CHAPTER4:

Global
l
izat
ionandRegi
onal
i
sm
I
NTRODACTI
ON
 Gl
obal
i
zat
ionandRegi
onal
i
sm ar
etowmaj
orphenomenai
nfl
uenci
nggl
obal
ter
nd.

 Bothasaintegar
ti
onanddiff
erenti
onti
onamongstatechar
act
eri
zeaf
orm of
reor
gani
zati
onofinter
stat
erel
ationfor
malandi
nformal.

 Theeconemy
,pol
i
ciesandt
echnol
ogyhav
ebeent
hedr
ivi
ngf
orceofgl
obal
i
zat
ion.

 Regional
i
sm ontheotherhandi
sconceivedasawayofdeal
i
ngwithpol
ti
co
economic,
soci
al,
mil
i
taryandsecur
it
yissuesaff
ect
ingsat
esincommon.

4.
1Def
ini
ngGl
obal
izat
ion

Gl
obal
i
zat
ioncannotbedef
inedby

 Thestert
chi
ngofsocialandpol
iti
caacti
vi
tesacr
ossst
atef
ormti
erssothatevents
deci
sionandacti
vi
tesisonepartoft
hewor l
dcometohavesi
hni
fcancef
orindi
vidual
andcommuni t
iesi
notherpart
sofwor l
d.

 Theint
ensifcat
ionorthegrowingmagnitudeofi
nterconnect
disalmostever
yaspect
soci
alexist
ancefrom theeconomi
ctot heecol
ogicalthespr
eadofHIV-
AIDS,f
rom t
he
i
ntensi
fcati
onocwor l
dt ar
edtothespreadofdif
ferentweapons.

 Theaccel
erat
ingpaceofgl
obal
int
ract
ions.

 Thegr
owi
ngext
ensi
ty,
i
ntensi
tyandv
eloci
tyofgl
obl
int
eract
ion.

4.
2TheGol
bal
i
zat
ionDet
es

 Globali
zat
ionisaconeti
ousissuei
nint
ernat
ional
rel
ati
onseachper
spet
ive
del
iver
sadist
inctr
esponsetothequest
ions.

 4.
2.1Thehy
per
-gl
obal
i
st

 Forthehypergl
bali
st,
globali
zat
iontodaydefi
nesaneweoichi
nhumanhist
oryi
nwhi
ch
nati
onstatesbeci
meobst ocelf
orregul
atethei
reconemyandboundar
y.

 Hypergl
obal
i
stfur
theragethatgl
obali
zati
oni
simpaeti
ngnewl i
beralandimpl
antcul
tur
e
ofhavi
nganimpet
ust owar
dscerati
ngglobal
ordermarkedbycult
uralval
uesorwayli
fe

 4.
2.2Theskept
ics

 Theskept
icr
eject
edt
hev
iewofsuper-
globl
i
stasamy
th,
fl
awedandpol
i
tical
l
ynai
ve
 si
nceitfundamenatal
lyt
heenormouspowerofnat
ional
gov
ernmentt
oregul
ate
i
ntenat
ionaleconomicact
ivi
tes.

 4.
2.3TheTr
ansf
ormat
ional
i
st

 Centr
altotar
nformati
onli
stperspecti
veisconvi
cti
onthatgl
obali
zat
ioni
sacr
it
ical
dri
vi
ngforcebehindtherapidsocial
poli
ti
calandeconomicchangeswhi
char
er eshai
ng
soci
eti
esandinternat
ionalpol
it
ics.

 4.
3Gl
obal
i
zat
ionandi
tsI
mpactonAf
ri
ca

 Despi
tetheambiguit
esoft
heconcept
,t
heessent
ial
nat
ureofgl
obal
i
zat
ioni
sthe
compr
essionofspaceanft
ime.

 Thatpeoplefr
om di
stantar
easareabl
eandi
nfactobl
i
gedt
oint
eractwi
thanswer
i
ntensi
velyandinawiderangeofar
eas.

 Inthecaseofafr
icait
spositi
onintheint
ernati
onaosy st
em hasbeenconsi
derabl
y
weakenedbythefactt
hatithasbeenlosingtheracef oreconomicdev
elopmentin
gener
al,andhumandev el
opmentinparti
culart
oot herregions.

 Glonali
zati
onhav
ehadanegat
ivei
mpactont
hegr
owt
handconsol
i
dat
ionofdemocr
ati
c
governanceinAfr
ica.

 Whil
ecall
i
ngf orgreateraccount
abi
ltyandresponsibi
l
ityofleader
stot
hei
rpeopl
e
gl
obali
zat
ionhasof enpessuredAfr
icanleadertothefeel
ingsandsent
iment
sofvast
major
it
yoftheirpeople.

 Bydefiningbasicandgener all
yacceptedprinci
pel
sofdemocrati
cgovernance,
such
goodgev erance,t
ranspar encyandaccountabil
it
yinnar
rowterms,condit
iomdeby
part
icularhist
ori
ca,pol
it
icalsocialandcul
utralf
actor
swhil
elevai
ngornor oom f
or
adapti
ngt hem todiff
erentsociti
esandculture.

 Global
i
zationl
eadstothedevel
opmentofant
idev
elopment
ali
sm but
hest
atei
rr
elev
ant
ormargibalt
othedevelopment
al.

 Byimposi
ngeconomicspeci
ali
zat
ionbasedontheneedsandint
erestsofext
ernalf
orce
tr
ansf
otmingt
heeconomiesofAfri
cacountr
iesi
ntoaseri
esencl
av eeconomies.

 Furt
her,
becausetheeconomicspeci
ali
zat
ioni
mposedAf r
icacount
ri
esmakesr api
dand
sust
ainabelgr
owthanddevelopmentimpossi
ble,
confi
l
ctoverthedi
tr
ibut
ionofthe
l
imit
edgainsfri
m global
i
zati
onbecomemor eacuteandpoli
ti
zed.

 Lastl
y,gl
obal
i
zationbyinsisti
ngi nAf
ri
cancountri
esopeningthei
reconomiestof or
eign
goodsandentreprenur
slimitstheabil
it
yofAfri
cangov er
nmentstotakeproacti
veand
conci
ousmeasur estofaci
liat
et heemergenceofindi
genousenter
preneur
alclasss.

 Ov
eral
lther
efor
ethenegat
iveconsequencesofgl
obal
i
zat
iononAf
ir
icaoutt
hei
r
 posi
ti
vei
mpact
.

4.
4Et
hiopi
ani
nGl
obal
izedwor
ld

 Ethi
oial
i
keanyot hercount
ryfoundit
selff
aci
ngafastt
rackmult
idi
mensi
onal
changethatpot
ivi
leyandnegati
vel
yaffect
edit
spal
ceinthegl
obe.

4.
5pr
osandconsofGl
obal
izat
ion

 Global
izat
ionhasit
smer i
tsanddemeri
tsamongtheleadi
ngmer i
tsof
gl
obali
zati
onareexpansi
onofdemocrati
ccul
utr
ehumansr ight
sandthe
pr
otect
ionofhist
ori
call
yminorot
uandsunalt
erngroups.

 Hower
,gl
obal
i
zat
ioni
snotwhi
thouti
tsdemer
it
s.

4.
6def
ini
nggegi
onal
i
sm andr
egi
onal
int
egar
ti
on

 Regioncannbedefi
nedasal
imi
tednumberofst
atesbli
nkedtoget
herby
ageographi
cal
rel
ati
onshi
pandbyadegr
eifmutualit
erdependece
(
nye.
1960)

 Regional
ism consequnet
lyrefer
stoint
esi
fi
ngpol i
ti
calandoreconomi
c
processofcoopreti
onamongst at
esandotheractor
stoint
seif
ying
poli
ti
calpart
icul
argeograohicregi
on

4.
6.1t
heol
dregi
onal
ism

 Formanyscholar
s,r
egional
i
sm, asavolunt
aryandcompr
ehensi
vepr
ocess,
i
s
pr
edominat
lypostworl
dwarIIphenomenon.

 Oldr
egi
onali
sm l
ostmuchofi
tsdy
nami
sm i
neur
opei
ntheear
ly1970andgr
adual
l
y,
al
sodev
elopi
ngworld

Regi
onali
ntegr
ati
onineuropeandbeyode
 Oldregi
onal
ism hasi
tsr
ootsi
nt hedev
ast
ati
ngexper
ienceofi
nter

 Warnati
onali
sm andworl
dwarI
I,
it
sther
efor
ecol
sel
yli
nkedtothedi
sussi
onabout
"
regi
onali
ntegrat
ion"
ineur
ope,
i
nparti
cul
artot
hefr
omationofeur
opeancommunti
es.

Regi
onali
ntegrat
ioninafr
ica
Ther
ewasal soanold(orclassi
c)debat
eindev
elopi
ngwor
ldespi
cal
l
yAf
ri
ca.

4.
6.2newr egionali
sm
 Thenewr egi
onali
sm r
eferedt
oanumberofnewt er
ndsanddevel
opment
s,suchast
he
spect
acularincr
easeinthenumberofr
egi
onalt
radeagreement
s.
Wor
ldor
dercont
ex Ol
dregi
onal
i
sm Newr
egi
onal
i
sm

Linksbetweennati
onal
sand, Tami ngnati
onali
sm( i
n Resist
ingt
arningoradvanci
ng
regional
andgalobalmodesof eur
ope)oradvanci
ng economicglobali
zat
ion
gov er
nace nat
ional
ism (
insouth)

Sector
sactor
sandf
ormsof Sect orsepci
fi
cstat
ecentr
ic Mul tisectoralstat
ev sni
n
organi
zat
ion foramal regi
onal
i
sm har
d stateact orsregionali
sm v
s
regionali
sm regionalism formal v
s
i
nf oraml hardv ssoft

Ont
ology Regional i
nt egr
ationregi
onal Ont ologicalpl
ur al
ism,
confui
on
organizations(andsub anddi sagreement
systems) clearregional rregionalism,regional
isr
ti
on
boundar yliner regional organizati
on

Epi
stemi
l
ogy Domi nanceofposti
vi
sm and Retional
ism vsconstr
ucti
vism
rat
ionali
sm andmateri
ali
sm vscir
ti
catheorymatrel
isi
l
mv s
andsomest ruct
urel
ism i
nthe mologucalconfi
l
ict
south

Twowav
esofr
egi
onal
i
sm

Fi
rstwav
e:1950-
1970s

Eur
opeandsov
ite Lat
inAmer
ica

-
NATO(
1949-
) -
OAS(
1948-
)

-
WEU(
1955-
) -
RIOpact(
1944)

-
WTO(
1955-
1991) -
ACM (
1961)

-
counci
lofeur
ope(
1948-
) -
AC(
1973-
)
-
ECSC(
1952-
) -
CARI
OM(
1943-
)

-
EECandeur
atom (
1958-
1992) LAFTA(
1969-
1980)

-
COMEVON(
1948-
1991)westandeastasi
a -
midel
eastl
eagueofar
bst
ate(
1945)

-
CENTO(
1950s) Af
ri
ca

-
SEATO(
1967) -
OAU(
1964-
2002)

Secondwav
e:1980-
1990s

Eur
ope Lat
inAmer
ca

CSEE(
1975-
) mer
cour
(1991-
)

EU(
1992-
) FTAA(
1994-
)

CI
S(1991-
) NAFTA(
1993-
)

Asi
aandasi
apal
i
ric Af
ri
ca

APE(
1989) ECOWAS(
1975)

ARE(
1994) SADC(
1992)

maj
ort
heor
isofr
egi
onali
nter
grat
ion
f
unct
ional
ism
 Functi
onati
stv
iewedrgional
i
sm afuncti
onalresponsebyst
atet
othest
atet
othepr
obe
thatder
ivwdfr
om regi
aonali
nterdependence.

neo-f
unct
ional
ism
Neo-
fonct
ional
i
sm incl
udecl
eardepar
tur
esfrom t
ransact
ionali
sm feder
ali
sm and
f
unct
ional
i
sm whichmadeclear
lyadi
stni
ctandi
ndependent heor
icalent
it
y

I
ntergov
ermenat
ali
sn
 Int
ergov
ernental
ism orl
iber
ali
ntergov
ermental
i
sti
stheor
yandappr
ocht
hat
f
ocusonthestateforint
ergr
ati
ontosucced.

Supr
onat
ional
ism
 Asuprnat
ional
insi
ti
ti
onsar
ecer
atedi
nter
nat
ional
int
erdependecegr
ows.

 Int
er stgroupsorpoli
ti
calpar
tyleader
scanshif
tthei
rloyal
i
tiesawayfr
om
national i
nsti
tuti
onbychoosi
ngt opursuet
hei
reint
erest
ethroughnewl
y
establishedinter
nat
ionali
nst
it
utions.

sel
ect
edcasesofr
egi
onali
ntegr
ati
on
 Regi
onal
int
egr
ati
onacr
osst
hewor
ldf
oll
oweddi
ver
gent
.

 Manyr
egi
onal
int
egr
ati
onl
i
keEuwi
thAu.

 Afr
icanfreet
radear
easthei
ssuesofv
isaonar
ri
val
andt
hestengt
heni
ng
ofr
egionalor
gani
zat
ionl
i
keSADC,ECOWAS,COMESAANDEAC.

r
egi
onal
izat
ionv
ersusgl
obal
izt
iononst
ate
 Thewayregioanal
i
sm,
global
i
zati
onandt hest
ateinter
acthav
e
var
uisf
rom basedont
heissuesunderconsi
deret
ion.

 Hence,
ther
egional
i
sm ofsecur
it
yisnotuni
ver
sal
trendl
i
ket
he
f
ormati
onofeconomicregi
ons

Ther
elat
ionbet
weenr
egi
i
nal
i
sm andgl
obal
i
zat
ion

 Ther
ear
e3possi
bleopt
ions

1)Regi
onal
i
sm asacomponentofgl
obal
i
zar
ion.

2) Regi
onal
i
sm aschal
l
ageorr
esponset
ogl
obal
i
zat
ion.

3)Regi
onal
i
sm andgl
obal
i
zat
ionspar
all
elpr
ocess.

Regi
onali
zat
ionasacomponentofgl
obal
i
zat
ion
conv
ergence

 Regi
onal
i
sm i
semer
gingt
odayasapot
ent
efor
ce.

 Theprocessofr
egionali
ntegrat
ioncanbe
i
nter
pret
edaspartoftheinter
nati
onaleconomi
c
or
deratendof20century
.

 I
fimplementedbyrawmater
ial
forcethenit
becomesaresul
tandacomponentofglobal
izar
ii
n.

 Theref
oregl
obal
iat
ionmaybeexpr
essed
thr
oughregi
onal
i
zation(
Homardsorensen
1995).
 THEREAREMANYI
NTEGRATI
ONGLOBALI ON,
ZATI REGI
ONALI KE-
SM ANDSTATELI

 REGI
ONALI
SM ANDGLOBALI
ZATI
ONASPARALLELPROCESSESOVERLAP

 REGI
ONALI
SM ANDGOLBALI
ZAI
ONANDSTATE

 NATI
OSTATEANDNATI
ONALI
SM ASRI
VALPROCESSEI
FGLOBALI
ZATI
ON

 GLOBALI
ZATI
ONASFORCESOFNATI
ONALI ONOFNEW STATES.
SM ANDTHEFORMATI

 NATI
ONSTATESASRI
VALFORCESOFREGI
ONALI ON.
ZATI

 NATI
ONSTATESOPPOSI
NGGLOBALI
ZATI
INTHROUGHREGI
ONALI
SM

 NATI
ONSTATEASMEDI
ATORSBETWEENREGI
ONALI
SM ANDGLOBALI
ZATI
ON

 COEXI
TANCEBETWEENREGI SM,
ONALI NATI
ONLI
SM ANDGLOBALI ON.
ZATI