Hydraulics Coaching – Nov.

2023

1. PROBLEM
The discharge pipeline of water system consists of a 5500 m of 300 mm pipe joined by 3660
m of 450 mm pipe that connects to the base of a huge water reservoir. The difference in
elevation between the water surface in the reservoir and the center of 300 mm pipe at the
end of the line is 45.7 m. Neglecting velocity head and other losses in head due to
entrances and using coefficient of friction of 0.02 for both pipes.

À Compute the velocity of the water in the bigger pipeline.

Á Compute the velocity of the water in the smaller pipe.
 Evaluate the rate of flow in the pipe.

Solution: w.s.
À Velocity of the bigger pipeline hf 1
hf1 + hf2 = 45.7 1
366
0 2 hf 2
0.0826 f L Q 2 450 m
hf1 = mm
550
D5 0
300 m
0.0826(0.02)(3660) Q12 mm
hf1 =
(0.45)5
hf1 = 327.66 Q12
0.0826(0.02)(5500) Q 22
hf2 =
(0.3)5
hf2 = 3739.09 Q 22 Á Velocity of smaller pipe
Q1 = Q 2 Q 2 = A 2 V2
327.66 Q12 + 3739.09 Q22 = 45.7
Q 2 = Q1
4066.75 Q12 = 45.7
Q1 = 0.106 m3/sec. π
0.106 = (0.3)2 V2
Velocity of bigger pipeline 4
Q1 = A1 V1 V2 = 1.5 m / s

π Â Rate of flow
0.106 = (0.45)2 V1
4 Q1 = Q2 = 0.106 m3/sec.
V1 = 0.666 m / s
 Hydraulics Coaching – Nov. 2023

2. PROBLEM
For his construction project in Southern Luzon, Engr. Santos commissioned a barge to
transport a 20 mm diameter by 6 m long steel reinforcing bars he purchased in Metro
Manila. When unloaded at the Pasig River (where the water is observed to have a sp.gr. of
1.01) the barge has a draft of 2.41 m and the portion of the barge at the water line measures
300 mm x 60 m. Loaded with the reinforcing bars and sailing Metro Manila Bay (where
seawater is observed to have a specific gravity of 1.03), the vessel chiefmate recorded a
draft of 4.97 m. If it costs five pesos to transfer a bar of the given dimension, determine how
much would it cost Engr. Santos for the transfer in thousands of pesos. Assume the bar to
have a constant horizontal section.

Solution:
Wt. of barge: W
W = BF1
W = 2.41(300)(60)(1.01)(1000)
W = 43,813,800 kg
Empty
2.41 m
W + Wb = BF2
W + Wb = (4.97)(300)(60)(1.03)(1000)
W + Wb = 92,143,800 kg sp.gr. = 1.01
BF1
Wb = 92,143,800 - 43,813,800
Wb = 48,330,000 kg (wt. of bars)

Unit weight of steel bar = 7850 kg/m3 W + Wb

48,330,000
No. of bars =
⎛ π⎞
7850 ⎜ ⎟ (0.02)2 (6)
⎝ 4⎠
4.97 m
No. of bars = 3,266,225 bars
steel bars
Total cost in thousands of pesos
sp.gr. = 1.03
5(3266225)
= BF2
1000
= 16331 (thousands of pesos)
 Hydraulics Coaching – Nov. 2023

3. PROBLEM
A circular gate of radius r = 100 mm is vertically submerged in water with its top
edge flushed on a liquid surface.

À Evaluate the total force acting on one side of the gate in Newtons.
Á Obtain the location of the force from the center of gravity of the plate in mm.
 Obtain the location of the force from the liquid surface in mm.

Solution:
À Total force acting on one
h=0.1 m
side of the gate:
P =γ hA e
P
P = 9810(1)(π)(1) 2
P = 30.82 N

Á Location of force from the center of gravity of the plate:

Ig
e=
Ay
π(100)4
Ig =
4
Ig = 25π x 106 mm4

A y = π(100)2 (100)
A y = π(10)6 Â Location of the force from the liquid surface:
25 π 10 6 h=y+e
e=
π x 106 h = 100 + 25
e = 25 mm h = 125 mm
 Hydraulics Coaching – Nov. 2023

4. PROBLEM
An open rectangular tank mounted on a moving vehicle is 6 m long, 2 m wide and 3 m high is filled with
water to a depth of 2.5 m.

À What is the maximum horizontal acceleration in m/sec2 can be imposed on the tank without spilling
water?
Á Determine the accelerating force on the liquid mass in kN.
 If the acceleration is increased to 6 m/sec2, how much water is spilled out?
Solution:
À Max. horizontal acceleration that can be imposed on the tank without spilling water
0.5 a
tan θ =
3
 0.5m
a
tan θ =
g 3m
2.5m
0.5 a
=
3 9.81
a = 1.64 m / sec 2 3.0
6m

Á Accelerating force on the liquid mass in kN

F = ma
W
F= a
g 2.5m
6(2.5)(2)(9.81)(1.64)
F=
9.81
6m
F = 49.2 kN

 Water spilled out when acceleration is increased to 6 m/sec2

3.0
tan θ =
x
a = 6 m/sec2
a 3.0
=
g x
6 3.0
= 3.0
9.81 x remaining
water
x = 4.91 
3.0(4.91)(2) x
Vol. spilled out = 2.5(6)(2) -
2 6 m
Vol. spilled out = 15.27 cu.m
 Hydraulics Coaching – Nov. 2023

5. PROBLEM
A circular cone having a base diameter of 3.66 m and a height of 3.66 m,
connects to a circular cylinder of the same diameter and height of 3.66 m. The
assembly is filled with water with the cylinder vertically above the cone. An orifice
having an area of 0.0929 m2 is provided at the vertex of the cone, with the
coefficient of discharge C = 0.60.

À Estimate the time, in seconds, to empty the upper cylinder of its contents
through the orifice.
Á Estimate the time, in seconds, to empty the lower right circular cone of its
contents through the orifice.
 Obtain the total time, in seconds, to empty the contents of the assembly.

Solution:
À Time to empty the upper cylinder of its contents through the orifice

3.66

t1 =
2 As ( h1 - h2 )
CA 2g
3.66
π
A s = (3.66)2 = 10.52 m2
4
7.32

t1 =
2(10.52) ( 7.32 - 3.66 )
0.60(0.0929) 2(9.81) 3.66
t 1 = 67.52 sec.
 Hydraulics Coaching – Nov. 2023

5. PROBLEM CONT.
Á Time to empty the lower right circular cone of its contents through the orifice
As = π x 2
x 1.83
= 3.66
h 3.66
x = 0.5 h
A s = π(0.5h)2
A s = 0.785 h2
3.66 A s dh 1.83 1.83
t2 = ∫
0
CA 2gh
3.66 A s h-1/2 dy
t2 = ∫ x x
0
CA 2g dh
3.66
3.66 0.785 h2 h-1/2 dh
t2 = ∫ h
0
0.60(0.0929) 2(9.81)
3.66
t2 = ∫ 3.179 h3/2 dh
0
3.66
⎡ 2 h5/2 ⎤
t 2 = 3.179 ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 5 ⎦0
t 2 = 32.59 sec.

 Total time to empty the contents of the assembly

t = t1 + t2
t = 67.52 + 32.59
t = 100.11 sec.
 Hydraulics Coaching – Nov. 2023

6. PROBLEM
Three pipelines A, B, and C are connected in parallel as shown in the figure. The combined
discharge of the 3 pipes is 0.81 m3/sec and assuming the friction factor for all pipes is the
same. Obtain the rate of flow in liters/sec, in
À Pipeline A
Á Pipeline B
 Pipeline C
Solution:
À Rate of flow in pipeline A
150 mmø, 600 m
hA = hB = hC
A
f L Q2
h=
D5 200 mmø, 480 m
600 Q12 B
hA =
(150)5
480 Q 22 C
hB =
(200)5 100 mmø, 750 m
750 Q 23
hC =
(100)5
hA = hB
600 Q12 480 Q 22
=
(150)5 (200)5 Á Rate of flow in pipeline B
Q 2 = 2.295 Q1 Q2 = 2.295 Q1
h A = hC Q2 = 2.295(224)
600 Q12 750 Q 23 Q2 = 514 liters/sec.
=
(150)5 (100)5
Q 3 = 0.325 Q1 Â Rate of flow in pipeline C
Q1 + Q2 + Q3 = 0.81
Q1 + Q2 + Q3 = 0.81
224 + 514 + Q3 = 810
Q1 + 2.295 Q1 + 0.325 Q1 = 0.81
Q3 = 72.1 liters/sec.
Q1 = 0.224 m3/sec
Q1 = 224 liters/sec.
 Hydraulics Coaching – Nov. 2023

7. PROBLEM
A rigid gate of a flood control structure in a river is 6 m wide by 4 m high
and weighs 10 kN. With its longer edge horizontal, it is moved up and
down with its short edges sliding in vertical channel guides. Evaluate the
force, in kN, needed to raise the gate when the surface of the water is
2 m above its top edge. There is no water on the downstream side of the
gate. The coefficient of friction between the gate and the channel guides
is 0.10. Neglect the buoyant effect of the water on the gate and the weight
of the cables connected to the gate.

Solution: T
w.s.
P =γ hA
P = 9.81(4)(4)(6) 2m
P = 941.76 kN 4m
6

∑Fv = 0 10 kN 4
P
F = 10 + Fr
Fr
F = 10 + 941.76(0.1)
F = 104.176 kN
 Hydraulics Coaching – Nov. 2023

8. PROBLEM
A corner at the bottom of the cross-section of a tank is shown in figure. The tank
is 2 m wide into the plane of this paper. Neglecting atmospheric pressure,
evaluate:
À The total horizontal force on the w.s.

corner plate AB, in kN. H2 O

Á The total vertical force on the corner Pv 4m
plate AB, in kN.
 The resultant force acting on the h =5.5 m
plate, in kN. B

Solution: 3m

À The total horizontal force on the Ph

corner plate AB A 45˚
Ph = γ h A 3m

Ph = 9.81(5.5)(3)(2)
Ph = 323.73 kN

Á The total vertical force on the corner plate AB

(7 + 4)
Pv = (3)(9.81)(2)
2
Pv = 323.73 kN (wt. of volume of H 2O on the shaded section)

 The resultant force acting on the plate

R2 = (323.73)2 + (323.73)2
R = 457.8 kN
 Hydraulics Coaching – Nov. 2023

9. PROBLEM
A piece of metal weighs 360 N in air and when submerged in water it weighs 250
N.

À Evaluate the volume of the rock in m3.

Á Evaluate the unit weight of the rock in kN/m3.
 Evaluate the sp.gr. of the rock.

Solution:
À Volume of metal:
W = 350 - 240
W = 110 N
110 = V(9810)
V = 0.0112 m3

Á Specific weight:
350
Specific weight = 0.0112
Specific weight = 31250
Specific weight = 31.25 kN/m3

 Specific gravity:
wt. in air
Sp.gr. = wt. of equal vol. of H O
2
350
Sp.gr. = 9810(0.0112)
SP.gr. = 3.19

Another Soln:
31.25
Sp.gr. = 9.81
Sp.gr. = 3.19
 Hydraulics Coaching – Nov. 2023

11. PROBLEM
Reservoir A is the source of water supply is at elevation 180 m., B is the junction at
elevation 120 m. Town C has a population of 20000 inhabitants is at elevation 60 m. Town D
has a population of 24000 inhabitants is at elevation 45 m. The consumption is 190 liters per
capita per day. Neglect all losses except from friction. For the pipes, friction factor f = 0.02.
El. 180

A
150
00m

B 9
000
El. 120 m
El. 60

60
00
m
El. 45

À Determine the required diameter in meters of pipe AB.

Á Determine the required diameter in meters of pipe BC.
 Determine the required diameter in meters of pipe BD.

Solution:
À Diameter of pipeline from reservoir R.
(20,000)(0.190)
Q2 = (24)(3600)
Q2 = 0.044 cu.m/sec.
(24,000)(0.190)
Q3 = (24)(3600)
Q3 = 0.053 cu.m/sec.

Q1 = Q2 + Q3
Q1 = 0.044 + 0.053
Q1 = 0.097 cu.m/sec.
 Hydraulics Coaching – Nov. 2023

11. Problem – Cont.

hf1 = 180 - 120

hf1 = 60 m.
hf2 = 120 - 60
hf2 = 60 m.
hf3 = 120 - 45
hf3 = 75 m.

0.0826 f L Q2
hf =
D5
(0.0826)(0.02)(15,000)(0.097)2
hf =
D15
D1 = 0.33 m.
D1 = 330 mm

Á Diameter of pipeline serving town A.

0.0826 f L Q2
hf =
D5
(0.0826)(0.02)(9000)(0.044)2
60 =
D25
D2 = 0.22 m.
D2 = 220 mm

® Diameter of pipeline serving town B.

0.0826 f L Q2
hf =
D5
(0.0826)(0.02)(6000)(0.053)2
75 =
D35
D3 = 0.21 m.
D3 = 210 mm
 Hydraulics Coaching – Nov. 2023

12. PROBLEM
A vertical jet of water thru a nozzle supports a load of 150 N. The velocity
and diameter of the jet at the nozzle tip are 17.46 m/s and 3 cm. Find the
distance of load from the nozzle tip in meters.

Solution:

Q = AV
π 150 150
Q= (0.03)2 (17.46)
4
Q = 0.0123 m3 / s
2
h
F=QW/g(V 2 )
QW 1
F= V2
g
0.0123(9810)V2
150 =
9.81
V2 = 12.154 m/s
V22 = V12 - 2gh
(12.154)2 = (17.46)2 - 2(9.81)h
h = 8 m.
 Hydraulics Coaching – Nov. 2023

13. PROBLEM
The unit weight of a liquid is variable and is given by the relation
g = 10 + 0.5h, where g is in kN/m3 and h is the depth of the liquid
from the free surface in meters. Determine the gage pressure in kPa
at a depth of 5 m.

Solution:
g = 10 + 0.5h
dP = g dh
dP = (10 + 0.5h) dh
0.5h 2
P = 10h +
2
0.5 2
P = 10(5) + (5)
2
P = 56.25 kPa
 Hydraulics Coaching – Nov. 2023

14. PROBLEM
A container whose height is “h” has a constant cross-sectional area. Half
of the container is filled with water and the other half is filled with liquid
whose specific gravity is 0.80. Find the ratio of the force exerted by water
acting on the lower half to that of oil acting on the other half?

Solution:

F1 = γ hA Sp. gr.=0.8 h/2

F2

F1 = 9.81(0.8)( 4h )( h2 )(D)
h/2
F1 = 0.981h D2 H2O F2

F2 = γ hA D
D
h = 0.8( h2 ) + 4h D

h/4
h = 0.65h
F2
( )
F2 = 9.81(0.65)h h2 (D)
F2 = 3.188 h2 D h/2
F2

F2 3.188h2 D
Ratio = = 2
= 3.25 D
F1 0.981h D
 Hydraulics Coaching – Nov. 2023

15. PROBLEM
A ship having a displacement of 24000 tons and a draft of 10.5 m in the ocean enters a
harbor of fresh water. If horizontal cross-section of the ship at the water line is 3000 sq.m,
what depth of fresh water is required to float the ship? Assume a marine tone is 1000 kg and
that seawater and fresh water weighs 10.1 kN/m3 and 9.81 kN/m3 respectively.

Solution: W

W = VD w.s.

W
V= d 1=10.5
D
V = Ad
Salt water
V γ=10.1 kN/m3
d=
A
W
w.s.

A1 = A 2 = 3000 m2 d1

V2 V1
d2 - d1 = -
A 2 A1
Fresh water
γ=9.81 kN/m3
W W
- 10.1
d2 - d1 = 9.81
3000
235440 - 235440
d2 - 10.5 = 9.81 10.1
3000
d2 = 10.73 m.