Competency Appraisal II – Hydraulics II
86 and the
Problem Set Part 1
1. What is the rate of flow of water passing through a pipe
with a diameter of 20 mm and speed of 0.50 m/s?
2. Water flows through a horizontal Venturi meter having an
inlet diameter of 31 cm and throat diameter of 19 cm. If the
pressure at the inlet is 750 kPa and that at the throat is 550
kPa, find the discharge through the Venturi meter. Neglect
any losses.
3. In the figure (E-77), the pitot tube in a water jet at elevation
5 m registers a pressure of 110 kPa. The orifice at the
bottom of the large open tank has a diameter of 6.50 cm.
If the head loss due to air resistance is 10% of the velocity
head of the jet at the orifice, and the flow rate is 27 kg/s,
find the diameter of the jet. Assume the smallest diameter
of the jet to be at elevation 11m.
4. A cylindrical tank 2 m in diameter, contains 3 liquids, oil
(sp.gr. = 0.80), gasoline (sp.gr. = 0.90), and sea water
(sp.gr. = 1.05) with depths of 0.60m, 0.40m and 0.80m
respectively. An orifice, 50 mm in diameter, is located at
the bottom with a coefficient of discharge of 0.666. What
is the initial discharge?
5. A 1.25-cm diameter orifice in a vertical wall of a tank under
a constant head of 5.50 m discharges 0.45 m 3 in 9.5
minutes. Find the coefficient of discharge.
Sit.1 A swimming pool 10 m x 20 m contains water 1.20 m deep
on one side and 1.80 m deep on the other side. The bottom of
the pool is sloping along the longer dimension. A drainage pipe
200 mm in diameter is located at the lowest point of the pool.
Use coefficient of discharge of 0.65. Determine the time it will
take to:
6. lower the water level by 1 m
7. lower the water level by 1.5 m
8. empty the pool
Sit. 2 Two pressurized prismatic tanks A and B are connected
at their sides by an orifice 140 mm in diameter. Tank A contains
water at a depth of 3 m above the orifice and a pressure of 50
kPa on the water surface. Tank B also contains water at a
depth of 2 m above the orifice and a pressure of 15 kPa on the
water surface. The coefficient of discharge is 0.
coefficient of velocity is 0.92. Determine the following:
9. Flow through the orifice
10. Head lost in the orifice
11. Power lost
12. Runoff from a 10 sq. km drainage area is discharged over
a weir 45 m long. If rainfall with an intensity of 30 mm per
hour fell on the area, find the resulting head on the weir.
Use Francis formula and neglect velocity of approach.
13. If the discharge over a 45° triangular weir is 0.021 m 3/s,
what is the head?
14. The discharge over a trapezoidal weir is 1.315 m 3/s. The
crest’s length is 2m and the sides are inclined at 75°57’50”
with the horizontal. Find the head over the weir.
15. A spillway, 12.90 m long, releases flood runoff from a
reservoir 5 hectares in area. If the reservoir level drops
from elevation 55m to 54 m in 2 520 seconds, find the
elevation of the crest of the spillway. Use Francis formula.
Assume constant reservoir surface area.
Sit. 3 A V-notch weir is located at one end of a tank having a
horizontal square section 12 m x 12 m. The initial head of the
water is 1.80 m and it takes 77 seconds to discharge 144 m3 of
water. The coefficient of discharge is 0.60. Determine the
following:
16. Vertex angle of the weir
17. Initial discharge over the weir
18. Instantaneous discharge after 77 seconds
19. A reservoir with vertical sides has a plan area of 56 000
m2. If the discharge from the reservoir takes place over a
trapezoidal weir with crest length of 10.50 m, side slope of
1H:2V and average coefficient of discharge of 0.60, find
the time for the head to drop from 60 cm to 30 cm.
Sit. 4 Water is pumped through a 500 mm diameter circular
pipe which is 800 m long at a velocity of 2 m/s. Determine the
head loss if:
20. f = 0.02
21. n = 0.013
22. C = 110
Sit. 5 The total head loss in the pipe system shown in the figure
(E-123) below is 15 m. Assume f = 0.02 for all pipes. Useful
properties of the pipes are given in the following table:
Pipe Length (m) Diameter (m)
1 450 600
2 600 500
3 360 450
4 480 450
5 540 600
Determine the following:
23. Discharge in pipe 1.
24. Discharge in pipe 2.
25. Discharge in pipe 3.
Sit. 6 The design of a city water supply system is shown in the
figure (E-136). Reservoir A needs to supply 0.0938 m 3/s to
lower reservoirs B and C. Pipe 1 is 300 mm diameter and 900
m long, pipe 2 is 200 mm diameter and 387 m long, and pipe 3
is 200 mm diameter and 700 m long. The roughness coefficient
for all pipes is 0.011. Determine the following:
26. Flow rate in pipe 2
27. Flow rate in pipe 3
28. Elevation of water surface in reservoir A to supply the
needed flow rate
Sit. 7.The celerity of the pressure wave in a 700 m long, 1.20
m diameter pipe is 950 m/s. The flow is initially 1 m 3/s.
Determine the following:
29. Water hammer pressure for instantaneous valve closure
30. Increase in pressure at a point 350 m from the reservoir if
the time of closure is 3 seconds
31. Increase in pressure at the valve if the flow rate is reduced
to 0.40 m3/s almost instantly
32. A trapezoidal canal with a base of 2 m has its sides sloping
at 45° with the horizontal. If water flows at a depth of 1m,
find the hydraulic radius.
Sit. 8 A trapezoidal channel with uniform flow has a normal
depth of 2 m. The base width is 5 m and the sides slope at
2H:1V. Manning’s n can be taken as 0.015 and the bed
slope is 0.001. Determine the following:
33. Velocity
34. Discharge
35. If the channel were to be designed for flooding it may have
a section as shown in the figure (E-164). When the flow
goes over the top of the trapezoidal channel it moves to
the “flood plains” so the section allows for a lot more
discharge to be carried. If the flood channels are 10 m
wide, have sides slopes of 3:1, and Manning’s n of 0.035,
calculate the discharge for a flood level of 4 m.
Sit. 9 Water flows in a rectangular channel 10 m wide and 1.20
m deep at a rate of 18.40 m3/s. The roughness coefficient if the
channel is 0.012. Determine the following:
36. Slope
37. Specific Energy
38. Boundary Shear Stress
39. A rectangular flume of most efficient proportion has a base
width of 3 m and carries water at 2.70 m3/s. If the same
material were used for the most efficient trapezoidal
section, by how much would the water-carrying capacity
be increased?
Sit. 10 A rectangular channel 6.20 m wide and 1.20 m deep is
laid on a uniform slope of 0.003. The roughness coefficient of
the channel is 0.013. Determine the following:
40. Rate of flow in the channel
41. Savings in lining per meter length of channel that could
have been offered by using the most efficient rectangular
section but adhering to the same flow capacity and slope
42. Savings in earth excavation per meter length of the
channel that could have been offered by using the most
efficient rectangular section but adhering to the same flow
capacity and slope.
Sit. 11 Water flows in a trapezoidal channel whose bottom
width is 2.50 m. One side of the channel is vertical, and the
other is inclined at 45°. The slope of the channel is 0.002 and
n = 0.011. Determine the following:
43. Depth of flow for the most efficient section
44. Hydraulic radius
45. Rate of flow
46. Water flows through a nozzle 4 cm in diameter at a rate of
0.030 m3/s. Find the dynamic force developed at the
nozzle tip.
Sit. 12 A 250 mm diameter horizontal jet discharging at 491 L/s
impinges on a vertical flat plate. Determine the following:
47. Force exerted by the jet on the stationary vertical flat plate.
48. Force exerted by the jet on the plate if the plate moves at
2 m/s in the same direction as the jet
49. Work done per second by the jet as it strikes a series of
plates moving at 4 m/s in the same direction as the jet
50. A 600-mm diameter water main is bent at an angle of 45°
from the horizontal. What vertical component of dynamic
pressure is developed in the bend if the velocity of the pipe
is 2 m/s.
Competency Appraisal II – Hydraulics II
Problem Set Part 2
SIT. 13 Water flows through a 75 mm diameter pipe at a
velocity of 3 m/sec. Find:
51. Volume flow rate in m3/sec and lit/sec.
52. Mass flow rate in kg/sec.
53. Weight flow rate in N/sec.
SIT 14. If the velocity of flow in a 75-mm diameter fire hose is
0.5 m/s,
54. Determine the velocity in a 25 mm diameter jet issuing from
a nozzle attached at the end of the pipe.
55. Compute the power available in the jet.
SIT. 16 The pump shown draws water from reservoir A at
elevation 10 m and lifts it to reservoir B at elevation 60 m. The
loss of head from A to 1 is two times the velocity head in the
200 mm diameter pipe and the loss of head from 2 to B is ten
times the velocity head in the 150 mm diameter pipe.
Determine:
56. Rated horsepower of the pump when the discharge 0.03
m3/sec.
57. Pressure head at 1 in meters.
58. Pressure head at 2 in meters.
59. A pipeline with a pump leads to a nozzle as shown. Find
the flow rate when pump develops an 80 ft (24.4 m) head.
Assume head lost in the 6-inch (152 mm) pipe to be five times
its velocity head while the head lost in the 4-inch (102 mm)
pipe to be twelve times its velocity head. Compute the flow
rate.
60. A pipe carrying oil of specific gravity 0.877 changes in size
from 150 mm at section and 450 mm at section 2. Section 1 is
3.6 m below section 2 and the pressures are 90 kPa and 60
kPa respectively. If the discharge is 150 lit/sec, determine the
head lost and the direction of flow.
61. Oil flows from a tank through 150 m of 150 mm diameter
pipe and then discharges into air as shown in the figure. If the
head loss from point 1 to point 2 is 600 mm, determine the
pressure needed at point 1 to cause 17 lit/sec of oil to flow.
62. Water enters a motor through a 600-mm diameter pipe
under a pressure of 14 kPa. It leaves through a 900 mm
diameter exhaust pipe with a pressure of 4 kPa. A vertical
distance of 2.5 m separates the centers of the two pipes at the
sections where the pressures are measured. If 500 liters of
water pass the motor each second, compute the power
supplied to the motor.
SIT. 17 A 50 mm diameter siphon discharges oil (sp. Gr. =
0.82) from a reservoir (elev. 20 m) into open air (elev. 15 m).
The head loss from the reservoir (point 1) to the summit (point
2, elev. 22 m) is 1.5 m and from the summit to the discharge
end is 2.4 m. Determine:
63. Flow rate in the pipe in lit/sec
64. Absolute pressure at the summit assuming atmospheric
pressure to be 101.3 kPa.
65. Calculate the discharge in liters per second through a 100-
mm diameter orifice under a head of 5.5 m of water. Assume
Cc=0.61 and Cv=0.98
66. An open cylindrical tank, 2.4 m in diameter and 6 m tall has
1 m of glycerin (Sg=1.5), 2.5 m of water, and 1.5 m of oil
(So=0.82). Determine the discharge through the 125 mm
diameter located at the bottom of the tank. Assume C=0.65
SIT. 18 A calibration test of a 12.5 mm diameter circular
sharp-edged orifice in a vertical side of a large tank showed a
discharge of 590 N of water in 81 seconds at a constant head
of 4.70 m. Measurement of the jet showed that it traveled 2.35
m horizontally while dropping 300 mm. Compute:
67. Coefficient of velocity
68. Coefficient of discharge.
69. Coefficient of contraction
SIT. 19 A 50 mm diameter circular sharp-edged orifice at the
side of tank discharges water under a head of 3 m. If the
coefficient of contraction Cc=0.63 and the head lost is 240 mm,
compute:
70. Coefficient of velocity
71. Coefficient of discharge
SIT. 20 A 1.5 m diameter vertical cylindrical tank 3 m high
contains 2.5 m of water. A 100 mm diameter circular sharp-
edged orifice is located at its bottom. Assume C=0.60
72. How long will it take to lower the water level to 1 m deep
after opening the orifice?
73. How long will it take to empty the tank?
88. Compute the specific energy.
89. Compute the slope of the channel if n=0.014.
90. Compute the average shearing stress at the boundary.
91. The section of a storm drain tunnel is as shown. During the
heavy storm, the water surface is 2.5 m above the semicircular
section. If n=0.02 and the slope of the channel is 0.009,
calculate the discharge.

74. Water flows through a parabolic weir that is 2 m deep and 2

m wide at the top under a constant head of 1.50 m. Assuming
C=0.65, determine the discharge through the weir.
75. Water having kinematic viscosity v=1.3x10-6 m2/s flows in a
100 mm diameter pipe at a velocity of 4.5 m/s. Determine the
Reynold’s number.
76. Fluid flows through a 20 mm diameter pipe, 150 m long at a
Reynold’s number of 1750. Calculate the discharge if the head
lost is 175 m.
77. What is the hydraulic radius of a rectangular air duct 200
mm by 350 mm?
SIT. 21 Water is flowing at the rate of 300 lit/sec from A to E as
shown in the figure.

92. A 500 mm diameter concrete pipe is laid on a slope of 1 m

per 500 m and is required to carry water at the rate 0.04 m 3/s.
Determine the normal depth of flow. Use roughness coefficient
n=0.013.
93. A flood occurs in a main channel having a trapezoidal
section (side slope on both side: 2H to 1V) and base width of
12 m. The depth of flow in this section is 3.60 m and the flood
spills out over an almost horizontal plane on one side of the
main channel. The width of the flood plain is 60 m with an
overflow depth of 1 m. if n=0.025 for the main channel and two
times as large for the overflow section, estimate the discharge
Compute: if the be slope for both is 0.00030.
78. flow rate in pipe 1
79. flow rate in pipe 2 SIT. 24 A rectangular canal, 6.5 m wide and 1.4 m deep lined
80. flow rate in pipe 3 with smooth stone (n=0.013) has a hydraulic slope of 0.001.
81. flow rate in pipe 4 94. What savings in earth excavation could have been affected
82. flow rate in pipe 5 by using the best proportion of rectangular section but adhering
83. flow rate in pipe 6 to the same discharge and slope?
95. What savings in lining per meter length of canal could have
84. The turbine shown is in the 350 mm diameter line. If the been affected by using the best proportion of rectangular
turbine efficiency is 90%, determine its output power in section but adhering to the same discharge and slope?
kilowatts.

96. Determine the maximum flow through a 1.2 m diameter

concrete culvert which is laid on a slope of 0.009. Use n=0.013
97. A circular sewer pipe 1.6 m in diameter is laid on a slope of
2 m per kilometer. The pipe is made of concrete with n=0.013.
Determine the discharge when the pipe is two-thirds full.
SIT. 22 Water flows uniformly in a rectangular concrete open
98. What is the hydraulic radius of the channel shown in the
channel that is 10 m wide at a depth of 3 m. The channel slope
figure?
is 0.0025. Using n=0.013, find:
85. Velocity
86. Flow rate
87. Boundary shear stress
SIT. 23 A trapezoidal channel has a bottom width of 6 m and
side slopes of 2 horizontal to 1 vertical. If the depth is 1.2 m
and the flow is 20.40 m3/sec,
99. A trapezoidal canal section having side slope of 2H to 3V
has a total depth of 1.5 m. For a most efficient proportion, what
is the required bottom width in meters?
100. A turbine is rated at 600 hp when the flow of water
through it is 0.61 m3/s. Assuming an efficiency of 87%, what is
the head acting on the turbine?