I

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ionofal
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 Cour
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tl
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ncl
usi
veness

 Cr
edi
thour
s:2(
4ECTS)

 Tar
getgr
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Compul
sor
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est
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 Cour
secode:
SNI
E1012

 Cont
acthour
s:48Hour
s

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Chapt
erOneUnder
standi
ngDi
sabi
l
iti
esandVul
ner
abi
li
ti
es
Chapterobj ect iv esatt heendofcompl etingt hischapt er,thest udent swi l
lbeabl eto:
 Def i
nedi sabi l
i
t yandv ulner abili
t y
 Li stdi f
f erentt y pesofdi sabi lit
iesandv ulner abil
it
ies
 Expl ainbr iefcausesofdi sabi l
ityandv ulner abili
ty
 Descr ibet hebr iefhi storical mov ement sf r
om segr egationt oinclusion
 Descr ibet heef fectofat titudeont hemov et owar dsi nclusion
 Model sofdi sabi li
tyOv erv i
ewoft heChapt er
ChapterCont ent s
 Def i
ni tionsofdi sabi l
ityandv ulner abili
ty
 Ty pesofdi sabi lit
iesandv ulnerabi li
ti
es
 Causesofdi sabi li
tyandv ulner abi lit
y
 Hi st or i
cal mov ement sf r
om segr egat iont oinclusion
 Theef fect sofat ti
tudeont hemov et owar dsi nclusi on
 Model sofdi sabi li
ty
Overviewoft heChapt er
Thischapt erdi scussesi ssuest hathel pt ounder standaboutdi sabili
tiesandv ulnerabil
it
ies.Itst
artsby
defi
ningter msandconcept sast hesear ebasi cst ounder st andt heot herchaptersalso.Itthenproceeds
topresentt ypes/ classi fi
cat i
onsorchar acter isticsandcausesoft hedi sabil
it
iesandv ulner
abil
it
iesto
hel
pt hel ear ner sunder standt hedi sabi lit
iesaswel lasv ulnerabiliti
esandwhatcausest hem.The
chapterthenmov est ot racehi st oricalmov ementf r
om segr egat iont oinclusi
oni ncludi
ngt heattit
ude
i
ssues.Themaj ormodel sofunder standi ngdi sabi litywer eal sodi scussedi nt hi
schapt er
Learningout comes
Attheendofcompl etingt hischapt er ,t
hest udent swi llbeabl eto:
 Def inedi sabi l
ityandv ulner abi l
ity
 Li stdi fferentt ypesofdi sabi l
iti
esandv ulner abil
iti
es
 Expl ainbr iefcausesofdi sabi li
tyandv ulner abi l
i
ty
 Descr ibet hebr iefhi stor i
cal mov ement sf rom segr egat i
ont oi nclusi
on
 Descr ibet heef fectofat ti
tudeont hemov et owar dsi ncl
usi on

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1.1Def ini t
ionsofBasi cTer ms( Impai rment ,Di sabi l
it
yandHandi cap)I mpai rment
I
mpai rmentmeansal ack/ abnor mal i
tyofananat omic,phy siologi calorpsy chologi calst ruct ur
eor
funct ionordev iationonaper son.
I
tr efer st oanyl ossorabnor mal ityofphy siologi cal ,psychologi cal oranat omi cal structureorf unction.
I
ti st heabsenceofpar ticul arbodypar toror gan.
I
tcoul dal soacondi tioni nwhi cht hebodyexi st sbutdoesn‘ tfunct ion.Somechi ldren,fori nstance, have
i
mpai r
ment ssuchasey est hatdonotseewel l
,armsandl egst hatar edef ormed,orabr ai nnot
dev elopi ngi nat ypical wayet c.
Disabi li
t yThet erm di sabi lityisambi guousast her eisnosi ngleagr eementont heconcept .
I
ti snotsy nony mouswi thAKAL- GUDATENGA ( የአካል ጉዳተኛ)meani ngi mpai rment .Theconceptof
disabi li
tyi scompl ex,dy nami c,mul t
idi
mensi onal ,and cont ested.Thef ulli nclusionofpeopl ewi th
i
mpai r
ment sinsoci etycanbei nhi bitedby :
 At t
itudinal (soci etal bar ri
ers, suchasst igma)
 Phy sical barriers( env i
ronment albar r
ier s, suchasabsenceofst airs),and
 Pol i
cybar ri
er s(sy st emi cbar riers),
Soci etal ,env i
ronment al,andsy stemi cbar riersar et hemostpopul ardi sabl i
ngf act ors:
Medi cal Appr oachDi sabi l
ityi spat hol ogy( phy si ological,bi
ologi cal andi nt el
lect ual).
Disabi li
t ymeansf unct i
onal li
mi t
ationsduet ophy sical,i
ntell
ect ual orpsy chici mpai rment ,healthor
psy chi cdi sorder sonaper sonThi smedi cal def i
nit i
ondoesnotadequat elyexpl aint heint eraction
betweensoci etal condi t i
onsorexpect ati
onsanduni queci r
cumst ancesofani ndiv i
dual .
Thesoci al definiti
onofdi sabi lity:
 Di sabi l
ityisahi ghl yv ariedandcompl excondi t
ionwi thar angeofi mpl icat i
onsf orsoci alidentit
y
andbehav ior.
 Di sabi l
itylar gelydependsont hecont extandi saconsequenceofdi scr i
mi nation,pr ejudiceand
exclusion.
 Emphasi zest heshor tcomi ngsi nt heenv ironmentandi nmanyor gani zedact ivi
tiesi nsoci ety,f
or
exampl eoni nfor mat ion,communi cat ionandeducat ion,whi chpr ev entper sonswi thdi sabili
ti
es
from par ticipat i
ngonequal t
er ms.
Disabi li
t ycanbecausedbyt hef ol
lowi ngf actor s.
 Genet icCauses:Abnor mal it
iesi ngenesandgenet i
ci nher itancecancausei ntellectualdi sabil
it
y
i
nchi l
dren.

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  Env ir
onment alPover tyandmal nut ri
tioni npr egnantmot her scancauseadef ici
encyi nv it
al
mi neralsandr esul tindef ormat ioni ssuesi nt heunbor nchi ld.Af terbi rth, pov ertyand
mal nutriti
oncanal socausepoordev elopmentofv ital organsi nt hechi ld, whi chcanev entual l
y
leadt odi sabi li
t y.Theuseofdr ugs, alcohol , t
obacco, theexposur et ocer tai nt oxicchemi cal sand
ill
nesses, t
oxopl asmosi s, cy t
omegal ov irus, rubel l
aandsy phi li
sbyapr egnantmot hercancause
intell
ectual di sabi l
ityt ot hechi l
d.
 UnknownCausesThehumanbodyi saphenomenalt hing.Sci ent istshav est il
lnotf i
gur edout
whatandhowsomet hingsi nthebody ,cel l
s, br ai n, andgenescomeabout .Humanshav est i
ll
not
foundal ltheanswer st oal lthedef ect si nt hehumanbody .
 I naccessi ble envi r onment s Somet imes soci et y makes i tdi fficultf orpeopl e wi th some
impai rmentt of unct i
onf reel y.
 Lackofeducat ion,suppor tserv ices,heal thandoppor tuni t
iesf orpeopl ewi t
hi mpai rmentcan
causeaddi t
ional disabi li
tyt opeopl ewi thdi sabi litiesandev enpeopl ewi thnodi sabili
ty.
Somet ypeofdi sabi lities:
1.Vi suali mpai rmentVi sual i
mpai rmenti ngener al desi gnat est wosub-cl assi ficat ions.Thesear e
blindnessandl owv isi on.Bl i
ndness, t
otal orpar ti
al inabi lityt oseebecauseofdi seaseordi sorderoft he
eye, opt i
cner ve, orbr ai n.
2.Hear ingI mpai rmentDi fferentpeopl edef i
net het erm hear i
ngi mpai rmentdi ffer ently.Thedef initi
ons
givent o hear ingi mpai rmentconv eydi fferentmeani ngt o di ff
er entpeopl e.Thi si ncludest hesub-
classif i
cat i
onsoft hehar dofhear i
nganddeaf .Har dofHear ing:" A hear ingi mpai rment ,whet her
per manentoff l
uct uat ing,whi chadv ersel yaf fect sachi ld'
seducat i
onalper for mancebutwhi chi snot
i
ncl udedundert hedef ini t
ionof' deaf '
3.Speci ficlearningdi sabi li
tySpeci fi
cLear ningDi sabi litymeansadi sor deri noneormor eoft hebasi c
psy chol ogicalpr ocessesi nvol vedi nunder standi ngori nusi ngl anguage,spokenorwr i
tten,t hatmay
mani festi t
selfint hei mper fectabi li
tyt ol ist en,t hi nk,speak,r ead,wr i
te,spel l,ort odomat hemat ical
calcul ations.Gener allyspeaki ng,peopl ewi thl ear ningdi sabi li
tiesar eofav erageorabov eav erage
i
nt ell
igence.A l ear ningdi sabi li
tycannotbecur edorf i
xed;i ti sal i
fel ongchal lenge.Howev er,wi th
appr opr i
at esuppor tandi nt er vent ion,peopl ewi thl ear ningdi sabi l
itiescanachi ev esuccessi nschool ,at
wor k, i
nr elati
onshi ps, andi nt hecommuni ty.
Ty pesofSpeci ficLear ningDi sabi l
iti
esAudi tor yPr ocessi ngDi sor der( APD)Al soknownasCent ral
Audi toryPr ocessi ng Di sor der ,t hisis a condi tion t hatadv er sel yaf f ects how sound t hatt ravels
uni mpededt hrought heeari spr ocessedori nter pr et edbyt hebr ain.I ndiv idual swi thAPD donot
recogni zesubt l
edi ffer encesbet weensoundsi nwor ds,ev enwhent hesoundsar el oudandcl ear
enought obehear d.Theycanal sof i
ndi tdi fficul tt ot ellwher esoundsar ecomi ngf rom, tomakesense
oft heor derofsounds, ort obl ockoutcompet ingbackgr oundnoi ses.
A.Dy scal cul
iai saspeci ficl ear ningdi sabi l
ityt hataf fect saper son‘ sabi l
itytounder standnumber sand
l
ear nmat h.Individual swi tht hi st ypeofLDmayal sohav epoorcompr ehensi onofmat hsy mbol s,may
struggl ewi t
hmemor izi ngandor ganizingnumber s,hav edi fficul t
yt ellingt i
me,orhav et roubl ewi th
count ing.
B.Dy sgr aphiaDyscal cul iai saspeci f
icl ear ningdi sabi li
tyt hataf f
ect saper son‘ shandwr iti
ngabi li
tyand
fi
nemot orskil
ls.Pr obl emsmayi ncludei ll
egi blehandwr iting, inconsi st entspaci ng, poorspat ialpl anni ng
onpaper ,poorspel li
ng, anddi fficultycomposi ngwr itingaswel l ast hi nkingandwr i
tingatt hesamet i
me.
C.Dy slexi aDysl exiai saspeci fi
cl earni ngdi sabi l
ityt hataf fect sr eadi ngandr elatedl anguage- based
processi ngski ll
s.Thesev eritycandi f feri neachi ndi vidualbutcanaf fectr eadi ngf luency ;decodi ng,
readingcompr ehensi on,r ecal l,wr i
ti
ng,spel ling,andsomet imesspeechandcanexi stal ongwi thot her

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relateddi sor ders.Dy slexiaissomet imesr efer redt oasaLanguageBasedLear ningDi sabi l
ity
.
D.Language Pr ocessi ng Di sor der Language Pr ocessi ng Di sor deri s a speci fict y pe ofAudi tor y
Processi ngDi sor der( APD)i nwhi cht her ei sdi fficultyat tachi ngmeani ngt osoundgr oupst hatf orm
wor ds,sent encesandst ories.Whi leanAPDaf f
ect st hei nt er pretationofal lsoundscomi ngi nt ot he
brain, aLanguagePr ocessi ngDi sor der( LPD)r elatesonl ytot hepr ocessi ngofl anguage.LPDcanaf fect
expr essi vel anguageand/ orr ecept i
v elanguage.
E.Non- Ver balLear ning Di sabi lit
ies Non- Ver balLear ning Di sabi l
iti
esi sadi sorderwhi ch isusual ly
char act erizedbyasi gni f
icantdi screpancybet weenhi gherv er balski ll
sandweakermot or,visual-spat ial
andsoci al skil
ls.
4.Speech and LanguageI mpai r
ment s Speech and l anguagei mpai r
mentmeansacommuni cation
disor dersuchasst uttering,i mpai redar t i
cul ation,l anguagei mpai rment ,orav oi
cei mpai rmentt hat
adv ersel yaf fectsachi ld‘
seducat ionalper formance.SpeechI mpai rment sTher earet hr
eebasi ct y pesof
speechi mpai r
ment s: arti
cul ati
ondi sor ders, fluencydi sorder s, andv oicedi sor ders.
5.Aut ism Aut ism means a dev elopment aldi sabi li
ty si gni f i
cant ly aff ecting v erbaland nonv erbal
communi cat i
onandsoci alint eract ion,gener allyev identbef or eaget hreet hatadv erselyaf fectsachi l
d‘s
educat ionalper formance.Ot herchar acteristicsof tenassoci at edwi thaut ism ar eengagi ngi nr epet i
tive
act i
vitiesandst ereot ypedmov ement s,resi stancet oenv ir
onment alchangeorchangei ndai lyr outines,
and unusualr esponses t o sensor yexper iences.The t er m aut ism does notappl yi ft he chi l
d‘s
educat ional per f
or mancei sadv ersel yaffect edpr i
mar il
ybecauset hechi l
dhasanemot ional disturbance,
asdef inedi nAchi l
dwhoshowst hechar act er i
st i
csofaut ism af terage3coul dbedi agnosedashav ing
aut i
sm i ft hecr iteri
aabov ear esat isfied.Aut i
sm i saneur odev el opmentdi sor derdef inedbyi mpai r
ment s
i
nsoci alandcommuni cationdev elopment ,accompani edbyst ereot y
pedpat t
ernsofbehav iorand
i
nt erestAut i
sm i sper vasivedev elopment al disor derchar act er izedbyl ackofnor mal sociabi l
ity
,impai red
communi cat i
onandr epetiti
v eobsessi vebehav iorsuchaspol i
t eness, t
urn- taking

6.Emot
ionalandBehavi
oralDi
sor
der
sAccor
dingt
oIndi
vi
dual
swi
thDi
sabi
l
iti
esEducat
ionAct(
IDEA)
,
theterm Emot i
onalandBehav i
oralDi sordersmeansacondi ti
onexhi biti
ngoneormor eoft hefollowing
charact
eristicsov eral ongper iodoft imeandt oamar keddegr eet hatadv ersel
yaf fectseducat ional
perf
ormance
 Ani nabili
tyt olear nthatcannotbeexpl ainedbyi ntell
ect ual,sensor y,orhealthfactor s;
 Ani nabili
tyt obui ldormai ntainsat i
sfactoryinterpersonal r
elationshi pswi t
hpeer sandt eacher s;
 I nappr opriatety pesofbehav iororf eelingsundernor mal cir
cumst ances;
 Agener alper vasivemoodofunhappi nessordepr ession; or
 At endencyt odev el
opphy si
calsy mpt omsorf earsassoci atedwi thper sonalorschoolpr oblems.
Thedi sorderi scl assifi
edbyt ype:ov ert(wit
hv i
olenceort antrums)v ersuscov ert( withly i
ng,
stealing,and/ ordr uguse) .
 Soci ali
zedaggr ession:individual sjoi
nsubcul t
uregr oupofpeer swhoar eopenl ydi srespect f
ulto
theirpeer s,teacher s,andpar ents.Commonar edel i
nquencyanddr oppingoutofschool .Ear ly
sympt omsi ncl udest eal
ing,r unni ngawayf rom home,habi t
uall yi
ng,cr uelt
ytoani mal s,andf ire
setting.
 At tent i
onpr obl ems:Thesei ndi vi
dualsmayhav eat tentiondef icit
,ar eeasi l
ydestruct i
bleandhav e
poorconcent ration.Theyar ef requent lyimpulsiveandmaynott hinktheconsequenceoft heir
actions.
 Anxi ety/Wi t
hdrawn:Thesei ndi vidualsar eself -
consci ous,r eser v
ed,andunsur eoft hemsel ves.
Theyt ypicallyhav elow sel f-esteem andwi thdraw f rom i mmedi ateact i
vit
ies.Theyar eal so

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 anxi ousandf requent l
ydepr essed.
 Psy chot icbehavi or :Thesei ndiv idualsshowmor ebi zarrebehav i
or .Theymayhal lucinat e,deali n
af ant asywor ldandmayev ent alki ngi bber ish.
 Mot orexcess:Thesest udent sar ehy per act i
v e.Theycannotsi tnorl i
st ent oot her snorkeept heir
at tent ion f ocused.concl ude t hat emot ion or behav ior aldi sor der sf alli nt ot wo br oad
classi ficat i
ons:
1)Ext ernal izingBehav ior:al socal ledundercont rolleddi sor der ,incl udesuchpr obl emsdi sobedi ence,
disrupt i
v eness, fight ing, temper st ant rums, i
rresponsi bil
ity,jealous, anger ,attent i
onseeki nget c…
2)I nter nal i
zi ngBehav ior:al soknownasov ercont r
olleddi sor der s,i ncludesuchpr obl emsanxi ety,
i
mmat ur i
ty ,shy ness, soci al wi thdr awal ,f eeli
ngofi nadequacy( i
nf er i
or it
y) ,guilt,depr essi onandwor riesa
greatdeal .
Causesofbehavi or alandemot ionaldi sorder sBehavi oralandemot iondi sorder sr esul tfrom many
causes, thesei ncl udest hef oll
owi ng.
 Bi ologi cal -i ncl udesgenet icdi sor ders,br aindamage,andmal nut r
ition,al lergi es,t emper ament
anddamaget ot hecent ral nerv oussy stem.
 Fami l
yf act or s-i ncl udef ami lyi nteract i
ons,f ami lyi nfluence,chi ld abuse,negl ect,and poor
disci pl inar ypr act icesathome.
 Cul t
ur alf act or s-i ncl udesomet r aditi
onalandcul turalnegat ivepr act i
ces,f orexampl ewat chi ng
v i
ol enceandsexual lyor ient edmov i
esandTVpr ogr ams.
 Env ironment alf act ors-i ncl ude peerpr essur e,l i
v i
ng i ni mpov erished ar eas,and school i
ng
pr act icest hatar eunr esponsi vet oi ndi vi
dual needs
7.Int ellect ualDi sabi lityI nt ellectualdi sabi l
ityi sadi sabi l
itychar act eri
zedbysi gnificantl imi tati
onsi n
bothi nt ellect ualf unct ioni ngandi nadapt ivebehav ior,whi chcov er smanyev erydaysoci alandpr act ical
skil
ls.Thi sdi sabi l
ityor iginat esbef oret heageof18.Ani ndi vi
duali sconsi der edt ohav eani ntell
ect ual
disabilitybasedont hef ol l
owi ngt hr eecr i
teria:
1.Subav eragei ntel l
ect ualf unct i
oni ng:I trefer stogener alment alcapaci ty, suchasl ear ning, reasoni ng,
problem sol v ing,andsoon.Onewayt omeasur ei nt ell
ect ualf unct i
oni ngi sanI Qt est .Gener al l
y,anI Q
testscor eofar ound70orashi ghas75i ndicat esal i
mi tationi nint ellect ual funct ioning.
2.Si gni fi
cantl imi tat ionsexi sti nt woormor eadapt i
veski llar eas:I ti st hecol l
ect ionofconcept ual,
social, andpr act ical ski l
lst hatar el earnedandper f
or medbypeopl ei nthei rev erydayl ives.
 Concept ual ski llslanguageandl iteracy ;
money ,t
ime, andnumberconcept s; andsel f
-di
r ection.
 Soci al ski ll
si nt er per sonal ski l
l
s, soci al responsi bilit
y ,self-est eem, gul li
bili
ty ,i
nnocence( i.
e.,
suspi ci on) ,soci al pr obl em sol v i
ng, andt heabi li
tyt of oll
owr ules/ obeyl awsandt oav oi
dbei ng
v i
ct imi zed.
 Pr act icalski lls act ivi
t i
es of dai l
yl i
ving ( personalcar e) ,occupat i
onalski lls,heal t
hcar e,
trav el/ transpor tat ion,schedul es/ routines,saf ety,useofmoney ,useoft het el ephone.Peopl e
wi thi nt ellect ualdi sabi liti
esacademi cl ear ningcanbeaf fect ed, aswel last hei rabi lit
yt oadaptt o
home,school ,andcommuni tyenv i
ronment sar epr esent edundert hef ollowi ngsub- headi ngs
languagepr obl emsar egener allyassoci atedwi thdel ay si nl anguagedev elopmentr at hert han
wi thabi zar reuseofl anguage.Themaj or ityofchi l
drenwi t hsev ereandpr ofoundi ntell
ect ual
disabi liti
eshav emul tipledi sabi liti
est hataf fectnear lyev eryaspectofi nt ellect ualandphy sical
dev elopment .
8.Physi caldi sabi lity/ Or thopedi cI mpai rmentandHeal thi mpai r mentPhysi caldi sabi lityi sacondi ti
on
thatint erf ereswi tht hei ndi v i
dual ‘sabi lityt ousehi sorherbody .Heal thi mpai rmenti sacondi ti
ont hat
requiresongoi ngmedi calat t
ent ion.I ti ncludesast hma,hear tdef ects,cancer ,di abet es,hemophi li
a.

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HIV/ AIDS, etc.Phy sicaldi sabili
ties: -basedont hei mpactofphy sicaldi sabi li
tyonmobi l
ityandmot or
skil
ls,itisdi videdi ntot hr ee.Thesear e:-
 Mi ldphy sicaldi sabi l
it
y :
-t hesei ndi vidual sar eabl et owal kwi thoutai dsandmaymakenor mal
dev elopment al progr ess.
 Moder atephy si caldi sabi l
ity :
-i ndi vidual scanwal kwi thbr acesandcr utchesandmayhav e
difficultywi thf ine- mot orski llsandspeechpr oduct ion.
 Sev er ephy sicaldi sability:-thesear ei ndi v i
dual swhoar ewheel -chai rdependentandmayneed
speci al helpt oachi ever egul ardev elopment .
9.Vul ner abi lityVul ner abl emeansbei ngatr iskofbei nghar med.Ev ery onecanbehar med,sobei ng
vulnerabl ei spar tofbei nghuman.I npr inci ple,ev er yonei sv ulnerabl et o someadv erseev entor
cir
cumst ance,butsomepeopl ear emor ev ulner abl et hanot her s.Fori nst ance,peopl ewi thdi sabi li
t i
es
aremor el ikel yasagr oupt oexper iencegr eat erv ul ner ability.Theyar eal soof tenmor esev erelyaf fect ed
byt hev ulner abili
tyt heyexper ience.Basedont heexi st i
ngl i
t erature,v ulner abi li
tycanbegener ally
definedasacompl exphenomenont hatr efer st ot hef ollowi ngdi mensi ons:
 Economi c di fficul t
ies/ l
ack off inanci alr esour ces:pover t
y ,low l i
ving st andar ds,housi ng
probl ems( e. g.t oodamp, tooexpensi v e, t
oocol dordi fficul ttoheat )et c.;
 Soci alexcl usi on:l imitedaccesst of aci l
iti
essuchast ranspor t
ation, school s,li
br ariesormedi cal
serv i
ces;
 Lackofsoci alsuppor tf rom soci alnet wor ks:noassi st ancef rom f ami lymember s,f riends,
neighbor sorcol l
eagues( ref er ri
ngt opr act icalhel paswel lasemot i
onalsuppor t)likehi ghl y
giftedi ndiv i
dual s;
 St igmat ization:bei ngav ict im ofst ereot y pes,bei ngdev al ued,andconf ront edwi thdi sgracef ul
behav iorbecauseofbel ongi ngt oapar ticul arsoci al oret hni cgr oup.
 Heal th di fficul ties:di sadv ant ages r esul ting f rom poorment alheal th,phy sicalheal th or
disabi li
ties;
 Bei ngavi ct i
m ofcr i
me:i nf ami lycont extespeci allyofv iol ence.CausesofVul ner abili
t ymaybe
causesbyr api dpopul at iongr owt h,pov er tyandhunger ,poorheal th,low l evel sofeducat i
on,
genderi nequal ity, f
ragileandhaz ar dousl ocat ion, andl ackofaccesst or esour cesandser v i
ces,
i
ncl udi ng knowl edge and t echnol ogi calmeans,di sint egr ati
on ofsoci alpat terns ( soci al
vulner abi l
ity).Ot hercausesi ncl udes;l ackofaccesst oi nformat ionandknowl edge,l ackof
publ i
cawar eness, l
imitedaccesst opol iti
cal powerandr epr esent ation( pol iti
cal vulner abili
t y)
,
Whenpeopl ear esoci al lydi sadv ant agedorl ackpol i
ticalv oice,t hei rvulner abi l
ityi sexacer batedf ur t
her .
Theeconomi cv ulner abi lityisr elat edt oanumberofi nt eract ingel ement s, includi ngi tsi mpor tancei nt he
overallnat i
onal economy ,tradeandf or ei gn-exchangeear ni ngs, aidandi nv estment s,internat ional prices
ofcommodi ti
esandi nput s,andpr oduct i
onandconsumpt ionpat ter ns.
Environment alvul ner abi l
ityconcer nsl anddegr adat i
on,ear thquake,f l
ood,hur ricane,dr ought ,st orms
(Monsoon r ai n,ElNi ño) ,wat er scar city,def or est ation,and t he ot her t hr eat st o bi odiv ersity.
Char acter i
st i
csofVul ner ablePeopl eThef ol l
owi ngar et houghtt obechar act eristicsofv ulner abl e
peopl e( withexampl esofgr oupsofpot ent i
al l
yv ulner abl epeopl e) :
 Lessphy sical lyorment allycapabl e( i
nf ant s, olderadul ts, peopl ewi thdi sabi l
it
ies)
 Fewermat erial and/ orf i
nanci al resour ces( l
ow- incomehousehol ds, homel ess)
 Lessknowl edgeorexper i
ence( chi l
dr en, i
lli
ter ate, for eigner s,tour i
st s)
 Rest rictedbysoci etyt ogr owanddev elopaccor di ngt ot heirneedsandpot ent i
al sPeopl ewho
arehel pedbyot hers( whoar et henr est ri
ct edbycommi tment s)ar east il
lv ulner abl eper son,
whi chi ncludet hef oll
owi ngext ract edf rom v ar i
ousr esear ches.

I
ncl
usi
venessPage7
A.Women:par
ti
cul
arl
ywomeni
ndev
elopi
ng nat
ionsand t
hosewho ar
eli
vi
ng i
nrur
alar
easar
e
vulner abl ef ormanybackwar dtradi t
ionalpr acti
ces.Thesewomenar eoppr essedbyt hecul tureanddo
notgetaccesst oeducat ionandempl oy ment
B.Chi ldren:Si gnifi
cantnumberofchi ldrenar ev ulner ableandatr iskf ordev elopmentChi l
drenar e
vulner abl ef orpsy chologi calandphy sicalabuseThi si ncludei ll
egallywor kingchi l
dr en, chi l
dr enwhoar e
pregnantorbecomemot hers,chi l
dr enbor noutofmar r
iage,chi l
drenf rom asi ngl e-par ent ,delinquent
children,homel ess chi ldren,HI Vi nf ect ed chil
dr en,uneducat ed chi ldren,i nstitutional ized chi l
dren,
mar riedchi ldren,ment allyillchildren,mi grantchi ldren,or phans,sexual lyex ploitedchi ldren,st reet
children, war -aff
ectedchi l
dren…et c.
C.Mi nor i
ties:somepeopl ear evulner abl eduet ot heirmi nor i
tybackgr ound.Par t
icular l
y ,ethni c(cultur al
andl i
ngui st i
cmi norit
y),reli
giousmi nor ity.Thesepeopl ear epol i
ticalandsoci allydi scrimi nated
D.Pover ty:Peopl earev ulnerablef ormanyundesi rabl ephenomenaduet opov er t
y.Thi smayber esul ted
i
n,poorhousehol dsandl argehousehol ds,inequal ity,absencesofaccesst oheal t
hser vices,i mpor tant
resour cesf orlif
e,lackofaccesst oeducat i
on,infor mat i
on,financialandnat ur alresour cesandl ackof
soci al networ ks
E.Di sabi lit
ies:Peopl ewit hdisabil
itiesv erymuchv ulner ableformanyki ndofr i
sks.Thi si ncludesabuses,
pov erty ,i
lli
ter acy,healthpr oblems, psy chol ogi
cal andsoci alproblems
F.Age:Ol dpeopl eorv eryy oungchi l
dr enar evul
ner ablef orallkindsev ils
G.I lliteracyand l esseducat i
on:Peopl e with hi gh r ates ofi ll
it
eracyand l ackqual it
yeducat ional
oppor tunitiesar ev ulnerablef orabsenceal lki
ndsofdev el
opment s.
H.Si ckness:Uncur edheal t
hpr oblemsf orexampl epeopl el i
vingwi thHI V/AI DSar emuchv ulnerablef or
psy chosoci al problems, pov ertyandheal th
I.GiftedandTal entedness:Gi ft
edandt al entedchildr enar ev ulnerableforsoci oemot i
onal dev elopment s.
Duet ol ackofpsy chol ogicalsuppor tt heymayf eeli solati
onast heyar epul l
edf rom t heirr egular
classr oomsandgi veninst r
uct i
oni nsepar atesettingsandduet omy thsandexpect ationsoft hemsel ves
andt hepubl i
c.

Chapt erSummar y:
Per sons with disabi
li
ti
es,heal thi mpairments and v ulnerabl
e people ar e peopl
e who should be
product i
veandabl etoliveindependentlife.Theirimpairmenti snotsomet hingthathasdisabl
edthem;
rather,thesoci alsyst
em i sthemaj ordi sabl
ingf actor.Disabi
li
tiesdonotonl yaf f
ectani mpair
ed
persons; i
taffectthewholenat i
on, whenthispeopl eareneglectedf rom educat
ionandempl oymentand
whent heyarenotact i
velyparticipat
eint hesoci al
,polit
icalandeconomi cactivi
ti
es.Thesesit
uati
ons
maket hem toleaddependentl i
v eswhichi ntur
naf fectthelifeofthenat i
on.Hence,incl
usi
venessisan
outletforcreati
ngasoci et
yofpr oductiv
itywhol eadsindependentl i
fe.

Chapt
erTwoConceptofI
ncl
usi
on
2.
1.Def
ini
ti
onofI
ncl
usi
on
Incl
usionineducati
on/ser
vicerefer
stoanongoi ngprocessaimedatof fer
ingquali
tyeducati
on/
ser vices
forallwhilerespecti
ngdi ver
sit
yandt hedi
ff erentneedsandabi l
i
ties,charact
eri
sti
csandl earning
expectat
ionsoft hestudentsandcommuni t
iesandel iminati
ngallformsofdi scri
minati
on.Inclusive
servi
cesatanyl evelarequali
typrovi
sionswithoutdiscriminati
onorpar t
ial
it
yandmeet ingthedi verse

I
ncl
usi
venessPage8
needsofpeopl e.Incl usionisseenasapr ocessofaddr essi
ngandr espondi
ngtot hediver
sit
yofneeds
ofallper sons t hr ough increasi
ng partici
pation inl earning,empl oyment,ser v
ices,cul
tures and
communi ti
es,andr educingexclusi
onatallsoci alcontexts.Itacknowledgesthatlearni
ngbeginsatbir
th
andconti
nuest hr oughoutl if
e,andincl
udesl earninginthehome, thecommuni ty
,andi nfor
mal ,
inf
ormal
andnon-formal situations.Thisdefi
nit
ionhast hef oll
owingcomponent s:
1.Conceptsaboutl earners
Educat ioni saf undamentalhumanr i
ghtf orall
peopl e
Learningbegi nsatbi r
thandcontinuest hroughoutlife

Al
lchi
l
drenhav
ear
ightt
oeducat
ionwi
thi
nthei
rowncommuni
ty

Ev
ery
onecanl
ear
n,andanychi
l
dcanexper
iencedi
ff
icul
ti
esi
nlear
ning

Alll
ear ner sneedtheirl
earningsupportedchi
l
d-focusedteachingbenef
it
sal
lchi
l
dren.
2.Conceptsaboutt heeducationsystem andschools
Iti
sbr oadert hanformal schooling
Iti
sflexi ble,
responsiveeducationalsy
stems
Itcr
eat esenabl i
ngandwel comingeducati
onalenvir
onment s
Itpr
omot esschoolimprovement–makesef fecti
veschools
Iti
nvolv eswhol eschoolappr oachandcoll
aborati
onbetweenpar t
ners.

3.Concept saboutdi versityanddi scr i

mi nat ion
I tpromot escombat ingdi scrimi nat i
onandex clusionar ypr essur esatanysoci alsect ors
I tenabl esr espondi ngt o/embr acingdi versityasar esour cenotasapr obl em
Itpr eparesl earnersf orani nclusi vesoci etyt hatrespect sandv al
uesdi ffer ence.
4.Concept saboutpr ocessest opr omot ei nclusion
I thelpst oi dentifyingandov ercomi ngbar ri
erst opar ticipationandexcl usionar ypressur es
I tincreasesr eal parti
ci pat i
onofal l coll
abor ation, par tnershipbet weenal lstakehol ders
I tpromot espar ticipat orymet hodol ogy , acti
onr esear ch, coll
abor ati
veenqui ryandot herrelat
ed
act i
vit
ies
5.Concept saboutr esour ces
 Pr omot esunl ockingandf ullyusi ngl ocal resourcesr edi stri
but i
ngexi stingr esour ces
 I thelpst oper ceivepeopl e( chi ldren, parent s,teacher s,member sofmar ginalizedgr oups, etc)as
keyr esour ces
 I thelpst ouseappr opr i
at er esour cesandsuppor twi thinschool sandatl ocal level
sf ortheneeds
ofdi ff
erentchi ldren, e.g.mot hert onguet uiti
on, Braill
e, assi sti
vedev i
ces.Hav eidentified
i
ncl usionandnon- inclusi vepr actices.Accor dingt ot hem i nclusioni ncludest hef ol
lowi ng
component s:
 St udent swi thdi sabiliti
esandv ul
ner abilityat t
endt heirnei ghbor hoodschool s
 Eachst udenti sinanage- appr opr iategener al educat ioncl assr oom
 Ev erystudenti saccept edandr egar dedasaf ul
l andv aluedmemberoft hecl assandt heschool
communi ty.
 Speci aleducat ionsuppor tsar epr ov idedt oeachst udentwi thadi sabili
tywi thinthecont extof
thegener aleducat i
oncl assr oom.

I
ncl
usi
venessPage9
  Al l student sr ecei v eaneducat iont hataddr essest heiri ndi v i
dual needsNost udenti sexcl uded
basedont ypeordegr eeofdi sabi li
ty .
 Al l member soft heschool (e.g. ,admi ni stration, st aff,st udent s,andpar ent s)pr omot e
cooper ative/ col l
abor at i
v et eachi ngar rangement s
 Ther ei sschool -
basedpl anni ng, probl em- sol v i
ng, andowner shi pofal lst udent sandpr ograms
Empl oy edaccor di ngt ot hei rcapaci t i
eswi t houtdi scrimi nat ions31Ont heot herhand, theyar gue
thati ncl usiondoesnotmean:
 Pl aci ngst udent swi thdi sabi litiesi nt ogener al educat ioncl assr oomswi thoutcar ef ul planning
andadequat esuppor t.
 Reduci ngser v i
cesorf undi ngf orspeci al educat i
onser vices.
 Pl aci ngal lst udent swhohav edi sabi litiesorwhoar eatr iski noneoraf ewdesi gnat ed
classr ooms.
 Teacher sspendi ngadi spr opor tionat eamountoft imet eachi ngoradapt ingt hecur ri
cul um for
st udent swi thdi sabi li
ties.
 I sol at i
ngst udent swi thdi sabi li
tiessoci ally,phy sically, oracademi call
ywi thi nt hegener al
educat i
onschool orcl assr oom.
 Endanger ingt heachi ev ementofgener aleducat i
onst udent st hroughsl oweri nst ruct ionoral ess
chal lengi ngcur ricul um.
 Rel egat ingspeci al educat iont eacher st ot her ol eofassi st ant si nt hegener al educat ion
classr oom.
 Requi ri
nggener al andspeci al educat iont eacher st ot eam t oget herwi thoutcar ef ulpl anningand
wel l-def i
nedr esponsi bi lities.
PrinciplesofI nclusi ont hef undament al princi pleofi ncl usi oni st hatal lper sonsshoul dl ear nwor kand
l
ivet oget herwher ev erpossi ble, regar dlessofanydi ff icultiesordi f ferencest heymayhav e.I nclusive
educat ionext endsbey ondspeci al needsar isingf rom di sabi l
ities, andi ncl udesconsi der ationofot her
sour cesofdi sadv ant ageandmar ginal ization, suchasgender ,pov er ty,language, ethni ci ty,and
geogr aphi ci sol ation.
Inclusionhaspr ov idedf ourmaj ori ncl usi onpr inci plest hatsuppor ti ncl usi vepr act ice.Thesei nclude:
1.Inclusi oni sapr ocess.I thast obeseenasanev er -endi ngsear cht of indbet terway sofr espondi ngt o
diversity.I ti saboutl ear ninghowt ol i
v ewi thdi ff
er enceandl ear ninghowt olear nf rom di fference.
2.Inclusi oni sconcer nedwi tht hei dent ifi
cat ionandr emov al ofbar rierst hathi nder st hedev elopmentof
personswi thdi sabi li
ties.I tinv olv escol lect i
ng, collat ingandev al uat ingi nf ormat ionf rom awi dev ariety
ofsour cesi nor dert opl anf ori mpr ov ement sinpol icyandpr act i
ce.I ti saboutusi ngev idenceofv arious
kindst ost i
mul at ecr eat iv it
yandpr obl em sol ving.
3.Inclusi oni saboutt hepr esence, par ti
cipat ionandachi ev ementofal l per sons.Pr esence’ sconcer ned
withwher eper sonsar epr ov idedandhowr eliabl yandpunct ual lyt heyat tend; par ticipat ion‘ relatestot he
qual i
tyoft hei rexper iencesandmusti ncor por atet hev iewsofl ear ner s/ andorwor ker sandachi evement
‘
isaboutt heout comesofl ear ni ngacr osst hecur ricul um, notj ustt estandexam r esul t
s.
4.Inclusi oni nv okesapar ticul aremphasi sont hosewhomaybeatr i
skofmar gi nal ization, excl usionor
under achi ev ement .Thi si ndi cat est hemor al r
esponsi bi li
tyt oensur et hatt hoseatr isk‘ ar ecar efull
y
moni t
or ed, andt hatst epsar et akent oensur et hei rpr esence, par ticipat i
onandachi evement .
2.Rat ional ef orI ncl usi onRef l
ect ionact ivities: Themaj oronesi ncl ude: educat ional , soci al ,legal ,
economi candi nclusi v esoci et ybui l
di ngf oundat ionsRat ional esf orI ncl usi onandThei rRespect iv
e
Descriptions Educational Foundations

I
ncl
usi
venessPage10
  Childr endobet teracademi call
y ,psy chological l
yandsoci all
yi ninclusiv eset ti
ngs.
 Amor eef fi
ci entuseofeducat ionr esour ces.
 Decr easesdr opout sandr epet it
ions
 Teacher scompet ency (knowl edge, skill
s,col l
abor ati
on,sat i
sfact i
onSoci alFoundation
 Segr egat iont eachesi ndi vi
dual stobef earf
ul ,i
gnor antandbr eedspr ej udice.
 Al lindi vi
dual sneedaneducat iont hatwi l
lhel pthem dev elopr elati
onshi psandpr eparethem for
l
ifeint hewi dercommuni ty.
 Onl yi nclusionhast hepot entialtor educef earandt obuildfr i
endshi p, r
espectand
under st anding.Legal Foundat i
onsAl lindividualshav ether ightt olear nandl i
vetogether.
 Humanbei ngshoul dn‘ tbedev aluedordi scr i
mi natedagai nstbybei ngexcl udedorsentaway
becauseoft heirdi sabi l
it
y .
 Ther ear enol egitimat er easonst osepar atechi ldrenfort hei
reducat ionEconomi cFoundat i
on
 Inclusi veeducat i
onhaseconomi cbenef i
t,bot hforindividual andf orsoci ety.
 Inclusi veeducat ioni smor ecost -effect iv
et hant hecr eati
onofspeci al school sacrossthe
count r y.
 Childr enwi thdi sabi l
itiesgot olocal schools
 Reducewast ageofr epetiti
onanddr opout
 Chi ldrenwi thdi sabiliti
esl ivewi ththei rfami lyusecommuni t
yi nfr
ast ruct ure
 Bet terempl oy mentandj obcr eat i
onoppor tuni ti
esf orpeopl ewi thdisabi liti
esFoundationsfor
BuildingI ncl usiveSoci etyFor mat ionofmut ual understandingandappr eciationofdiversi
ty
 Buildingupempat hy ,toleranceandcooper at i
on
 Pr omot ionofsust ainabl edev elopment
2.
3.Fact
orst
hatI
nfl
uencedDevel
opmentofI
ncl
usi
on
I
nclusivenessor iginatedf r
om t hr eemaj ori deas.Thesei nclude:incl usiveeducat ioni sabasi chuman
r
ight;qual i
tyeducat i
onr esul tsfrom i nclusionofst udent swi thdi v
er seneedsandabi li
tydiffer ences, and
t
herei snocl eardemar cationbet weent hechar acteristicsofst udent swi thandwi thoutdi sabi li
ti
esand
v
ulnerabiliti
es.Incl usiveeducat ioni sf acili
tatedbymanyi nfl
uencingact or s.Someoft hemaj ordr i
vers
i
nclude:
 Communi t
ies:pr e-
col onialand i ndi genous appr oaches t o educat i
on and communi ty
-based
pr ogramsmov ementt hatf av orinclusionoft heircommuni tymember s.
 Act i
vist
sand advocat es:t hecombi ned v oi cesofpr imar yst akehol der sr epresent ati
v esof
gr oupsofl earner sof tenexcl udedandmar ginalizedf rom educat ion(e.g.di sabledact ivi
sts;
par ents adv ocat i
ng f ort hei rchi l
dr en;chi ldr ights adv ocates;and t hose adv ocat i
ng f or
women/ girlsandmi norit
yet hni cgroups) .
 Thequal it
yeducat ionandschooli mpr ovementmovement :i nbot hNor thandSout h, thei ssues
ofqual i
ty,accessandi nclusi onar est r
ongl yl inked,andcont r
ibut etot heunder st andingand
pr acti
ceofi nclusiveeducat ionasbei ngt heresponsi bili
tyofeducat ionsystemsandschool s.
 Speci aleducat ionalneeds movement :t he new t hi
nking‘ oft he speci alneeds educat i
on
mov ement asdemonst r
at edi nt heSal amancaSt atement hasbeenaposi tivei nf l
uenceon
inclusiveeducat ion, enablingschool sandsy stemst oreallyr espondt oawi der angeofdi versit
y.
 I nvolvementofI nternat i
onalagenci es:t heUN i samaj ori nf
luenceont hedev elopmentof
inclusiveeducat i
onpol i
cyandpr act i
ce.Maj ordonor shav ef ormedapar tner shiptheFastTr ack
Initi
ativet ospeedpr ogresst owar dst heEFAgoal s.E.g.UNESCO, etc.

I
ncl
usi
venessPage11
  I nvol vementofNGOsmovement s,net wor ksandcampai gns:awi der angeofci v
ilsoci et
y
i
ni t
iatives, suchast heGl obal Campai gnf orEducat i
on, seekt obr ingpol i
cyandpr acticetogether
andi nv olv eal lst akehol der sbasedondi fferentsi tuations
 Ot herf act ors:t hecur rentwor ldsi tuat i
onandpr acti
calexper iencesi neducat ion.Thecur r
ent
wor ldsi tuat ionpr esent schal l
engessuchast hespr eadofHI V/ AIDS,pol i
ticalinstabi l
i
ty,trends
i
nr esour cedi stribut i
on, diversityofpopul ati
on, andsoci alinclusi on.
1.BenefitsforSt udent swi thSpeci alNeedsEducat ionI ni nclusiv eset t
ingspeopl ewi l
ldev elop:
Appr opr iatemodel sofbehav ior.Theycanobser veandi mi tatesoci allyaccept ablebehav iorsof
thestudent swi thoutspeci al needs
Impr ov edf riendshi pswi tht hesoci al env ironment
I
ncr easedsoci al i
nitiations, i
nteract ions, rel ati
onshi psandnet wor ks
Gainpeerr olemodel sforacademi c, soci al andbehav iorski ll
s
Increasedachi ev ementofi ndi v
idual izededucat ional program ( I
EP)goal s
Great eraccesst ogener al cur ri
cul um
Enhancedski llacqui siti
onandgener al i
zat ioni nthei rlearni ng
Impr ov edacademi cachi ev ementwhi chl eadst oqual it
yeducat i
onser vices
At tendi ngi ncl usi veschool si ncr easest hepr obabi li
tyt hatst udent swi thSEN wi l
lcont inuet o
part
icipat ei nav arietyofi ntegr atedset t
ingst hroughoutt heirl i
ves( increasedi ncl usioni nf ut
ure
envir
onment st hatcont r
ibut ebui ldingofi ncl usivesoci ety )
.
Impr ov edschool st affcol labor ationt omeett hesest udent s‘needsandabi li
tydifferences
Increasedpar ent alpar ticipat iont omeett hesest udent s‘needsandabi li
tydifferences
Enhancedf ami li
esi ntegr ationi ntot hecommuni ty
2.Benefitsf orper sonswi t
houtSpeci alNeedsEducat ionSt udent swi thoutspeci aleducat ionalneeds
(SEN)will:
 Hav eav ar i
et yofoppor tunitiesf ori nter acti
ngwi tht heiragepeer swhoexper ienceSEN i n
i
ncl usiv eschool settings.
 ser veaspeert ut orsdur ingi nst ruct ional activ
ities
 Pl ayt her ol eofaspeci al buddy‘ dur ingl unch, i
nt hebusorpl ay gr ound.
 Gai nknowl edgeofagooddeal aboutt oler ance, individual difference, andhumanexcept ionali
ty.
 Lear nt hatst udent swi t
hSENhav emanyposi ti
v echar act eristi
csandabi lit
ies.
 Hav ei ncr easedappr eciat i
on,accept anceandr espectofi ndiv idualdi f
ferencesamonghuman
beingst hatl eadst oincr easedunder standi ngandaccept anceofdi versit
y
 Getgr eateroppor tunitiest omast eract i
v iti
esbypr acticingandt eachi ngother s
 Hav ei ncr easedacademi cout comes

3.Benef it
sf orTeachersandPar ent
s/Famil
y
Incl
usiveeducat ionhasbenefittoteacher
s.Thebenefitincl
udes:developi
ngtheirknowledgeandskill
s
thatmeetdi versestudents‘
needsandabi l
i
tydiff
erencestoenhanci ngtheirskil
l
st owor kwiththei
r
stakeholders;andgai ni
ngsat i
sfact
ionintheirpr
ofessi
onandot heraspects.Simil
arl
y,parent
s/famil
y
benefitf
rom i nclusi
veeducat
ion.

Ul
ti
mat
eGoalofI
ncl
usi
on
Thegoalofincl
usi
veeducat
ionist
ocreateschool
swher
eever
yonebel
ongs.Bycr
eati
ngincl
usiv
e
school
s,weensurethatt
her
e‘sawel
comingplacei
nthecommuni
tyf
orevery
oneaf
terthei
rschool

I
ncl
usi
venessPage12
year‘send.St udentseducat ed toget herhav eagr eaterunder standing ofdi ff
erenceand di versit
y.
Student seducat edt ogetherhav efewerf earsaboutdi f
ferenceanddi sabil
ity
.Ani nclusiv
eschoolcul ture
createsbet terlong-term outcomesf orallstudents.
Ani nclusiveenv ironmenti sanenv i
ronmentt hatwel comesal lpeopl e,regardlessoft heirdisabil
it
yand
otherv ulnerabi l
i
t i
es.Itrecognizesandusest heirskil
lsandst rengthenst heirabil
iti
es.Ani nclusive
serviceenv i
ronmenti srespectful,supportive,andequal i
zing.Ithast hef ol
lowingmaj orchar acteri
stics:
Itensur est her espectanddi gnit
yofi ndivi
dual swithdisabili
ti
es
Itmeet scur r
entaccessi bil
it
ystandar dst othegr eatestextentpossi bl
et oallpeoplewi thspeci al
needs
Pr ovidesaccommodat ionswi l
li
ngl yandpr oacti
velyPer sonswi thdi sabil
it
iesar ewel comedandar e
valuedf ortheircont r
ibuti
onsasi ndiv i
duals.

Ani ncl
usiveenvironmenti sal sodir
ect
edtowardsdevelopingcul
ture,poli
cyandpr acticewhichmeet
pupils‘div
ersi
ti
es,t owar dsidenti
fyi
ngandremov i
ngobst acl
esinlearningandpar ti
cipati
ng,towar
ds
developingasuitablepr ovi
sionsandsupport
ingindi
vi
duals.Ther
efore,successf
ulenvir
onmenthast he
fol
lowingcharacteri
stics:

I tdev elopswhol e-school /env i

ronmentpr ocessest hatpr omot ei ncl usivenessandqual i
typr ov i
sions
andpr acticet hatar er esponsi v etot hei ndi vidual needsanddi ver siti
es
Iti scommi ttedt oser v eal lindividual st oget herr egardlessofdi fferences.I tisal sodeepl ycommi tted
tothebel iefthatal lpersonscanl earn, wor kandbepr oduct ive.
Itinv olvesr est ructur i
ngenv i
ronment ,cultur e,policy,andpr act i
ce.
Itpr omot i
ngpr o-soci al activiti
es
Itmakespr ovidesser v icesandf acili
tiesequal l
yaccessi blet oal l peopl e
Itinv olvesmobi li
zingr esour ceswi thint hecommuni ty
Iti saler ttoandusesar angeofmul t
i-
ski ll
edper sonnelt oassi stpeopl eint heirlearningandwor king
env i
ronment .
I tst ri
vest ocr eatest rongl inkswi t
h,cl inicians,car egiv ers,andst affinl ocalschool s,wor kpl ace,
disabilit
yser v i
cespr ov ider sandr elev antsuppor tagenci eswi thint hewi dercommuni ty.
I tdev elopssoci alr el
at ionshi psasanequalmemberoft hecl ass.I ti salsot hecl assroom r esponsi ve
tothedi versityofi ndi vi
dual s‘academi c,soci al andper sonal lear ningneeds.Bar r
ierst oInclusion
Pr oblemsr elatedwi thsoci etalv al uesandbel i
efs-par t i
cul ar lyt hecommuni tyandpol icymaker s
negat iveat titudet owar dsst udent swi t
hdi sabi l
ityandv ulner abi li
ties.I nclusioncannotf lour ishi na
societyt hathaspr ejudi ceandnegat iveat titudet owar dsper sonswi t
hdi sabil
ity.
Economi cf act ors-thisi smai nlyr elatedwi thpov ertyoff ami l
y, communi t
yandsoci etyatlarge
Lackoft akingmeasur est oensur econf or mi t
yofi mplement ationofi nclusionpr act i
cewi thpol icies
Lackofst akehol der staki ngr esponsi bil
ityi nthei rcooper ationaswel lascol laborationf orinclusi on
Conser vat i
vet radi ti
onsamongt hecommuni t
ymember sabouti ncl usion
Lackofknowl edgeandski llsamongt eacher sregar dingi ncl usi veeducat ion
Ri gidcur r
icula,t eachi ngmet hodandexami nationsy stemst hatdonotconsi derst udentswi thdi ves
needsandabi li
tydi fferences.
Fr agiledemocr atici nst i
tutionst hatcoul dnotpr omot ei ncl usi on
Inadequat er esour cesandi naccessi bili
tyofsoci alandphy si cal env ironment s

I
ncl
usi
venessPage13
Largeclasssizest hatmaketeachersandst akeholdersmeetstudents‘
diverseneeds
Global
izationandf reemarketpoli
cythatmakest udentsengagei nfi
ercecompl et
ion,i
ndi
vi
duali
sm
andindi
viduals‘excell
encerat
herthanteachingt hr
oughcooper at
ion,col
l
aborationandgroupexcel
l
ence.
Usingi
ncl usi
vemodel st
hatmaybei mportedf rom othercountr
ies.

Chapt
ersummar
y

Inclusioni sdef i
nedf rom t heconceptofeducat i
onpr ocessofeducat iont hati sai medatmeet ing
student s‘ diverseneedsi nr egul arcl assr ooms.I tfocusesnotonl yst udent swi thspeci aleducat ional
needsbutal sost udent swi thoutspeci al needs.I tisbasedont heconceptofr espect ingdi ver sityandt he
differentneedsandabi liti
es, char acter i
st icsandl earni ngexpect ationsoft hest udent sandcommuni ties
andel imi nat i
ngal lfor msofdi scr iminat ioni neducat ional ,soci al,economi candot heraspect sofl ife.
Theconceptofi ncl usiveeducat ionor iginat edfrom t hr eemaj orideas.Thesei nclude: inclusiv eeducat ion
i
sabasi chumanr i
ght ;qual it
yeducat ionr esul t
sf rom i nclusi onofst udent swi t
hdi ver seneedsand
abilit
ydi fferences,andt her ei snocl eardemar cationbet weent hechar act eristicsofst udent swi thand
withoutdi sabili
ti
esandv ul nerabi lit
ies.I tsphi losophycent er sonenabl ingcommuni ti
es,sy stemsand
structur esi nal lcul turesandcont extst of ightdi scrimi nat i
on,cel ebratedi v ersity,pr omot epar ticipation
andov er comebar rierst ol earni ngandpar t
icipationf oral lpeopl e( per sonswi thandwi t
houtspeci al
educat i
onalneeds) .I tispar tofawi derst rategypr omot i
ngi ncl usivedev elopment ,wi tht hegoalof
creat i
ngawor ldwher et her ei speace,t ol erance,andsust ainabl euseofr esour ces,soci aljust ice,and
wher et hebasi cneedsandr i
ght sofal lper sonsar emet .I nclusi onconceptev olvedf rom speci aland
i
nt egrat ed educat i
on based on t he not ion thatbot h speci alneeds and i ntegr at ed/ mai nst reami ng
educat i
ondonotaddr essuni queneeds, char acteristi
csofst udent swi thi nr egul arschool scl assr ooms.
The conceptofi ncl usion has a numberofr ati
onal es:educat ional,soci al,economi c,l egaland
foundat ionsori ncl usivesoci ety.Speci fi
cal ly,i
thasal sobenef itst ost udent swi t
handwi thoutspeci al
educat i
onalneeds,par ent s,t eacher sandsoci et yatl ar ge.I ncl usi onisi mpl ement edasoni tsul ti
mat e
goalwhi chi saimedbui l
di ngani nclusi vesoci ety.Theconceptofi nclusiondev elopmenti sinf luencedby
differentf actors:communi ties,act i
vistsandadv ocat es,t hequal ityeducat ionandschooli mpr ov ement
mov ement ,specialeducat ionalneedsmov ement ,invol vementofi nternat ionalagenci es, i
nv ol vementof
NGOsmov ement s,net wor ksandcampai gns,andot herf act orssuchascur rentwor ldsi t
uat ionand
demandorqual i
tyeducat ion.42I ncl usi veeducat ioni mpl ement ati
onneedsadj ustingschool sand
classr ooms env ironment st o addr ess uni que needs ofst udent s wi th di ver se needs and abi lity
differences.Theseenv ironment sshoul dbeadj ust edaddr essf act orst hataddr esst hest udent s‘ ri
ght s,
respect ingandv al uingdi fferences,f ost ert eam wor k,andi mpr ov eacademi cachi evement ,pr omot e
heal t
hypsy chosoci aldev elopment .Impl ement at i
oni ncl usioni neducat i
onacesnumberofbar ri
er s.The
bar ri
ersar er elatedwi thl ackoft eacher sknowl edgeandski ll
s,t hei rnegat iveat t
itude;r i
gidcur r i
culum
and t eachi ng and l ear ning met hods;l ackofact i
vepar ticipat i
on ofr elev antst akehol der s;l ackof
resour cesandf aci l
iti
es;gl obal izat i
onandf reemar keteconomi cpol icy ;andl ackofconsi der i
ngl ocal
i
ndi genousv al
ues, i
deol ogi esandcul tureandot herrel atedf act or s.

I
ncl
usi
venessPage14
Chapt
er3I
dent
if
icat
ionandDi
ff
erent
iat
edSer
vices
ImpactofDi sabi li
tyandVul ner abi li
tyondai lyl i
fe
Factor sr elatedt ot heper son
Therear esev eralfact orst hataf fectt heimpactadi sabi li
tyhasonani ndividual.Thef ollowingar eof ten
consider edthemostsi gnificantf act or sindet ermi ningadi sabi li
ty'
simpactonani ndi vi
dual .
1.TheNat ur
eoft heDi sability:Di sabi li
tycanbeacqui red( aresul tofanacci dent, oracqui r
eddi sease)or
congeni tal(presentatbi r
th) .I fthedi sabilit
yi sacqui red,itismor el i
kel ytocauseanegat iver eact i
on
thanacongeni t
aldi sabi li
ty.Congeni taldisabi li
ti
esar edisabi li
ti
est hathav ealway sbeenpr esent ,thus
requiri
ngl essofanadj ustmentt hananacqui reddi sabi li
ty.
2.The I ndividual ’
s Per sonal ity:-t he indiv idualper sonalitycan be t ypicall
yposi ti
v e ornegat ive,
dependentori ndependent ,goal -orient edorl aissez- faire.Someonewi thaposi t
iv eout looki smor eli
kel y
toembr aceadi sabili
tyt hensomeonewi thanegat iveout l
ook.
3.TheMeani ngoft heDi sabi l
ityt ot heI ndividual :-Doest hei ndivi
dualdef i
nehi msel f/herselfbyhi s/her
l
ooksorphy sical char acterist ics?I fso, he/ shei smor el i
kelyt ofeel definedbyhi s/herdi sabilityandt hus
i
twi llhav eanegat iveimpact .
4.TheI ndi vi
dual ’
sCur rentLi feCi rcumst ances: -Thei ndividual ‘
sindependenceordependenceonot hers
(parent s).Theeconomi cst at usoft hei ndiv i
dualort hei ndividual'scar egivers,thei ndiv i
dual'seducat i
on
l
ev el
.I ft heindi vi
duali shappywi tht heircur rentl ifeci rcumst ance,theyar emor el ikelyt oembr acet heir
disabili
t y,wher easi ftheyar enothappywi tht heirci r
cumst ances, t
heyof t
enbl amet heirdisabi l
ity.
5.TheI ndivi
dual 'sSuppor tSyst em: -Thei ndi vidual‘ssuppor tf r
om f ami ly
,asi gni fi
cantot her,f ri
ends,or
socialgr oups.I fso, he/ shewi llhav eaneasi ert i
mecopi ngwi thadi sabi l
it
yandt huswi l
lnotbeaf fected
negat i
v elybyt heirdisabi li
ty.
Commonef fectsofadi sabi li
t ymayi ncludebutnotl imitedt oheal t
hcondi ti
onsoft heper son;ment al
healthi ssuesi ncludinganxi et yanddepr essi on;l ossoff reedom andi ndependence;f rust r
at i
onand
angerathav ingt or elyonot herpeopl e;pr act i
calpr oblemsi ncludingt r
anspor t
,choi ceofact ivi
ties,
accessi ngbui ldings;unempl oy ment ;pr oblemswi thl earningandacademi cstudy ;lossofsel f -
esteem
andconf i
dence,especi allyi nsoci alsi tuations.Butal lt hesenegat iv eef f
ectsar eduet or est ri
cted
env i
ronment s, notduet oimpai rment s.

Economi
cFact
orsandDi
sabi
li
ty

I
ncl
usi
venessPage15
Thereiscl earev i
dencet hatpeopl ewi t
hf eweconomi casset saremor eli
kelytoacqui repathol ogiesthat
maybedi sabling.Thisi strueev eni nadv ancedeconomi esandi neconomi eswi t
hgr eaterl evel
sof
i
ncomeequal ity.Thei mpactofabsol uteorr el
at i
veeconomi cdepr i
vati
onont heonsetofpat hology
crosscutscondi ti
onswi thr adicallydi fferentetiologies,encompassi nginfectiousdi seasesandmost
commonchr oniccondi ti
ons.Si milarly,economi cst atusaf fectswhet herpat hologywi l
lpr oceedt o
i
mpai rment .Exampl es incl
ude such phenomena as a compl etel ackofaccess t o ora del ayi n
presentati
onf ormedi calcar ef ortr eatablecondi ti
ons( e.
g.,untreatedbr eastcanceri smor el i
kel
yt o
requir
er adicalmast ectomy )orinadequat eaccesst ostate-
of -
the-artcare(e.g.
,per sonswi t
hr heumat oid
arthr
it
ismayexper i
enceawor senedr angeofmot i
onandj ointf uncti
onbecausedi seasemodi f
ying
drugsar enotusedbymostpr i
mar ycar ephy sicians).Inturn,al ackofr esourcescanadv erselyaffect
theabili
tyofani ndiv
idual t
of unctionwi thadi sablingcondition.

Poli
ti
calFact orsandDi sabi
li
ty
Thepol i
ti
calsy st
em, t
hroughitsrol
eindesigningpublicpoli
cy,cananddoeshav eaprofoundimpacton
theextenttowhi chimpai r
ment sandotherpot ent
ial
lydi
sabli
ngcondi t
ionswil
lresul
tindisabi
li
ty.I
fthe
poli
ti
calsy stem iswel lenforceditwil
lpr ofoundlyimprovet heprospectsofpeoplewi thdisabli
ng
condit
ionsf orachievi
ngamuchf ull
erpart
icipati
oninsociety,i
neffectreduci
ngthefontofdisabil
i
tyin
workandev eryotherdomainofhumanact ivit
y.

Fact or sPsy chol ogi calofDi sabi li

ty
Sev er alconst ruct s can be used t o descr ibe one' s psy chol ogi calenv ironment ,incl uding per sonal
resour ces, per sonal it
yt rai t
s, andcogni tion.Theseconst ruct saf fectbot ht heexpr essionofdi sabi lityand
anindi v idual 'sabi l
i
t ytoadaptt oandr eactt oit.
a)Soci alCogni tivePr ocesses-Cogni t
ionconsi stsoft hought s,f eel i
ngs, beliefs,andway sofv iewi ngt he
wor ld, ot her s, andour sel ves.
b)Sel f-Ef ficacyBel iefs:-Sel f
-ef fi
cacybel iefsar econcer nedwi thwhet herornotaper sonbel i
ev est hat
heorshecanaccompl ishadesi redout come.
c)Psy chol ogi calCont rol :-Psychol ogi calcont rol,orcont rolbel i
ef s,i saki nt osel f
-effi
cacybel ief si nt hat
theyar et hought s,feel ings, andbel iefsr egar dingone' sabi l
itytoexer tcont rolorchangeasi t
uat ion.Sel f-
gener at ed f eel ings ofcont roli mpr ove out comes f ordi verse gr oups ofi ndivi
dual s wi t
h phy sical
disabi litiesandchr onici llnesses.
d)Copi ngPat terns: -Copi ngpat ternsr ef ert obehav i
oral andcogni tiveef f
or tstomanagespeci fi
ci nter nal
orext er naldemandst hatt axorexceedaper son'sr esour cest oadj ust .Gener all
y,copi nghasbeen
studi edwi thint hecont extofst ress.Hav i
ngadi sablingcondi tionmaycr eatest r
essanddemand
addi tionalef for tsbecauseofi nterper sonalorenv i
ronment alcondi t
ionst hatar enotsuppor ti
v e.Sev eral
copi ngst rat egi esmaybeusedwhenaper sonconf ront sast r essf ulsituat i
on.Thesest rategi esmay
i
nclude t he f ol l
owi ng: seeki ng i nf ormat ion, cogni ti
v e r est ructuring, emot ional expr essi on,
catast rophi zing, wi sh-ful fi
ll
ingf antasi zing, threatmi nimi zat i
on, rel axat i
on, distracti
on,andsel f-
bl ame.
e)Per sonal ityDi sposi tion:-Opt imi sm i saper sonal i
tydi sposi tiont hati sincl udedint hischapt erasan
exampl eofaper sonal itydi sposi t
ionort r
ai tthatcanmedi atehowdi sabli
ngcondi ti
onsar eexper ienced.
Sev er alot heri nt errelat edper sonal i
t yfact orscoul dbedi scussed( e.g.,self-esteem, hostili
ty,andTy peA
personal ity).Opt imi sm ( i
ncont rastt opessi mism)i susedf orillust rativepur posesbecausei tr elat est o
manyot herper sonal ityt raits.Opt imi sm i st hegener alt endencyt ov i
ewt hewor l
d,ot hers,andonesel f
favor abl y .Peopl ewi thanopt i
mi st i
cor ientationr athert hanapessi mist icor i
entati
onar ef arbet ter
acrosssev er aldi mensi ons.Opt imi stst endt ohav ebet tersel f-est eem andl esshost i
lit
yt owar dot her s

I
ncl
usi
venessPage16
andt
endt
ousemor
eadapt
ivecopi
ngst
rat
egi
est
hanpessi
mist
s.

TheFami l
yandDi sabi l
ity
Thef ami lycanbeei theranenabl ingoradi sablingf actorf oraper sonwi thadi sabl i
ngcondi ti
on.
Althoughmostpeopl ehav eawi denet wor koff riends, thenet wor ksofpeopl ewi thdi sabili
tiesar emor e
l
ikelyt obedomi nat edbyf ami l
ymember s.Ev enamongpeopl ewi thdi sabi li
ti
eswhomai ntainal arge
networ koff riends,f ami lyr el
at i
onshi psof tenar emostcent ralandf ami l
iesof tenpr ovidet hemai n
sour cesofsuppor t.Thi ssuppor tmaybei nst r
ument al( errand-runni ng) ,infor mat i
onal( prov i
dingadv ice
orr eferrals), oremot i
onal (gi vi
ngl ov eandsuppor t)
.
NeedsofPer sonswi thDi sabi lit
iesandVul ner abili
ti
es.
Needsofper sonswi t
hdi sabi l
i
t i
esandv ulnerabi l
iti
esdependsondi f ferentf act ors.Anal yzingt hehuman
beings, Masl owhasi dent ifiedf ivecat egor iesofneeds, wi thdifferentpr i
or itylevelsi nthef ollowingor der:
surv i
val( phy si ologi cal),saf ety,soci alneeds,est eem,and sel f-act ualization ( fulf
ill
ment ).Masl ow‘s
modeli sal sov alidf orper sonswi t
hdi sabili
tiesandv ulnerabili
ties,whoseneedsar esimi lart othoseof
ordinar yper sons.Nev er thel ess,manyoft heseneedsar enotf ulfi
lled,sodi sabilit
iesandv ulnerabil
it
ies
seekt of ulfi
llt heseneedsandr eachast ateofwel lbeing.I niti
ally,disabi liti
esandv ulnerabiliti
esat t
empt
tof ulf
il
l thef irstl ev el ofneeds( survival).
Per sonswi thdi sabi liti
esandv ulner abili
ti
eshav esoci o-emot ional ,psy chologi cal,phy sicalandsoci al
env ir
onment alandeconomi cneedsi ngener al .Thef ollowi nglistbutnotl astar ebasi cneedsofper sons
withdi sabi l
itiesandv ul ner abi l
iti
est oensur eequal i
tyf oral lwithinoursoci ety
a.Ful laccesst ot heEnv ironment( t
owns, count ryside&bui ldings)
b.Anaccessi bleTr anspor tsy stem
c. Techni cal aidsandequi pment
d.Accessi ble/ adapt edhousi ng
e. Per sonal Assi stanceandsuppor t
f.I nclusi v eEducat ionandTr aining
g.Anadequat eI ncome
h.Equal oppor tuni ti
esf orEmpl oy ment
i. Appr opr iateandaccessi bleInf ormat i
on
j. Adv ocacy( towar dssel f-advocacy )
k. Counsel ing
l. Appr opr iateandAccessi bleHeal thCar e
I
nter
sect
ional
it
y
Socialstructuresandnor mssur r
oundingagear epar ti
cularl
ysi gnifi
cant,shapi
ngt hekindofl i
ves
peoplehaveandt hei
rexperi
enceofgenderandi dent i
ty.Theyhav eparti
cularimpli
cati
onsforpeople‘s
att
achmentt opl aceandtheiraspirat
ionsanddesi resfort hef ut
ure.Agemat ter
s,too,i
ntermsoft he
supportthatf amilyandservicescanof ferinar ur alenvironmentandt hetypesofageappr opri
at e
‘
opportunit
iest hatcanbef acil
it
atedint heper son‘shome,f amilyandcommuni ty
.Beingapar t
icular
age‘
inar urallandscapehasimpl i
cati
onsf ort
het ypesofsoci alrelat
ionshipthatareopenl
yfacil
it
ated
andenabled.
TheHeal
thCar
eNeedsofPer
sonswi
thDi
sabi
li
ti
esandVul
ner
abi
li
ti
es
Peopl
ewithdisabil
it
iesar
eparti
cular
lyvulnerablet
odef i
cienci
esinheal
thcar
eservices.Dependingon
thegroupandset ti
ng,personswi t
hdi sabi
lit
iesmayexper i
encegreat
ervulner
abil
it
yt o secondary
condi
ti
ons,co-
mor bi
dconditi
ons,age-r
elatedconditi
ons,engagingi
nhealthr
iskbehav i
orsandhi gher
rat
esofprematuredeath.

I
ncl
usi
venessPage17
A)Secondar yconditi
ons:condit
ionsoccuri naddi t
iont o(andar erelatedto)apr imaryheal t
hcondi t
ion,
andar ebot hpredictabl
eandt herefor
epr event able.Exampl esi ncludepr essur eulcers,urinarytract
i
nf ecti
ons,osteoporosisandpain.
B)Co- morbid condit
ions:condi t
ionsoccuri n addi ti
on t o(and ar eunr elated to)apr imar yhealth
conditi
on associ ated with disabili
ty.For exampl et he pr evalence of di abetes i n peopl e with
schizophreniaisaround15%compar edtoar ateof2- 3%f orthegener alpopulation.
C)Age- rel
atedcondi t
ions:Theagei ngprocessf orsomegr oupsofpeopl ewithdi sabi
li
tiesbegi nsearli
er
thanusual .Forexampl esomepeopl ewithdevelopment al di
sabil
it
iesshowsi gnsofpr emat ureageingi n
their40sand50s.
D)Engagi ngi nheal t
hr i
skbehavi ors:Somest udieshav eindicatedt hatpeopl ewi t
hdi sabi
liti
eshav e
higherratesofr i
skybehav i
orssuchassmoki ng, poordi etandphy sicalinacti
v i
ty.
Bar
ri
erst
oHeal
thCar
eforPer
sonswi
thDi
sabi
li
ti
esandVul
ner
abl
eGr
oups
Peopl ewi thdi sabili
tiesencount erar angeofbar ri
erswhent heyattemptt oaccessheal thcar eincludi
ng
thefollowi ng.
a)Prohi biti
vecost s:Af f
ordabili
tyofheal t
hser v icesandt r
anspor t
ationar etwomai nr easonswhypeopl e
withdisabi li
tiesdonotr ecei
veneededheal thcar einlow- i
ncomecount ri
es.
b)Li mitedavai labil
ityofser vi
ces:Thel ackofappr opriateser vicesf orpeopl ewi thdisabi l
it
iesi sa
signi
ficantbar ri
ert oheal thcare.Forexampl e, studiesindicat ethatt helackofser v icesespeci all
yinthe
ruralareai st hesecondmostsi gnif
icantbarriert ousingheal thfacili
ti
es.
c)Phy sicalbar ri
ers:Uneven access t o bui l
di ngs (hospi tals,health cent er
s),i naccessible medi cal
equipment ,poorsi gnage,nar r
ow door way s,i nternalst eps,i nadequat e bathr oom f acil
iti
es,and
i
naccessi blepar ki
ngar eascreat ebarri
erstoheal t
hcar efaciliti
es.
d)Inadequat eski l
lsandknowl edgeofheal t
hwor kers:Peopl ewithdi sabil
it
ieswer emor et hant wiceas
l
ikelytor epor tfi
ndingheal t
hcar epr ovi
derski llsinadequat et omeett hei
rneeds,f ourt imesmor el i
kely
torepor tbei ngt r
eat edbadl yandnear l
ythreet imesmor elikelytorepor tbeingdeni edcar e.
Addr
essi
ngf
orI
ncl
usi
veBar
ri
erst
oHeal
thCar
e
Gov ernment sandpr ofessi onalscani mpr oveheal t
hout comesf orpeopl ewi t
hdi sabilit
iesbyi mprov ing
accesst oqual ity,af fordabl eheal thcar eser vices,whi chmaket hebestuseofav ai
labler esour ces.As
sever alfactor si nt eractt oi nhibi
taccesst oheal t
hcar e,reformsi nal ltheinteractingcomponent soft he
healthcar esy stem ar er equired.
a)Pol i
cyandl egi slation:Assessexi stingpol ici
esandser v i
ces,i dentif
ypr i
or i
t i
est or educeheal th
i
nequal i
tiesandpl ani mpr ovement sf oraccessandi nclusion.
b)Fi nanci ng:Wher epr ivateheal t
hi nsur ancedomi nat esheal t
hcar ef i
nancing,ensur et hatpeopl ewi th
disabili
tiesar ecov er edandconsi dermeasur est omaket hepr emi umsaf f
ordable.
c) Ser vice del iver y: Pr ovide a br oad r ange of modi fi
cat i
ons and adj ust ment s ( reasonabl e
accommodat i
on)t of acilit
ateaccesst oheal t
hcar eser vi
ces.Forexampl echangi ngt hephy sicallay out
ofclinicst opr ov ideaccessf orpeopl ewi t
hmobi l
it
ydi ffi
culti
esorcommuni catingheal thinf ormat ioni n
accessi blef ormat ssuchasBr ai
lle.
d)Human r esour ces:I ntegrate disabi lityi nclusion educat ion int o undergr aduat e and cont inui ng
educat ionf oral lheal th-carepr ofessi onals.Tr aincommuni t
ywor ker ssot hatt heycanpl ayar olei n
prevent iveheal thcar eser vi
ces.Pr ovideev idence- basedgui delinesf orassessmentandt reatment .
Threet y pesofat tribut esoft hephy sical env i
ronmentneedt obei npl acetosuppor thumanper for
mance.
 Thef irstat tribut eisobj ectavai l
abili
ty.Obj ect smustbei nal ocati
ont hati susef ul,atal ev el
wher et heycanber etri
ev ed, andmustbeor ganizedt osuppor ttheper for manceoft heact ivity.
Nei therasi nkt hati stoohi ghf orawheel chairusernorat el
ecommuni cat i
onsdev icefort he

I
ncl
usi
venessPage18
 deaf(
TDD)t
hati
skeptatahot
elr
ecept
iondeski
sav
ail
abl
e.
 Thesecondat
tr
ibut
eisaccessi
bil
i
ty.Accessi
bil
i
tyi
srel
atedt
otheabi
l
ityofpeopl
etogett
oa
placeort ouseadev i
ce.Accessi bil
ityper mi tsawheel chairusert orideabusoraBr ail
leusert o
readadocument .
 Thet hir
dat tri
but eist heavai l
abili
tyofsensor ystimulati
onr egar di
ngt heenvi ronment .Sensor y
stimulati
on,whi chcani ncludev isual ,tactile,oraudi tor
ycues,ser vesasasi gnalt opr omot e
responses.Exampl esofsuchcuescoul di ncludebeepi ngmi crowav es,whi chel icitresponses
from peopl ewi thouthear ingi mpairment s,orbumpysur facesonsubwaypl atfor ms,whi cht ell
userswi t
hv i
sual impai r
ment st ochanget hei rl
ocat i
on.
A)TheNat uralEnvironmentThenat ur alenvironmentmayhav eamaj orimpactonwhet heral i
mitationis
disabli
ng.Forexampl e,aper sonwhohassev ereal lergiest or agweedormol d,whi chcant ri
gger
disabli
ngast hma,canbef r
eeoft hatcondi tioni ncl i
mat eswher et hosesubst ancesdonotgr ow.The
physicalcondi ti
onsst illexist,buti noneenv ironmentt heymaybecomedi sablingandi nanot her
environmentt heymi ghtnot .Anotherexampl emi ghtbet hataper sonwhohasl imi t
edwal kingabilitywi l
l
bel essdisabledi naf latgeogr aphi callocat i
ont hanhedi sabledinbot hplacesdur i
ngt hewi ntert han
duringthesummer .Thus,t henat uralenv ironment ,includi ngtopogr aphyandcl imate,af fectwhet heror
towhatdegr eeaf unct i
onal li
mi t
ationwi l
lbedi sabling.
B)ThehumanmadeEnv i
ronmentt hephy sicalenv ir
onmenti sacompl exinteract i
onofbui lt-
inobj ects.
Builtobjectsarecr eatedandconst ructedbyhumansandv arywidelyi nt ermsoft heircompl exit
y ,size,
andpur pose.Bui ltobj ectsar ecr eat edf orut ili
tarianr easonsandal sof oranout letforcr eati
vity.For
i
nst ance,bui l
tobj ectssuchasdi shwasher sandcomput ershav et hepot entialtoenhancehuman
performanceort ocr eatebar ri
ers.
Cr
eat
ingWel
comi
ng(
Incl
usi
ve)Envi
ronment
Externalenv ironment almodi ficat
ionscan take manyf or
ms.These can i ncl
ude assisti
ve devices,
al
terationsofaphy sicalst ruct ure,
objectmodifi
cati
on,andt
askmodi fi
cati
on.Theroleofenv i
ronment al
modi fi
cationasapr event i
onst rat
egyhasnotbeensy st
ematicall
yevaluat
ed,anditsroleinpr eventi
ng
secondar ycondi ti
ons and di sabi
li
tyt hataccompanya poorf itbetween human abi l
iti
es and the
envir
onmentshoul dbest udied.
Rehabi l
it
ationmustpl aceemphasi sonaddr essingtheenvi
ronment alneedsofpeopl ewi thdisabli
ng
conditions.Env ir
onment alstr ategi
escanbeef f
ecti
veinhel
pingpeopl efuncti
onindependent l
yandnot
belimitedi ntheirsoci alpar ti
ci pati
on,inwork,l
eisur
eorsoci
alinteract
ionsasaspouse, parent,f
ri
end, or
cowor ker.
Exampl esofEnv ironment alModi fi
cati
on
 Mobi l
ityaids
 Communi cat i
onai ds
 Accessi bl
est ructural element s
 Accessi bl
ef eatures
 Jobaccommodat i
ons
 Di ffer
ent i
al useofper sonnel
Def
ini
ti
onofCul
tur
e
Cult
ureincludesbot hmat er
ialcul
tur
e(thi
ngsandt herul
esforproduci
ngthem)andnonmat erialcult
ure
(nor
msorr ules,val
ues,symbols,l
anguage,i
deationalsyst
emssuchassci enceorr
eli
gion,andar tssuch
asdance, crafts,
andhumor ).Non-materi
alcult
urei ssocomprehensiv
ethatiti
ncl
udesev ery
thingf r
om
concepti
onsofhowmanyday saweekhasorhowoneshoul dreacttopaintowhenoneshoul dseek
medicalcareorwhet herahermaphrodit
icpersonisanabomi nati
on,asai
nt ,
oramistake.Culturesalso

I
ncl
usi
venessPage19
specif
y punishmentsf orrule-breaki
ng,except i
ons tor ules,and occasi ons when except i
ons are
permitt
ed.Ther oleofnonmat eri
alcul t
uref orhumanshasbeencompar edtot heroleofi nst
inct
sfor
ani
mal sortot herol
eofar oadmapf orat rav el
er.Itprovi
dest heknowledget hatper mit
speopl etobe
abl
et ofuncti
oni nbot holdandnewsi tuati
ons.Bot hthemat erialandnonmat erialaspectsofcultur
es
andsubculturesarer el
evanttot heenabl ing-disabli
ngpr ocess.Howev er,forourpur posewewi llf
ocus
pri
mar i
lyont heroleofnonmat erialcultureint hatpr ocess.Cul t
ureshav eanimpactont hetypesof
pathol
ogiesthatwilloccuraswel lasont heirrecogniti
onaspat hologies.
St
rat
egi
est
oDi
sabi
li
tyi
ncl
usi
vei
nter
vent
ionandr
ehabi
li
tat
ionPr
event
ion
Prevent
ionofcondi tionsassoci atedwi thdi sabi li
tyandv ulner abil
it
yi sadev elopmenti ssue.At tent i
ont o
envir
onment alf act or si ncludi ngnut r
iti
on,pr ev ent abledi seases,saf ewat erandsani tation,saf etyon
roadsandi nwor kpl aces–cangr eat l
yr educet hei nci denceofheal thcondi tionsl eadi ngt odi sabi l
ity .A
publi
chealthappr oachdi stingui shes:
i) Pr i
mar ypr event ionact ionst oav oi dorr emov et hecauseofaheal thpr oblem i nani ndi vidual
orapopul ationbef or ei tar ise.I tincl udesheal thpr omot ionandspeci f i
cpr otection( for
exampl e, HI Veducat i
on) .
ii
) Secondar ypr event ion( ear lyinter vent i
on)act ionst odet ectaheal t
handdi sablingcondi ti
ons
atanear lyst agei nani ndividualorapopul ation,f acil
it
at i
ngcur e,orr educi ngorpr ev ent ing
spr ead,orr educi ngorpr event i
ngi tslong- term ef fects(f orexampl e,suppor t
ingwomenwi th
intellectual disabi l
ityt oaccessbr eastcancerscr eening.
ii
i) Ter ti
ar ypr event ion( rehabi li
tation)act i
onst or educet hei mpactofanal readyest abl ished
diseasebyr est oringf unct i
onandr educi ngdi seaser elatedcompl i
cat i
ons( forexampl e,
rehabi l
itationf orchi ldrenwi t
hmuscul oskel etalimpai rment )
.
Implementingt heTwi n- trackAppr oachI mpl ement ingt het win- t
rackappr oachi nv olves:
 Tr ack1:Mai nst reami ngdi sabi l
it
yasacr oss- cuttingi ssuewi thinal lkeypr ogramsandser v ices
(educat i
on, heal th, r
eliefandsoci al ser vices, mi crof i
nance, infrast r
uct ureandcampi mpr ov ement ,
protection,andemer gencyr esponse)t oensur et hesepr ogr amsandser vicesar eincl usi ve,
equitable,non- discrimi nat or y,anddonotcr eat eorr einforcebar ri
ers.Thi sisdoneby :gat her ing
i
nformat ionont hedi verseneedsofper sonswi thdi sabiliti
esdur i
ngt heassessmentst age;
consider ing di sabili
tyi nclusi on dur ing t he pl anni ng st age;maki ng adapt at i
ons i nt he
i
mpl ement at i
onst age; andgat heringt heper spect i
v esofper sonswi thdi sabi l
it
iesi nt her epor ting
andev aluat ionst age.
 Tr ack2: Suppor tingt hespeci fi
cneedsofvul nerabl egr oupswi thdi sabiliti
est oensur etheyhav e
equaloppor tuni t
iest opar ticipatei nsoci et y.Thi si sdonebyst rengt heningr efer r
alt obot h
i
nternalandext ernalpat hway sandensur ingt hatsect orpr ogramst opr ov i
der ehabi l
itat i
on,
assisti
v edev icesandot herdi sabilit
y -speci ficser vicesar eaccessi blet oper sonswi thdi sabi li
t i
es
andv ulner abl egr oupsandadher et opr otect ionst andar dsandi nclusi onpr inciples.
I
mpl
ementDi
sabi
li
tyI
ncl
usi
vePr
oject
/Pr
ogr
am
Thef ollowingt ipswi l
lhel ptoov ercomet hechal l
engesaskeyconsi derationsf orincl
udi
ng
personswi thdisabil
it
iesi nallprogram andpr ojectcy cl
emanagementst agesofAssessment ,
Planning, I
mplement ati
onandMoni t
oring,andRepor t
ing/Evaluati
on.
A.Educat i
onandvocat i
onaltrai
ningI ncl
usiveEducat i
onr eali
zetheuni
versalr i
ghttoeducati
on
foral l
,meani ngal lmai nstr
eam educat i
onser vi
cesneedt o besupportingchi l
drenand
per sonswi t
hdi sabil
i
ties.
B. Heal thvul
ner abl
egr oupsandper sonswi thdisabil
iti
eshav ethesameheal t
h-careneedsas
allot herpeoplesandheal t
hsect orservicescanal sopl ayanimport
antpr eventionandearl
y

I
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venessPage20
 i
dent i
ficat ionr olet oensur echi l
drenandper sonswi thi mpai rment shav etimel yaccesst o
heal thser vicesandr ef erral rehabi li
tat i
onsuppor t
.
C. Rel iefandsoci alser vices t het wo- wayl inkbet weenpov ertyand di sabi l
itymeanst hat
vulner abl egr oupandpeopl eswi thdi sabil
iti
esandt heirf ami li
esneedt obeabl et oaccess
reli
efsuppor t
.
D.I nfrast ruct ureandcampi mpr ovement ,shelter,wat erandsani tat i
onandenvi r
onment alhealth
univ ersaldesi gn concept s mustbe consi dered i n al li nf rastructure and const r
uction
progr amsandpr oj ects.
E. Li velihoods,empl oymentandmi crof i
nance: vulnerablegr oupsandpeopl ewi thdi sabi l
it
ies
facenumer ousbar rierst oachi evingani ndependentl i
v eli
hood,i ti scr ucialt hatspeci fi
c
sect or sr esponsi bl ef orl i
v eli
hoodpr ogramsandpr ojectst omakeaccessi blet oal lv ulnerable
andpeopl ewi thdi sabi liti
es.
F. Pr ot ect i
onmar ginal izedgr oupsandpeopl ewi thdisabi li
tiesmayf acer isksandv ulner abil
it
ies
toexper ienci ngv i
ol ence,expl oit
ation,abuse,negl ectandv iolati
onofr i
ght sandt herefore
needt obespeci fi
cal lyconsi der edandi ncludedi npr otectionpr ogr amsandpr oject s.
G.Humani tar ian and emer gencyr esponse:t he di spr opor tionat e ef fectofemer gencyand
humani tariansi tuat i
onsonv ulner abl egroupsandpeopl ewi t
hdi sabili
tiesshoul dber ef l
ected
i
nt hedesi gnandi mpl ement ationoft hehumani tari
anpr oject s.
Component sofRehabi l
itationI nt erv entions
Rehabil
it
ationi sapr ocessdesi gnedt oopt i
mi zef unctionandi mpr ov et hequal i
tyofl i
feoft hosewi th
disabi
li
ti
es.Consequent ly,itisnotasi mpl epr ocess.I tinv olv
esmul tiplepar t
icipant s,andi tcant akeon
manyf orms.Thef ollowi ngi sadescr iptionoft hei ndividualcomponent st hat,whencombi ned, compr ise
theprocessandact i
v ityofr ehabi li
t ati
on.Ther ear eav ar i
etyofpr ofessi onalswhopar ticipat ei nand
contri
butetot her ehabi li
tat i
onpr ocesswi thi
nat eam appr oach.Thel istisl ong, andi tincludes( al t
hough
i
snotl i
mitedt o)suchpr of essi onal sast hef ollowi ng:
 Phy sicians
 Occupat ional Ther apist s
 Phy sical Ther api sts
 SpeechandLanguageTher api st
 Audi ologi sts
 Rehabi litationNur ses
 Soci alWor ker s
 CaseManager s
Communi
tyBasedRehabi
li
tat
ion
CBRwasor igi
nallydesignedf ordev elopingcount ri
eswher edi sabi
li
tyestimateswer ev eryhi ghandt he
countrieswer eundersev ereeconomi cconst r
aints.Itpromot escoll
aborationamongcommuni t
yl eader s,
peopleswi thdisabi l
it
iesandt hei
rf ami l
iesandot herconcer nedciti
zenst oprovideequaloppor tunities
forallpeopleswi thdisabil
it
iesinthecommuni tyandt ost r
engt hentheroleoftheirorganization.
Communi ty:Consi stsofpeopl elivingt ogetherinsomef orm ofsoci alorganizati
onshar i
ngpol itical,
economi c,socialandcul t
uralcharact eri
sticsi
nv aryingdegrees.
Rehabi l
it
ation:-
includes allmeasur es ai med atr educing the impactofdi sabil
it
yf oran i ndi vidual
enabli
ng hi m orhert o achi
ev eindependence,soci alintegrati
on,abet t
erqual i
tyofl if
eand sel f
-
actual
izati
onorr eferstomeasur eswhi chai mtoenabl epersonswi thdisabil
i
tiestoat tai
nandmai ntain
maximum i ndependence,f ul
lphy sical,ment al,socialand v ocat
ionalabili
ty,and f ullinclusionand
parti
cipati
oni nallaspectsofl i
fe.

I
ncl
usi
venessPage21
 I
fy ougi veaper sonaf ish,
He/ shewi l
l eatf oraday ;
Ify out eachhi m/ hertof ish,
He/ sheeatf oral i
feti
me.
Current ly,threemai nmeani ngsar eat tachedt othenot ionofCBR: Peopl et akingcar eoft hemsel ves, a
conceptandani deol ogyandcommuni tybasedr ehabi litationwhi chwi llbedescr ibedbel ow.
1.Peopl eTaki ngCar eofThemsel vesSer v icesf orpeopl ewi thdi sabili
tiesinmostr egi onsi ndev elopi ng
count riesar est il
lli
mi tedt owhatpeopl ecandof orthemsel ves.Thi si sthe" real"CBR: allt heact i
vities
thatpeopl ewithdi sabi l
ity,theirf ami l
ymember sandot hercommuni tymember sdoi nt hei rown
communi tyforper sonswi thdi sabi l
it
y ,suchasgener al car e,accommodat i
ngeachot her'sneeds{ i.e..
familymember sadapt i
ngt hemsel vest ot hesi tuationoft heindiv idual withdisabi li
ty,andv i
ce-versa) ,
educat ionandheal t h, usingwhat ev ert heyknow, what ev ert heyhav e,inwhat everdai lyci rcumst ances
theyexi st.
2.AConceptandanI deol ogy.Asaconceptandani deol ogy ,itpr omot esadecent ralizedappr oacht o
rehabi l
itationser vice- del i
ver y,wher eby ,i
ti sassumedt hatcommuni t
ymember sar ewi lli
ngandabl et o
mobi li
zel ocal resour cesandt opr ovi
deappr opr i
ateser vicest opeopl ewi thdi sabili
ties.Thi sconcept
hasbeen' fledouti nmanyCBRpr ogr amsi nt hedev elopi ngwor l
d, byt heuseofgov ernmentst affand
facil
i
t i
es, buthasi nmostcasespr ovedt obeunr ealistic.
3.Communi t
yBasedRehabi lit
at ion:ismost lyinaf or m ofNon- Gov ernment al Organi zations( NGOs) .
Recogni zingt hehumanandmat eriallimitat ionsofpeopl ewi thdi sabili
ties,theirfami lymember sand
othercommuni tymember s, CBRpr ogr am t riest opr omot eandf aci li
tatecommuni t
ybasedr ehabili
tation.
Unfor tunat ely,suchCBRpr ogr amsof tenconsi der'local cul t
ure'asanobst acl e,rathert hanasa
condit i
ont owar dspr ogr ess.
Barri
er sofempl oyment
 At t
itudesandDi scr i
mi nation
 Accessi bil
ity
 Educat ionandTr aining
 Soci al Net wor ks
 WomenDi sabi li
ties
 LegalBar ri
er s
 I nfl
exi bl eWor kAr rangement s
 Di smi ssal ont heBasi sofDi sabi li
ty
 TheBenef itTrap
Strategi est oI mpr ov eEmpl oy mentf orPer sonswi t
hDi sabi li
ti
esandVul nerabi l
iti
es
Thereanumberofst rat egiest hati sav ail
abl etogov ernment sinr espect i
vesect orast heywor kto
i
mpr ov et heempl oy mentpr ospect sofper sonswi t
hdi sabi li
ti
es,v ulnerableandmar ginalizedgr oups.I n
addition, pr i
vatesect ori niti
at i
vest hathav ebeendemonst ratedt oi mpr ovet heempl oy mentexper iences
ofper sonswi thint hesegr oupsar eal sodi scussedbel ow.
 Ant i
-Di scr i
mi nat ionLegi slation
 Vocat ional Educat i
onAndTr ai ning
 WageSubsi dies
 Suppor tedEmpl oy ment
 Wor kpl aceAccommodat i
onSchemes
 Wor ker s’Compensat i
on
 Quot aSy stems

I
ncl
usi
venessPage22
  ShelteredWor kshops
 Pri
vat eSectorI ni
tiatives
 Empl oy erNetwor ks
 Suppor tDisabili
ty-InclusiveBusiness
 Social Enter
prises
 Suppor tPersonswi t
hDi sabili
ti
esintheWorkpl
ace
 Buil
dingaMor eIncl usiveSociety
 BoostEducat i
onandTr ainingOppor t
uni
ti
es
 BreakDownAt tit
udi nalBar r
iersandChall
engeDiscr
imi
nat
ion
 I
mpr ov eDat aCol lecti
ononDi sabil
it
yandEmployment

Chapt
erSummar
y
 Personswi thdi sabil
iti
esandv ulnerablegr oupshav ediv erseneedssuchas; socialemotional
,
psychol ogical,physical andeconomi c.
 Fact orsaffectingt heneedsofper sonswi t
hdisabi li
ti
esv arydependingont henat ureof
disabili
ty,personal i
tytraitoft heper son,t
hemeani ngt het hatpersongivesfort hedisabi
lit
y,t
he
i
ndividual ‘
scur rentlif
econdi tion,typeofsuppor tpr ovi
ded, t
hef amil
y,communi tyandsociety,
polit
ical andeconomi csy stem oft hecount ryatlarge.
 Thebasi cneedsofper sonswi thdi
sabi l
it
iesandv ulnerabi l
it
iestoensur eequali
tyf oral
lwithi
n
oursoci etyare: fullaccesst ot heenv ir
onment( t
owns, count rysi
de&bui ldi
ngs).anaccessi bl
e
tr
anspor tsystem, techni calaidsandequi pment ,accessi ble/adaptedhousing,per sonal
assistanceandsuppor t,inclusiveeducat i
onandt r
ai ni
ng, anadequat eincome, equal
oppor tuniti
esf orempl oy ment , appropriat
eandaccessi bleinformati
on,advocacy( t
owardsself-
advocacy ),
counsel ing,,appr opr i
ateandaccessi bleheal t
hcar e

I
ncl
usi
venessPage23
  Soci al pr otect i
onpl ay sakeyr olei nr ealizingt her ight sofper sonswi thdi sabili
tiesand
vulnerabi l
it
iesofal lages: pr ov i
di ngt hem wi thanadequat est andar dofl iving,abasi clevel of
i
ncomesecur i
ty; thusr educi ngl ev el sofpov er tyandv ulner ability
 Heal thout comesf orpeopl ewi thdi sabi li
tiesshoul dbeaccesst oqual it
y ,affordabl eheal t
hcar e
services, whi chmaket hebestuseofav ailabl er esour ces.
 Assev er alfact or sinter actt oi nhi bi taccesst oheal thcar e, refor msi nall theinter acti
ng
component soft heheal thcar esy stem suchaspol icyandl egi slati
ons, financing, serv i
ces
deliveryandhumanr esour cest raini ngi nlinewi thi ncl usivenessper spect i
ves.
 Disabi l
ityi sther esul toft hei nter act ionbet weent hechar act eristi
csofi ndi vi
dual swi th
disabilitiesandt hechar acter i
st i
csoft hei renv ironment .
 Theamountofdi sabi l
ityisnotdet ermi nedbyl ev elsofpat hol ogies, i
mpai rment s,orf unctional
l
imi t
at ions, buti nst eadi saf unct i
onoft heki ndofser v i
cespr ov i
dedt opeopl ewi t
hdi sabli
ng
condi ti
onsandt heext entt owhi cht hephy sical , bui l
tenv ironmenti saccommodat i
ngornot
accommodat ingt othepar ticulardi sabl i
ngcondi tion.
 Humancompet enciesi nteractwi tht heenv ironmenti nady nami creciprocal relat i
onshipt hat
shapesper for mance.
 Thephy sical andsoci al env ironment scompr isef act or sext er nal tothei ndividual ,i
ncluding
family ,institut i
ons, communi ty,geogr aphy ,andt hepol it
ical climat e
 Env ironment al factor smustbeseent oi ncludet henat ural env i
ronment ,thehumanmade
env i
ronment , culture, theeconomi csy stem, thepol itical sy stem, andpsy chologi calfactors.
 Per sonswi thdi sabi li
t i
es, vul ner abl eandmar ginal izedgr oupsl ivi
ngi nrur alareashav edoubl e
disadv ant agedduet ot heirimpai rment sandv ulner abi lit
iesandunf avorabl ephy sical andsoci al
env i
ronment .
 Env ironment al st r
ategi escanbeef fect i
vei nhel pi ngpeopl ef unct i
oni ndependent l
yandnotbe
l
imi t
edi nt hei rsoci al par t
icipat ion, i
nwor k, leisur eorsoci al interactionsasaspouse, parent ,
fri
end, orcowor ker .
 Mul ti-sect orial andmul t
i-disciplinar yappr oacht opr ev ention, intervent i
onandr ehabi l
it
ation
strategi esar eef fectivei nbui ldingpr ocessofdi sabi lityincl usi vesoci ety.
 Inclusi venesspr omot esequi ty ,respect ,peace, democr acy ,andi nclusivedev el
opment .

Chapt
er4:Pr omoti
ngI nclusi
veCultur
e
Def
ini
ti
onofIncl
usiveCul
tur
e
I
ncl
usionisasenseofbel
onging,connect
ionandcommuni
tyatwor
k.Andi
ncl
usi
veor
gani
zat
ionshel
p
peoplefeel welcomed, known, v
aluedandencour agedtobr ingtheirwhol e,uni
quesel vest owor k.
Cultureistheideas, cust oms, andsoci albehav iorofapar t
icularpeopleorsoci ety.Anor ganization‘
s
cultur
eist heculmi nati
onoft hepr iorit
ies, v
aluesandbehav i
ors,whichsuppor ttheirempl oyeesi nhow
theywor ksingularl
y ,i
nt eamsandwi thclients.Cultureplaysahuger oleinshift
ingt hediversi
tyneedle
andf ormingtrulyinclusiveenv ironment s.Hence,
Ani ncl
usivecul t
urei nvolv esthef ullandsuccessf ulint
egrationofdiversepeopl eintoawor kplaceor
i
ndust r
y.Additionally,i
ncl usiv
ecul turesext endbey ondbasicort okenpr esenceofwor kerswhohav e
disabil
it
ies.Theyencompassbot hf ormal andi nformalpoliciesandpr actices,
andi nvolvesev eralcor
e

I
ncl
usi
venessPage24
v
alues:
-
 Repr esentat
ion:Thepresenceofpeoplewithdisabil
it
iesacrossar angeofempl
oyeerol
esand
leadershippositi
ons
 Recept i
vit
y:Respectfordif
fer
encesi nworki
ngst y
lesandf l
exibi
l
ityintai
l
ori
ngposi
ti
onstothe
strengthsandabi l
it
iesofemployeesand
 Fairness:Equitabl
eaccesstoallresour
ces,opportuni
ties,
networksanddecisi
onmaking
processes.
Di
mensi
onsofI
ncl
usi
vecul
tur
e
Ther
earethr
eedi mensi
ons/elementsofanincl
usi
vecultur
e:
1.UniversalDesi
gn
2. Recruit
ment,Trai
ningandAdvancementOpport
uniti
es
3. WorkplaceAccommodat i
onsandAccessibi
li
ty:
Policy&Pr
act
ice
Bui
ldi
ngincl
usi
vecommuni
ty
Anincl
usi
vecommunit
y:
 Doesev eryt
hingt hatitcant or espectal litsci ti
zens, givest hem f ullaccesst oresour ces, and
pr omot esequal treatmentandoppor tunity.
 Wor kstoel iminateal lf
or msofdi scr i
mi nation.
 Engagesal li
tsci t
izensi ndecision-maki ngpr ocessest hataf fectt heirlives.
 Val uesdi versit
yand-Respondsqui ckl ytor aci standot herdi scri
mi nat i
ngi ncidents.
Anincl usivesoci et
yai msatempower ingandpr omot ingt hesoci al
,economi c, andpol iti
cal i
nclusionof
al
l,i
rrespect i
veofage, sex, di
sabili
ty,race,ethni cit
y, or i
gin,reli
gion, economi c, orotherst atus.Itisa
soci
et ythatl eav esnoonebehi nd.Wewor ktoensur et hatsoci etiesar eopenandi nclusivet oall.Here
arethingsanor ganizationcandot ocreateamor ei ncl usivewor kpl
aceand, therefore,amor eappeal i
ng
pl
acet owor k:
 Appr opr i
atelyConnectwi thEmpl oy ees
 I nteractwi thDifferentPeopl e-Cr eateEmpl oy eeResour ceGr oups
 Pl aceI mpor tanceonI nclusion
 Hol dBet terMeet ings-I nvestinDi versityTr aining
 Peopl ehav eoppor tuni
tiestoexper ienceav arietyofsoci alrolest hati ncludef r
iendshi ps,
cont ri
but i
ngt othecommuni tyandgai ningnewski l
ls.Someoft hebenef i
tsofi nclusiont othe
per sonar e:Impr ovedf eeli
ngsofwel l-
bei ngandsel f-esteem.
Char
act
eri
sti
csofanI
ncl
usi
veCommuni
ty
I
ncl
usi
vecommuni tiesdohav ethefol l
owingsetofchar acter
istics:
 I ntegr ativeandcooper at
ive:inclusi
v ecommuni tiesbringpeopl etoget
herandar eplaceswher e
peopl eandor gani zati
onswor ktogether.
 I nteract ive:incl usivecommuni t
ieshav eaccessi blecommuni tyspacesandopenpubl i
cplacesas
wel lasgr oupsandor ganizati
onst hatsuppor tsoci ali
nt eractionandcommuni tyact i
vi
ty,
i
ncl udi ngcel ebr ati
ngcommuni tyli
fe.
 I nvest ed:i nclusi vecommuni tiesarepl aceswher ebotht hepubl i
candpri
vatesect orscommi t
resour cesf ort hesoci alandeconomi chealthandwel l-beingoft hewholecommuni ty.
 Di ver se:i nclusiv ecommuni ti
eswel comeandi ncor poratedi versepeopl
eandcul turesint
ot he
struct ures, processesandf unct i
onsofdai l
ycommuni tylife.
 Equi t able:incl usiv ecommuni ti
esmakesur et hatev eryonehast hemeanst oli
vei ndecent
condi tions( i.e.i ncomesuppor t
s,empl oyment, goodhousi ng)andt heopportuni
tyt odevelop
one‘ scapaci tiesandt opar ti
cipateactivelyincommuni tylife.

I
ncl
usi
venessPage25
  Accessi
bleandSensi
ti
ve:i
ncl
usi
vecommuni
ti
eshav
eanar
rayofr
eadi
l
yav
ail
abl
eandaccessi
ble
suppor tsandser vi
cesf ort hesoci al,heal th, anddev elopment al needsoft heirpopul ationsand
prov idesuchsuppor tsi ncul tur allysensi tiveandappr opr iateway s/ essent ialser vi
cesi dentifi
ed
i
ncl udegoodschool s, recr eat i
on, chi ldcar e,librar i
es, publ ictr
ansi t ,affor dablehousi ngand
suppor ti
vehousi ng, homecar e, crisisandemer gencysuppor ts, wel l-coor dinatedand
compr ehensi v eset tl
ementsuppor ts.
 Par ticipat ory:incl usiv ecommuni tiesencour ageandsuppor tthei nv ol vementofal ltheir
member si nt hepl anni nganddeci si on- maki ngt hataf fect scommuni tycondi t
ionsand
dev elopment , includi nghav inganef fect iv
ev oicewi thseni orlev elsofgov ernmentand
 Saf e:i nclusiv ecommuni t i
esensur ebot hi ndi vidual andbr oadcommuni tysaf etyandsecur i
tyso
thatnoonef eel satr iski nt heirhomesormov ingar oundt henei ghbor hoodandci ty.
Meansofest abl i
shi ncl usi vecul tur e
Tocr eat eani ncl usiv ecul turei nwhi chev er yonef eel st heybel ongandi scomf ortableexpr essing
theiruni queness, ther ear ef ourkeyi nclusi vel eader shipbehav iors:
 Empower ment :Enabl et eam member st ogr owandexcel byencour agi ngt hem t osol vepr oblems,
comeupwi thnewi deasanddev elopnewski ll
s.
 Account ability:Showconf i
dencei nt eam member sbyhol di
ngt hem r esponsi bleforaspect sof
theirper formancet hatar ewi thi nt hei rcont r
ol .
 Cour age:St andupf orwhaty oubel iev eisr ight ,ev enwheni tmeanst aki ngar i
sk.
 Humi l
ity:Admi tmi stakes, learnf rom cr iti
cism anddi ffer entpoi ntsofv iew, andov ercomey our
l
imi tat ionsbyseeki ngcont ri
but ionsf rom t eam member s.
Ther ear ef i
v est agesi nest ablishi ngi nclusi vecul ture:
1.Consi derwhaty ouwantt oachi ev eandwhatt hebenef i
tswi l
l be
2. Under takeani ncl usi onr ev iewofy ourwor kpl ace
3. Deci dewher ewor ki sneededandcr eat eanact ionpl an.
4. Communi cat ethepl anwi thst affandputt hepl ani nt oact i
on.
5. Revi ew, moni torandev aluat et hepl an’si mpactandusewhaty ouf indt opl anf utureact i
on
TenChar act eristicsofanI ncl usi v eOr gani zat ion
 I taccept sdi ver sityandi ncl usionasawayofl ife.
 I tev aluat esi ndi vidual andgr oupper f ormanceont hebasi sofobser vabl eandmeasur able
behav iorsandcompet enci es.
 I toper atesundert ranspar entpol iciesandpr ocedur es.
 I tisconsi stenti ni tsi nt er actionswi thev er yone.
 I tcreat esandmai ntainsal ear ningcul ture.
 I thasacompr ehensi v eandeasi lyaccessi blesy stem ofconf lictr esol utionatal l l
ev el
s.
 I trecogni zest hati tispar toft hecommuni tyt hati tser ves.
 I tli
v esi t
smi ssi onandcor ev alues.
 I tval uesear nedpr ivil
egeov erunear nedpr ivi
lege.
 I taccept sandembr aceschange.
Incl
usioni smosti mpor tantlyseenasput ti
ngi nclusi vev aluesi ntoact ion.I ti sacommi tmentt o
part
icularv al ueswhi chaccount sf orawi sht oov er comeexcl usionandpr omot epar t
icipation.
Thesev enPi l
larsofI ncl usion:
 Access: Accessexpl or est hei mpor tanceofawel comi ngenv ironmentandt hehabi tst hatcreate
i
t .
 At titude:At titudel ooksathowwi llingpeopl ear et oembr aceincl usi onanddi versityandt ot ake

I
ncl
usi
venessPage26
 meani
ngf
ulact
ion.
 Choi ce,
 partnership,
 communi cation,
 policyand
 oppor tuni
ty
I
ndigenousinclusivevaluesandpr
acti
ces
Theterm“Indigenousr efer
stoabet
terunder
standi
ngof
,andr
espectf
or,
indi
genouscul
tur
esdev
elops
anenr i
chedappr eciationoft heexi stingcul turalher i
tage.I ndigenousway sofknowi ngwer eof ten
discount edanddi scredi tedasnon- scientifi
cbecauset heywer er ootedint hestoryoft hepeopl e,thei
r
l
anguage, cul t
ure, art
,my thologyandspi ri
tual i
ty.Itwasi mpor tanttor ecognizether ightofi ndigenous
peopl est ol and, r
esour cesandsacr edsi tes.Incor por ati
ngI ndigenousway soflearni ngintoeducat ional
practiceshaspot enti
al tobenef itbot hIndigenousandnon- I
ndi genousl earner
s.The21stcent uryskil
ls
neededi nmoder ncur ricul um include: collaborat i
on, creativi
ty,innov ati
on,problem- sol vi
ng,inquiry
,
mul ti
cultural l
i
teracy ,etc
Indigenousi nclusiondef inedasanor ganizational statet hatisembr acedasacul tur alnorm, with
enterprise-wi dewor kplacest rategiesaswel lasacul turewhi chi nvitesthef ul
lparticipationof
i
ndi genouspeopl ei ntoal l aspect sofbusi nessoper ations.Itiswher eleadershi
pandempl oy eesare
welcomi ngofi ndigenouspeopl e,theirexper ienceandout l
ooks, wher ediversi
tyisv al ued,t
hespi ri
tof
reconci l
iationhasbeenembr acedandcal lst oact ionhav ebeenact edoni nmeani ngf ulway s.
Feat
uresofani
ndi
genousi
ncl
usi
on:
1.I nclusi onhasbeenembr acedasacor ecompet encyandembeddedi ntot heor ganizati
onal
cultur e;
2.Compani esshar et heiror gani zati
on‘ sexper i
enceandachi ev
ement swi thi nclusionandexpl ain
howi thashel pedt heirper formance;
3. Humanr i
ghtsandr esponsi bil
iti
esar epr omot edandr espected.Empl oy eesar ef r
eeofconcer ns
relatedt obasicequi t
yi ssues;
4.Compr ehensiv eIndigenouspr ocur ement ,recrui
tmentandcor por
atesoci alresponsibil
i
t y
strategi eshav ebeendev elopedaspar tofanent erprise-widecoordinat edappr oach;
5. Indi genouspeopl ear eempl oy edandr et
ainedinallar easoft heorgani zationincludi
ngt he
seni orl eadershipandexecut i
v eposi ti
ons;
6. Ther ear esigni f
icantr ev enuesandj obsgai nedbyI ndigenouspeopl eandbusi nessest hrough
theor ganization‘ssuppl ychai n;
7. Indi genescommuni t
ysust ainablegai nshav ebeenr ealizedasar esultoft herelati
onshipsbui l
t
bet weent hecompanyandt hecommuni t
y;
8. Hi ghl evelsofIndigenousempl oyeeengagementar eseenandexper iencedi ntheorganization;
9. Leader shiphasputi ntopl acet her esourcesneededt osust ainit
sIndi genousi ncl
usionst r
ategy
andi tmayhav eintroducedani nclusi onpol i
cyframewor korst at
ement ;
10.Indigenousi nclusioni si ntegral tothemi ssionandv isionoft heorganizat ion.

Chapt
erSummary
 Anincl
usi
vecul
tur
einv
olv
est
hef
ull
andsuccessf
uli
ntegr
ati
onofdi
ver
sepeopl
eint
oa
wor
kpl
aceori
ndust
ry.Addi
ti
onal
l
y,i
ncl
usi
vecul
tur
esext
endbey
ondbasi
cort
okenpr
esenceof

I
ncl
usi
venessPage27
 wor
ker
swhohav
edi
sabi
l
iti
es.
 Ther
ear
ethr
eedi
mensi
ons/el
ement
sofani
ncl
usi
vecul
tur
e:t
hesear
eUni
ver
sal
Desi
gn,
Recr uitment ,Tr aini ngandAdv ancementOppor tuni ti
esandWor kplaceAccommodat ionsand
Accessi bility: Pol icy&Pr act i
ce
 Inclusi onhasbeendi rectlyadv ocat edsi ncet heUni versal Declar ationofHumanRi ght sin1948
andhasbeenact edatal lphasesi nanumberofkeyUNdecl ar ationsandconv ent i
ons.
 Ani ncl usivesoci etyai msatempower ingandpr omot i
ngt hesoci al, economi c,andpol iti
cal
i
ncl usionofal l,irrespect i
v eofage, sex, disabi l
it
y ,r ace, ethnicity,or igin,reli
gion, economi c,or
otherst atus.I tisasoci etyt hatl eav esnoonebehi nd.Wewor kt oensur et hatsoci etiesar eopen
andi nclusi vet oal l
.
 Ani ncl usivecommuni tycanbebui ltatanyt i
me.Theneedt ohav eani nclusivecommuni ty,
howev er ,ismostobv iouswhent her ehasbeenadeci sionorani nci dentt hatcausedhar mt oa
particul argr oupofpeopl e.
 Maj orChar act er isticsofI ncl usiv ecommuni ti
esar eI ntegr ati
veandcooper ati
v e,Interact i
v e,
Invest ed, Di ver se, Equi t
abl e, Accessi bleandSensi t iv
e, Par ti
cipat oryandSaf e
 Anor gani zat ioni si nclusivewhenev eryonehasasenseofbel ongi ng; feelsrespect ed, valued
andseenf orwhot heyar easi ndi vidual s; andf eel sal ev elofsuppor tiveener gyandcommi tment
from l eader s, col leaguesandot herssot hatal lpeopl e, i
ndi vi
dual lyandcol l
ect i
velycandot heir
bestwor k.
 Ther ear ef ourkeyi nclusi vel eader shi pbehav iors: (i.
e. ,Empower ment ,Account abil
ity ,Cour age
andHumi lit
y )
 Inclusi vev al uesar eappr eci atingdi versity ,equalityandequi t
y ,cooper at i
veness, par tici
pat ion,
communi ty, andsust ainabi li
tyar eexampl esofi ncl usi vev al
uest hatar ef undament al for
successf ulincl usi v eeducat i
on.
 Appr eciatingdi v er sity,equal ityandequi ty, cooper at i
v eness, par ticipat i
on, communi ty,and
sust ainabi li
t yar eex ampl esofi nclusi vev aluest hatar ef undament al forsuccessf ul inclusi ve
educat ion.
 Indi genousi ncl usi ondef inedasanor gani zational statet hati sembr acedasacul t
ur al nor m,with
enter pr i
se- wi dewor kplacest rat egiesaswel lasacul tur ewhi chi nv itest hefullpar t
ici pationof
i
ndi genouspeopl ei nt
oal l aspect sofbusi nessoper ations.
 Inclusi vepr act i
cei sanappr oacht ot eachi ngt hatr ecogni zest hedi v ersityofst udent s, enabling
allst udent st oaccesscour secont ent ,f
ul lypar t
icipat einl earningact i
viti
esanddemonst rate
theirknowl edgeandst rengt hsatassessment .
 Incl usiv eteachi ngst rategi esr ef ert oanynumberoft eachi ngappr oachest hataddr esst he
needsofst udent swi thav ar i
et yofbackgr ounds, lear ningmodal iti
es, andabi liti
es.These
strategi escont ribut etoanov eral l
incl usiv elearni ngenv ir
onmenti nwhi chst udent sf eel equal l
y
valued.

I
ncl
usi
venessPage28
Chapter5:Incl
usionforPeace, DemocracyandDevelopment
Def
ini
tionofPeace,DemocracyandDevel
opment
I
ncl
usionforPeace:Peacecanbedefi
nedinsever
alway
s.
 Peacei sdef inedascr eat i
ngmut ual under st andi ng, posi ti
v er elationshi pbet weeni ndi vidualsand
gr oups.Thesegr oupsmayi ncludecul tur ally, l
ingui sti
cal ly,economi cal l
yandbi ologi cally
het er ogeneousgr oups.Thesegr oupsar el i
v ingsi debysi dei nahar monywi thr eci procat ed
respectorcr eat esoci etal fri
endshi pwi thal lthedi versitieswi thoutconf lict.Thi smeans
dev el opedi nter per sonal peacet hr oughdeepr espectf orot herper sons, just ice, tol eranceand
cooper at ion.Thi smeanspeacehasanot ionofsoci eties‘ compl et eness, fulfill
ment , whol eness,
har mony ,feel i
ngofsecur ityandwel lbei ngofani ndividual ,acommuni tyorasoci ety .Human
bei ngi si nter connect edandshoul dbef reef rom negat i
v ef orce, fear ,hat red, anger ,tensi on,
v i
olencest ress, anxi etyandanyki ndofdest ruct i
ons.
 Peacemaket hemi ndqui etandcal m pr ev ent sanxi eties, wor r i
es, stressandf ear s, andawakens
innerst rengt handconf idence, dev elopf r eedom, happi ness, love, joy,just iceandgr at i
tude.
Peacecanbeachi ev edt hr oughf or mal andi nfor mal i
ncl usiv eeducat i
on.
Incl
usi veeducat ioni saf oundat ionf ori ncl usi venessi nal laspect sofl if
e.I tcr eat esequal it
yand
equityamongdi ver spopul at ion.Di ver sityr ef erst oint er msofl anguage, religion, soci oeconomi c
status,cul tureandpsy chol ogy .Equal (samenessandnondi scrimi nation)and/ orequi tabl e( social
j
ust i
ceandf ai r
ness)di st r
ibut ionofr esour ceswi t
hint hesy st em; equal and/ orequi tabl ebot hin
termsofl ocat i
onsandnumber s, i
nr elationt or esour cessuchasmoney ,trainedandqual if
ied
professi onal s,teachi ngandl ear ningmat erials, school buildings, andschool f urnitur e.I tisi mpor t
ant
torealizei ncl usiv eeducat iont ocreat easoci et yt hati speacef ul,democr atizeanddev eloped.Hence
i
nclusi veeducat ioni scr uci al for:
 Fost eringeducat iont hatpr omot est hev alues, at t
itudesandbehav iori nher enti nacul t
ureof
peace, incl udingconf lictpr event ionandr esol ution, dialogue, consensusbui l
di ngandact ive
non- violence;
 Pr omot ingsust ai nabl eeconomi candsoci al dev elopmentbyt arget ingt heer adi cat ionof
pov ertyandsoci al i
nequal i
ties;
 Pr omot ingr espectf ort heUni ver sal Decl ar ationofHumanRi ght satal llev els;
 Pr omot inggenderequal ityineconomi c, soci alandpol i
t i
cal deci sion- maki ng;
 Fost eringdemocr at icpar ti
cipat ionandci tizenshi pandsuppor t i
ngpr ocessest hatpr omot e
andsust aindemocr acy ;
 Advanci ngunder st andi ng,respectf orcul tural diversi t
y ,andhumansol i
dar itybypr omot inga
dial ogueamongsoci eties;
 Suppor tingpar ti
cipat or ycommuni cat ionandt hef reef lowandshar ingofi nfor mat ionand
knowl edgei nt hepr omot i
onofacul tur eofpeace;
 Pr omot ingi nter nat ional peaceandsecur ityt hroughact ionsuchast hepr omot ionofgener al
andcompl et edi sar mament .
Sour
cesofConfl
ict
 Spi
rit
ual
sourcesofconf
li
ct
 Resul
tofori
ginal
ancest
or‘
ssepar
ati
onf
rom Godandnegat
ivei
nfl
uencef
rom ev
ilspi
ri
tual

I
ncl
usi
venessPage29
 forces
 I
ndi vi
dualsourcesofconf li
ct
 Disunit
ywi t
hintheindividualandconf
usionofvalues
 Fami l
ysourcesofconf li
ct
 Fami l
ydysfunctionsaffectsucceedi
nggenerat
ions.
 Nat i
onal/
int
ernationalsourcesofconfl
ict
 Nat i
onalpoli
ciesaffectfutur
egenerati
onsandcanl eadt
oconf
li
ctwi
thi
norbet
weennat
ions.

Hist
ori
calSour cesofConf li
ct
 Nat ionalcri
mesbur denfuturegenerati
ons
 Et hnic/
reli
giousresentmentsaccumul at
e
 IndividualChoice:Toresol
v eorrepeatpastconf
li
cts-r
ethi
nki
ngt
hepastandthefut
ure
Sustai
ningPeace:-I ti
simpor t
anttoexpandf ormalandi
nformali
ncl
usi
veeducat
ionwit
htheaim of
cr
eat
inginclusi
vesociet ywiththefoll
owingcompetenciesinyoungandadul tpopul
at i
ons:
 Ski l
l
sofsi ft
ingthet ruthfr
om propagandaorbiasthatsurr
oundsthem i neverycultur
e
 Respectf orthewi seuseofresourcesandappreciati
onformorethanj ustt
hemat eri
ali
sti
c
aspectsofqual i
tyofl i
fe
 Respectf ordifferentpointsofvi
ewandt heabil
itytoseetheworl
dt hrought heeyesofot her
s
 Ski l
l
st oresolveconf li
cti
nnon-viol
entways
 Thedesi reandabi li
tytopart
ici
pateinshapi
ngsociety,i
nthei
rowncommuni ty,
theirnati
onand
theworld.
I
ncl
usi
onforDemocr
acy
I
ncl
usi
onEducat
ionf
orDemocr
acy
Inclusiv eeducat ionf ordemocr acyhasnotbeenest abli
shedasacent ralpurposef orschool ingin
Ethiopi a.School sar et hei deal placet opromot edemocr acy .Oneoft hemosti mpor tanttasksof
school sshoul dbehel pi ngst udent st orealizet hev aluesofdemocr acy .Thedemocr at i
cv al
ues
i
ncl udei st oenhancepr ot ectedr ight , i
ndependentqual it
yl i
feforal l,freedom, pur sui tofhappi ness,
j
ust ice, t
hecommongood, tr
ut h,r espectandt olerancef ordi v
er sityandpar ti
sanshi p.Themost
i
mpor tantf unctionofdemocr aticeducat i
oni st omaket hedemocr acynat uralattit
udeandwayof
thinkingofmanbydev el opingt het houghtofdemocr acyi nhumanmi nd.Indemocr aticclassroom
teacher streatallstudent sequal l
y ,pr ovidet hem suppor taccor dingt ot heneedsandpot enti
als,
shar epowerwi thst udent sandsuppor t
ingt hem inmanagi ngthei rownbehav i
or s.Teacher spr ovi
de
uswi t
hasmuchknowl edgeaspossi ble
Democr aticpr i
nciplesf ori ncl usivepr act i
cesI ncl usiveeducat i
onisbasedonsev enpr inci pl
es:
 Di versityenrichesandst r
engt hensal lcommuni ti
es.
 Al lpersonswi thdi sabi l
it
iesdi f ferenti nthei rneeds, potentials,lear ningandwor ki ngst yl
es;
 Thei rachievement saccor dingt ot heirpot enti
alsar eequal lyv alued, respectedandcel ebratedby
soci ety
 Al ll
ear nersar eenabl edt of ulfilltheirpot entialbyt akingintoaccounti ndivi
dual requirement sand
needs.
I
mpor
tanceofI
ncl
usion
 Iti
simpor
tantt
osuppor
tpeopl
elear
n,pr
oduct
ive,
successf
ulandl
i
vei
ndependent
ly,
be
successf
ulwit
houthel
pingthem t
oomuch.
 Incl
usi
venesswhenpracti
cedwelli
sveryi
mport
antbecause:
All
peoplear
eablet
obepartof
thei
rcommunityanddevelopasenseofbel
ongi
ngandbecomebetterpr
epar
edforl
i
fei
nt he

I
ncl
usi
venessPage30
 communi
tyaschi
l
drenandadul
ts.I
tpr
ovi
desbet
teroppor
tuni
ti
esf
orl
ear
ning.
 I
ncl
usi
onv
aluesdi
ver
sit
yandt
heuni
quecont
ri
but
ions,
wher
eev
ery
bodybr
ingst
othemi
l
ieu.I
n
atrul
yi nclusi
vesetti
ng,ever
yindiv
idualfeelssafeandhasasenseofbel onging.Apersonwho
parti
cipatesinsetti
ngli
fegoalsandt akepartindecisi
onsthataffectsthem.
 theoppor tuni
tytoparti
cipat
einthet ypi
calexperi
encesinli
fe;
tobewi t
hot herpeopl
eandf or
m
fri
endshipsanddev elopothersoci
al ski
ll
s;fornatur
alli
fel
onglearninginrealsit
uati
onsand
accesst oinclusi
onmodel s.
 Theinclusionmodel isalsobenefi
cialbecauseitprepar
esindi
v i
dualstodayandi nthefut
ure.

Respect
ingdi
ver
sneeds,
cul
tur
e,val
ues,
demandsandi
deas
Theseincluder ace,ethni
cit
y,age, abi
li
ty,
language,national
it
y,soci
oeconomicst at
us,gender ,
rel
igion,
or
sexualori
entation.Thegr oupisdi ver
seifawidev ari
etyofgroupsarerepresented.Cul
turaldiver
sityhas
becomeahot -buttonissuewhenappl i
edtothewor kplace.Forthi
sreason,we'v
ecr eat
edal istofthe
biggestdi
v er
sityissuesinthewor kpl
ace
 Accept anceandRespect
 Accommodat i
onofBel iefs
 Et hnicandCul tur
alDif
ferences
 GenderEqual ity
 Physi cal andMent alDisabili
ti
es
 Gener ati
onGaps
 LanguageandCommuni cati
on
Cul
tur
alDi
ver
sit
y
Inrelat
iont ohumandi versit
y,somanyquest i
onsmayber ai
sed, suchaswhatl anguagesomeone
speak,r
eli
gi on,holiday scelebrated,ethnicidentit
y,cul
tureandt hel ike.Ourcultureiswhatshapesus; i
t
shapesourbehav iorandouri dentity
.Cul turei
sourwayofl iv
ing,itr eferstotheshar edlanguage, bel
ief
s,
val
ues,norms, behav i
or s,andmat erialobjectsthatarepasseddownf rom onegener ati
ont othenext .
Cult
uraldi
v ersi
t yi
nt hewor ldisdiversandabl essi
nggiftfordev elopment ;
butbecomesour cesof
confl
ict
.Thet er m culturall
ydiverseisof tenusedi nter
changeabl ywi tht heconceptofmul t
icult
urali
sm.
Theseincluder ace, ethnicit
y,age,abili
ty,language,nati
onalit
y,soci oeconomi cst at
us,gender ,r
eli
gion
andgeographi calar ea.
Benef
it
sofCul
tur
alDi
ver
sit
y
Therearemanyadv antagesofadi versei
nschoolsandwor kpl
aces.Organi
zati
onscanbenef i
tfr
om
employeeswhobr i
ngl anguageski l
ls,cul
tur
alexperi
ence,
andcreativ
ityt
othetable.Anorgani
zati
ons
successcanbedependentuponi t
sabi l
it
ytoembr aceadiver
sestaff
.Thefoll
owingaresomeoft he
benefi
tofcul t
uraldi
ver si
t i
es
 I ncreasedproduct i
vity
 I mpr ovedcreat i
vity
 I ncreasedpr of i
ts
 I mpr ovedempl oyeeengagement
 Reducedempl oy eet urnover
 I mpr ovedcompanyr eputation
 Wi derrangeofski l
ls
 I mpr ovescultur ali
nsights

I
ncl
usi
venessPage31
  ReducedFear,
ImprovedPer
formance
 Putavariet
yofworl
dv i
ewsint
ooneroom,
andy
ou'
l
lcomeoutt
heot
hersi
dewi
thbet
teri
deas
 BoostYourBrand'
sReputat
ion
 GlobalI
mpact
Rel
igi
ousdi
ver
sit
y
Ar eli
giousconf lictisaconf l
ictpr i
marilycausedorj usti
fi
edbydi fferencesi nreli
gion.Inthemodern
period,debat esar ecommonov ertheextentt owhi chreli
gious,economi c,orethnicaspectsofaconf l
ict
predomi natei nagi v enconf l
ict.
 Lackofv aluesf ordi fferencesandpoormanagementofr eli
giousi nst
itut
ions
 Di srespectandunf airtreatmentotherr eligions
 Uncl earr olesasf ollower sofagi venr eli
gion
 I nadequat espi ri
tual educat ionandt r
ainingori llt
hought
 Poorcommuni cationwi theachot her
 Lackofcol laborationandpoorl ivi
ngenv ir
onment
 Par t
ialit
yorl ackofequal t
reatmentf rom pol iti
call
eaders
 Bul lyingandhar assmentofot herr eli
gion
Rel i
giousdiv ersityisthef actt hattherearesi gnificantdiff
erencesi nr eli
giousbeliefandpract
ice.
Religi
ouspl uralism i sanat ti
tudeorpol icyr egardingt hediversi
tyofr eligi
ousbel i
efsy stemsco-exi
sti
ng
i
nsoci ety;har moni ousco- existencebet weenadher entsofdi f
ferentr el
igionsorreligi
ousdenomi nat
ions.
Howt
oResol
veConf
li
ct
 Agreeonamut ual
lyacceptabl
etimeandplacetodiscusst
heconf
li
ct.
 Stat
etheproblem asy ouseeitandli
styourconcer
ns.
 Lettheot
herper sonhavehis/hersay
.
 Li
stenandaskquest ions.
 Sti
cktooneconf li
ctatatimetot hei
ssueathand.
 Seekcommongr ound.
 Seekforwin-
winappr oaches.
Mar
ginal
izedgr
oupofpeopl
e
Mar gi
nali
zati
onisapr ocesst hati ncludesmanyext er
nal f
or ces.Peoplemaybemar ginal
izedont he
basisofthesocial
,gender ,cultural,ethni
c,economic,social or
der,bel
ief
sandot herfactors.Marginal
groupscanal waysbei denti
fiedbymember sofdomi nantsoci ety,
andwi l
lfaceir
revocable
di
scr i
minati
on.Marginalizedgr oupsexi stnearl
yeverywher e.Theyarepeopl ewho,forwhat everr
eason,
aredeniedinvol
vementi nmai nstream economi c,
poli
tical
,cul t
uralandsocialact
ivi
ti
es.
Cr
eat
ingf
ri
endl
yenvi
ronment
sformar
ginal
izedpeopl
e
 Toler ateforthedif
ferencesopi nionsandat ti
tudes.
 Seekoutmar ginal
i
zedv oi
cesandper spect i
vesandpr ovidesupport.
 Conf r
onty ourownr acistthoughtandt rytobeinclusi
veofal lthedi
fferences.
 Usey ourpr i
vi
legetosuppor tmar ginalizedpeople‘smov ement s.
 Givey ourtimeandmoney ,ifpossiblef orthesuccessofi nclusiv
edev el
opment .
 Bepr oactiveaboutinclusioni nyourdai l
yli
fe.
 Av oidsegr egati
on.
 Dot hewor kthathelpt opr omot einclusiveness
Themostv ulnerablearewomen, children,aged, thoselivi
ngwithHI V/AIDS,ment ali
ll
ness,minor
it
y
peopl
ewit
hl anguageandcul turaldiversity
, di
sabi l
it
yandt hel
ike.Girlsandwomenf rom the
margi
nal
i
zedgr oupsar emor ev ul
ner abletov iolence.Thedropout ,
il
lit
eracy
,un- employabi
li
tyand

I
ncl
usi
venessPage32
pov
ert
yrat
esamongt
hem ar
eal
sohi
gh.

Chapt ersummar y
Inclusivenessi sstandingagai nstexcl
usionandmar ginal
izati
on; andt hemov etowar dspeace,
democr acyanddev el
opment .Itisimport
anttohelppeopl etobecomei ndependent ,
developabel iefi
n
them (conf i
dence)sot hattheybecomesuccessf ulwithoutfurt
herhel pingt hem toomuch.Pr ov i
de
opportuniti
esf orchi l
drenandwoment ohavesustainedsocialinteract i
onsandpar ti
cipat
ef ullyint he
program.I nclusivenessv al
uesal lki
ndsofdiver
siti
esandt heuni quecont ributi
onsofeachst udentbr ing
tothecl assroom andadul t
st othewor kandsocialenvir
onment s.I nat rulyinclusi
v esetti
ng, ev er
y
personf eelssaf eandhasasenseofbel ongi
ng.Studentsandt hei rpar entspar ti
cipateinsetting
l
earninggoal sandt akepartindeci si
onsthataf
fectthem.Fi nal
ly,inclusi veeducat ioncreatesi nclusiv
e
society.

Chapter6:Legalf
ramewor k
Gener
alOvervi
ewofLegalf
ramewor
ks
Discriminat ionagai nstper sonswi thdi sabil
it
ieshasal onghi stor yandper sonswi t
hdi sabil
iti
esar e
regularlyexcl udedf rom par ti
cipati
oni nsoci etyanddeni edthei rhumanr ights.Di scriminati
onagai nst
thedisabl edcant akemanyf orms, r
angingf rom limitededucat i
onal oppor tuniti
est omor esubtlef orms,
suchassegr egationandi solationbecauseofphy si
cal andsoci al barri
ers.Theef fectsofdi scr
imi nat i
on
aremostcl earlyfelti nthespher eofeconomi c,socialandcul tural r
ights,int hefieldsof ,f
orinstance,
housing, empl oyment ,tr
anspor t,culturalli
feandaccesst opubl i
cser vi
ces.Theobst aclesthedi sabl ed
faceinenj oy i
ngt heirhumanr i
ght sar eoftent heresultofexcl usion, restr
ict i
on,orpr eference,and, for
i
nstance, whent hedi sabl
eddonothav eaccesst or easonableaccommodat ionont hebasisoft heir
l
imitations, theirenj oy mentorexer ciseofhumanr i
ghtsmaybesev erelyrest ri
cted.Accor dingtot he
Universal Decl arationofHumanRi ghts,Allhumanbei ngsar ebor nfreeandequal i
ndi gnit
yandr ight s.
Howev er,thisi sfarf rom bei ngar ealityforper sonswi thdisabilit
yar oundt hewor l
d.
LegalFr
amewor
ksRegar
dingI
ncl
usi
on
Theyal sohav erighttousepubl i
cservices(civ
ilr
ight
),member shipofanyassociat
ionsand
organizati
on,part i
cipationindiff
erentacti
vit
iesli
kevoting.Chil
drenandyouthwithdisabi
l
iti
eshave
mor al,ci
vi
l,parental,ethicalandlegalr
ights(ri
ghttolearnwithnondisabl
edchil
dren).
Theyshoul
dnotbe
tr
eat edasmar gi
nal, r
athertheymusti nvolveindi
ffer
entcommuni t
yactiv
iti
es.
I
nter
nat
ionalandNat
ionalLegalFr
amewor
ks
Thefol
lowi
ngar esomeoft hemaj orinternationallegalframewor ksthatsupporti
nclusionofpeopl e
wit
hdisabi
li
tiesandv ul
ner abili
ti
es.
 1948Uni versalDecl arati
onofHumanRi ghtsAr t
icle26
 TheUNConv enti
onont heRight soft heChi ld,1989Ext r
actsfrom Art
icl
es,2,23, 28and29
 Wor ldConf erenceonEducat ionf orAl l
,Jomt ien,and1990Wor ldDeclar
ati
ononEducat i
onforAl
l
:
MeetingBasi cLear ningNeeds
 TheWor l
dPr ogrammedofAct ion, 1982andt heSt andardRules,1993theWor l
dPr ogr ammedof
Act
ionConcer ni
ngPer sonswi thDi sabil
ity
 TheSt andardRul esont heEqualizationofOppor tunit
iesforPersonswithDisabil
iti
es-Rul e6
 TheSal amancaSt atementandFr amewor kf orAct i
ononSpeci alNeedsEducation, 1994

I
ncl
usi
venessPage33
  Convent
ionontheRight
sofPer sonswit
hDisabi
li
ti
es,
2006Arti
cle24–Educat
ion
 Worl
dEducati
onForum, Dakar
,2000
 1960UNESCOConv enti
onagainstDiscr
imi
nati
oninEducat
ion–Arti
cles1,
3and4Ar
ti
cle1
Nat
ionalLawsandPol
icyFrameworksRel
atedWithRightsofPeoplewit
hDisabi
li
ti
esEqual
Par
ti
cipati
oni
nEducat
ion,Soci
al,
Economic,Apol
it
icalandOtherAspectofLi
fe
1.Const itut i
onoft heFeder alDemocr at i
cRepubl icofEt hi opi a-1995: Article41( 5)oft he
Const itut i
onset soutt heSt at e‘sr esponsi bili
tyf ort hepr ov isionofnecessar yrehabi litationand
suppor tser vicesf orpeopl ewi thdi sabi li
ties.Thi spr ov ision, whi chi sf oundi nt hesoci oeconomi c
ri
ght sofci t
izens, doesnotensur et heequal empl oy mentoppor tuni t
yofPWDs.Rat her ,itconv eys
amessaget hatPWDsar eamongt hosewhodeser v eassi st ancesi ncet heyar ei ncapabl eof
engagi ngi npr oduct iv elife.
2.LaborPr ocl amat i
on, No.377/ 2003, amendedbyLaborPr ocl amat ionNo.494/ 2006: Itst at est hat
i
ti sunl awf ul foranempl oy ert odi scr i
minat eagai nstwor ker sont hebasi sofnat ional ity,sex,
reli
gion, pol i
tical outlookoronanyot hercondi t i
ons.
3.TheFeder al Civ i
lSer v antPr oclamat ion-No.515/ 2007: Itof fersf orspeci al pref erencei nt he
recruitment ,pr omot ion, anddepl oy ment , amongot her s, ofqual if
iedcandi dat eswi thdi sabi li
ti
es.
Thispr ov i
si oni sappl icabl et ogov ernmentof ficesonl y
4.Proclamat ionconcer ningt heRi ght st oEmpl oy mentf orPer sonswi thDi sabi l
ities-No.568/ 2008:
Thepr ocl amat i
onmakesnul landv oi danyl aw, pract ice, cust om, at t
itudeandot her
discrimi nat or ysi t
uat ionst hatl imi tequal oppor tuni tiesf orper sonswi thdi sabi lities.I tal so
requiresempl oyerst opr ov i
deappr opr i
atewor kingandt rai ningcondi t i
ons; takeal lreasonabl e
accommodat ionmeasur esandaf f i
rm act i
veact ions, par ticular l
ywhenempl oy ingwomenwi t
h
disabiliti
es; andassi gnanassi st antt oenabl eaper sonwi thdi sabi lit
yt oper formt hei rwor kor
foll
owt raini ng.
5.Framewor kDocument -2009: pr ov idesf orSpeci al NeedsEducat i
on( SNE)i nTechni cal and
Vocat ional Educat ionandTr aining( TVET) .
6.BuildingPr ocl amat ion-No.624/ 2009: prov i
desf oraccessi bi l
ityint hedesi gnandconst ruct i
onof
anybui l
di ngt oensur esui tabi l
ityf orphy sicallyi mpai r edper sons.
7.Proclamat iononDef ini t
ionofPower sofDut iesoft heExecut iveOr gansoft heFeder al
Democr aticRepubl icofEt hiopi a, No.691/ 2010: Thi spr ov idesf orcondi t
ionsofequal
oppor tuni tiesandf ull par ti
ci pationofper sonswi thdi sabi litiesandt hosel iv i
ngwi thHI V/ AI DS.
8.Growt handTr ansf ormat i
onPl an( GTP)2010- 2015: Itf ocusesonest abl ishingdi sabi lityasa
crosscut ti
ngsect orofdev elopmentwher efocusi sgi vent opr ev ent i
ngdi sabi lityandt o
prov i
dingeducat i
onandt raining, rehabi l
itationandequal accessandoppor tuni tiest oper sons
withdi sabi l
ities.
9.Nat i
onal Pl anofAct ionofPer sonswi thDi sabi l
iti
es- (2012- 2021) : Thedocument sai m atmaki ng
Ethiopiaani nclusiv esoci ety .Itaddr essest heneedsofper sonswi thdi sabi li
tiesi nEt hiopi af or
compr ehensi veRehabi li
tationser vices, equal oppor t uni tiesf oreducat ion, skillst rainingandwor k,
aswel lasf ul lparticipat ioni nt hel if eoft heirf ami lies, communi ti
esandt henat ion.
10. Proclamation concerning the Rights of Disabled
documentwast heonlylegi
slati
oninEthiopiawhichspeci
fi
call
yprovidesfortheemploymentof
disabl
edpersons.ThePr ocl
amat ionaimst oprot
ectandpromot etheright
sofdisabl
edpersons
toappropri
atetrai
ning,employ mentopportuni
ti
esandsalary
,andt opreventanyworkpl
ace
discri
minat
ion.Sections3and4r ef
ertothepromot i
onofemploy mentopportuni
ti
esfordi
sabled
personsintheopenl abormar ket
.

I
ncl
usi
venessPage34
11.TheFeder al Ci vilSer v antPr ocl amat i
on( Pr oclamat ion- No1064/ 2017: Ar ticle13/ 2of
procl amat ionno1064/ 2017r ecogni zest hat :
‘ Ther eshal l benodi scr imi nat ionamongj ob
seeker sorci vilser vant si nf i
lli
ngv acanci esbecauseoft hei ret hnicor igin, sex, r eligion, pol i
tical
out look, di sabi li
ty, HIV/ AI DSoranyot hergr ound. ‘Ther ef or e, therecanbenodi scr imi nat ion
agai nstper sonswi thdi sabi lit
iesdur ingj obr ecr uitmentont hebasi soft hei rdi sabi l
ity.Mor eov er,
Ar ti
cl e49oft hesamepr ocl amat i
onpr ov idesf ort heappl icabl econdi tionsofwor kf orwor kers
wi thdi sabi liti
esasf ol lows:
12.LaborPr ocl amat ion- 1156/ 2019: Thi spr ocl amat i
oncont rol st hepr ivat esect orempl oy ment
relat i
onshi p.Ar ti
cle15oft hepr ocl amat i
onout lawsdi scr imi nat i
onont hebasi sofdi sabl ement .I
t
prov ides: discr iminat ionanydi stinct ion, excl usi onorpr efer encemadeont hebasi sofnat i
on,
race, col or ,sex , r
el i
gi on, pol iti
cal opi ni on, nat ional ext ract ion, soci al or igi n, HI V/ AI DSst at us,
disabl ementandot her swhi chhast heef f ectofnul lifyingori mpai ringequal it
yofoppor tuni tyor
treat menti nempl oy mentoroccupat ion.
13.Or gani zat i
onofCi vil Soci etyPr ocl amat i
on- No.1113/ 2019: Thi spr ocl amat ioni sanewl yenact ed
l
egi sl at i
onr epl acingi tspr edecessorpr ocl amat ion621/ 2009.I tregul at esi ssuesconcer ning
format ion, regi strat i
on, act iviti
esanddi ssol utionofci v i
l soci et yor gani zat i
on.Agencyf orci v i
l
soci et yor gani zat i
onhasbeenal soest abl i
shedt of aci li
t ateandmoni tort heact iv i
tiesofci v il
soci et yor gani zat i
on.Ar ticle11oft hi spr ocl amat ionexpr essl ypr ov idest hatper sonswi th
disabi li
tiesshoul dbei ncl udedasamembert oenhanceandst rengt henbenef itandi nv ol vement
ofpar toft hesoci etywi thdi sabi l
ity .Fur ther mor e, ar ticle62/ 9oft hesamepr ocl amat i
onor der s
thoseci vi
l soci etyor gani zat i
onswor kingont hebenef itoft hegener al publ ict ot akei nt oaccount
thei ssueofper sonswi thdi sabi liti
es.I ti sest abl ishedf ort hebenef itoft hegener al publ icort hird
par tiesshal l ensur et hati tsact iviti
est akei ntoaccountt hei nt erest sofwomen, Chi ldren, per sons
wi thdi sabi liti
es, theel der lyandot her sexposedt ot hreatorv ulnerabl egr oupsoft hesoci ety .
14.TheRev i
sedhi gheri nst itut ionspr ocl amat ion-No.1152/ 2019: Thispr ocl amat i
onhasbeen
enact edi nr epl acementofi tspr edecessorpr ocl amat ion650/ 2009.Thi spr oclamat ionhas
i
ncor por atedsomer ight sent it
lingst udent swi thdi sabi lities.Accor dingt oar t
icle51ofsuch
procl amat ion.accor dingl yt hei nst itut ionsshal l
: make, tot heext entpossi ble, thei rf aci l
itiesand
progr amsamenabl et ousewi thr elat iv eeasef orst udent swi thphy sical disabi li
t i
es; shal l,tot he
ext entt hatsi tuat i
onsandr esour cesper mi t,relocat ecl asses, dev elopal ter nativ et est ing
procedur es, andpr ov idedi fferenteducat ional auxi liaryai dsi nt hei nt er estofst udent swi th
phy si cal di sabi li
tiesandl ear ningdi sabi l
ities; consi derbui l
di ngdesi gns, campusphy si cal
l
andscape, comput er sandot heri nf rast ruct uresofi nst itut ionsshal l takei nt oaccountt he
i
nt er est sofphy sical lydi sabl edst udent s;shal lensur et hatst udent swi thphy sical chal lengesget
academi cassi stance, incl udi ngt ut or ial sessi ons, exam t i
meandsubmi ssi ondat edeadl ine
ext ensi ons; shal lpr ov ideaddi t
ionalr esour ces, asnecessar y ,tomai nt aint hespeedandneedof
educat ion, theal l
ocat i
onofaddi tional resour ces, isnecessar y.Thedet ailsshal l bedet er minedby
adi rect ive.
15.Adv ertisementPr ocl amat i
on- No.759/ 2012: I
tf ocusesonr egul atingcommer ci al adv er tisement
aremade.Accor dingt oar ticle7/ 4oft hi spr ocl amat i
on, adv er ti
sementwhi chunder mi nest he
digni tyandemot ional feel ingofaphy si cal l
ydi sabl edper soni simmor al.Accor dingt oAr ti
cle7
adv er tisement sshal l bedeemedt obeashav ingunl awf ul ori mmor al cont entorpr esent at i
on
whent heyunder mi net hedi gni tyoremot ional feel ingofphy sicallydi sabl edper sonoraper son
l
iv i
ngwi t
hHI V/ AIDSorsuf feringf rom ot herdi sease.
16.TheEt hi opi anBui ldingpr ocl amat ion- No624/ 2009: Itsf ocusesonbui ldi ngsandconst ruct ionist

I
ncl
usi
venessPage35
 say st hatal lpubl i
cbui ldingt ohav eameanst oaccessbyphy si caldisabledper sons.Mor eover ,
it
dictatest hatt oi
letonsuchbui l
dingsmustbeaccessi bl
e.Ar ticle36st atest hatanypubl i
c
buildingshal lhav eameansofaccesssui t
ablef orusebyphy sicallyimpai redper sons, i
ncluding
thosewhoar eobl igedt ousewheel chair
sandt hosewhoar eabl etowal kbutunabl etonegot iat
e
steps.Addi ti
onally,toil
etf acilit
iesar erequiredinanybui l
ding, asadequat enumberofsuch
facilit
iesshal lbemadesui tableforusebyphy sical
lyi mpai redper sonsandshal l beassessabl e
tot hem.
17.Def init
ionofPower sandDut iesoft heExecut iveOr gansoft heFeder alDemocr at icRepubl icof
Ethiopi aPr ocl amat i
on- No.1097/ 2018: I
tmai nlyfocusesonaddr essingcommonr esponsibil
ity
ofmi nistri
esi ngener al andt hespeci ficdut yformini stryofl aborandsoci al aff
ai rinCr eati
ng
condi tionswher ebyper sonswi thdi sabil
iti
es,theelder l
y,andsegment sofsoci et yv ul
nerableto
soci alandeconomi cpr obl emsbenef i
tfrom equal oppor t
uni ti
esandf ullpartici
pat i
on
(articl
e10/ 4).Mor eov er, i
tobl i
gest hemi stresswor ki ncooper ationwi thconcer nedbodi es
(Article29/ 11A) .
18.Dev elopment alSoci alWel farePol icy1997: I
tspecificallytarget speopl ewi thdisabi lit
iesandset s
outt osaf eguar dthei rrightsandt opr omot eoppor tuni t
iesf orv ocat i
onal rehabi l
itation.Full
part i
cipat i
oni neducat ion, health,polit
ical,economi candsoci al activi
tiesandot heract iv
iti
es.
19.TheFDREEducat i
onandTr aini
ngPol i
cyof1994: Thi sdocumentr ecogni zest hatspeci al
attent i
onmustbepr ov i
dedf orthosewi t
hspeci alneeds.Howev er,itdoesnothav eanycl ear
recogni t
ionf orreasonabl eaccommodat ion.
20.TheFDREspeci al needs/ inclusiveeducat i
onst r
ategy2012: Thi sdocumentf ocusesoni ncl
usiv e
educat i
onpol icy,strategiesandr esponsi bili
ti
esofst akehol der s.

Chapt erSummar y
Legal framewor ksar eoneoft hedr iversf ort her ightsofper sonswi thdi sabilit
iesandv ulnerabili
ties.
Theyhav ei nfluenceonespeci all
yeducat ional ri
ght soft hesepeopl ewi tht heirpeer s.Legal framewor ks
aresupposedt oser vepeopl ewi thdi sabi li
tiesneedsbykeepi ngequal rightsandcr eatingequal
oppor tunityofl ear ni
ngf orall suchaschi ldrenandy outhint hemai nst reamedcl assr ooms.Mor eov er
, i
t
i
sbel i
evedt ocreat eacademi candsoci al inclusion, andmai ntainf r
iendshi pamongper sonswi t
hand
wi t
houtdi sabili
tiesandv ul
ner abi l
iti
es.Besi des,legal fr
amewor ksar et houghtt ohel pt heper sonswi t
h
disabili
tiesandv ulnerabil
it
iest oexpl oitt heirpot ent i
altot heopt imum possi blelev el.International
national legal fr
amewor ksarewr i
ttenint hef orm ofpubl iclawsandact s, declarat i
ons, conv entionsand
framewor ks.Thesel egalfr
amewor ksf ocusonv ar i
ousissues( social ,educat ional ,
occupat i
onal ,
vocat i
onal etc)ofchi ldren,yout handadul tswi thdi sabil
iti
es.TheEt hiopi angov er nmenthasendor sed
almostal loft heconv enti
onsanddecl ar ations.Butst udiesshowedt hatv ari
ouschal lengesar ef acing
theirimpl ement ations.Asar esul t,therei smi smat chbet weenpr acticeandt hesef ramewor ks
i
mpl ant ation.Ther ealsonat i
onal legal framewor ksmai nlyint hef orm ofl awsandpol iciesthatpr omot e
personswi thdisabi l
iti
esandv ulnerabilit
iesequal part
icipationineducat ion,soci alwel fare,economyand
otherar easofl i
f e.AlthoughEt hiopiahasl ot sofl aws, policesandot hersi nternational legalf r
amewor ks
rati
fiedbyt hecount ry,ther
ei sgapi nimpl ement ationandpr acticest hatpr omot eequal i
tyofpeopl ewi th
disabili
tiesandv ulnerabil
it
iesequal par ti
ci pationi nsocial, educat i
onal ,occupat i
onal ,v ocati
onal and
otheraspect sofl i
fe.

I
ncl
usi
venessPage36
Chapter7:ResourcesManagementf
orI
ncl
usi
on
Pr
ovisi
onsofResources
Theresour ceshouldbeconsideredforpeopl
ewithdisabil
it
iesinwor
kpl
aces,
soci
algatheri
ngs,
recr
eationalandinschoolsthathelpthem t
ofeelcomfortable,
secur
eandworkatt
heirindependentand
team acti
viti
es.Avail
abl
eresourcesthosemeettheirneedscanhelpper
sonswit
hdisabili
ti
esmov e
towardssuccess.
Resour
cesf
orschoolchi
ldr
en
All
concer
nedbodiesshouldbeincl
usi
veint
heirpl
anni
ng,budget
ingandtaki
ngact
ionf
ort
heeducat
ion
ofper
sonswit
hdisabil
i
ties.I
ntheschool
set
tingsr
esourceroomsarever
yimport
antat
.
Schoolbasedr
esour
cer
oom
Theresour ceroom i saclassroom wher easpecialeducat i
onprogram canbedel i
ver
edtoast udentwit
h
adisabili
tyandl earningdiff
icult
y.Itisforthosestudentswhobel ongtoar egularcl
assbutneedsome
speciali
nst r
uct i
onsinani ndivi
dualizedorsmal l
gr oupset t
ingforapor ti
onoft heday.I
tistypi
call
ya
l
arger oom int hemai nschool buil
dingwi t
hlotsoff acil
i
tiesforchil
drenwi t
hspecialneeds.This
program includesremedi al,
compensat oryanddev elopment ali
nstruct
ion,whichisprovi
dedinsmal l
groupsf orusuallythreetofivehour sperweek.St udentsmaybepr ovi
deddirectserv
icesinthe

I
ncl
usi
venessPage37
classr oom.Indirectservi
cescanal sobepr ovidedt ot hestudentthroughconsult
ationwi ththegeneral
educat i
onteacher stosuppor tinadj ust
ingthel ear
ningenv i
ronmentormodi fyt
hei nstructi
onalmethods.
Whenaddi t
ionalsupportisappr opriatetomeett hest udent‘
sneeds, t
hestudentcanr eceivethepull
out
progr am.Thi sform ofapul loutsy stem, whereachi ldat t
endsasessi onintheresour ceroom duri
nga
l
ightper i
odoft hedaysuchassi ngingorphy sicaltr
aining, r
eceiv
esindivi
dualhelpinaweakar eaof
l
ear ningsuchasr eadingorwr i
ti
ng.Met hodsandmat er i
alsareadaptedtostudents'learni
ngstylesand
char acteri
sticsusingmul t
isensor yandot herspecializedappr oaches
Humanr
esour
cesi
nschool
s
 Si
gnlanguagei nterpreter
 Brai
ll
especi alist
 Mobili
tyandor ientat i
onexpert
 Speci
al needseducat ors
 Speechandl anguaget herapi
st
 Physi
otherapi st
 Behavi
or alt
her api sts…etc.
Schoolbasedmat
eri
alr
esour
ces
 LCDand/ orSmar tBoar d
 E-Char t
 Var iousmagni fyingl enses
 Slat eandst y
les
 Per kinsBr ai
llewr it
er
 Whi teCane
 Blindf ol der
 Tuni ngf ork
 Audi omet er
 Hear i
ngai ds( varioust ype)
 Signl anguagebooksandv i
deos
 Var iousi nst r
uct ional vi
deosr elatedthisunit
 Brai ll
eat lases
 Mol dedpl asti
c, dissectedandun- di
ssectedrel
i
efmaps
 Rel i
efgl obs
 Landf or m model
 Abacus
 Rai sedcl ockf aces
 Geomet ricar eaandv ol
umeai ds
 Wr itef or msf ormat chedpl anesandv olumes
 Brai ll
er ulers
 Rai sed- linecheckbooks
 Signat ur egui de
 Longhand- writ
ingki t
 Scr iptl et t
er–sheet sandboar ds
Accommodat ionsar eadj ustment sthatt eachersandschool
personnel
maket
omaxi
mizel
ear
ningand
soci
alwell-bei ngf orindiv i
dual students.
 Inst ruct ional accommodat i
oncheckl i
st
 Organi z at i
onandTaskCompl etion

I
ncl
usi
venessPage38
  Eval
uat
ion
Resour
cesforwor
k/soci
alenv
ironment
Humanr
esour
ces
Speci
alneedseducat
oratev
eryor
gani
zat
iont
ocr
eat
eincl
usi
veenv
ironment
Si
gnlanguageint
erpr
eter
Si
ghtedguide
Mat
eri
alr
esour
ces
 Vari
ousmagnify
inglenses
 Sl
ateandstyl
es
 Per
kinsBrai
ll
ewrit
er
 Whit
eCane
 Heari
ngaids
 Si
gnlanguagebooksandv i
deos

Chapt
erSummar
y
Resourcesar ev er
yimpor t
anttocr eateinclusi
veness.Resour cesareforall
humanbei ng;
thought he
att
entionifmuchgi venf orpersonswi thdisabil
it
ies.Al lindivi
dualscangrowanddev elopift
heyar e
accessedandpr ovi
ded.Pr i
mar i
lyunderstandingt hedi verseneedsofal lpeopleisveryimportanttoplan
fortheresources.Incorporat
ingt hecommuni cat
ionst yl
es/ channelofdiver
‘spopulat
ionisvital
.
Creati
ngequal opport
uniti
esandaccesst oequal growt handdev el
opmenti snecessaryandconsi deri
ng
andencour agingdiff
erentperspect i
veusingt hepr ovidedr esourcesisimportanttocelebrat
edi v
ersit
y.If
wenegl ecthumanandmat eri
alresourcest ocreat einclusiveness,wer emainwithourpov er
tyev er.

Chapter8:Coll
abor at
ive(Cooperat
ive)Partner
shipswit
hstakeholder
s
Def
init
ionofcol
laborat
ion,
part
nershi
pandstackholder
Col
laborat
ioni
sdefinedastheactofworki
ngtoget
hertopr
oduceorcr
eatesomet
hingaccor
dingt
othe
capacitiesandabi l
it
iesofi ndividuals.Eachi ndivi
dual‘
scollaborationisbasedonhi sknowl edgeand
skil
ls.Aper sonshoul dnotbedi scr i
minat edduet omismat chwi thotherpeople‘sabili
ties;becausehe
hashi sownqual i
tyi
not herperspect ives.
Collaborati
onmeans' towor kwi thanot herper sonorgr oupinor dertoachiev
eaccompl ishintended
goals.Collaborati
onpr ov i
desev eryteam memberwi thequal oppor t
uniti
estopar ti
cipateand
communi catetheiri
deas.Col l
abor ati
oni nthewor kpl
acei swhent woormor epeopl e( oftengr oups)
wor ktogetherthroughi deashar i
ngandt hi
nkingt oaccompl i
shacommongoal .Iti
ssi mpl yteamwor k
takent oahi gherl
evel.Thephr ase' puttingourheadst ogether'
woul dbeagoodexampl eoft his
i
mpor t
antelementofcol laboration.Col laborationenablesindivi
dualst oworktoget hert oachievea
definedandcommonbusi nesspur pose.

I
ncl
usi
venessPage39
I
texi
stsi
ntwof orms:
 Synchronous,whereevery
onei nt
eractsinr
ealti
me, asinthr
oughtel
ephone,
emai l
,onli
ne
meetings,t
hroughinst
anttextsmessages, orv
iaViper,and
 Theteam seesv al
ueinwor ki
ngtogetherasthecommongoal gi
vesthem ameaningfulr
easont
o
worktogether,al
ongwithrecei
v i
ngmut ual
benefi
tsf ort
heinst
it
uti
onaswellastheteam.
Keyel
ement
sofsuccessf
ulcol
labor
ati
on
Therel
ati
onshipi ncl udesacommi tmentt o:
 Mut ualrelationshipsandgoal s;
 aj ointl
ydev elopedstructureandshar edresponsibi
l
ity
;
 mut ualaut hor i
tyandaccount abil
it
yforsuccessand
 Shar ingofr esourcesandr ewar ds.
We'v
egott hefourmosti mportantelement softeamwor ktohelpy
oubui
l
dat
eam t
hatwi
l
lleady
our
companytosuccess.
 Respect .
 Communi cat i
on.
 Del egation.
 Suppor t.
Somequali
ti
est hatasuccessf ult eam possesses.
 Theycommuni catewellwi theachother.
 Theyfocusongoal sandr esults.
 Everyonecont r
ibutestheirfairshar
e.
 Theyof f
ereachot hersuppor t.
 Team member sarediverse.
 Goodl eadership.
 They'r
eor ganized.
 Theyhavef un.
Gener
alpr
inci
plesofcol l
aborati
on
 Establ i
shcl earcommongoal sf orthecol l
abor ation.
 Definey ourr espectiver olesandwhoi saccount ableforwhat ,
butacceptj ointresponsibi
li
tyfor
thedeci si
onsandt heirout comes
 Takeapr obl em-solvingappr oachwi thasenset hatallt
hosei nthecollaborati
v earr
angement
shar eowner shi
poft hepr oblem andi tssol uti
on.
 Establ i
shanat mospher eoft rustandmut ual respectforeachot her’
s‘exper ti
se.
 Aimf orconsensusdeci sion- making.
 Askf orandgi veimmedi ateandobj ectivef eedbackt oothersinanont hreateningandnon-
j
udgment al manner .
 Givecr edittoot hersf ort heirideasandaccompl ishments
 Dev eloppr ocedur esforr esol vingconf l
ictsandmanaget heseprocessesski ll
full
y.
 Betterst i
l
l,ant i
cipatepossi bleconf li
ctsandt akest epstoav oi
dt hem asfaraspossi ble.Thisis
nott osayt hatdi sagreement scan, orev enshoul d,beavoided.
 Arrangeper iodi
cmeet i
ngst or evi
ewpr ogr essi nt hecol
laborati
vearrangement s.
Whatar
et headvantagesofcollaborat
ion?
 Hi gheremployeeproductivi
ty
 Theadvant agesofcollaborati
oncanal
sobeseeni
nter
msofi
ndi
vi
dual
out
put
.

I
ncl
usi
venessPage40
  Cr
eat
ingasenseoft
eamwor
kandbui
l
dingbondsencour
agest
eam member
stowor
kfort
he
col
l
ect
iver
athert
hanj
ustt
hemsel
ves
Benef
it
sofcoll
aborat
ion
 Great
ereff
ici
encyandlessdupl
i
cat
edeffor
t.
 Accesstoaddit
ional
resour
cesorl
owercostst
hroughshar
ingr
esour
cessuchasof
fi
cespace,
admi
nist
rat
ionorot
heraspect
sofanor
gani
zat
ion‘
soper
ati
on.
 I
mpr
ovedser
vicecoor
dinat
ionacr
ossagenci
es,
wit
hbet
terpat
hway
sorr
efer
ral
syst
emsf
or
ser
viceuser
s.
Chal
lengestoTeam Coll
aborat
ion
 I ndeci
siv
edecisi
on-
makers.I
roni
c,i
sn'
tit
?..
.
 " E-f
ail
"Thisi
sali
ttl
eter
m usedforwhenemail
strai
ghtupfai
l
s...
 Mi s(si
ng)communicati
on.Whencoll
abor
ati
ng,t
hereisal
waysroom f
ormi
sint
erpr
etat
ionand
miscommunicat
ion.
 Processsi
nki
ngv s.pr
ocesssy
nci
ng.
 Toomanycooks.
 Negativ
eNancy.
Cooper
ati
veness
Cooper ationi soneoft hecomponent sofcol l
abor at i
on.Asanadj ect i
ve, cooper ati
vedescr i
beswor ki
ng
togetheragr eeabl yf oracommonpur poseorgoal asi ncooper ati
v eplayorcooper ativeempl oy ee.Asa
noun, acooper at i
vei saj oi
ntlyownedbusi nessorent erprisewher emember spool t
heirr esour cesto
purchase, dowor k, and/ ordistri
butet hings.Cooper ation: thelearner sdi scuss, pr oblem- solveand
coll
abor atewi theachot her;Facet of acei nter
act i
onandest ablishconsensus; andEv aluation: member s
ofthegr oupr ev i
ewandev aluatehowt heywor kedt oget herandmakechangesasneeded.I trequires
i
nterdependence, whi chcant akeoneormor ef ormst hathel ptocr eatei nclusi v
eness:
 Goal int erdependence: thegr ouphasasi nglegoal .
 Rewar di nter dependence: t
hewhol egroupr eceiv esacknowl edgementf orachi ev ingt hegoal
 Resour cei nter dependence: eachgr oupmemberhasdi fferentr esour ces( knowledgeormat erial
s)
thatmustbecombi nedt ocompl eteat ask
 Rol ei nter dependence: eachgr oupmemberi sassi gnedadi fferentr ole(e. g,l
eader ,r
epor ter,ti
me-
keeper )
Incooper ativel ear ningandwor ks,thest rategiesf oref fectiveco-planni ngandt eam wor kingar ev ery
i
mpor tant.Thef ollowi ngst epswi l
lhel py ouandy ourgr oupt owor kef fect i
v elytoget her.
1.Hav eclearobj ect ives
2.Ateachst agey oushoul dt r
yt oagr eeongoal s
3.Setgr oundr ules
4.Communi cat eef ficiently
5.Buildconsensus
6.Def i
ner oles
7.Clarif
yy ourpl ans, processandachi evement sal lthet ime
8.Keepgoodr ecor ds
9.Sti
ckt ot hepl an
St
akehol
der
Astakehol
derisanyperson,or
gani
zati
on,soci
algr
oup,orsoci
etyatlar
gethathasast
akeinthe
busi
ness.Thus,st
akeholder
scanbeinter
nalorext
ernalt
othebusiness.Astakei
savi
tal
inter
esti
nthe

I
ncl
usi
venessPage41
businessori tsactiv i
ties.Bebot haf fectedbyabusi nessandaf fectabusi ness.Abusi nessi sany
organizati
onwher epeopl ewor ktoget her .Inabusi ness,peopl ewor ktomakeandsel lpr oductsor
servi
ces.Abusi nesscanear napr of i
tfort hepr oductsandser vicesitoffers.Thewor dbusi nesscomes
fr
om t hewor dbusy ,andmeansdoi ngt hings.
Stakeholder sar eusual lypar ti
eswhohav east akei napr ojectandhav eagr eati nfl
uenceoni tssuccess
orfail
ure.Theymaybeequi t
yorpr eferenceshar eholders,empl oyees,thegov ernmentagenci es,
contractors, fi
nanci alinst i
tutions,compet i
t or
s, suppli
ersandt hegener alpublic
Whatar et hebenef itsofst akeholderpar ticipati
on?
 Pr ov ideal l
st akehol derswithf ulloppor t
unitiestoshar et hei
rv i
ews, needsandknowl edgeon
fl
oodmanagement .
 Bui ldconsensust hr oughbr ingingt ogetheradi verser angeofst akehol der stoshar eneeds,
i
nfor mat ion, i
deasandknowl edgeandhar monizet heobj ecti
vesofi ndividual groupst oreach
commonsoci etal goals.Char act eristi
csofsuccessf ul stockholderspar tnerships
 Exi stenceofanagr eement :Par tner shipistheout comeofanagr eementbet weent woormor e
personst ocar ryonbusi nessorof ferser vi
cesf orthecommuni ty
 Shar ingofpr ofitsorst r
ati
ficationf ort heser vi
cesof feredt othecommuni ty
 Est abl i
shingequal andequi tabler el at
ionship
 Member shipwi thoutdi scri
mi nat i
on
 Nat ureofl iabilit
y
 Fusi onofowner shipandcont r
ol
 Non- transfer abilit
yofi nterest
 Tr ust .Wi t
houtt rustt herecanbenopr oduct i
veconf lict,commi tment ,oraccount abili
ty
 Commonv al ues.Ibel i
evet hathav ingcommonv aluesi st heveryf oundat ionoft hesuccessful
partner ship
 Def inedexpect at i
ons
 Mut ual respect
 Sy ner gy
 Gr eatt wo- waycommuni ty

Chapt
erSummar
y
Communi tydevel
opmenti saboutthei nclusi
v einvol
vementofallpeopl
e,regardlessoftheirdiversit
ies,
enhancingequal i
ty,r
espect i
ngtheirfullri
ghti ntermsofeducati
onalopportuniti
esandempl oyabil
ity
.
Thecr eati
onofoppor tuniti
estoenabl eal lmember sofacommuni t
ytoactivelycontri
but
et oand
i
nfluencet hedevelopmentpr ocessandt oshar eequit
ablyi
nthefruit
sofanydev elopmentendeav or
s.
Parti
cipationhasani ntr
insicvalueforpar ti
cipantsandacataly
stforfur
therdev elopment;encour agesa
senseofr esponsibil
it
y;guaranteesthataf el
tneedi sinv
olv
ed;ensuresthi
ngsar edonet her ightway ;
usesv aluablei
ndigenousknowl edge; f
r eespeopl efr
om dependenceonother s'skil
ls;
andmakespeopl e
mor eindependentandpr oducti
ve.

I
ncl
usi
venessPage42