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Chapter 4 – Shear and Torsion in Beams

CHAPTER 4
Shear and Torsion in Beams
2010 NCSP/ACI 318M-08
Note: NSCP 2001 & NSCP 2010 for shear & torsion are very similar, except on the reduction
factor, ϕ = 0.85 in 2001 Code and ϕ = 0.75 in 2010 Code.

GENERAL
Another type of beam failure other than bending is shear failure. Shear failures are very
dangerous especially if it happens before flexure failure because they can occur without
warning. To avoid shear failure, the Code provides permissible shear values that have larger
safety factors compared to bending failure, thus ensuring ductile type of failure.
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Chapter 4 – Shear and Torsion in Beams

Without stirrup, there is nothing to stop thee concrete from splitting due to diagonal tension
as in Figure 4.1 (a). Stirrups prevent this occurrence especially if they are closely spaced as
in Figure 4.1 (b).

TYPES OF SHEAR FAILURE

Shear failure on location of the load applied relative to the nearest reaction, known as the
shear span. Shear failure may be (a) diagonal tension failure, (b) shear-compression failure,
and (c) splitting or true shear failure.

Diagonal Tension Failure

Diagonal tension failure usually occur when the shear span is greater than 3d or 4d.

Shear-Compression Failure
Shear-compression failure occurs when the shear span if from d to 2.5d.
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Chapter 4 – Shear and Torsion in Beams

Splitting or True Shear Failure

Splitting or true shear failure occurs when the shear span is less than the effective
depth d.

BASIC CODE REQUIREMENTS

The basic Code requirement (Sec. 411.2) on shear strength is that the factored shear force
Vu shall be equal or less than the design shear ϕVn or

Eq. 4.1 Vu≤∅Vn

Where ϕ = 0.75 and

Eq. 4.2 V n=V c +V s

For beams with no web reinforcement, the shearing force that causes the first diagonal
cracking can be taken as the shear capacity of the beam. For beams that does contain web
reinforcement, the concrete is assumed to carry a constant amount of shear force Vc, and
the web reinforcement need only be designed for the shear force Vs in excess of that carried
by the concrete, or

Eq. 4.2 V s =V n−V c

The amount of shear Vc that can be carried by concrete at ultimate is at least equal to the
amount of shear that would cause diagonal cracking. The amount of shear proided by the
reinforcement Vs is calculated using the truss analogy with a 45˚ inclination of the diagonal
members.

LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE AND MODIFICATION FACTOR λ

Provisions for the shear strength Vc in this chapter apply to normal weight concrete. When
lightweight concrete are used, one of the following modifications shall apply.
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Chapter 4 – Shear and Torsion in Beams

When f’ct is not specified, all values of √ f ' c affecting Vc, Tc and Mct shall be multiplied by a
modification factor λ, where λ is 0.75 for all-lightweight concrete and 0.85 for sand-
lightweight concrete. Linear interpolation between 0.80 and 1.0 shall be permitted, on the
basis of volumetric fractions, for concrete containing normal weight fine aggregate and blend
of lightweight and normal weight coarse aggregates. For normal weight concrete, λ = 1.0.

If average splitting tensile strength f’ct is specified,

f ' ct
Eq. 4.4 λ= ≤ 1.0
0.56 √ f ' c

SHEAR STRENGTH PROVIDED BY CONCRETE, Vc

FOR NONPRESTRESSING MEMBERS (SECTION 411.1)

Simplified calculation of Vc

 For members subject to shear and flexure only,

Eq. 4.4 Vc=0.17 λ √ f ' c b w d 2010 NSCP

1
Vc= f' b d 2001 NSCP
6√ c w

 For members subject to axial compression

Nu
Eq. 4.4 Vc=0.17 1+ ( 14 A g )
λ √ f ' c bw d 2010 NSCP

1 Nu
Vc=
6 (
1+
14 A g )√ f ' c bw d d 2001 NSCP

Quantity Nu / Ag shall be expressed in MPa.

Where:

Nu = factored axial load normal to cross section occurring simultaneously with Vu to be taken
as positive for compression and negative for tension, and to include effects of tension due to
creep and shrinkage.

Ag = gross area of section in mm2.

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Chapter 4 – Shear and Torsion in Beams

 For members subject to significant axial tension, shear reinforcement shall be

designed to carry total shear.

Detailed calculation of Vc

 For members subject to shear and flexure only,

Vud
Eq. 4.7 (
Vc= 0.17 λ √ f ' c +17 pw
Mu w )
b d 2010 NSCP

1 Vud
Eq. 4.8 Vc=
7 ( √ f 'c +120 p w Mu w
b d) 2001 NSCP

but not greater than 0.29 √ f ' c bwd. quantity Vu d / Mu shall not be taken greater than 1.0 in
computing Vc by Eq. 4-7, where Mu is factored moment occurring simultaneously with Vu at
section considered.

 For members subject to axial compression, Eq. 4-7 may be used to compute
Vc with Mm substituted for Mu and Vu d / Mu not then limited to 1.0, where
4 h−d
Eq. 4.9 M m=M u−N u
8

However, Vc shall not be taken greater than

0.29 Nu
Eq. 4.4 Vc=0.29 1+ ( Ag )
λ √ f ' c bw d 2010 NSCP

0.3 N u
Vc=0.3 1+ ( Ag )√ f ' c bw d d 2001 NSCP

Quantity Nu / Ag shall be expressed in MPa. When Mm as computed by Eq. 4-9 is negative, Vc

shall be computed by Eq. 4-10.
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Chapter 4 – Shear and Torsion in Beams

 For members subject to significant axial tension,

Nu
Eq. 4.4 Vc=0.17 1+ ( 14 A g )
λ √ f ' c bw d ≥0 2010 NSCP

1 Nu
Vc=
6 (
1+
14 A g )√ f ' c bw d ≥0 2001 NSCP

Where Nu is negative for tension. Quantity Nu / Ag shall be expressed in MPa.

In the foregoing √ f ' c is in MPa and shall not exceed 8 MPa except as provided by Section
411.2.2, bw is the width of web in mm, d is the effective depth in mm, and ρw = As/bwd.

According to Section 408.14.8, for joist construction, Vc shall be permitted to be 10 percent

more than hat specified above, and it is permitted to increase its shear strength using shear
reinforcement or by widening the ends of the ribs.

TYPES OF SHEAR REINFORCEMENT

Shear reinforcements may consist of:
(a) Stirrups perpendicular to axis of member,
(b) Welded wire fabric with wires located perpendicular to axis of member,
(c) Spirals, circular ties, or hoops.

For nonprestressed members, shear reinforcement may also consist of:

(a) Stirrups making an angle of 45˚ or more with longitudinal tension reinforcement
(b) Longitudinal reinforcement with bent portion making an angle of 30˚ or more with the
longitudinal tension reinforcement,
(c) Combination of stirrups and bent longitudinal reinforcement.

SHEAR STRENGTH PROVIDED BY REINFORCEMENT (411.6.6)

When factored shear force Vu exceeds strength ϕVc, shear reinforcement shall be provided
to satisfy Eq. 4-1 and Eq. 4-2. The shear strength provided by the stirrups is given by the

following but shall not be taken greater than 0.66 √ f ' c b w d .

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Chapter 4 – Shear and Torsion in Beams

(a) When sear reinforcement perpendicular to axis of member is used,

A v f yt d
Eq. 4.14 Vs=
s

where Av is the area of shear reinforcement within a distance s.

Av= 2 Ab for a U stirrup (see Figure 4.2)
fyt= specified yield strength of hoop, tie or spiral reinforcement.

(b) When circular ties, hoops, or spirals are used as shear reinforcement, V s shall be
computed using Eq. 4.14 where d shall be taken as the effective depth, A y shall be
taken as two times the area of the bar in a circular tie, hoop, or spiral at a spacing s,
s is measured in a direction parallel to longitudinal reinforcement.

(c) When inclined stirrups are used as shear reinforcement.

A v f yt d
Eq. 4.15 Vs= ¿
s

where ɑ is the angle between inclined stirrups and longitudinal axis of member, and s
is measured in direction parallel to longitudinal reinforcement.

(d) When shear reinforcement consist of a single bar or a single group of parallel barss,
all bent up at the same distance from the support,

Eq. 4.16 Vs= Avfytsin ɑ≤ 0.25 √ f ' c bw d

(e) When shear reinforcement consist of a series of parallel bent-up bars or group of
parallel bent-up bars at different distances from the support, shear strength shall be
computed using Eq. 4.15. only the center three-fourths of the inclined portion of any
longitudinal bent bar shall be considered effective for shear reinforcement.

(f) Where more than one type of shear reinforcement is used to reinforce the same
portion of a member, Vs shall be computed as the sum of the values computed for
the various types of shear reinforcement.

(g) Shear strength Vs shall not be taken greater than 0.66 √ f ' c b w d .
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Chapter 4 – Shear and Torsion in Beams

(h) DERIVATION OF EQ. 4 – 14:

The shear force to be carried by reinforcement, Vs is equal to the shear resistance of the
bars within a distance d.

Vs = (Av fyt) x n

Av= cross section are each stirrup has crossing the crack

d
n = number of stirrups within a distance d, =
s

d Av fytd
Vs = Av fyt , then Vs =
s s
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Chapter 4 – Shear and Torsion in Beams

DESIGN YIELD STRENGTH OF STIRRUPS

According to the Section 411.6.2, the design yield strength of shear reinforcement shall not
exceed 415 MPs, except that the design yield strength of welded deformed wire fabric shall
not exceed 550 MPa. Stirrups and other bars or wires used as shear reinforcement shall
extend to a distance d from extreme compression fiber and shall be anchored at both ends
to develop the design yield strength of reinforcement.

SPACING LIMITS OF SHEAR REINFORCEMENT, s (411.6.4)

The spacing s of shear reinforcement placed perpendicular to axis of members shall not
exceed d/2 in nonprestressed members and 0.75h in prestressed members, nor 600 mm.
Inclined stirrups and bent longitudinal reinforcement shall be so spaced that every 45˚ line,
extending toward the reaction from middepth of member d/2 to longitudinal tension
reinforcement, shall be crossed by at least one line of shear reinforcement.

When Vs exceeds 0.33√ f ' c b w d maximum spacing given by the above limits shall be reduced
by one-half.

MAXIMUM SHEAR REINFORCEMENT (411.6.5)

A minimum area of shear reinforcement, Avmin, shall be provided in all reinforced concrete
flexural members (prestressed and non-prestressed) where Vu exceeds 0.5ϕVc, except in
members satisfying one or more of (a) through (f):

(a) Footings and solid slabs

(b) Hollow-core units with total untopped depth not greater than 315 mm and hollow-core
units where u is not greater than 0.5ϕVcw;
(c) Concrete joist construction defined by 8.13;
(d) Beams with h not greater than 250 mm;
(e) Beam integral with slabs with h not greater than 600 mm and not greater than the
larger of 2.5 times thickness of flange, and 0.5 times width of web;
(f) Beams constructed of steel fiber-reinforced, normal weight concrete with f’c not
exceeding 40 MPa, h not greater than 600 mm, and Vu not greater than ϕ0.17
√ f ' c bw d.

Minimum shear reinforcement requirements shall be permitted to be waived if shown by test

that required Mn and Vn can be developed when shear reinforcement is omitted. Such tests
shall simulate effects of differential settlement, creep, shrinkage,
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Chapter 4 – Shear and Torsion in Beams

and temperature change, based on realistic assessment of such effect occurring in service.

Where shear reinforcement is required, the minimum are of shear reinforcement shall be

computed by

bw s b s
Eq. 4.16 Avmin= 0.062√ f ' c ≥ 0.35 w
f yt f yt

where bw and s are in millimeters.

CRITICAL SECTION FOR BEAM SHEAR (411.2.3)

The maximum factored shear force Vu at supports may be computed in accordance with the

following conditions provided that:

(a) The support reaction, in direction of the applied shear, introduces compression into

the end regions of member;

(b) Loads are applied at or near the top of the member; and

(c) No concentrated load occurs between the face of the support and the location of the

critical section.

1. For non-prestressed members, sections located less than a distance d from face of
support may be designed for the same shear Vu as that computed at a distance d.

2. For prestressed member, sections located less than a distance h/2 from face of

support may be designed for the same shear Vu as that computed at a distance h/2.
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STEPS IN VERTICAL STIRRUP DESIGN

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Chapter 4 – Shear and Torsion in Beams

I. Calculate the factored shear force Vu at critical sections defined in Page 199, or
at any section you want the spacing to be determined.
II. Calculated the shear strength provided by concrete, Vc.

Example: Vc = 0.17λ√ f ' c b w d

If Vu > ϕVc, stirrups are necessary, proceed to Set IV.

If Vu < ϕVc but Vu > ½ ϕVc,proceed to step VI (Sec 411.6.6)

If Vu < ½ ϕVc, beam section is capable to carry the required shear.

IV. Calculate the shear strength Vs to be provided by the stirrup.

1. Vn = Vu/ϕ

2. Vs = Vn – Vc = Vu/ϕ - Vc

If Vs ≤ 0.66 √ f ' c bw d , proceed to Step V (Sec. 411.6.7.9)

If Vs ¿ 0.66 √ f ' c b w d , adjust the size of the beam (Seect. 411.6.7.9)

V. Spacing of Stirrups:

A v f yt d
Spacing, s= ; See Figure 4.2∈Page 197 for the value of Av .
Vs

If s < 25 mm + dt, increase the value of Av by either using a bigger bar size or
adding more shear area.

Maximum spacing, s: (411.6.4)

(a) When Vs ≤ 0.33 √ f ' c bw d , smax= d/2 or 600 mm

(b) When Vs > 0.33 √ f ' c b w d , smax = d/4 or 300 mm

VI. If Vu < < ϕVc but Vu > ½ ϕVc:

Minimum area of stirrup (Sect. 411.6.6.3)

bw s b s
Avmin= 0.062√ f ' c ≥ 0.35 w
f yt f yt
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Chapter 4 – Shear and Torsion in Beams

ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS
Note: If not specified all concrete in these illustrative problems are normal weight concrete,
where λ= 1.0

PROBLEM 4.1

A rectangular beam has a width of 260 mm and an overall depth of 470 mm. concretecover is 60
mm from the centroid of bars. Concrete compressive strength f’ c = 21 MPa. Steel yield strengths are
415 MPa for hoops. Determine the shear strength provided by concrete using the simplified
calculation (a) if the beam is subjected to shear and flexure only, and (b) if the beam is subjected to
axial compressive force of 80 kN.

SOLUTION

Effective depth, d = 470 – 60 = 410 mm

Gross area, Ag = 260 (470) = 122,200 mm2

a) The beam is subject to shear and flexure only:

Vc = 0. 17λ√ f ' c b w d

Vc = 0. 17(1)√ 21(260)(410)

Vc = 83.045 kN

b) The beam is subjected to axial compressive force of 80 kN.

Nu
(
Vc = 0. 17 1+
14 A g )
λ √ f ' c bw d

80,000
(
Vc = 0. 17 1+
14 ( 122,200 ) )
( 1 )( 260 ) ( 410 )

Vc = 86.93 kN

PROBLEM 4.2

Determine the minimum cross section required for a rectangular beam from a shear
standpoint so that no web reinforcement is required by the Code. If V u = 1.42kN and
f’c = 27.6 MPa. Assume d= 1.7 b.
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Chapter 4 – Shear and Torsion in Beams

SOLUTION

According to 411.6.5, a minimum shear reinforcement is required only when Vu

exceed 0.5 ϕVc .

Vc = 0. 17λ√ f ' c b w d

Vu =0.5 ϕVc 142,000 = 0.5 (0.75)(0.17(1)√ 27.6 bw(1.7bw))

bw = 499.4 mm

d= 1.7 bw d= 1.7(499.4)

d= 849 mm

Using the 2001 NSCP; b= 469 mm, d = 789 mm

PROBLEM 4.3

A rectangular beam has bw = 280 mm, d = 510 mm. determine the maximum
factored shear can this beam section carry. Use f’c = 24 MPa.

SOLUTION

Shear strength provided by concrete:

Vc = 0. 17λ√ f ' c b w d Vc = 0. 17(1)√ 24( 280)(510)

Vc = 118.928 kN

Maximum value of Vs according to Section Sect. 411.6.7.9:

Vs max = 0.66 √ f ' c b w d Vs max = 0.66 √ 24( 280)(510)

Vs mas = 461.719 kN

Nominal shear capacity of the section:

Vn max = Vc + Vs max Vn max = 118.928 + 461.719

Vn max = 435.485 kN
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Chapter 4 – Shear and Torsion in Beams

Using the 2001 NSCP, Vu = 493.55 kN.

PROBLEM 4.4 (CE BOARD)

A reinforced concrete beam has the following properties:

Beam width, b = 320 mm

Effective depth, d = 640 mm

Concrete strength, f’c = 21 MPa

Reinforcing steel strength, fy = 400 MPa

If then factored shear force at the critical section is 210,000 N, compute the nominal shear
carried by the shear reinforcement.
SOLUTION

Shear strength carried by concrete:

Vc = 0. 17λ√ f ' c b w d Vc = 0.17√ 24( 320)(640)

Vc = 159.547 kN

Required nominal shear strength:

Vu 210
Vn = Vn =
ϕ 0.75

Vn =280 kN

Nominal shear strength of the section:

Vn = Vc + Vs 280 = 159.547 + Vs

Vs = 120.453 kN

Using the 2001 NSCP, Vs = 87.512 kN

PROBLEM 4.5 (CE BOARD)

Determine the required stirrup spacing for a 10 mm diameter U-stirrups in a

reinforced concrete beam with effective beam depth of 400 mm to carry the net
shear of 154 kN, if fyt = 270 MPa.

SOLUTION

Net shear to be carried by stirrup, Vs= 154 kN

A v f yt d
The required stirrup spacing is, s =
Vs

π 2 π
Av = 2 x dh Av = 2 x (10)2
4 4
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Chapter 4 – Shear and Torsion in Beams

Av = 157.1 mm2

A v f yt d 157.1(275)( 400)
s= s= = 112.2 mm
Vs 154 x 10 3

PROBLEM 4.6

A rectangular beam has the following properties:

bw = 320 mm Stirrup diameter, dt = 10 mm
d = 570 mm fyt = 275MPa
fc = 24 MPa
Determine the required spacing vertical U-stirrup when the required
shear strength Vu is a) 50 kN, b) 90 kN, c) 130 kN, d) 290 kN, e) 360
kN, and f) 570 kN.
Use the 2010 NSCP.

SOLUTION

Shear strength provided by concrete:

Vc = 0. 17λ√ f ' c b w d Vc = 0. 17(1)√ 24(320)(570)

Vc = 151.908 kN

ϕVc = 0.75 (151.908) = 113.931 kN

½ ϕVc = 56.965 kN

0.66√ f ' c b w d =589.759 kN

0.33√ f ' c b w d =294.879 kN

π
Av = 2 x (10)2 = 157.08 mm2
s

a) Vu = 50 kN < ½ ϕVc Beam section capable to carry the required shear.

b) Vu = 90 kN

Vu is less than ϕVc but more than ½ ϕVc, a minimum area of shear reinforcement is
required.

Maximum stirrup spacing, smax1 = d/2 = 285 mm

bw s 0.35 b w s
Avmin = 0.062 √ f ' c ≥
f yt f yt

A v f yt 157.08(275)
smax2 = = =444 mm
0.062 √ f ' c b w 0.062 √ 24(320)
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Chapter 4 – Shear and Torsion in Beams

A v f yt 157(275)
smax2 = = =386 mm
0.35 bw 0.35(320)

Use s = 285 mm
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Chapter 4 – Shear and Torsion in Beams

c) Vu = 130 kN >ϕVc

Vn 130
Vs = + Vc Vs = – 151.908
ϕ 0.75

Vs = 21.426 kN < 0.66 √ f ' c b w d

A v f yt d 157.08(275)(570)
s= s=
Vs 21,426

s = 1149 mm

maximum s = d/2 (since Vs is less than 0.33 √ f ' c b w d ¿

maximum s = 570/2 = 285 mm

Use 10 mm vertical U-stirrups at 285 mm on centers.

d) Vu = 290 kN

Vn 290
Vs = + Vc Vs = – 151.908
ϕ 0.75

Vs = 234.759 kN < 0.66 √ f ' c b w d

A v f yt d 157.08(275)(570)
s= s=
Vs 234,759

s = 105 mm

maximum s = d/2 (since Vs is less than 0.33 √ f ' c b w d ¿

maximum s = 570/2 = 285 mm

Use 10 mm vertical U-stirrups at 105 mm on centers.

e) Vu = 360 kN

Vn 360
Vs = + Vc Vs = – 151.908
ϕ 0.75

Vs = 328.092 kN < 0.66 √ f ' c b w d

A v f yt d 157.08(275)(570)
s= s=
Vs 328,092

s = 75 mm

maximum s = d/4 (since Vs is less than 0.33 √ f ' c b w d ¿

maximum s = 570/4 = 142.5 mm

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Chapter 4 – Shear and Torsion in Beams
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Chapter 4 – Shear and Torsion in Beams

Use 10 mm vertical U-stirrups at 75 mm on centers.

f) Vu = 570 kN

Vn 570
Vs = + Vc Vs = – 151.908
ϕ 0.75

Vs = 608.092 kN < 0.66 √ f ' c b w d

The beam section is not adequate to carry the required shear.

Beam size needs to be increased.

PROBLEM 4.7

A rectangular beam has the following properties :

bw = 320 mm Stirrup diameter, dt = 10 mm

d = 570 mm fyt = 275MPa
fc = 24 MPa
Determine the required area or spacing vertical U-stirrup when the required shear
strength Vu is a) 50 kN, b) 90 kN, c) 130 kN, d) 290 kN, e) 360 kN, and f) 570 kN.
Use the 2001 NSCP.

SOLUTION

Shear strength provided by concrete:

Vc = (1/6)λ√ f ' c b w d Vc = (1/6)√ 24(320)(570)

Vc = 148.929 kN

ϕVc = 0.85 (148.929) = 126.59 kN

½ ϕVc = 63.295 kN

(2/3)√ f ' c b w d =595.716 kN

(2/3)√ f ' c b w d =297.858 kN

π
Av = 2 x (10)2 = 157.08 mm2
s

a) Vu = 50 kN < ½ ϕVc Beam section capable to carry the required shear.

b) Vu = 90 kN

Vu is less than ϕVc but more than ½ ϕVc, a minimum area of shear reinforcement is
required.
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Chapter 4 – Shear and Torsion in Beams

Maximum stirrup spacing, smax1 = d/2 = 285 mm

bw s 0.35 b w s
Avmin = 0.062 √ f ' c ≥
f yt f yt

A v f yt 157.08(275)
smax2 = = =444 mm
0.062 √ f ' c b w 0.062 √ 24(320)

A v f yt 157(275)
smax2 = = =386 mm
0.35 bw 0.35(320)

Use s = 285 mm

c) Vu = 130 kN >ϕVc

Vn 130
Vs = + Vc Vs = – 148.929
ϕ 0.85

Vs = 4.012 kN < (2/3) √ f ' c b w d

A v f yt d 157.08(275)(570)
s= s=
Vs 4,012

s = 6,136 mm

maximum s = d/2 (since Vs is less than 0.33 √ f ' c b w d ¿

maximum s = 570/2 = 285 mm

Use 10 mm vertical U-stirrups at 285 mm on centers.

d) Vu = 290 kN

Vn 290
Vs = + Vc Vs = – 148.929
ϕ 0.85

Vs = 192.247 kN < (2/3) √ f ' c b w d

A v f yt d 157.08(275)(570)
s= s=
Vs 192.247

s = 128 mm

maximum s = d/2 (since Vs is less than 0.33 √ f ' c b w d ¿

maximum s = 570/2 = 285 mm

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Chapter 4 – Shear and Torsion in Beams

Use 10 mm vertical U-stirrups at 128 mm on centers.

e) Vu = 360 kN

Vn 360
Vs = + Vc Vs = – 148.929
ϕ 0.85

Vs = 274.6 kN < (2/3) √ f ' c b w d

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Chapter 4 – Shear and Torsion in Beams

A v f yt d 157.08(275)(570)
s= s=
Vs 274,600

s = 90 mm

maximum s = d/2 (since Vs is less than (1/3) √ f ' c b w d ¿

maximum s = 570/2 = 285 mm

Use 10 mm vertical U-stirrups at 90 mm on centers.

f) Vu = 570 kN

Vn 57 0
Vs = + Vc Vs = – 148.929
ϕ 0.85

Vs = 521.659 kN < (2/3) √ f ' c b w d

A v f yt d 157.08(275)(570)
s= s=
Vs 521,659

s = 47 mm

maximum s = d/4 (since Vs is less than (1/3) √ f ' c b w d ¿

maximum s = 570/4 = 285 mm

Use 10 mm vertical U-stirrups at 47 mm on centers.