hatcont
inueoper
ati
ngandonl
y

f
ewSLFshav
ebeenest
abl
i
shedasmandat
edi
ntheAct(
Tabl
e3)
.Al
so,
asoft
he

t
hir
dquar
terof2010,t
her
ear
eonl
y6,
597MRFsi
nthecount
ryser
ving7,
938

bar
angay
s(outofabout42,
000bar
angay
sint
hecount
ry)(
NSWMC2011)
.

A cl
earappr
eci
ati
onoft
hequant
it
iesandchar
act
eri
sti
csoft
hewast
ebei
ng

gener
atedi
sakeycomponenti
nthedev
elopmentofr
obustandcost
-ef
fect
ive

sol
i
d wast
e managementst
rat
egi
es.Al
though amongstsome oft
he mor
e

dev
elopedcount
ri
eswi
thi
nther
egi
ont
hequant
if
icat
ionandchar
act
eri
zat
ionof

wast
efor
mst
hebasi
sformanagementandi
nter
vent
ion,el
sewher
eli
tt
lepr
ior
it
y

i
s gi
ven t
othe sy
stemat
ic sur
vey
ing ofwast
e ar
isi
ng and t
he quant
it
ies,

char
act
eri
sti
cs,seasonalv
ari
ati
onsandf
utur
etr
endsofwast
egener
ati
onar
e

poor
lyunder
stood.Al
thought
her
eisal
ackofcompr
ehensi
veorconsi
stent

i
nfor
mat
ion,att
hecount
ryl
evel
,somebr
oadt
rendsandcommonel
ement
sar
e

di
scer
nibl
e.I
ngener
al,t
hedev
elopedcount
ri
esgener
atemuchhi
gherquant
it
ies

ofwast
epercapi
tacompar
edt
othedev
elopi
ngcount
ri
esoft
her
egi
on.Howev
er,

i
ncer
tai
nci
rcumst
ancest
hemanagementofev
ensmal
lquant
it
iesofwast
eisa
si
gni
fi
cantchal
l
enge.Forexampl
e,i
nthesmal
lisl
andsoft
heSout
hPaci
fi
csub

r
egi
on,smal
lpopul
ati
ons and modesteconomi
c act
ivi
tyhav
e ensur
ed t
hat

r
elat
ivel
ylowquant
it
iesofwast
ear
egener
ated.Thesour
cesofsol
i
dwast
ear
e,

Muni
cipalsol
i
d wast
e(MSW)i
sgener
ated f
rom househol
ds,of
fi
ces,hot
els,

shops,school
sandot
heri
nst
it
uti
ons.Themaj
orcomponent
sar
efoodwast
e,

paper
,pl
ast
ic,
rags,
met
alandgl
ass,
alt
houghdemol
i
tionandconst
ruct
iondebr
is

i
sof
teni
ncl
udedi
ncol
l
ect
edwast
e,asar
esmal
lquant
it
iesofhazar
douswast
e,

suchasel
ect
ri
cli
ghtbul
bs,
bat
ter
ies,
aut
omot
ivepar
tsanddi
scar
dedmedi
cines

and chemi
cal
s.I
ndust
ri
alsol
i
d wast
eint
he Asi
an and Paci
fi
c Regi
on,as

el
sewher
e,encompassesawi
der
angeofmat
eri
alsofv
ary
ingenv
ironment
al

t
oxi
ci
ty.Ty
pical
l
ythi
srangewoul
dincl
udepaper
,packagi
ngmat
eri
als,wast
e

f
rom f
oodpr
ocessi
ng,oi
l
s,sol
vent
s,r
esi
ns,pai
ntsandsl
udges,gl
ass,cer
ami
cs,

st
ones,met
als,pl
ast
ics,r
ubber
,leat
her
,wood,cl
oth,st
raw,abr
asi
ves,et
c.As

wi
thmuni
cipalsol
i
dwast
e,t
heabsenceofar
egul
arl
yup-
dat
edandsy
stemat
ic

dat
abaseoni
ndust
ri
alsol
i
dwast
eensur
est
hatt
heexactr
atesofgener
ati
onar
e

l
argel
yunknown.I
ndust
ri
alsol
i
d wast
e gener
ati
on v
ari
es,notonl
ybet
ween

count
ri
es atdi
ff
erentst
ages ofdev
elopmentbutal
so bet
ween dev
elopi
ng

count
ri
es.Expandi
ngagr
icul
tur
alpr
oduct
ionhasnat
ural
l
yresul
tedi
nincr
eased

quant
it
iesofl
i
vest
ockwast
e,agr
icul
tur
alcr
opr
esi
duesandagr
o-i
ndust
ri
alby
-

pr
oduct
s.Tabl
e8.
3pr
ovi
desanest
imat
eofannualpr
oduct
ionofagr
icul
tur
al

wast
eandr
esi
duesi
nsomesel
ect
edcount
ri
esi
nther
egi
on(
ESCAP1997)
;the

i
mpl
i
cat
ionsofl
i
qui
dandsl
urr
ywast
eforr
ecei
vi
ngi
nlandandcoast
alwat
ers.
 Amongt
hecount
ri
esi
ntheAsi
anandPaci
fi
cRegi
on,
Peopl
e’
sRepubl
i
cofChi
na

pr
oducest
hel
argestquant
it
iesofagr
icul
tur
ewast
eandcr
opr
esi
duesf
oll
owed

byI
ndi
a.I
nPeopl
e’
sRepubl
i
cofChi
na,some587mi
l
li
ont
onnesofr
esi
duesar
e

gener
atedannual
l
yfr
om t
hepr
oduct
ionofr
ice,
cor
nandwheatal
one.

Sol
i
dwast
edi
sposalmanagementi
susual
l
yref
err
edt
othepr
ocessofcol
l
ect
ing

andt
reat
ingsol
i
dwast
es.I
tpr
ovi
dessol
uti
onsf
orr
ecy
cli
ngi
temst
hatdonot

bel
ongt
ogar
bageort
rash.Sol
i
dwast
emanagementcanbedescr
ibedashow

sol
i
dwast
ecanbechangedandusedasav
aluabl
eresour
ce.

1.Sol
i
dWast
eOpenBur
ning

Sol
i
dwast
eopenbur
ningi
snott
heper
fectmet
hodi
nthepr
esentscenar
io.

2.SeaDumpi
ngPr
ocess

Thi
sseadumpi
ngpr
ocesscanbecar
ri
edoutonl
yincoast
alci
ti
es.Thi
sisv
ery

cost
lypr
ocedur
eandnotenv
ironmentf
ri
endl
y.

3.Sol
i
dwast
essani
tar
ylandf
il
ls

Sol
i
dwast
essani
tar
ylandf
il
lspr
ocessi
ssi
mpl
e,cl
eanandef
fect
ive.I
nthi
s

pr
ocedur
e,l
ayer
sar
ecompr
essedwi
thsomemechani
cal
equi
pmentandcov
ered
 wi
thear
th,l
evel
ed,andcompact
ed.Adeept
renchof3t
o5m i
sexcav
atedand

mi
cro-
organi
smsactont
heor
gani
cmat
teranddegr
adet
hem.I
nthi
spr
ocedur
e,

r
efusedept
hisgener
all
yli
mit
edt
o2m.Facul
tat
ivebact
eri
ahy
drol
yzecompl
ex

or
gani
cmat
teri
ntosi
mpl
erwat
ersol
ubl
eor
gani
cs

4.I
nci
ner
ati
onmet
hod

I
nci
ner
ati
onmet
hodi
ssui
tabl
eforcombust
ibl
eref
use.Hi
ghoper
ati
oncost
sand

const
ruct
ionar
einv
olv
edi
nthi
spr
ocedur
e.Thi
smet
hodwoul
dbesui
tedi
n

cr
owdedci
ti
eswher
esi
tesf
orl
andf
il
li
ngar
enotav
ail
abl
e.I
tcanbeusedt
o

r
educet
hev
olumeofsol
i
dwast
esf
orl
andf
il
li
ng.

5.Compost
ingpr
ocess

Compost
ing pr
ocess i
s si
mil
art
o sani
tar
yland-
fi
ll
i
ng and i
tis popul
ari
n

dev
elopi
ng count
ri
es. Decomposabl
e or
gani
c mat
ter i
s separ
ated and

compost
edi
nthi
spr
ocedur
e.Yi
eldsar
est
abl
eendpr
oduct
sandgoodsoi
l

condi
ti
oner
s.Theycanbeusedasabasef
orf
ert
il
izer
s.

Twomet
hodshav
ebeenusedi
nthi
spr
ocess:

a)
OpenWi
ndowCompost
ing

b)Mechani
cal
Compost
ing
E.Reduci
ngWast
e:Sol
i
dWast
eManagementTi
ps

I
t'
snosecr
ett
hatwegener
atel
otoft
rash.Theav
erageper
songener
atesov
er

4.
3 poundsofwast
eperday
,whi
ch i
s1.
6 poundsmor
ethan mostofus

pr
oducedi
n1960.Eachy
ear
,tr
ashi
sgener
atedi
nthef
orm ofpackagi
ng,
bot
tl
es,

boxes,
cans,
grasscl
i
ppi
ngs,
fur
nit
ure,
clot
hing,
andmor
e.Si
gni
fi
cantener
gyand

r
esour
cesar
econsumedi
nthepr
oduct
ion,t
ranspor
ti
nganddi
sposaloft
his

wast
est
ream.

Wecansi
gni
fi
cant
lyr
educet
heamountofsol
i
dwast
ebyf
oll
owi
ngsomebasi
c

pr
inci
plesofr
educi
ngt
heamountofwast
ethati
scr
eat
ed,
reusi
ngmat
eri
alst
hat

woul
dot
her
wisebedi
scar
ded,byr
ecy
cli
ngmat
eri
alsandbyusi
ngr
ecy
cled

mat
eri
als.Thecommonl
y-
used"
3-R"phr
aset
odescr
ibet
hispr
inci
plei
s:"
Reduce,

Reuse,
andRecy
cle"
.

Reduce

Taker
eusabl
ebagst
othegr
ocer
yst
orei
nst
eadofsi
ngl
e-usepl
ast
icbags.Sel
ect

i
temswi
thl
i
mit
edornopackagi
ng.Usear
efi
l
labl
econt
ainerf
orwat
eri
npl
aceof

bot
tl
edwat
er.Reduce"
junkmai
l
".Accor
dingt
oDonot
mai
l
.or
g,di
rectmai
lcr
eat
es

10bi
l
li
onpoundsofsol
i
dwast
eeachy
ear
,andappr
oxi
mat
ely44per
centofj
unk

mai
lgoest
olandf
il
lsunopened.Sadsbur
yTownshi
pof
fer
sinst
ruct
ionsonhow

t
orecei
vel
essj
unkmai
lwi
thaJunkMai
lReduct
ionKi
t.TheJunkMai
lReduct
ion

Ki
tisabr
ochur
ethati
ncl
udest
ear
-of
fpost
car
dst
ofi
l
lout
,whi
chwi
l
lremov
e
 y
ourname f
rom t
he mai
l
ing l
i
sts oft
he nat
ion'
sfourl
argestdi
rectmai
l

adv
ert
iser
s.I
tal
sopr
ovi
dest
het
oll
-f
reephonenumber
soff
iveoft
hebi
ggest

dat
a-compi
l
ingcompani
eswhosel
lnamesandaddr
essest
omar
ket
ers.

Thi
nkt
wicebef
orepr
int
ingmat
eri
alf
rom t
hei
nter
net
.Whenpossi
ble,pr
inton

bot
hsi
desoft
hepaper
.

Setagoal
forr
educi
ngt
heamountoft
rashgener
atedeachweek.

Recy
clepaperandcar
dboar
d.TheUni
ver
sit
yofUt
ahest
imat
est
hatcar
dboar
d

andpaperwast
emakeup41% oft
hemuni
cipalsol
i
dwast
est
ream.Recy
cli
ng

car
dboar
dtakes24% l
essener
gyandpr
oduces50% l
esssul
furdi
oxi
det
han

maki
ngcar
dboar
dfr
om r
awmat
eri
als.

Reuse

Thi
nkofway
stousepackagi
ngmat
eri
alsandway
stor
eusei
temst
hatnol
onger

ser
vet
hei
rfunct
ion.Usecl
othnapki
nsandpl
atesi
nst
eadofpaper
.Shr
edor

compostunt
reat
edwoodandl
eafwast
esi
ntochi
psanduset
hem asmul
chon

gar
denbedst
opr
eventweedgr
owt
h,r
etai
nmoi
stur
e,r
egul
atesoi
ltemper
atur
e,

andaddnut
ri
ent
sbackt
othesoi
l
.Hav
eay
ardsal
etof
indnew homesf
or

cl
othes,t
oys,appl
i
ances,books,andot
heri
tems.I
fyouar
eremodel
i
ng,donat
e

ol
d cabi
net
s,door
s,f
ixt
uresand har
dwar
etol
ocalchar
it
ycent
ers,suchas

Habi
tatf
orHumani
ty'
s"Re-
Stor
e".Forusef
uli
temst
haty
ounol
ongerwantbut

donotwantt
othr
ow away
,consi
dert
heFr
eecy
cleNet
wor
k,whi
chpr
ovi
des
 opt
ionsf
orpar
ti
cipant
stogi
veawayort
radei
tems.

Recy
cle/
Compost

Makei
tahabi
ttosepar
ateoutal
lit
emst
hatar
erecy
clabl
e.Rai
set
hecut
ti
ng

hei
ghtofy
ourl
awnmowerdur
ingt
hehotsummermont
hst
okeepgr
assr
oot
s

shaded and cool

er.Thi
sreducesweed gr
owt
h,br
owni
ng,and t
heneed f
or

wat
eri
ng.

Wheny
oumow,l
eav
egr
asscl
i
ppi
ngsony
ourl
awni
nst
eadofbaggi
ngt
hem or

useamul
chi
ngmower
.Thecl
i
ppi
ngswi
l
lret
urnnut
ri
ent
stot
hesoi
linst
eadof

t
aki
ngupspacei
nlandf
il
ls.

Checkwi
thl
ocalr
epai
rshopst
oseei
ftheycanusey
ourol
dappl
i
ancesf
orspar
e

par
ts.Usef
oodscr
aps,y
ardt
ri
mmi
ngs,andot
heror
gani
cwast
etocr
eat
ea

compostpi
l
ethatcan hel
pincr
easewat
err
etent
ion,decr
easeer
osi
on,and

r
epl
acechemi
cal
fer
ti
li
zer
s.Buyr
ecy
cled-
cont
entgar
deni
ngequi
pmentandt
ool
s,

suchasgar
denhosesmadef
rom ol
dti
res,
steppi
ngst
onesmadef
rom ol
dgl
ass

bot
tl
es,orhandt
ool
smadewi
thr
ecy
cledpl
ast
ic.Youcanal
sof
indcomposi
te

l
umbermadef
rom r
ecy
cledpl
ast
icbot
tl
esandbags.
 TERM

PAPER

submi
tt
edby:Har
on,Raj
hiM.

submi
tt
edt
o:Engr
.EmmanuelMar
ti
nez