REQUI

REDTASKS

Uni
t2-PRENATAL,
INFANCY&TODDLERHOOD

1.Char
twi
thdef
ini
ti
onofi
mpor
tantt
erms.

TERMS DEFI
NITI
ON

Ger
minal
stage beginsatconcepti
onandendswhenthe
zygotei
simplantedint
hewalloft
heuter
us

Embr
yoni
cst
age begi
nswheni
mpl
ant
ati
oni
scompl
ete

Fet
alst
age Onceorganogenesi
siscomplete,t
he
devel
opi
ngor gani
sm isknownasaf et
usand
thefi
nalphaseofprenatal
devel
opment

Ter
atol
ogy fi
eldthati nvesti
gatesthecausesofcongenit
al
defects.At eratogenisthatwhi
chcausesbirt
h
defects.Itisfrom theGreekword“ter
a”which
means“ monst er”.

Pheny
lket
onur
ia onerecessi
vegenecausesababyt ohave
probl
emsdigesti
ngtheami noacid
phenyl
alani
ne.Toxi
nsbuil
dupi nthebaby
’s
brai
nandcausement al
retardat
ion

Si
ckl
e-Cel
lDi
sease recessi
vedisor
dert
hatcausesr
edbl
oodcel
l
deformit
ies

Hunt
ingt
on’
sDi
sease causest
hebrai
nt odeter
ior
ateandaffect
s
bothpsy
chol
ogicalandmotorfunct
ions

Col
orBl
i
ndness di
ffi
cul
tydi
sti
ngui
shingbetweenthecol
orsr
ed
andgreenwhentheyarenexttoeachot
her

Hemophi
l
la bloodofpeopl
ewithhemophil
ialackst
he
chemicalcomponent
sthatcausebloodto
 cl
ot.Thus,whenaper
sonwit
hhemophil
ia
bl
eeds,thebl
eedi
ngdoesnotst
opnat
ural
ly.

Fr
agi
l
e-XSy
ndr
ome personwi t
ht hi
sdisorderhasanX
chromosomewi tha“ f
ragi
le,
”ordamaged,
spot.Fragil
e-Xsyndromecancausement al
ret
ardationthatbecomespr ogr
essi
vel
yworse
aschildrengetolder

Tr
isomi
es condit
ioni
nwhichani ndi
vidualhasthree
copiesofapart
icularautosome.Themost
commoni sDownsy ndrome( al
socalled
tr
isomy21),i
nwhi chthechi l
dhast hr
eecopi
es
ofchromosome21

Sex-
Chr
omosomeAnomal
i
es Asecondclassofanomalies,associ
atedwi
th
anincomplet
eorincor
rectdivi
sionofeit
her
sexchromosome,occursinroughly1outof
every400bir
ths

Rubel
l
a Thef irstfewweeksofgest ati
oncompr i
sea
criti
cal peri
odforanegativeeff
ectf r
om
rubella( al
socall
edGermanmeasl es).Most
i
nf antsexposedt orubell
ainthefirsttr
imester
showsomedegr eeofhear i
ngimpai rment,
visualimpai r
ment,and/orheartdeformity(

Chr
oni
cIl
l
nesses Condit
ionssuchasheartdi
sease,di
abetes,
andlupus,canal
sonegati
vel
yaffectpr
enatal
devel
opment

My
eli
nat
ionormy
eli
nizat
ion processbywhichaxonsarecover
edand
i
nsulatedbylay
ersoffat
scell
s(myelin)begins
duri
ngt hepr
enatal
peri
odandcontinuesafter
bi
rth

Cogni
ti
vedev
elopment age-r
elatedchangesthatoccuri
nment al
acti
vi
tiessuchasattending,
perceiv
ing,
l
earning,thi
nki
ngandr emember i
ng

I
ntel
l
igence basi
cli
feprocessthathel
psanor
gani
sm t
o
adaptt
ohisenv i
ronment

Const
ruct
ivi
sts whoact
ivel
ycr
eat
enewunder
standi
ngsoft
he
 wor
ldbasedont
hei
rexper
iences

Or
gani
zat
ion processbywhi chchildrencombineexisti
ng
schemesi ntonewandmor ecomplex
i
ntell
ectual str
uctures.Itisconsi
deredby
Piagetasi nnateandaut omati
candt hegoalof
organizati
oni stofurthertheprocessof
adaptation.

Adapt
ati
on processofadj
ust
ingtothedemandsoft he
envir
onment.I
naddit
ion,adapt
ati
oninvol
ves
twocomplementaryf
unctions:
assimil
ati
on
andaccommodat i
on

Assi
mil
ati
on processofbywhi
chchi
l
dreni
nter
pretnew
experi
encesbyi
ncor
por
ati
ngt
hem toexist
ing
schemes

Accommodat
ion processbywhi chchi
l
drenmodi
fythei
rexi
sti
ng
schemesinor dertoi
ncor
por
ateoradaptt
o
newexperiences

Di
sequi
l
ibr
ium i
mbalancebet
weenone’
sthoughtpr
ocesses
andenvi
ronment
alev
ent
s.

Equi
l
ibr
ium ther
eisahar
moniousrel
ati
onshi
pbet
ween
one’
scogni
ti
vest
ruct
uresandtheenv
ironment

Language whi
chi
sofver
bal
-sy
mbol
i
cform,isonl
yoneof
t
hemanyf
ormsofcommuni
cati
on

Hol
ophr
ases thef
irstwor
dsappearbetween10-14mont
hs
andthesesi
ngl
ewor dutt
erances

At
tachment t
hesenseofsel
femergesfr
om t
heaff
ect
ional
r
elat
ionshi
pbet
weenparent
sandbaby

I
d oper
atesundert
hepl
easur
epr
inci
ple

Ego r
epr
esentsr
easongradual
l
ydevelopesduri
ng
t
hefi
rsty
earofli
feorsooper
atesunderthe
r
eal
i
typri
nci
ple

Super
ego i
ncludest
heconsci
enceandincor
por
ates
social
l
yappr
ovedstandar
dsofshoul
dsand
 shoul
dnots.Thesuper
egooper
atesundert
he
moralpr
inci
ple

Or
alst
age Thisstageencompassesthefi
rst
yearoflif
e.
Duringthisstaget
hemainsour
ceofer oti
c
sti
mul at
ionisthemout
h(inbi
ti
ng,sucking,
chewing)

Anal
stage I
ntheirsecondy ear,
childr
ensupposedlyget
t
heirerot
icpleasurefrom thei
rbowel
movement s,
throughei t
hertheexpul
sionor
r
etenti
onofthef eces

3.I
nter
viewanol
derf
ami
l
ymemberonhowy
ouwer
edoi
ngdur
ingy
our

A.i
nfancy

B.t
oddl
erhood.

Gr
owingup,
Ihadav
erypr
otect
iveandl
ovi
ngf
ami
l
y.Ihadt
hreesi
bli
ngswi
thwhom Iusedt
o
pl
ayalot
.

Dur
ingmyinf
ancy,justli
keother,f
rom theperi
odthatIwasbor
nuntilt
hreemont hs,
Ibeginto
l
earnhowtosmileslowly,l
earntofoll
owt hi
ngswit
hmyey esandopenandcl osemyhands.Six
monthsol
dwhenIl earntorol
l ov
er,beginwhat'
sknownas"babyt
alk"andlaugh.Ial
sost ar
tto
pl
aywitht
oysamongot hert
hings.Il
earnhowt osi
tupandwhenIreachedninemont hs,Ifi
nal
ly
l
earnhowtocrawlwithmyhandsandknees.

Attwelvemont hs,Iam nolongerababybutmor eli

keat oddler
.Atthisphase,Ibeginlearning
tofeedmy sel
fandwal kwhil
eholdi
ngont heedgeofmycr i
b.Il
earntocallmypar ents"mama"
and"tata".Ibegintakingmyf i
rstst
ep.They earbetweenage2andage3i sanexci t
ingone.I
developedmyl anguageskill
sthathelpmeexpr essmyi deas,wants,andneeds.Iam v eryjoyf
ul
whenget t
ingapopsi cleandthendespairwheni tdri
psonmyhands.AndasIgr owol der,I
wouldpi ckuponal otofmypar ents’manneri
sms, speech,habi
ts,andIbasical
lymymot her
observesev erymov eshemake.I nt hi
sstage,It
endt oli
kesweet erormoresav or
yfoodst han
bit
tertastingfoodspi t
tingoutandsomet i
mest hrowingveggiesonmypl ate.

Asaconcl usion,motherswouldsaythei
rbelovedlit
tl
eonest estthei
rnervesbecauset hey'
re
test
ingboundar i
esallaroundthem.Ever
yday ,
lit
tl
ebyl i
tt
le,t
hey'r
emast eri
ngnewski l
ls,andare
anxi
ousandexci t
edtouset hem.Sometimesit'
stought oreeli
nat oddler
,butitcanbedone.
Andset t
ingrulesandlimitsnowwhenchi l
dislearni
ngwhatbehav i
orsareacceptabl
ewi ll
help
preventbiggerprobl
emsdownt heroad.