Problem 22 - Hydraulics

A barrel containing water weighs 1.260 kN. What will be the reading on the scale if
a 50 mm by 50 mm piece of wood is held vertically in the water to a depth of
0.60 m.

Solution:
BF = 0.05(0.05)(0.60)(9.81)
BF = 0.015 kN
Scale reading = 0.015 + 1.260 = 1.270 kN

Problem 23 - Hydraulics
A piece of wood of sp.gr. 0.651 is 80 mm square and 1.5 m. long. How many
Newtons of lead weighing 110 kN/m3 must be fastened at one end of the stick so
that it will float upright with 0.3 m. out of water?

Solution: 0.08
W1 = (0.08)2(1.5)(0.651)(9.81) 0.08
0.3
W1 = 0.061 kN
BF1 = (0.08)2(1.2)(9.81)
BF1 = 0.075 kN
1.2
W2 = V2 D2 W1 BF1
W2 = 110 V2
BF2 = 9.81V2
W1 + W2 = BF1 + BF2
0.061 + 110V2 = 0.075 + 9.81V2 W2 BF2
100.19V2 = 0.014
V2 = 0.00014 m3
W2 = 110(0.00014) = 0.0154 kN = 15.4 N
Problem 24 - Hydraulics
To what depth will a 2.4 m. diameter log 4.6 m. long and sp.gr. of 0.425 sink in fresh water?

Solution:

r =1.2 r =1.2
w.s. w.s.

h h
4.6

W = π(1.2)2 (4.6)(0.425)(9.81)
W = 1.922655(4.6)(9.81)
Area of segment: (shaded section)
⎛ Sin 2θ ⎞
A = r2 ⎜ θ -
⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
Try θ = 83.1667˚
θ = 1.4515 rad
Sin 2θ
= 0.11813
2
A = (1.2)2 ⎡⎣1.4515 - 0.11813 ⎤⎦
A = 1.92
BF = A(4.6)(9.81)
BF = W
1.92(4.6)(9.81) = 1.92265(4.8)(9.81)
1.92 = 1.92265 almost equal
Use ø = 83.1667˚
Depth of floatation = r - r Cos θ
h = 1.2 - 1.2 Cos 83.1667˚
h = 1.057
Problem 25 - Hydraulics
A barge with a flat bottom and square ends has a draft of 1.8 m. when fully loaded and floating in an
upright position. The barge is 7.6 m. wide and 12.8 m. long and a height of 3 m. The center of gravity of
the barge is 0.30 m. above the water surface if the barge is stable.

➀ Determine the distance of the metacenter above the center of buoyancy.

➁ Determine the distance of the metacenter above the barge center of gravity.
➂ What is the righting moment in water when the angle of heel is 12˚?
M
Solution:
➀ Distance of the metacenter above the center of MBo
buoyancy
w.s. C.G.
0.3 m
I
MBo = 3m 0.9 m
V 1.8 m
Bo 0.9 m
12.8(7.6)3
I=
12
7.6 m
I = 468.24
V = 7.6(12.8)(1.8)
V = 175.10
468.24
MBo =
175.10 12.8 m
MBo = 2.67 m.
Distance of the metacenter is 2.67 m.
above the center of buoyancy.
7.6 m

➁ Distance of the metacenter above the center of

gravity of the barge
Distance = 2.67 – 0.3 – 0.9 = 1.47 m. 1.47
M
W
➂ Righting moment in water when the angle of heel is 1.2
12˚
12˚
x = 1.47 Sin 12˚ 1.8 C.G. x
x = 0.3056
0.3
BF = W Bo
BF = 7.6(1.8)(12.8)(9.81) 0.9
BF = 1717.77 kN 7.6
Righting moment = BF(x)
Righting moment = 1717.77(0.3056)
Righting moment = 584.95 kN.m. BF
Problem 26 - Hydraulics
A tank is 1.5 m. square and contains 1.0 m. of water. How high must its sides be if no water
is to be spilled when the acceleration is 4 m/s2 parallel to a pair of sides?

Solution:
a y
tan θ = 
g 
1.5 m
y 1m
tan θ =
0.75
4 y
= 1.5 m
9.81 0.75
y = 0.306 m.
Its sides must be = 0.306 + 1 = 1.306 m. high (deep)

Problem 27 - Hydraulics
A rectangular tank 6 m. long by 1.8 m. deep and 2.10 m. wide is filled with water accelerated
in the direction of its length at a rate of 1.52 m/sec2. How many liters of water are spilled out?

Solution:
a
tan θ =
g
h a
= h
6 g  1.8 m
6(1.52)
h=
9.81
h = 0.93
6m
Vol. spilled out:
0.93(6)
V= (2.10)
2
V = 5.859 m3
V = 5859 liters
Problem 28 - Hydraulics
A rectangular tank 6 m. long by 1.8 m. deep is 2.1 m. wide contains
0.90 m. of water. Find the unbalanced force necessary to accelerate the
liquid mass in the direction of the tank length to accelerate 2.45 m/s2.

Solution:
F = ma
W
m=
g
(6)(2.1)(0.90)
m= (9810)
9.81
m = 11340 kg
F = 2.45(11340)
F = 27783 N
Problem 29 - Hydraulics
A cubic tank is filled with 1.5 m. of oil, sp.gr. 0.752.

➀ Find the force acting on the side of the tank when the acceleration is 4.9 m/s2 vertically upward.
➁ Find the force acting on the side of the tank when the acceleration is 4.9 m/s2 vertically downward.
➂ Determine the pressure at the bottom of the tank when the acceleration is 9.81 m/s2 vertically
downward.
a=4.9 m/s2
Solution:
➀ Force acting on the side of the tank when the acceleration
is 4.9 m/s2 vertically upward.
⎛ a⎞
PA = γ h ⎜ 1 + ⎟
⎝ g⎠
Oil 1.5 m
⎛ 4.9 ⎞
PA = 0.752(9.81)(1.5) ⎜ 1 +
⎝ 9.81⎟⎠
PA = 16.59 kPa
PA A
16.59
F= (1.5)(1.5) = 18.67 kN
2
a=4.9 m/s2
➁ Force acting on the side of the tank when the acceleration
is 4.9 m/s2 vertically downward
⎛ a⎞
PB = γ h ⎜ 1 - ⎟
⎝ g⎠ Oil 1.5 m
⎛ 4.9 ⎞ F
PB = 0.752(9.81)(1.5) ⎜ 1 -
⎝ 9.81⎟⎠
PB = 5.54 kPa PB B
5.54
F= (1.5)(1.5) = 6.23 kN
2 a=9.81 m/s2

➂ Pressure at the bottom of the tank when the acceleration

is 9.81 m/s2 vertically downward
⎛ a⎞
PC = γ h ⎜ 1 - ⎟ Oil 1.5 m
⎝ g⎠
PC = 0.752(9.81)(1.5)(1 - 1)
PC = 0
PC C
Problem 30 - Hydraulics
An open cylindrical tank, 1.8 m. and 0.9 m. in diameter contains water to a depth of ¾ of its
height. If the cylinder rotates about its geometric axis.
➀ What constant angular velocity can be attained without spilling any water?
➁ What is the pressure at the center of the bottom of the tank when ω = 6 rad/sec?
➂ What is the pressure at the bottom wall of the tank when ω = 6 rad/sec?

Solution:
➀ Constant angular velocity can be attained without
0.45 0.45
spilling any water y=0.90
ω2 r2 0.45
y= 1.8
2g 1.35

ω 2 (0.45)2
0.90 =
2(9.81) D
C
ω = 9.34 rad / sec. 0.90

➁ Pressure at the center of the bottom of the tank

ω2 r2
y=
2g 0.45
3/2
2 2
(6) (0.45) y
3/2
y= 1.8
2(9.81)
1.35
y = 0.372 m. h

y
h = 1.35 - PC = 9.81(1.164)
2 C

0.372 PC = 11.42 kPa

h = 1.35 -
2
h = 1.164
0.45
y y/2
➂ Pressure at the bottom wall of the tank y/2=0.372/2
H = 1.35 + 0.186
H = 1.536 1.35
H
PD = 9.81(1.536)
PD = 15.07 kPa
D
Problem 31 - Hydraulics
A closed cylindrical tank 1.8 m. high and 0.9 m. in diameter contains 1.4 m. of
water. When the angular velocity is constant at 20 rad/sec, how much of the
bottom of the tank is uncovered?


x2
Solution:
ω2 r2 0.4 m
y= Air
2g
(20)2 (0.45)2 y 1.8 m
y=
2(9.81) 1.4 m
x1 y2=1.8 + y1
y = 4.13 m.
ω 2 x12
y1 = y1
2(9.81)
(20)2 x12
y1 = = 20.387 x12 0.90
2(9.81)
ω 2 x 22 
y2 =
2g x2
(20)2 x 22
y2 = = 20.387 x 22
2(9.81) Air 0.4 m

Vol. of air is constant since the tank is closed.

π x 22 y 2 π x12 y1
V= - (after rotation)
2 2 x1 y2
V = π(0.45)2 (0.40) (before rotation)
V = 0.2545 m3
y
Problem 32 - Hydraulics
An open vessel of water accelerates up a 30˚ plane at 3.66 m/s2. What is the
angle the water surface makes with the horizontal?

Solution:
a x = 3.66 Cos 30˚ a


a x = 3.17
g
Cot θ = tan 30˚ +
ax
9.81 30˚
Cot θ = tan 30˚ +
3.17
Cot θ = 3.672
θ = 15˚14'

Problem 33 - Hydraulics
A vessel partly filled with water is accelerated horizontally at a constant rate. The
inclination of the water surface is 30˚. What is the acceleration of the vessel?

Solution:
a
tan θ =
g
a
tan 30˚ =
9.81
a = 5.66 m / s 2
Problem 34 - Hydraulics
An open tank of water accelerates down a 15˚ inclined plane at
16.1 ft.sec2. What is the slope of the water surface?

Solution:
g
Cot θ = tan 15˚ +
ax
a x = 16.1 Cos 15˚
a x = 15.55

32.2
Cot θ = - tan 15˚ +
15.55
Cot θ = 1.80279
tan θ = 0.5546956671
θ = 29˚01'
Problem 35 - Hydraulics
An open cylindrical tank 4 ft. in diameter and 6 ft. deep is filled with water and
rotated about its axis at 60 rpm.
➀ How much liquid is spilled?
➁ How deep is the water at the x-axis?
➂ At what speed should the tank be rotated in order for the center of the bottom
of the tank to have zero depth of water?
=60 rpm
Solution:
➀ Vol. of liquid is spilled
ω2 r2
y= y
2g
(2π)2 (2)2
y= 6 ft
2(32.2)
h
y = 2.452
π(2)2 (2.452)
Vol. spilled out = = 15.4 ft 3
2
4

➁ Depth of the water at the x-axis

h = 6 – 2.452
h = 3.548

➂ Speed that the tank be rotated about its axis to have zero depth of water
ω2 r2
y=
2g
ω 2 (2)2
6=
2(32.2)
ω = 9.83 rad / sec.
Problem 36 - Hydraulics
A closed vessel 1 m. in diameter is completely filled with water. If the vessel is
rotated at 1200 rpm, what increase in pressure will occur at the top of the tank at
the circumference?

Solution:
ω=
1200(2π) =1200 rpm
60
ω = 40π
y

ω2 r2
y=
2g
(40π)2 (0.5)2
y=
2(9.81)
y = 201.22

p =γ y 1m
p = 9.81(201.22)
p = 1973 kPa
Problem 37 - Hydraulics
An open vessel 18 in. in diameter and filled with water is rotated about its vertical axis at
such a velocity that the water surface 4 in. from the axis makes an angle of 40˚ with the
horizontal. Compute the speed of rotation.

Solution:
ω2 r2 4
y= r= ft.
2g 12 x=4
dy
= tan 40˚
dx
dy ω 2 (2)r
=
dx 2(g)
ω 2 (2)(4 /12)
tan 40˚ =
2(32.2) 40˚
ω = 9 rad / sec.

Problem 38 - Hydraulics
The 2 m. diameter impeller of a closed centrifugal water pumped is rotated at 1500 rpm. If
the casing is full of water, what pressure head is developed by rotation?

Solution:
ω2 r2
y=
2g
1500(2π)
ω= = 50π rad/sec.
60
(50π)2 (1)2
y=
2(9.81)
y = 1258 m.
Problem 39 - Hydraulics
An unbalanced vertical force of 268 N upward accelerates a volume of 0.044 m3 of water. If
the water is 0.90 m. deep in a cylindrical tank, what is the force acting on the bottom of the
tank?

Solution:
W = VD
W = 0.044(9.81)
W = 0.43164 kN
W = 431.64 N
m
F= a
g
W
F= a
g
431.64
268 = a
9.81
a = 6 m/s 2
W = π r 2 h (9.81)
431.64 = π r 2 (0.9)(9.81)
r = 0.12 m.
⎛ a⎞
P = γ h ⎜1 + ⎟
⎝ g⎠
⎛ 6 ⎞
P = 9.81(0.9) ⎜ 1 +
⎝ 9.81⎟⎠
P = 14.23 kPa
Force acting on the bottom of the tank:
F = PA
F = 14.23(π)(0.12)2
F = 0.6437 kN
F = 643.7 N