Vibrations Syllabus

1- General principles
2- Oscillatory motion
3- Free vibration of single degree of freedom system
4- Damped vibration of single degree of freedom system
5- Harmonic forced vibration of single degree of freedom system
6- Transient forced vibration .
7- Vibration of two degree of freedom system

References:
1- Mechanical vibrations analysis by Dr. C.S. Sharma.
2- Mechanical vibration Schaum, s outline series.
3- Theory of vibration with applications by William T. Thomson (text
book).

Dynamics
There are many problems in engineering whose solutions require application of
the principles of dynamics. Typically the structural design of any vehicle, such
as an automobile or airplane, requires consideration of the motion to which it is
subjected. This is also true for many mechanical devices, such as motors,
pumps, movable tools, and machinery. Furthermore, predictions of the motions
of artificial satellites, projectiles, and spacecraft are based on the theory of
dynamics.

 Dynamics deals with the accelerated motion of a body. dynamics will be

presented in two parts:
1- Kinematics, which treats only the geometric aspects of the motion.
2- Kinetics, which is the analysis of the forces causing the motion.

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 Oscillatory Motion
Any motion that repeats itself after an interval of time is called vibration
oscillation. The swinging of a pendulum and the motion of a plucked string
typical examples of vibration. The theory of vibration deals with the study
oscillatory motions of bodies and the forces associated with them.

A vibratory system, in general, includes a means for storing potential energy

(spring or elasticity), a means for storing kinetic energy (mass or inertia), and a
means which energy is gradually lost (damper).

There are two main classes of vibrations:

1- Free vibration
2- Forced vibration

There are many classifications for vibrations such as(SDOF, MDOF, damped
system or undamped system)

Where:

Free vibration: If a system, after an initial disturbance, is left to vibrate on its

own, the ensuing vibration is known as free vibration. No external force acts on
the system. The oscillation of a simple pendulum is an example of free
vibration.

Forced Vibration: If a system is subjected to an external force (often, a

repeating type of force), the resulting vibration is known as forced vibration (
have the same frequency of excited force), The oscillation that arises in
machines such as diesel engines is an example of forced vibration.

Resonance: If the frequency of the external force coincides with one of the
natural frequencies of the system, a condition known as resonance occurs, and
the system undergoes dangerously large oscillations. Failures of such structures

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as buildings, bridges, turbines, and airplane wings have been associated with the
occurrence of resonance.

Thus the calculation of natural frequency is major importance in study of

vibration.

Damping: If no energy is lost or dissipated in friction or other resistance during

oscillation, the vibration is known as undamped vibration. If any energy is lost
in this way, on the other hand, it is called damped vibration. In many physical
systems, the amount of damping is so small that it can be disregarded for most
engineering purposes.

However, consideration of damping becomes extremely important in analyzing

vibratory systems near resonance (decrease the amplitude of oscillation).

Degree of Freedom(D.O.F): are a minimum number of coordinates that

completely represent the dynamic state of a system at any given time t.
*Free particle undergoing general motion in space will have three DOF .
*Rigid body will have (6DOf) three translation components and three rotation
components.
*Continues elastic body requires infinite number of coordinates to describe its
motion (three at each point on the body).
* large number of vibration problems can be treated with sufficient accuracy by
reducing the system to one having a few degree of freedom.

Harmonic Motion
Oscillatory motion may repeat itself regularly, as in the case of a simple
pendulum, or may display considerable irregularity, as in the case of ground
motion during an earthquake. If the motion is repeated after equal intervals of
time, it is called periodic motion. The simplest type of periodic motion is
harmonic motion.

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The repetition time (τ) is called the period of oscillation and its reciprocal (f) is
called the frequency.
f=1/ τ (Hertz=cycle/sec)
while ω=2πf (rad/sec) angular frequency.

Consider the mass ( m) of the spring-mass system shown in Fig. 1 is displaced

from its middle positions by an amount x(in time ) given by:

(1)
Where A= amplitude of oscillation which is the max. displacement of mass
from equilibrium position.

Fig.1
This motion is shown by the sinusoidal curve in Fig. 2.

Fig.2

The velocity and acceleration of the mass(m) at time t is given by The

differentiation of Eq. above with respect to time gives:

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 (2-a,b)
From Eq.(1) : sin ωt=x/A
And from Eq.(2-b) : sin ωt=x/-Aω
So: x/A= x/-Aω lead to :

(3)
It can be seen that the acceleration is directly proportional to the displacement.
Such a vibration, with the acceleration proportional to the displacement and
directed towards the mean position, is known as simple harmonic motion.

Fig.3
From Fig.3, it can be seen that the acceleration vector leads the velocity vector
by 90°, and the latter leads the displacement vector by 90°.