Ramos, Leo G.

2-HOTEL

Week 2

Self-learning Activities

Activity 1
Answer the questions given below. Write your answer on the space provided.

1. Other than stated in the lesson, identify at least five (5) more pioneers who studied
fingerprint as a means of identification and their contribution.

 Govard Bidloo- wrote the book Anatomy of Human Body, included descriptions of friction
ridge skin (papillary ridge) details. 
 Marcello Malpighi- noted fingerprint ridges, spirals and loops in his treatise. A layer of
skin was named after him; the "Malpighi" layer, which is approximately 1.8 mm thick.
 Johann Christoph Andreas Mayer- wrote the book Anatomical Copper-plates with
Appropriate Explanations containing drawings of friction ridge skin patterns. 
 Paul-Jean Coulier- published his observations that (latent) fingerprints can be developed
on paper by iodine fuming, explaining how to preserve (fix) such developed impressions
and mentioning the potential for identifying suspects' fingerprints by use of a magnifying
glass.
 Gilbert Thompson- used his own thumb print on a document to help prevent forgery.

2. Among all the pioneers in the fingerprint, why do you think Sir Edward Richard Henry is
considered the Father of fingerprint science? Explain your answer.

Answer: Sir Edward Richard Henry become the Father of fingerprint science because he
was persisted to devise a finger print classification system. He studied and perfected the
previous idea and discoveries of other pioneers. Edward Richard Henry perfected the
fingerprint classification and system and afterwards his work was introduced and used in
England and Wales.
Activity 2
Make a timeline of significant events in the history of the fingerprint.

 BC 200s – China- using handprints as evidence during burglary investigations.  Clay

seals bearing friction ridge impressions were used during both the Qin and Han
Dynasties (221 BC - 220 AD).
 AD 1400s – Persia- comments about the practice of identifying persons from their
fingerprints.  
 1600s- Dr. Nehemiah Grew was the first European to publish friction ridge skin
observations
 1685 -  Govard Bidloo's 1685 book, Anatomy of the Human Body included descriptions of
friction ridge skin (papillary ridge) details.
 1686- Marcello Malpighi noted fingerprint ridges, spirals and loops in his treatise. A layer
of skin was named after him; the "Malpighi" layer, which is approximately 1.8 mm thick.
 1788 – Johann Christoph Andreas Mayer wrote the book Anatomical Copper-plates with
Appropriate Explanations containing drawings of friction ridge skin patterns
 1823- Jan Evangelista Purkinje, anatomy professor at the University of Breslau,
published his thesis discussing nine fingerprint patterns.
 1856 -Hermann Welcker studied friction ridge skin permanence by printing his own right
hand in 1856 and again in 1897, then published a study in 1898.
 1858 - first used fingerprints on native contracts. On a whim, and without thought toward
personal identification, Herschel had Rajyadhar Konai, a local businessman, impress his
hand print on a contract.
 1863- Professor Paul-Jean Coulier, of Val-de-Grce in Paris, published his observations
that (latent) fingerprints can be developed on paper by iodine fuming, explaining how to
preserve (fix) such developed impressions and mentioning the potential for identifying
suspects' fingerprints by use of a magnifying glass.
 1877- Thomas Taylor proposed that finger and palm prints left on any object might be
used to solve crimes.
 1870s-1880 - Dr. Henry Faulds took up the study of "skin-furrows" after noticing finger
marks on specimens of "prehistoric" pottery. A learned and industrious man, Faulds not
only recognized the importance of fingerprints as a means of identification, but devised a
method of classification as well. 1880, Dr. Henry Faulds discussed fingerprints as a
means of personal identification, and the use of printers ink as a method for recording
such fingerprints. He is also credited with the first latent print identification - a greasy
fingerprint deposited on an alcohol bottle.
 1882- Gilbert Thompson of the U.S. Geological Survey in New Mexico, used his own
thumb print on a document to help prevent forgery. This is the first known use of
fingerprints in the United States. 
 1883 - Mark Twain (Samuel L. Clemens) his book, "Life on the Mississippi," a murderer
was identified by the use of fingerprint identification.
 1888 - Francis Galton, began his observations of fingerprints as a means of identification
in the 1880's.
 1891 - Juan Vucetich, began the first fingerprint files based on Galton pattern types.
 1892 - Eduardo Alvarez made the first criminal fingerprint identification. Francis Galton
published his book, "Finger Prints" in 1892, establishing the individuality and permanence
of fingerprints. 
 1896 - Dr. Ralph Hodgson gave a lecture on the value of fingerprint identification at the
Sydney School of Arts in Sydney, Australia. The lecture included discussion of the great
value of fingerprints and also the limited adoption of fingerprint records for identification
by worldwide agencies already using Bertillon measurements.
 1896 - The first Bureau of Criminal Identification in the US
 1897 - India's Fingerprint Pioneers, the Council of the Governor General of India
approved a committee report that fingerprints should be used for the classification of
criminal records.
 1900- United Kingdom Home Secretary Office conducted an inquiry into "Identification of
Criminals by Measurement and Fingerprints. The committee recommended adoption of
fingerprinting as a replacement for the relatively inaccurate Bertillon system of
anthropometric measurement, which only partially relied on fingerprints for identification.
 1901- The Fingerprint Branch at New Scotland Yard (Metropolitan Police) was created in
July 1901. It used the Henry System of Fingerprint Classification.
 1902-Dr. Henry Pelouze de Forest pioneered the first American use of fingerprints. The
fingerprints were used to screen New York City civil service applicants. 
 1903-In 1903, the New York City Civil Service Commission, the New York State Prison
System and the Leavenworth Penitentiary in Kansas were using fingerprinting.  Will and
William West's fingerprints were compared at Leavenworth Penitentiary after they were
found to have very similar Anthropometric measurements. 
 1904-The use of fingerprints in America began at the St. Louis Police Department. They
were assisted by a Sergeant from Scotland Yard who had been on duty at the St. Louis
World's Fair Exposition guarding the British Display. After the St. Louis World's Fair,
more and more US police agencies joined in submitting fingerprints to the International
Association of Chiefs of Police Bureau of Criminal Identification in Washington, DC.
 1914- Hakon Jrgensen with the Copenhagen, Denmark Police lectures about the distant
identification of fingerprints at the International Police Conference in Monaco.
 1924 - FBI's Identification Division is formed.
 1940s- FBI had processed over 100 million fingerprint cards in files maintained manually.
With the introduction of automated fingerprint identification system (AFIS) technology, the
files were later split into computerized criminal files and manually maintained civil files. 
 1974- four employees of the Hertfordshire (United Kingdom) Fingerprint Bureau
contacted fingerprint experts throughout the UK and began organization of that country's
first professional fingerprint organization, the National Society of Fingerprint Officers.

 2012- INTERPOL's Automated Fingerprint Identification System repository exceeds

150,000 sets of fingerprints for important international criminal records from 190 member
countries.

 2020- The Department of Homeland Security's Office of Biometric Identity

Management (OBIM was formerly US-VISIT), contains over 120 million persons'
fingerprints, many in the form of two-finger records. 

 2021- The Unique Identification Authority of India is the world's largest fingerprint (and
largest multi-modal biometric) system using fingerprint, face and iris biometric records. 
India's Unique Identification project is also known as Aadhaar, a word meaning "the
foundation" in several Indian languages. Aadhaar is a voluntary program, with the goal of
providing reliable national