Design Coaching – Nov.

2023

1. PROBLEM
A plane concrete beam has the following dimensions:
b = 350 mm, h = 600 mm
Concrete compressive strength: fc’ = 34 MPa
Allowable tensile stress: ft = 0.10 fc’

a) Determine the bending moment that will cause the plain concrete beam to crack.
b) The beam is cast with provision for a 185 mm diameter pipe located concentrically. How
much is the resulting cracking moment?
c) The beam is cast with provision for square duct 85 mm x 85 mm concentrically located.
How much is the resulting cracking moment?

Solution:
a) Bending moment that will cause the plain concrete beam to crack

fcr = 0.10 fc’

fcr = 0.10(34)
fcr = 3.4 MPa
𝑀"# g'
𝑓"# = 600 mm
𝐼)
300(600)/
𝐼) = = 5400 𝑥 105 𝑚𝑚7 t =300
12
600
g' = = 300 𝑚𝑚
2 300 mm
𝑀"# g'
𝑓"# =
𝐼)
𝑀"# (300)
3.4 =
5400 𝑥 105
Mcr = 61.2 x 106 N.mm
Mcr = 61.2 kN.m
 Design Coaching – Nov. 2023
Prob. 1- cont.

b) Resulting cracking moment if the beam is cast with a 185 mm diameter pipe located
concentrically

300(600)/ 𝜋(185)7
𝐼"# = −
12 64
Icr = 5342.5 x 106 mm4 600 mm 185 mm
𝑀"# g'
𝑓"# =
𝐼"# t
𝑀"# (300)
3.4 =
5342.5 𝑥 105
300 mm
Mcr = 60.55 kN.m

c) Resulting cracking moment when the beam is cast with a square duct 85 mm x 85 mm
concentrically located

300(600)/ 85(85)7
𝐼"# = −
12 12
Icr = 5395.65 x 106 mm4 600 mm
85
𝑀"# g'
𝑓"# =
𝐼"# t =300
𝑀"# (300)
3.4 =
5395.65 𝑥 105
300 mm
Mcr = 61.15 kN.m
 Design Coaching – Nov. 2023

2. PROBLEM
The ordinates of the influence line for member FG of the bridge truss shown as follows:
At joint A = 0 F G H
At joint B = 0.625
At joint C = 0.416
At joint D = 0.208 6m
At joint E = 0 A
E
Concentrated loads: B C D

L1 = 71.2 kN 5m 5m 5m 5m
L2 = 17.8 kN
L3 = 116.0 kN
Uniformly distributed load = 9.35 kN/m
Solve for the maximum force in member FG due to the following:

a) Uniformly distributed load of 9.35 kN/m

b) Moving loads L1 and L2. Distance between loads = 4.3 m
c) The load L3 and the uniformly distributed load applied at panels BC and CD only.

Solution :
a) Force of member FG due to a uniformly distributed load of 9.35 kN/m
Force FG = uniform load times the area of influence diagram
F G H
9.35(20)(0.625)
𝐹𝐺 =
2 6m
A
FG = 58.44 kN (compression) E
B C D

5m 5m 5m 5m

w = 9.35 kN/m

-0.208
-0.416
-0.625
 Design Coaching – Nov. 2023
Prob. 2- cont.

b) Force of member FG due to concentrated loads L1 = 71.2 kN, L2 = 17.8 kN and distance
between loads = 4.3 m
Place the biggest load 71.2 kN at B
and 17.8 kN at a point where the 71.2 kN 17.8 kN
4.3 0.7
ordinate of the influence line below it

{
which is equal to y.
5m 5m 5m
A B C D E
By ratio and proportion: y -0.208
0.625 𝑦 -0.416
=
15 10.7 -0.625 10.7
y = 0.446
Force FG = sum of loads time their corresponding ordinates
FG = 71.2(0.625) + 17.8(0.446)
FG = 52.44 kN (compression)

c) Force of member FG due to concentrated load L3 = 116 kN and a uniformly distributed load
at panels C and D only
116 kN

w=9.35 kN/m

A 5m B 5m C 5m D 5m E
-0.208
-0.416
-0.625

Force FG = concentrated load times ordinate at C and due to uniform load times shaded
area between C and D
0.416 + 0.208
𝐹𝐺 = 116(0.416) + 9.35 B C (5)
2
FG = 62.84 kN (compression)
 Design Coaching – Nov. 2023

3. PROBLEM
A square tied column is to be designed for the following service loads:
DL = 1600 kN LL = 845 kN
Concrete: fc’ = 27.5 MPa
Steel: fy = 413 MPa
Column unsupported length: L = 2.8 m
Column is braced against sidesway.
U = 1.2 DL + 1.6 LL
ø = 0.65
K = 1.0

a) Using 3% reinforcement, determine the minimum column dimension.

b) The column is bent in single curvature. What is the minimum column dimension so that
slenderness effects can be neglected.
Assume: M1 = M2
𝐾𝐿F 𝑀I
≤ 34 − 12 B C
𝑟 𝑀J
c) The column is bent in double curvature. What is the minimum column dimension so that
slenderness effects can be neglected?
Assume: M1 = M2
𝐾𝐿F 𝑀I
≤ 34 − 12 B C
𝑟 𝑀J

Solution:
a) Min. column dimension using 3% reinforcement
ø Pn = 0.80 ø [0.85 fc’(Ag – Ast) + fy Ast ]
ø Pn = Pu
Pu = 1.2(1600) + 1.6(845)
Pu = 3272 kN
𝐴L'
r=
𝐴)
Ast = r Ag
 Design Coaching – Nov. 2023

3. PROBLEM cont.
Pu = 0.8(0.65)[0.85 fc’(Ag – Ast) + fy Ast]
Pu = 0.8(0.65)[0.85 fc’(Ag – r Ag) + fy r Ag]
Pu = 0.8(0.65)[0.85 fc’ Ag – 0.85 fc’ r Ag + fy r Ag]
Pu = 0.8(0.65) Ag [0.85 fc’ – 0.85 fc’ r)+ fy r]
Pu = 0.8(0.65) Ag [0.85 fc’ (1 – r)+ fy r]
𝑃F
𝐴) =
0.8(0.65)[0.85𝑓𝑐 P (1 − r) + 𝑓𝑦 r]
3272000
𝐴) =
0.8(0.65)[0.85(27.5)(1 − 0.03) + 413(0.03)]
Ag = 179453 mm2
t2 = 179453
t = 423.6
Use t = 430 mm
Min. size of tied column = 430 x 430 mm

b) Min. column dimension when the column is bent in single curvature

𝐾𝐿F 𝑀I
≤ 34 − 12 B C
𝑟 𝑀J
where M1 = M2 t
K = 1.0 Lu = 2.8 m
(1)(2800)
= 34 − 12(1)
𝑟
RS
= is positive for bent in single curvature
RT t
2800
𝑟=
22
r = 127.27 mm
r = 0.3t (NSCP Specs. for tied column)
127.27 = 0.30t
t = 424.2
Use 430 x 430 mm
 Design Coaching – Nov. 2023

3. PROBLEM cont.

c) Min. column dimension if the column is bent in double curvature

RS
Note: = negative when bent in double curvature
RT

𝐾𝐿F 𝑀I
= 34 − 12 B C ≤ 40
𝑟 𝑀J
(1)(2800)
= 34 − 12(−1)
𝑟
2800
= 46 > 40
𝑟
2800
𝑈𝑠𝑒 = 40
𝑟
r = 70
r = 0.3t
70 = 0.3t
t = 233.3 mm
Use 240 mm x 240 mm
 Design Coaching – Nov. 2023

4. PROBLEM
The columns of a warehouse are fixed at the base and pin-connected at the top. About the y-
axis, the columns are braced at mid-height. Sidesway is prevented and effective length
factor = 1.0. Along the x-axis, there are no braces at mid-height. Sidesway uninhibited and
effective length factor = 1.2
Given: Column Properties
Area, A = 8580 mm2
Depth, d = 255 mm
Flange width, bf = 200 mm
Flange thickness, tf = 16 mm
Modulus of elasticity, E = 200000 MPa
Length of column = 6 m
Web thickness, tw = 9 mm
Ix = 103 x 106 mm4 rx = 110 mm
Iy = 22 x 10 mm
6 4 ry = 51 mm
Fy = 248 MPa rz = 55 mm

a) Solve for the axial compressive stress, Fa (MPa) that would be permitted if axial force
does exist. Refer to attached table.
b) The axial load P1 = 160 kN at an eccentricity e = 0.25 from the centroidal x-axis of the
column. Solve for the max. stress.
Y Y
c) Using interaction equation Z + \ ≤ 1.0 , find the maximum load P that can be
[Z [\
applied at an eccentricity of 0.25 m about the centroidal x-axis. Fa = 75 MPa, Fb = 148
MPa

Solution:
a) Axial compressive stress if axial force does exist
𝐾𝐿 1.2(6000)
= = 65.45
𝑟] 110
𝐾𝐿 1.0(3000)
= = 58.82
𝑟^ 51
𝐾𝐿
𝑈𝑠𝑒 = 65.45
𝑟
 Design Coaching – Nov. 2023

4. PROBLEM cont.
From table:

{ {
By ratio & proportion: (See attached table)
𝑥 0.7 KL/r Fa

{ {
=
0.45 1.0 65 116.83
x = 0.315 0.45 x

{
Fa = 116.83 – 0.315 1.0 65.45 0.7
Fa = 116.5 MPa 0.55
66 116.13
b) Max. stress
Mx = Pe
Mx = 160(0.25) y
Mx = 40 kN.m
𝑀] 𝐶
𝑓`] =
𝐼]
e = 0.25 m
255 x
𝐶= = 127.5
2
40 𝑥 105 (127.5)
𝑓`] =
103 𝑥 105
fbx = 49.5 MPa

c) Max. load P
𝑃
𝑓_ =
𝐴
𝑃
𝑓_ = = 0.000117𝑃 𝑓_ 𝑓`
8550 + = 1.0
𝐹_ 𝐹`
𝑀𝐶
𝑓` = 0.000117𝑃 0.31𝑃
𝐼 + =1
75 148
M = 0.25 P
P = 477 kN
0.25𝑃(127.5)(10)5
𝑓` =
103 𝑥 105
fb = 0.31 P
 Design Coaching – Nov. 2023

4. PROBLEM cont.
 Design Coaching – Nov. 2023

5. PROBLEM
The gusset plate connection shows four of 16 mm diameter bolts supporting the load P.
Given:
P = 37.5 kN
S1 = S2 = S3 = 75 mm
S4 = 100 mm
S1 S2 S3
a) Determine the maximum shear stress (MPa)
developed in the bolts.
b) Determine the minimum shear stress (MPa)
developed in the bolts. S3
c) The allowable bolt shear stress is 50 MPa.
Determine the required bolt diameter (mm)
P
to prevent overstressing

Solution:
a) Max. shear stress (MPa) developed in the bolts
112.5 112.5
M = 37.5(1000)
75 37.5 37.5 75
M = 3750000 N.mm max. shear stress
occur here
𝑃 37500 M P/4
= fy
4 4
𝑃
= 9375 𝑁
4 75 75 75
Polar moment of inertia:
∑(x2 + y2) = 2(37.5)2 + 2(112.5)2
100
∑(x2 + y2) = 28125
375000
𝑀𝐶]
𝑓^ =
∑(𝑥 J + 𝑦 J )
3750000(112.5)
𝑓^ =
28125
fy = 15000 N/bolt
 Design Coaching – Nov. 2023

5. PROBLEM cont

R2 = (9375)2 + (15000)2 9375

R = 17688.7
R = Ss A
𝜋
17688.7 = 𝑆L e f (16)J
4
Ss = 87.98
Use Ss = 88 MPa R 15000

b) Min. shear stress

Rgh
𝑓^ =
37.5 37.5
∑(] T i^ T )
max.stress
max. shear shear stress
3750000(37.5) occur here
occur here
𝑓^ =
28125
P/4 P/4
fy = 5000 N/bolt fy fy
𝑃 37500
=
4 4
𝑃
= 9375
4
R2 = (9375)2 + (5000)2 9375 9375
R = 10625
R = Ss A
j
10625 = 𝑆L e f (16)J
fy =5000
7
Ss = 52.84 MPa R R fy =5000
Use Ss = 53 MPa

c) Diameter of bolt if allowable shear stress is 50 MPa

R = 17688.7 (see question “a”)
R = SS A
𝜋
17688.7 = 50 e f (𝑑J )
4
d = 21.2 say 22 mmø
 Design Coaching – Nov. 2023

6. PROBLEM
A curve quarter-circular beam having a radius 100 mm as shown in the figure.
Radius of circular beam = 3.2 m
ø = 30˚

a) Find the normal shear force.

b) Find the bending moment at C.
c) Find the torsional moment at C. Ø = 30˚
C

Solution: R = 3.2 m
a) Normal shear force
V = 40 kN

b) Bending moment at C P= 40 kN
M = 40 y
y = 3.2 Cos 30˚ = 2.77
M = 40(2.77) R = 3.2 m
M = 110.85 kN.m 30˚

y R= 3.2
c) Torsional moment at C x
C
T = 40 x 30˚
x = 3.2 – 3.2 Sin 30˚
x = 1.6
T = 40(1.6)
T = 64 kN.m 40 kN
 Design Coaching – Nov. 2023

7. PROBLEM
A steel beam is simply supported on a span of 12 meters.
Given:
Section W 410 mm x 100 kg/m
Area, A = 12710 mm2
Depth, d = 410 mm
Flange width, bf = 260 mm
Flange thickness, tf = 17 mm
Web thickness, tw = 10 mm
Moment of inertia, Ix = 397 x 106 mm4
Moment of inertia, Iy = 49 x 106 mm4
Modulus of elasticity, E = 200 GPa
Plastic modulus, Zx = 2.13 x 106 mm3
Plastic modulus, Zy = 0.58 x 106 mm3
Tensile yield stress, Fy = 345 MPa
Loads causing bending about the major axis:
Dead load (including beam wt.) = 12 kN/m Live load at midspan = P(kN)

a) Determine the load P(kN) based on the design flexural strength of the beam, Mu.
Given:
Resistance factor for flexure, ø = 0.90
Factored load combination = 1.2D + 1.6L

b) Determine the load P(kN) based on the design shear strength of the beam, Vu.

c) At service load, the allowable midspan deflection due to live load = 1/360 of span. Determine P (kN)
based on the allowable deflection.

Solution:
a) Value of P based on the design strength of the beam
M u = ø Fy Z x
Mu = 0.90(345)(2.13)(10)6
Mu = 661.365 x 106 N.mm
Mu = 661.365 kN.m
DL = 12 kN/m (including its weight)
Factored uniform load:
wu = 12(1.2)
wu = 14.4 kN/m
 Design Coaching – Nov. 2023

7. PROBLEM cont
𝑤F 𝐿J 𝑃𝐿
𝑀F = + (1.6)
8 4
Note: P is considered to be live load, so multiply by 1.6.
14.4(12)J 𝑃(12)(1.6)
661.365 = +
8 4
P = 83.8 kN

b) Load P based on the design shear strength

Vu = ø 0.60 Fy tw d
Vu = 1.0(0.60)(345)(10)(410)
Vu = 848.7 kN
𝑤𝐿 𝑃
𝑉F = (1.2) + (1.6)
2 2
12(12) 𝑃 (1.6)
848.7 = (1.2) +
2 2
P = 1009 kN

c) Value of P based on the allowable deflection

𝑃𝐿/
d=
48𝐸𝐼
1 𝑃(12)/
(12) =
360 48𝐸𝐼 P
(200000)(397)(10)5
𝐸𝐼 =

}
(1000)/
EI = 79400 kN.m2
12 𝑃(12)/
=
360 48𝐸𝐼
12 𝑃(12)/
=
360 48(79400)
P = 73.5 kN
 Design Coaching – Nov. 2023

8. PROBLEM
A 150 x 100 x 13 mm angle is to be welded to a gusset plate with the 150mm leg
against the plate. The angle carries a centroidal load of 400 kN. Allowable shearing
stress through the throats of the welds is 145 MPa.
L2

Toe
100.1 mm
150
mm
P=400 kN
49.9 mm

Heel
L1

a) Determine the length of the 8 mm side fillet weld along the toe of the angle.
b) Determine the length of the 8 mm side fillet weld along the heel of the angle.
c) If 8 mm fillet weld is added along the entire length of the end of the angle,
determine the length of the fillet weld along the heel of the angles.

Solution:
a) Length of the 8 mm side fillet weld along the toe of the angle
Σ𝑀p = 0
L2
400(100.1) = PI (150)
PI = 266.93 𝑘𝑁
P2 A Toe
PI + PJ = 400 100.1
150
PJ = 400 − 266.93 400 kN
49.9
PJ = 133.07 𝑘𝑁 (heel)
P1
PJ = 0.707 𝑡 LJ Fv L1
133070 = 0.707 (8) (LJ ) (145)
LJ = 𝟏𝟔𝟐. 𝟐𝟔 𝒎𝒎
 Design Coaching – Nov. 2023

8. PROBLEM cont.
b) Length of 8 mm fillet weld along the heel of the angle.
PI = 0.707𝑡 LI Fv
266930 = 0.707 (8) LI (145)
LI = 𝟑𝟐𝟓. 𝟒𝟖 𝒎𝒎.

c) Length of the fillet weld along the heel of the angle if an 8 mm fillet weld is
added along the entire length of the angle.
P/ = 0.707 𝑡 L/ Fv
P/ = 0.707 (8)(150)(145)
P/ = 123018 𝑁 L2
Toe
P/ = 123.018 𝑘𝑁
P2 A
100.1
150
P3
400 kN
49.9
P1 heel
Σ𝑀p = 0 L1
400 (100.10) = 75 P/ + PI (150)
40040 = 75 (123.018) + PI (150)
PI = 205.42 𝑘𝑁
PI = 205420 𝑁
PI = 0.707 𝑡 LI (Fv )
205420 = 0.707(8) LI (145)
L1 = 250.48 mm (length of fillet weld along the heel of the angle)
 Design Coaching – Nov. 2023

9. PROBLEM
A bracket is welded to the frame of a machine as shown. Fillet field has a minimum tensile strength
Fu = 483.33 MPa. The weldings are done in the front and back of the plates.
a) Which of the following gives the maximum force resisted
by the fillet weld due to bending alone.
b) Which of the following gives the maximum force
resistance by the fillet weld due to bending and axial load.
c) Which of the following gives the max. size of the fillet weld
required by the given bracket.
Solution:
a) Maximum force resisted by the fillet weld due to bending alone. x
1(250)3
Ix = (2)
12
Ix = 2.604 x 10 6 mm4
Iy = 250(1)(100)2 (2)
Iy = 5 x 10 6 mm4
J = Ix + Iy
J = 2.604 x 10 6 + 5 x 10 6
J = 7.604 x 10 6 Fx
M = 80000(200) 100
6
M = 16 x 10 N.mm
M
fx = y
J
16 x 10 6 (125)
fx =
7.604 x 10 6
fx = 263 N/mm
M
fy = x
J
16 x 10 6 (100)
fy =
7.604 x 10 6
fy = 210.4 N/mm

R = (fx )2 + (fy )2
R = (263)2 + (210.4)2
R = 336.8 N / mm
 Design Coaching – Nov. 2023
Prob.9- cont.

b) Maximum force resistance by the fillet weld due to bending and axial load.

P
fp =
L
80000
fp =
250(2)
fp = 160 N/mm

R = (263)2 + (370.4)2
R = 454.3 N / mm

c) Max. size of the fillet weld required by the given bracket.

R = 0.707t L (0.3) Fu

454.3 = 0.707t (1)(0.3)(483.33)

t = 4.43 mm say 5 mm