CHAPTER III

ANALYSIS OF BEAMS REINFORCED FOR TENSION

3.10 The Allowable Strength Design Assumption

The accurate estimation of the stresses in reinforced concrete members under

working or service-load conditions is difficult because of the effects of shrinkage,
tensile cracking, creep and bending.

The following assumptions are taken for this discussion:

1. A plain section before bending remains plain after bending.

2. Stress is proportional to strain; that is Hooke’s Law applies to this non-
homogeneous material of concrete and steel.

. ( )
Hooke’s Law: fs = ϵsEs ; where ϵs =
3. The tensile strength of concrete is negligible and tensile forces are carried
completely by steel reinforcement.
4. The concrete and steel bond together perfectly so that no slip occurs.

3.11 Bending of Reinforced Concrete Beam

Consider a rectangular plain concrete cross-section supported at two-end

bearing and subjected to vertical load. Due to bending of the beam, the upper part
will be in compression and the lower part will be in tension. This is clear in the fact
that the upper shortens and the bottom lengthen.

The ultimate crushing strength of the concrete is 20.70 MPa and the ultimate
tensile strength is only one-tenth equal to 2.07 MPa in this case, the concrete will
fail in tension and subtracting 2.07 MPa to 20.7 MPa will result 18.63 MPa that will
also result to a failure in compression. To strengthen, reinforcement is added to
bring into effective high compression strength.

If a relative reinforced concrete beam has a load applied to it that is gradually

increased, the beam will go through three distinct stages before collapse occurs.

1. Uncracked Concrete Stage

At small loads that tensile stresses are less that the modulus of rupture, the
entire cross-section of the beam resists bending, with compression on top portion
and tension on the other side.

2. Concrete Cracked – Elastic Stresses Stages

As the load is increased after the modulus of rupture of the beam is exceeded,
crack begins to develop in the bottom of the beam. The moment at which these

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 cracks begin to form, that is, when the tensile stress in the bottom of the beam
equals the modulus of rupture, which is referred to as cracking moment.

3. Ultimate Strength Stage

As the load increased further so that the compressive stresses are greater than
one-half of the concrete 28-day strength, the tensile cracks move upward, as does
the neutral axis, and the concrete stresses begin to change appreciably from a
straight line.

3.20 Moments for Continuous Beams

Limits From Code

1. Adjacent clear spans should not differ by more than 20% of the shorter span.
2. Ratio of live load, dead load should not exceed 3.
3. The loads should be uniformly distributed only.

For Positive Moments

1. End Spans
If discontinuous edge is unrestrained; M =
If discontinuous end is integral with the support; M =
2. Interior Spans
M=

For Negative Moments

1. At exterior face of first interior support

Two spans M=
More than two spans M=
2. At other faces of interior support; M =
3. At face of all supports
a. Slabs with span less than 3 meters; M =
b. Beams and girders where the ratio of the sum of column stiffness to beam
stiffness exceed 8 at each end span M=
4. At interior faces of exterior supports for members built integrally with their
supports
a. When support is spandrel beam or girder; M =
b. When the support is a column; M=

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3.2 BEAM REINFORCED FOR TENSION

Since concrete is considered to be a compression material, to resist bending and

deflection, beam is reinforced at the tension side or area. Tension occurs below the
beam. A stirrups or web reinforcement is provided perpendicular to tension bars in
U-shape and a two pieces of temperature bars holds the web reinforcement at the
compression.

FIGURE 3.1 Beam Cross-section with Stress and Strain Diagram;

The Allowable Stress Design (ASD)

Where:
c = ½ fcbkd ; T = Asfs
Resisting Moment of Concrete:
Mc = cjd = ½ fcbkd2 = 1/2fckjbd2
Resisting Moment of Steel:
Ms = Tjd = Asfsjd

Note: Formulas use is the same as of one-way slab.

3.21 Steps in Designing Beam Reinforced for Tension by ASD

1. Compute for live load moment, depending on the type of load and support.
M= , (simply supported)
M= , (continuous beam)

2. Compute the design constants.

R = ½ fckj
Where: k = ; fc = 0.45f’c ; j=1– ; n=

3. Solve for the depth “d”, assuming a value of “b” ranging from 250 to 300 mm.
d=

LSG 3
4. Add 50 mm to 100 mm to this computed “d” for the dead load. Use relation.
b= or b =
.
5. Compute for total load.
W = DL + LL
6. Recompute the total moment.

7. Rechecked the computed d.

d= , the result should be the same as the values after adding
50mm or 100mm.
8. Compute for steel requirements. As = ; N=
9. Check for shear. υ=

Where: d = effective depth υ = shearing stress

b = width of beam V = shear at distance “d” from support
= maximum shear
10. If V > Va , use 10 mm Ø stirrups
If V < Va , no need of stirrups
Where: Va = 0.09 𝑓′𝑐 MPa, allowable shearing stress
Va = 0.29 𝑓′𝑐 kg/cm2, allowable shearing stress
11. Compute for spacing of stirrups: S=
Where:
S = spacing of stirrups; = maximum spacing
Av = cross-sectional area of stirrups 10 mm Ø minimum
AV = 2AS
AS =
fv = allowable tensile stress of stirrups, if not give, fs = fv
b = width of beam
υ’ = V – Va
12. Check for bond stress: Uo =
Ʃ
Where:
uo = bond stress
V = maximum shear

LSG 4
 Ʃo = diameter of tension bars (numbers computed)
Ʃo = Nπd
13. If u > uo , then add more steel bars allowable stresses.
14. For tension bars.
a. ASTM A 305
.
Top bars; u = MPa
.
Other than top bars; u = MPa
b. ASTM A 408
Top bars; u = 0.18 𝑓′𝑐 MPa
Other than top bars; u = 00.25 𝑓′𝑐 MPa
Compression bars; u = 0.54 𝑓′𝑐 MPa
Note:
For plain bars, use one-half of ASTM A 305 but not more than 1.14 MPa.

3.3 Singly Reinforced Concrete Beam

It is a reinforced concrete member design to resist bending. The upper part of the
beam is compression side taken by the concrete, but the lower part the concrete is
assumed to have cracked leaving the reinforcements to take the whole of tension.
The section is therefore unsymmetrical so that the depth (d) and neutral axis is to be
determined.

This beam is the example of reinforced for tension only and the step in designing
is the same as the above-discussed steps.

3.4 Example Problems

 For Beams Reinforced for Tension

A simply supported beam is design for tension only with a span of 5.0 meters
that carries a live load of 19 kN/m. Design the beam and the required stirrups
using ACI specifications with f’c = 17.5 MPa, fs = 125 MPa, n = 10. Use b = .

Given:
L = 5.0 m
LL = 19 kN/m
f’c = 17.5 MPa
fs = 125 MPa
n = 10
b=

Solution:
Following steps in designing

LSG 5
 fc = 0.45(17.5 MPa)
1. Computation for moment due fc = 7.875 MPa
to live load.
M= (simply supported)  k=
( . )
M= k=
.
M = 59.375 kN·m k = 0.387
M = 59,375,000 N·mm
 j=1-
.
2. Computation for j=1–
constants. j = 0.871
R = ½ fckj
 fc = 0.45f’c
3. Solution for depth. . ( . )
M=
d= M = 68.847 kN·m
, , .
d= 7. Rechecked effective depth for
. ( )
d = 414.371 mm actual.
d=
4. Add 50 to 100 mm to “d”.
d = 414.371 mm + 61.629 mm d=
, , .

d = 476 mm . ( )

 b= = d = 466.367mm < 476mm

“SAFE”
 b = 238 mm
h = 476 mm + 65 mm 8. Compute for steel
h = 541 mm reinforcement.
5. Computation for total load. As =
W = DL + LL As =
, , .

DL = hbWc ( . )( )
As = 1,328.46 mm2
DL=(0.541m)(0.238m)(2,400 )(9.81  Try 20 mm Ø RSB
) Ab =
( )
DL = 3,031,478 Ab =
𝒌𝑵 Ab = 314.159 mm2
DL = 3.031
𝒎  Number of tension
W = 3.031 + 19 bars
W = 22.031
𝒌𝑵 N=
𝒎
, .
N=
.
6. Re-computation of total N = 4.229 pcs. Say 5 pcs.
moment.  Use 5 pcs – 20
mm Ø tension bars

LSG 6
 12. Check for bond stress.
9. Check for shear. .
Ua =
υ= ∅
. . /
Ua =
V= − 𝑊𝑑
Ua = 2.12 MPa
. ( . )
V = −  For actual bond
stress:
(22.0.31 )(0.4765𝑚)
u=
V = 44.591 kN Ʃ
, Ʃo = πNdb
υ=( )( ) Ʃo = π(5)(20 mm)
υ = 0.394 MPa
Ʃo = 314.159 mm
10. For allowable shearing stress. ,
u=( )( . )(
Va = 0.09 𝑓 𝑐 MPa . )
u = 0.342MPa < 2.12MPa “SAFE”
Va = 0.09√17.5 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Va = 0.376 M < 0.394 MPa
 Adopt:
b = 238 mm 13. Draw the section and main bars
d = 476 mm arrangement.
h = 541 mm

11. For spacing of stirrups.

 Use 10mm Ø
stirrups
S=
 Av = 2As
( )
Av =
Av = 157.08 mm2
 v’ = V - Va
v’ = 0.394 MPa – 0.376
MPa
v’ = 0.018 MPa
 fv = fs = 125 MPa
. Vertical clearance = 2(50) = 100
S=
. ( ) Bars = 3(20mm) = 60
S = 4,583.33 mm 160
238 – 160 = 76 ÷ 2 = 38mm > 20
 Maximum spacing mm “OKAY”
Smax =
Vertical clearance = 2(50) = 100
Smax = Bars = 5(20 mm) = 100
Smax = 238 mm 200
238 – 200 = 38 ÷ 4 = 9.5 mm <
20 mm “UNSAFE”

LSG 7
3.62 For Mixed Materials

A 300 mm concrete beam is to replace a 250 mm x 400 mm wooden girder with a

span length of 6.0 meters and weight 0f 7,200 N/m3. Allowable bending stress of
wood is 12.4 MPa. The concrete beam is to be designed on the basis of wooden
girder live load, fc = 5.54 MPa, fs = 125 MPa, j = 0.874, R = 0.91 MPa, concrete
covering = 60 mm, υ = 0.35 MPa, u = 0.80 MPa.

Given:

For Lumber For Concrete

b = 250 mm fc = 5.54 MPa
h = 400 mm fs = 125 MPa
L = 6.0 m j = 0.874
W = 7,200 N/m3 R = 0.91 MPa
f = 12.4 MPa cc = 60 mm
LL = ? υ = 0.35 MPa
uo = 0.80 MPa

1. Computation for moment of

wooden girder.
f = , bending stress
2. For weight wooden girder.
Where: d = h = 400 mm
M= ;W=
M=
. ( ) ( . ∙
M= W=
( )
M = 82,666,666.67 N·mm
M = 82.667 kN·m
W = 18.370
WDL = (25m)(0.40m)(7,200 ) 4. Solution for depth, using b = 300
mm.
WDL = 720 N/m = 0.720 kN/m
LL = W – DL d=
LL = 18.38 − 0.720 , , ∙
d=
. ( )
3. Computation for moment of d = 539.536 mm + 70.464
concrete due to live load. d = 610 mm
M= h = 610 mm + 60 mm
. ( )
h = 670 mm
M=
5. Computation for total load.
M = 79.47 WDL = bhWc

LSG 8
 WDL =  V = 53.517 kN
,
(0.67m)(0.30m)(2400 )(9.81 ) υ=( )( )
WDL = 4732.344 = 4.732 υ = 0.292 MPa < 0.35 MPa
W = LL + DL Therefore, No need of stirrups.
W = 4.732 + 17.66 10. For actual bond stress:
W = 22.032 u=
Ʃ
Ʃo = πNdb
6. Re-computation of total moment. Ʃo = π(5)(20mm)
M= Ʃo = 314.159 mm
. ( . )
M=
. ( . ) V=
M = 100.764 kN·m
V = 67.176 kN
,
u=( )( )(
. . )
7. Re-checked effective depth for
actual.
d= u = 0.401 MPa < 0.80 MPa
“SAFE”
, , ∙
d=
. ( )
d = 607.535 mm < 610 mm
“SAFE”
FIGURE:
8. Compute for steel reinforcement.
As = 1,512.008 mm2
 Try 20 mm Ø RSB
Ab =
( )
Ab =
Ab = 314.159 mm2
 Numbers of rebars
N=
, .
N=
.
N = 4.813 pcs. Say 5 pcs.

9. Check for shear.

υ=
 V= - Wd
. ( . )
 V = –
(212.392 )(0.610m)

LSG 9
3.5 INVESTIGATION OF BEAMS (BY TRANSFORMED SECTION)

A reinforced concrete beam can be treated as homogenous beam, if the neutral

axis passes through the center of gravity of the cross-section; and if the steel
considered is to be replaced by concrete, so placed as to produce the same effect as
the steel in to resist tension, in contact to the properties of real concrete.

In figure below, the steel area is replaced by an equivalent fictitious area of steel
equals nAs. This shows that steel is the Modulus of Elasticity “n” times stronger than
concrete. The concrete below the neutral axis is to equate the moment of areas with
respect to the neutral axis; that is moment of the concrete above the neutral axis is
equal to the moment of the fictitious area about the neutral axis.

FIGURE 3.71 Transformed Section of Rectangular Beam

From the transformed section:

Moment of compressive block = moment of fictitious area below the neutral axis
𝑏𝑥 = 𝑛𝐴 (𝑑 − 𝑥)
 Compute for x:
= 𝑛𝐴 𝑑 − 𝑛𝐴 𝑥
𝑏𝑥 = 2𝑛𝐴 𝑑 − 2𝑛𝐴 𝑥
𝑏𝑥 + 2𝑛𝐴 𝑥 − 2𝑛𝐴 𝑑 = 0
Where: b, n, As, and d given

 Compute for the inertia of the transformed section:

𝐼 . . = + 𝑛𝐴 (𝑑 − 𝑥) , moment of inertia with respect to the neutral
axis.
 Compute for flexural stresses:
For concrete: 𝑓𝑐 =
( )
For steel: =

LSG 10
 Note: The above formulas could be used to solve problems having
different geometrical shapes or cross-section of reinforced concrete
beam.

3.72 Example Problem 1.

A rectangular simply supported beam is reinforced for tension with 4 pieces of 20

mm Ø bars and has 60 mm concrete cover to the centers of bars with a cross-section
of 250 mm by 510 mm and a span of 6 m with fs = 125 MPa, n = 12. Determine the
additional P that could be carried by this section at midspan besides a uniform load
of 11 kN/m including the weight of the beam.

Given:
b = 250 mm fs = 125 MPa
h = 510 mm fc = 8 MPa
cc = 60 mm n = 12
RSB = 4 – 20 mm LL = 11 kN/m
L = 6.0 m P=?

Solution:

 For area of steel reinforcement

( )
As = nAb = = 1256.6371 mm2

 For steel strength ratio

.
𝜌= = = 0.0112
( )
𝑑 = ℎ − 60 = 510 − 60 = 450 mm

 For length factor of compression member

k = (𝜌𝑛) + 2𝜌𝑛 − 𝜌𝑛
ρn = 0.0112(12) = 0.1344
2(ρn) = 2(0.1344) = 0.2688
(ρn)2 = (0.1344)2 = 0.0181
k = √0.0181 + 0.2688 − 0.1344
k = 0.401

 For length factor of tension members

.
j=1– =1– = 0.866

 For resisting moments

 For concrete: Mc = 𝑓𝑐𝑘𝑗𝑏𝑑
Mc = 8 (0.866)(0.401)(250𝑚𝑚)(450𝑚𝑚)
Mc = 70,321,365 N·mm = 70.321 kN·m

LSG 11
  For steel: Mc = Asfsjd
Mc = (1256.6371 mm2)(125 )(0.866)(450mm)
Mc = 61,214,076 N·mm = 61.214 kN·m

 For safe resisting moment, take the smallest

M = Ms = 61.214 kN·m
 For external moment:
M= +
( ) ( )
61.214 kN·m = +
61.214 kN·m = 1.5P + 49.5 kN·m
. ∙ . ∙
P= = 7.81 kN
.

 Compute load “P” from shear

v=
v= + 33 − 𝑊𝑑
v = + [33 − (11)(0.45)]
v = + (33 − 4.95)
v = + 28.05 𝑘𝑁

 For allowable shear:

v = 0.09 𝑓′𝑐
fc = 0.45f’c
f’c = = 17.78 MPa
.
v = 0.09√17.78 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 0.38 MPa

 Substitute v and equation 2 to equation 1

. ( )
0.038 = ( )( )
500 P + 28,050 = 42,750
, ,
P= = 29.4 kN

Compute “P”from bond stress

u=
Ʃ

Allowable bond stress (u)

LSG 12
 . . √ .
u= = = 2.14 𝑀𝑃𝑎
V = + 33
Ʃo = Ndb = 4π(20) = 251.33 mm

Substitute computed values to the formula:

( )
2.14 = ( )( . )(
. )
500 P + 33,000 = 209,598.66
, . ,
P= = 353.20 kN

 Evaluate:
P = 7.81 kN, due to resisting moment
P = 29.4 kN, due to shearing stress
P = 353.20 kN, due to bond stress
Therefore P = 7.81 kN Ans.

Problem 2.

Given:
M = 95 kN·m
n = 10
fc = ? (Bending stress)
fs = ? (Bending stress)

Solution:

( )
nAs = 10 4𝜋 = 12,566.40 mm2

 Compute for x
𝑏𝑥 = 𝑛𝐴 (𝑑 − 𝑥)
300x = 12,566.40(440 – x)
150 x = 5,529,216 – 12,566.40x
2

LSG 13
 x2 + 83.78x – 36,861.44 = 0
±√
x=
( . )± ( . ) ( )( , . )
x=
( )
. .
x= = -238.4 mm
. .
x= = +154.62 mm = 155mm
Take for the positive x:
Therefore, x = 155 mm

 Compute for moment of inertia

( )
I= + 𝑁𝐴 (𝑑 − 𝑥) = + 12,566.4(440 − 155)
I = 372,387,500 mm + 1,020,705,840 mm4
4

I = 1,393,093,340 mm4

 For bending stress

 Stress in concrete: 𝑓𝑐 = ; Mc = M = 95 kN·m
, , ∙ ( )
fc = = 10.57 MPa Ans.
, , ,
( )
 Stress in steel: = ; 𝑀 = 𝑀 = 95 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
, , ∙ ( )
= = 19.44 MPa
, , ,
Fs = 10(19.44) = 194.4 MPa Ans.

Problem 3.

The cross-section below is reinforced for tension with 2 – 28 mm Ø and 2

– 32 mm Ø. The beam has a simple span of 7.0 m and carries a moving load shown.
Neglecting its own weight, determine whether the beam could carry the loads. Use f’c =
20 MPa, fs = 124 MPa, n = 10, v = 0.40 MPa and u = 1.40 MPa.

Figure:

LSG 14
Given:

Rebars = 2 – 32 mm Ø
Rebars = 2 – 28 mm Ø
L = 7.0 m
f’c = 20 MPa
fs = 124 MPa
n = 12
v = 0.40 MPa
u = 1.40 MPa

Solution:

Moment of Compressive Block = Moment of Fictitious Area below the Neutral Axis

 For moment of fictitious area below the neutral axis:

nAs = 12[ (28) (2) + (32) (2)]
nAs = 34,080 mm2
bx = nAs(600 – x)
400x = 34,080(600 – x)
200x = 20,448,000 – 34,080x
2

x2 + 170.4x – 102,240 = 0

 Compute for “x” using quadratic formula:

±√
x=
( . )± ( . ) ( )( . )
x=
( )
. .
x= = 245.7 mm say 246 mm
600 – x = 600 – 246 = 354 mm

 Compute for moment of inertia:

𝐼= + 𝑛𝐴 (𝑑 − 𝑥)
( )
𝐼= + 34,080 mm2 (354 mm)2
𝐼 = 1,984,924,800 mm4 + 4,270,769,280 mm4
𝐼 = 6,255,694,080 mm4

 Compute for moment capacity of concrete:

fc = ; Mc =
fc = 0.45f’c = 0.45(20 MPa) = 9 MPa
Mc = 228,866,856.6 N·mm = 228.9 kN·m

 Compute for moment capacity of steel:

LSG 15
 ( )
= ;𝑀 =
( )
, , ,
𝑀 =
( )
Ms = 182,605,006.10 N·mm = 182.61 kN·m

 From figure above, for moving loads compute for “x”:

Resultant (R) = 50 kN + 40 kN + 10 kN = 100 kN
Summation of moment @ 50 kN position:
R(x) = 40(3) + 10(4)
100x = 120 + 40 ; x = = 1.6 m

 Compute for maximum moment:

*Place the moving load so that the centerline of the beam is at the center of
biggest load and the resultant of the loads.
*Position of moving loads at beam
ƩMR2 = 0
R1(7.0) = 100(2.7)
R1 = = 38.57 kN

ƩMR2 = 0
R2(7.0) = 100(4.3)
R2 = = 61.43 kN

 Maximum moment occurs under the biggest, so at 2.70 from R 2:

Max M = R1(2.70 m) = 38.57 kN (2.70 m)
Max M = 104.14 kN·m < 182.61 kN·m “SAFE”

 Check for shear:

 For maximum shear, place the biggest load above support R1:
ƩMR2 = 0
R1(7.0) = 100(5.4)
R1 = = 77.14 kN

v = 77.14 kN

 For shearing stress:

,
v= =( )(
= 0.3214 MPa < 40 MPa “SAFE”
)

 Check for bond stress:

uo =
Ʃ

LSG 16
 jd = 600 – = 600 – = 518 mm
Ʃo = π(32)(2) + π(28)(2) = 201.052 mm + 175.93 mm = 377 mm
,
uo = ( )(
= 0.34 MPa < 1.40 MPa “SAFE”
)

3.6 Allowable Strength Design Problems

1. A 9.0 meter span beam is design to carry a uniform load of 25.0 kN/m including
its own weight. The beam size is 300 mm x 650 mm with fs = 136 MPa, fc= 9
MPa, v = 1.7 MPa and u = 1.4 MPa. Find for the area of steel reinforcement and
number of main bars.

2. The cross-section below is a rectangular beam reinforced for tension only.

Determine whether the section is safe to carry the loads shown. Use fs = 137 MPa,
f’c = 20 MPa, n = 10. Neglect weight of beam.

3. A 250 mm x 500 mm rectangular beam 94 kg/cm and 1400 kg/cm 2 allowable

stresses for concrete and steel, respectively. The span length is 6.0 m and simply
supported with a tension bars of 4 pieces of 20 mm Ø. Find the uniform load that
this beam could carry.

4. The beam has a simple span of 9.0 m with a width of 260 mm and effective depth
of 400 mm having a 60 mm concrete cover. Determine the safe uniform load in
N/m that this beam could carry besides its own weight. Use f’c = 211 kn/cm 2, fs =
1,406 kg/cm2, n = 9.

5. Find the safe concentrated load at the midspan that the reinforced concrete
shown could carry besides its own weight. The beam has a simple span of 8.0 m.
f’c = 19 MPa, fs = 135 MPa, n = 10.

LSG 17
 3.7 The Ultimate Strength Design

NOTATIONS AND SYMBOLS USED

α = depth of equivalent stress block, mm

As = area of tension reinforcement, mm2
Ask = area of skin reinforcement per unit height in one side face, mm 2/m
b = width of compression face of member, mm
c = distance from extreme compression fiber to neutral axis, mm
d = distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of tension reinforcement,
mm
d’ = distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of compression
reinforcement, mm
dc = thickness of concrete cover measured from extreme tension fiber to center of
bar or wire, mm
Ec = modulus of elasticity of concrete, MPa
Es = modulus of elasticity of steel = 200,000 MPa
f’c = specified compressive stress of concrete, MPa
fs = calculated stress in reinforcement at service loads, MPa
fy = specified yield strength of steel, MPa
h = overall thickness of member, mm
Ig = moment of inertia of gross concrete section about centroidal axis, neglecting
reinforcement
Ise = moment of inertia of reinforcement about centroidal axis of member cross-
section
Mn = nominal moment, N-mm

LSG 18
Mu = factored moment at section, N-mm
𝛽1 = factor defined in Section 5.10.2
εc = strain in concrete (maximum = 0.003)
εs = strain in steel below yield point = fs/Es
εy = strain in steel at yield point = fy/Es
ρ = ratio of tension reinforcement = As/bd
ρb = balance steel ratio (See Section 5.10.3.2)
Ø = strength reduction factor (See Sec.5.9.3)

ASSUMPTIONS IN STRENGTH IN FLEXURE

(CODE SECTION 5.10.2)
1. Strain in reinforcement and concrete shall be assumed directly proportional to
the distance from the neutral axis. Except for deep flexural members with overall
depth to clear span ratio, h/L > 2/5 for continuous spans and h/L > 4/5 for
simple spans, a nonlinear distribution of strain shall be considered (See Sec.
5.10.7)

2. Maximum usable strain at extreme concrete compression fiber, ε c shall be

assumed equal to 0.003

3. For fs below fy, fs shall be taken as Es × εs. For εs > εy, fs = fy

4. Tension strength of concrete shall be neglected in axial and flexural calculations.

5. Relationship between compressive stress distribution and concrete strain may be

assumed rectangular, trapezoidal, parabolic, or any other form that results in
prediction of strength in substantial agreement with results of comprehensive
tests.

6. For rectangular distribution of stress:

(a). Concrete stress of 0.85f’c shall be assumed uniformly distributed over an

equivalent compression zone bounded by edges of the cross-section and a
straight line located parallel to the neutral axis at a distance of a=𝛽1 c from the
fiber of maximum compressive strain.

(b.) Distance c from fiber of maximum strain to the neutral axis shall be
measured in the direction perpendicular to N.A.

(c.) Factor 𝛽1 shall be taken as 0.85 for f’c ≤ 30 MPa and 𝛽1 shall be reduced
continuously at a rate of 0.008 for each 1 MPa of strength in excess of 30 MPa, 𝛽1
shall not be taken less than 0.65. i.e.

(i) For f’c ≤ 30 MPa, 𝛽1 = 0.85

(ii) For f’c > 30 MPa, 𝛽1 = 0.85 – 0.008(f’c - 30) but shall not be less
than 0.65

LSG 19
 From stress diagram:

Σ𝐹 = 0+→
T=C
But : T = Asfy
C = 0.85f’cab

Asfy = 0.85f’cab
a= , for thickness of compression block
.

T = Asfy → Tensile strength

c = 0.85f’cab → compressive strength
As = ρbd → Area of steel reinforcement
𝐴𝑏 = → Area of one steel reinforcement
where: Ab = Area of bar
d = diameter of bar

𝜔= → strength ratio of steel and concrete

𝜌= → steel ratio
where:
fy = steel strength at yield point
f’c = concrete strength
b = width of beam, 1 meter strip for slab
d = effective depth of steel, measured from center of tension reinforcement
to the compressive extreme fiber.
Mu = ultimate moment
Ø = reduction factor

LSG 20
 Ø = 0.90 for bending computation
Ø = 0.75 for spiral column
Ø = 0.70 for tied column
Ø = 0.70 for bearing in concrete
Ø = 0.65 for bending in plain concrete
Ø = 0.85 for shear

Mu = Øc(d - )
Mu = Ø0.85f’cab(d- )
*in terms of compressive strength:
Mn = Øf’cbd2 𝜔(1-0.59 𝜔)
*in terms of concrete strength
Mu = ØT(d - )
Mu = ØAsfy(d - )
*in terms of steel strength

For resisting Force :

R = f’c 𝜔(1-0.59 𝜔) or
Ru = f’c 𝜔(1-0.59 𝜔)
From 𝑅𝑢 =
strength ratio:
.
𝜌= [1 − 1 − ]
.

STEPS IN DESIGNING A SINGLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR BEAM

FOR FLEXURE:
Note: The assumptions made in steps II, V and VIII are the author’s recommendation
based on his experience

I. Identify the values of the dead load and live load to be carried by the beam. (DL &
LL)

II. Approximate the weight of beam (DL) between 20% to 25% of (DL + LL). This
weight is added to the dead load.

III. Compute the factored load and factored moment:

Ex. Factored Load = 1.4 DL + 1.7 LL

IV. Compute the factored moment to be resisted by the beam, M u

V. Try a value of steel ratio ρ from 0.5ρ b to 0.6 ρb, but must not be less than ρmin.
This value of ρ will provide enough allowance in the actual value of ρ due to
rounding-off of the number of bars to be used, for it not to exceed the maximum
ρ of 0.75ρb.
LSG 21
 0.85𝑓′𝑐𝛽 600
ρ =
𝑓𝑦(600 + 𝑓𝑦)
𝛽 = 0.85 for f’c ≤ 30MPa
𝛽 = 0.85 − 0.008(𝑓′𝑐 − 30) for f’c > 30 MPa
.
ρmin =

VI. Compute the value of 𝜔, 𝜔 =

VII. Solve for bd2:

Mu = Ø𝑓′𝑐 𝜔𝑏𝑑 (1 − 0.59𝜔)
𝑏𝑑 = _________

VIII. Try a ratio 𝑑/𝑏 (from 𝑑 = 1.5𝑏 to 𝑑 = 2𝑏), and solve for 𝑑. (round-off this
value to reasonable dimension). Check also the minimum thickness of beam
required by the Code as given in Table 2.1.

After solving for 𝑑, substitute its value to Step VII, and solve for 𝑏.

Compute the weight of the beam and compare it to the assumption made in
Step II.

IX. Solve for the required steel area and the number of bars.
As=ρbd
Number of bars (diameter = D)
𝐷 × number of bars = As

STEPS IN COMPUTING THE REQUIRED TENSION STEEL AREA A s OF A

BEAM WITH KNOWN MOMENT Mu AND OTHER BEAM PROPERTIES:

I. Solve for ρmax and Mu max

ρmax = 0.75 ρb
.
ρmax = 0.75 =𝜌
( )
𝜔= = __________
Mu max = Ø𝑓′𝑐 𝜔𝑏𝑑 (1 − 0.59𝜔)

If Mu ≤ Mu max design as Singly Reinforced (Step II)

If Mu > Mu max design as Doubly Reinforced (Step III)

II. Solve for ρ:

Mu = ØRu 𝑏𝑑
Ru = ____
.
𝜌= (1 − 1 − ) = _____
.

LSG 22
 As = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 = ________

III. Compression reinforcement is necessary.

STEPS IN COMPUTING Mu OF A BEAM WITH KNOWN TENSION STEEL

AREA As AND OTHER BEAM PROPERTIES:

I. Solve for 𝜌:
𝜌=

II. Check if steel yields by computing ρb

0.85𝑓′𝑐𝛽 600
ρ =
𝑓𝑦(600 + 𝑓𝑦)

If 𝜌 ≤ ρ , steel yields, proceed to step III

If 𝜌 > ρ , steel does not yield, proceed to step IV
Note: If 𝜌 < ρ , the given As is not adequate for the beam dimension.

III. 𝜌 ≤ ρ
𝜌𝑓𝑦
𝜔=
𝑓′𝑐
Mu = Ø𝑓′𝑐 𝜔𝑏𝑑 (1 − 0.59𝜔)

IV. 𝜌 > ρ

Solve for fs from the strain diagram:(Note: Es = 200,000 MPa)

/ .
= ; 𝑓 = 600

[Σ𝐹 = 0] T=C
𝐴 𝑓 = 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑎𝑏 but 𝑎 = 𝛽 𝑐
𝐴 600 = 0.85𝑓′𝑐(𝛽 𝑐)𝑏
600𝐴 (𝑑 − 𝑐) = 0.85𝛽 𝑓′𝑐𝑏𝑐

Solve by quadratic formula and solve for 𝑓 and a:

LSG 23
 𝑓 = 600 ;𝑎=𝛽 𝑐
𝑀 = ∅𝑇(𝑑 − 𝑎/2) = ∅𝐴 𝑓 (𝑑 − 𝑎/2)
or
𝑀 = ∅𝐶(𝑑 − 𝑎/2) = ∅0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑎𝑏 (𝑑 − 𝑎/2)

MINIMUM THICKNESS OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS

According to Section 5.9.5 of NSCP, minimum thickness stipulated in Table 2.1 shall
apply for one-way construction not supporting or attached to partitions or other
construction likely to be damaged by large deflections, unless computation of deflection
indicates a lesser thickness can be used without adverse effects.

Table 2.1 MINIMUM THICKNESS OF NON-PRESTRESSED BEAMS OR ONE-WAY

SLABS UNLESS DEFLECTIONS ARE COMPUTED *

Minimum thickness, h
Simply One-end Both ends
Cantiliver
supported continuous continuous
Members not supporting or attached to partitions or other
Member
construction likely to be damaged by large deflections
Solid one-way
L/20 L/24 L/28 L/10
slabs
Beams or
ribbed one-way L/16 L/18.5 L/21 L/8
slabs

Span length L is in millimeters

Values given shall be used directly for members with normal density concrete
(𝜔 = 2300kg/m3) and grade 415 reinforcement. For other conditions, the
values shall be modified as follows.

(a) For structural lightweight concrete having unit weights in the range 1500-2000
kg/m3, the values shall be multiplied by (1.65-0.0005𝜔 ) but not less than 1.09,
where 𝜔 is the unit mass in kg/m3.
(b) For fy other than 415MPa, the values shall be multiplied by (0.4 + f y/700).

BEAM DEFLECTION (SECTION 5.9.5)

Sect. 5.9.5.2.2 Where deflections are to be computed, deflections that occur
immediately on application of load shall computed by usual methods or formulas for
elastic deflections, considering effects of cracking and reinforcement on member
stiffness.

LSG 24
Sect. 5.9.5.2.3 Unless stiffness values are obtained by a more comprehensive analysis,
immediate deflection shall be computed with the modulus of elasticity E c for concrete
and with the effective moment of inertia as follows, but not greater than I g.

𝑀 𝑀
𝐼 =( ) 𝐼 + [1 − ( ) ]𝐼 Eq. 2 − 19
𝑀 𝑀

where
𝑀 =
𝑓 = modulus of rapture of concrete, MPa, for normal weight concrete,
𝑓 = 0.7 𝑓′𝑐
𝑀 = maximum moment in member at stage deflection is computed.
𝐼 = moment of inertia of gross concrete section about centroidal axis, neglecting
reinforcement.
𝐼 = moment of inertia of cracked section transformed to concrete
𝑦 = distance from centroidal axis of gross section, neglecting reinforcement, to
extreme fiber in tension.

When lightweight aggregate is used, one of the following modifications shall apply:

(a) When 𝑓 is specified and concrete is proportioned in accordance with Sec

5.5.2, 𝑓 shall be modified by substituting 1.8𝑓 for 𝑓′𝑐 but the value of 1.8𝑓
shall not exceed 𝑓′𝑐.

(b) When 𝑓 is not specified, 𝑓 shall be multiplied by 0.75 for “all lightweight”
concrete, and 0.85 for “sand-lightweight” concrete. Linear interpolation is
permitted if partial sand replacement is used.

Sect. 5.9.5.2.4: For continuous members, effective moment of inertia may be taken as
the average of values obtained from Eq. 2 – 19 for the critical positive and negative
moment sections. For prismatic members, effective moment of inertia may be taken as
the value obtained from Eq. 2 – 19 at midspan for simple and continuous spans, and at
the support for cantilevers.

Sect. 5.9.5.2.5: Unless values are obtained by a more comprehensive analysis,

additional long-term deflection resulting from creep and shrinkage of flexural members
(normal weight or lightweight concrete) shall be determined by multiplying the
immediate deflection caused by the sustained load considered, by the factor.

ξ
λ= Eq. 2 − 20
1 + 50ρ′

LSG 25
where ρ′ shall be the value of reinforcement ratio for non-prestressed compression
reinforcement at midspan for simple and continuous spans, and at support for
cantilevers. It is permitted to assume the time-dependent factor ξ for sustained loads to
be equal to:

5 years or more ………………………….2.0

12 months………………………………….1.4
6 months…………………………………...1.2
3 months……………………………………1.0

5.9.5.2.6 Deflection computed in accordance with Sec. 5.9.5.2.2 through Sec. 5.9.5.2.5
shall not exceed limits stipulated in Table 2.2.

Table 2.2: Maximum Permissible Computed Deflections

Deflection to be Deflection
Type of member
considered limitation
Flat floors not supporting or attached
Immediate deflection due to
to nonstructural elements likely to be L/180*
live load LL
damage by large deflections
Floors not supporting or attached to
Immediate deflection due to
nonstructural elements likely to be L/360
live load LL
damage by large deflections
Roof or floor construction supporting
That part of the total deflection
or attached to nonstructural elements
occurring after attachment of L/480**
not likely to be damage by large
nonstructural elements (sum
deflections
of the long-time deflection due
Roof or floor construction supporting
to all sustained loads and the
or attached to nonstructural elements
immediate deflection due to L/240****
not likely to be damage by large
any additional live load)***
deflections

* Limit not intended to safeguard against ponding. Ponding should be checked

by suitable calculations of deflections, including added deflections due to
ponded water and considering long-term effects of all sustained loads,
camber, construction tolerances, and reliability of provisions for drainage.
** Limit may be exceeded if adequate measures are taken to prevent damage to
supported or attached elements.
*** Long-time deflection shall be determined in accordance with Sec.5.9.5.2.5 or
Sec 5.9.5.4.2 but may be reduced by amount of deflection calculated to occur
before attachment of nonstructural elements. This amount shall be
determined on basis of accepted engineering data relating to time-deflection
characteristics of members similar to those being considered.
**** But not greater than tolerance provided for nonstructural elements. Limit
may be exceeded if camber is provided so that total deflection minus camber
does not exceed limit.

LSG 26
NSCP COEFFICIENTS FOR CONTINUOUS BEAMS AND SLABS

Section 5.8.3.3 of NSCP states that in lieu of frame analysis, the following approximate
moment and shears are permitted for design of continuous beams and one-way slabs
(slabs reinforced to resist flexural stresses in only one direction), provided:

(a) There are two or more spans,

(b) Spans are approximate equal, with the larger of two adjacent spans not greater
than the shorter by more than 20 percent,
(c) Loads are uniformly distributed
(d) Unit live does not exceed three times unit dead load, and
(e) Members are prismatic.

Positive moment
End spans
Discontinuous end unrestrained…………………………𝜔 𝐿 /11
Discontinuous end integral with support…………….. 𝜔 𝐿 /14
Interior spans…………………………………………………………...𝜔 𝐿 /16

Negative moment at exterior face of first interior support

Two spans…………………………………………………………………𝜔 𝐿 /9
More than two spans………………………………………………….𝜔 𝐿 /10

Negative moment at other faces of interior supports……………...𝜔 𝐿 /11

Negative moment at face of all supports for:

Slabs with spans not exceeding 3m; and beams
where ratio of sum of column stiffness to beam
stiffness exceeds eight at each end of the span………………..𝜔 𝐿 /12

Negative moment at interior face of exterior

support for members built integrally with supports
Where support is a spandrel beam…………………………………𝜔 𝐿 /24
When support is a column…………………………………………….𝜔 𝐿 /16

Shear in end members at face of

first interior support……………………………………………………………..1.15𝜔 𝐿 /2

Shear at face of all other supports…………………………………………..𝜔 𝐿 /2

Where 𝐿 = clear span for positive moment or shear and average of adjacent clear spans
for negative moment.

LSG 27
Figure 2.3 Shear and moment for continuous beam or slab with spans and
discontinuous end integral with support

Figure 2.4 Shear and moment for continuous beam or slab with more than two
spans and discontinuous end integral with support

LSG 28
 Figure 2.5 Shear and moment for continuous beam or slab with more than two
spans and discontinuous end unrestrained

ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS

Design Problems

Problem 1
A reinforced concrete rectangular beam 300mm wide has an effective depth
of 460mm and is reinforced for tension only. Assuming f’c = 21 MPa and fy =
300 MPa, determine the balance steel area in sq. mm.

Solution
0.85𝑓′𝑐𝛽 (600)
[𝜌 = ]
𝑓𝑦(600 + 𝑓𝑦)

𝛽 =0.85 since f’c < 30 MPa

0.85(21)(0.85)(600)
[𝜌 = ]
300(600 + 300)
𝜌 = 0.03372

[𝐴 = 𝜌 𝑏𝑑]
𝐴 = 0.03372(300)(460)
𝐴 = 𝟒, 𝟔𝟓𝟑 𝒎𝒎𝟐

LSG 29
 Problem 2
A rectangular beam has b = 300 mm and d = 480 mm. The beam is used to
carry a factored moment of 18 kN-m. f’c = 27.6 MPa and fy = 276 MPa.
Calculate the required steel area.

Solution
Assuming singly reinforced beam:
[𝑀 = ∅𝑅 𝑏𝑑 ]
18 × 10 = 0.90𝑅 (300)(480)
𝑅 = 0.289

.
[𝜌 = (1 − 1 − )]
.
. ( . ) ( . )
𝜌= (1 − 1 − )
. ( . )
𝜌 = 0.00105

𝜌 = 0.75𝜌
. ( )
𝜌 = 0.75
( )
. ( . )( . )( )
𝜌 = 0.75
( )
𝜌 = 0.0371 < 0.00105 (OK)

[𝜌 = 1.4/𝑓𝑦]
𝜌 = 1.4/275
𝜌 = 0.00507 > 0.00105

Since ρ < 𝜌 , use ρ = 𝜌 =0.00507

[𝐴 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑]
𝐴 = 0.00507(300)(480)
𝑨𝒔 = 𝟕𝟑𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝟐

Problem 3
A reinforced concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and an effective depth to
tension bars of 600 mm. Compression reinforcement if needed will be placed at a
depth of 60 mm below the top. If f’c = 30 MPa and fy = 414 MPa, determine the
tension steel area if the beam is to resist an ultimate moment of 650 kN-m.

Solution
Solve for 𝜌 𝑀 :
. ( )
[𝜌 = ]
( )

LSG 30
 𝛽 =0.85 since f’c < 30 MPa

0.85(30)(0.85)(600)
[𝜌 = ]
414(600 + 414)
𝜌 = 0.031

[𝜌 = 0.75𝜌 ]
𝜌 = 0.75(0.031) = 0.02325

𝜌𝑓𝑦
[𝜔 = ]
𝑓′𝑐
(0.02325)(414)
𝜔=
30
𝜔 = 0.32085

Mu max = Ø𝑓′𝑐 𝜔𝑏𝑑 (1 − 0.59𝜔)

Mu max = 0.90(30)( 0.3205)(300)(600) [1 − 0.59(0.3205)]
Mu max = 757,853,973.09 N-mm
Mu max = 757.85 kN-m > Mu

Since Mu < Mu max , the beam may be designed as singly reinforced.

𝑀 = ∅𝑅 𝑏𝑑 ]
650 × 10 = 0.90𝑅 (300)(600)
𝑅 = 6.6872 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Solve for 𝜌:
.
[𝜌 = (1 − 1 − )]
.
. ( ) ( . )
𝜌= (1 − 1 − )
. ( )
𝜌 = 0.019

Check for minimum 𝜌:

[𝜌 = 1.4/𝑓𝑦]
𝜌 = 1.4/414
𝜌 = 0.00338 < 0.019 (OK)

[𝐴 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑]
𝐴 = 0.019(300)(600)
𝑨𝒔 = 𝟑, 𝟒𝟐𝟎 𝒎𝒎𝟐

LSG 31
Problem 4
A rectangular concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and an effective depth of
550 mm. The beam is simply supported over a span of 6 m and is used to carry a
uniform dead load of 25 kN/m and a uniform live load of 40 kN/m. Assume f’c =
21 MPa and fy = 312 MPa. Compression reinforcement if necessary shall be
placed at a depth 80 mm from the outermost compression concrete.

(a) Determine the maximum tension steel area for singly reinforced condition.
(b) Determine the required tension steel area in square millimeter.
(c) Determine the required number of 25-mm tension bars.

Solution
(a) Maximum steel area:
. ( )
[𝜌 = ]
( )

𝛽 =0.85 since f’c < 30 MPa

0.85(21)(0.85)(600)
[𝜌 = ]
312(600 + 312)
𝜌 = 0.03199

[𝜌 = 0.75𝜌 ]
𝜌 = 0.75(0.03199)
𝜌 = 0.02399

[𝐴 =𝜌 𝑏𝑑]
𝐴 = 0.02399(300)(550)
𝑨𝒔 𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟑, 𝟗𝟓𝟗 𝒎𝒎𝟐

(b) Required tension steel area:

Assuming singly reinforced beam:
𝜔 = 1.4(25) + 1.7(40)
𝜔 = 103 kN/m
[𝑀 = ]
( )
𝑀 =
𝑀 = 463.5 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

𝑀 = ∅𝑅 𝑏𝑑 ]
𝑀 = 0.90𝑅 (300)(550)
463.5 × 10 = 0.90𝑅 (300)(550)
𝑅 = 5.67 𝑀𝑃𝑎

LSG 32
 .
[𝜌 = (1 − 1 − )]
.
. ( ) ( . )
𝜌= (1 − 1 − )
. ( )
𝜌 = 0.0227 < 𝜌 (singly reinforced only)

[𝐴 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑]
𝐴 = 0.0227(300)(550)
𝑨𝒔 = 𝟑, 𝟕𝟒𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝟐

(c) Number of 25mm bars:

Number 25-mm bars =

,
Number of 25-mm bars = = 7.63 say 8
( )

Problem 5
Design a rectangular beam reinforced for tension only to carry a dead load
moment og 56 kN-m (including its own weight) and a live load moment of 47 kN-
m. Use f’c = 20.7 MPa and fy = 276 MPa.

Solution
𝑀 = 1.4𝑀 + 1.7𝑀
𝑀 = 1.4(56) + 1.7(47)
𝑀 = 158.3 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
(Note: this already includes the weight of beam)

. ( )
[𝜌 = ]
( )

𝛽 =0.85 since f’c < 30 MPa

0.85(20.7)(0.85)(600)
𝜌 =
276(600 + 276)
𝜌 = 0.0371

[𝜌 = 1.4/𝑓𝑦]
𝜌 = 1.4/276
𝜌 = 0.00507

Try ρ = 0.6𝜌 Note: this is just the author’s assumption

ρ = 0.6(0.0371)
ρ = 0.02226

LSG 33
 [𝜔 = ]
. ( )
𝜔=
.
ω = 0.2968

[Ru = 𝑓′𝑐 𝜔(1 − 0.59𝜔)]

Ru = 20.7(0.2968)[1 − 0.59(0.2968)]
Ru = 5.068

𝑀 = ∅𝑅 𝑏𝑑 ]
158.3 × 10 = 0.90(5.068)(𝑏)(𝑑)
𝑏𝑑 = 34,705,779

Try d = 1.75 b
b(1.75b)2 = 34,705,779
b = 225 mm say 230 mm

230 d2 = 34,705,709
d = 388.4 say 390 mm

Note: we cannot check for the minimum beam thickness since there is no
given beam length and type of support.

[𝐴 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑]
𝐴 = 0.02226(230)(390)
𝑨𝒔 = 𝟏, 𝟗𝟗𝟕 𝒎𝒎𝟐

Summary: b = 230 mm
d = 390 mm
𝐴 = 𝟏, 𝟗𝟗𝟕 𝐦𝐦𝟐

Problem 6
Design a rectangular beam for a 6-m simple span to support a dead load of 29
kN/m (including its estimated beam weight) and a live load of 44 kN/m. Use
𝜌 𝑓′𝑐 = 27.6 MPa, and fy = 276 MPa.

Solution
Uniform factored load, 𝜔 = 1.4𝜔 + 1.7𝜔
𝜔 = 1.4(29) + 1.7(44)
𝜔 = 115.4 kN/m

Maximum factored moment (at midspan)

[𝑀 = ]

LSG 34
 ( . )( )
[𝑀 = ]
𝑀 = 519.3 kN-m

[𝜌 = 0.75𝜌 ]
. ( )
[𝜌 = 0.75 ]
( )
𝛽 =0.85 since f’c < 30 MPa
. ( . )( . )( )
𝜌 = 0.75 ]
( )
𝜌 = 0.0371

[𝜌 = 1.4/𝑓𝑦]
𝜌 = 1.4/276
𝜌 = 0.0051

𝜌𝑓𝑦
[𝜔 = ]
𝑓′𝑐
. ( )
𝜔=
.
ω = 0.371

[Ru = 𝑓′𝑐 𝜔(1 − 0.59𝜔)]

Ru = 27.6(0.371)[1 − 0.59(0.371)]
Ru = 7.998 MPa

𝑀 = ∅𝑅 𝑏𝑑 ]
519.3 × 10 = 0.90(7.998)(𝑏)(𝑑)
𝑏𝑑 = 72,143,036

Try d = 1.5 b
b(1.5b)2 = 72,143,036
b = 318 mm, say 300 mm

300 d2 = 72,143,036
d = 490 mm

Minimum beam thickness from Table 2.1:

ℎ = (0.4 + ) for fy other than 415 MPa)
ℎ= (0.4 + )
h = 298 mm OK

Steel area, 𝐴 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑

Steel area, 𝐴 = 0.0371(300)(490) = 5,454 mm2
Using #11 bars (35mm) bars:
(35) 𝑁 = 5454
N = 5.7 say 6 bars

LSG 35
 Actual d = 455 + 75/2
Actual d = 492.5 (OK)

Note: Spacing between parallel bars I a

row must not be less than the bar
diameter db (i.e. 35 mm) nor 25 mm.
Spacing between parallel bars in a layer
must not be less than 25 mm. (See
Section 5.7.6 of NSCP)

See Section 5.7.7 for the required

concrete cover.

Problem 2.7
Design a rectangular beam for a 10-m simple span support a dead load of 18
kN/m (not including its own weight) and a live load of 24 kN/m. Use f’c =21
MPa and fy = 276 MPa. Assume weight of concrete is 23.5 kN/m 3.

Solution
Assume weight of beam to be 21% of (DL + LL)
Assume weight of beam = 0.21(18 + 24) = 8.82 kN/m

𝜔 = 18 + 8.82
𝜔 = 26.82 kN/m

[𝜔 = 1.4 𝜔 + 1.7 𝜔 ]
𝜔 = 1.4 (26.82) + 1.7(24)
𝜔 = 78.348 kN/m

Maximum moment: 𝑀 =
( . )( )
𝑀 =
𝑀 = 979.35 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

Try 𝜌 = 0.5𝜌 ]
. ( )
𝜌 = 0.5
( )
. ( )( . )( )
𝜌 = 0.5 ]
( )
𝜌 = 0.0188

[𝜌 = 1.4/𝑓𝑦]

LSG 36
 𝜌 = 1.4/276
𝜌 = 0.0051

𝜌𝑓𝑦
[𝜔 = ]
𝑓′𝑐
. ( )
𝜔=
ω = 0.247

[Ru = 𝑓′𝑐 𝜔(1 − 0.59𝜔)]

Ru = 21(0.247)[1 − 0.59(0.247)]
Ru = 4.431 MPa

𝑀 = ∅𝑅 𝑏𝑑 ]
979.35 × 10 = 0.90(4.431)(𝑏)(𝑑)
𝑏𝑑 = 245,580,381

Try d = 1.75 b
b(1.75b)2 = 245,580,381
b = 431 mm, say 430 mm

430 d2 = 245,580,381
d = 755 say 760 mm

Approximate depth of beam, h = 760 + 100 = 860 mm

Note: The value 100 is the distance (estimated) from the c.g of the bars to
extreme concrete fiber.

Beam weight = 𝛾 . 𝑏ℎ = 23.5(0.43)(0.86)

Beam weight = 8.69 kN/m < 8.82 kN/m (OK)

Minimum beam thickness from Table 2.1:

𝐿 𝑓𝑦
ℎ= ( 0.4 + ) (for 𝑓𝑦 other than 415 MPa)
16 700
,
ℎ= ( 0.4 + ) = 496 mm OK

Tension steel area:

𝐴 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑
𝐴 = 0.0188(430)(760)
𝐴 = 6,144 mm2

Using #11 bars (35mm) bars:

(35) 𝑁= 61444
N = 6.4 say 7 bars
Actual 𝐴 = 6,735

LSG 37
 Locating the centroid of the bars:
Taking the area of the bar as A:
(7A) y = 5A(0) + 2A(60)
y = 17 mm

Check the actual d:

d= 720 + 60 – 17
d = 763 > 760 (OK)

Checking the spacing x:

( )
x=
x = 41.25 > 35 mm (OK)

If we check the capacity of this beam with b = 440, d = 763, and A s = 6734 mm2 (for 7
#11 bars), the moment capacity is 1,078 kN-m, with ρ = 0.02 (ρ max = 0.028).

Investigation (analysis) problems where steel yields (fs = fy)

Problem 8
A reinforced concrete rectangular beam with b = 400 mm and d = 720 mm is
reinforced for tension only 6-25 mm with diameter bars. If f’c = 21 MPa and fy
= 400 MPa, determine the coefficient of resistance Ru of the beam.

Solution

[Ru = 𝑓′𝑐 𝜔(1 − 0.59𝜔)]

[𝜔 = ]

[𝜌 = ]
× ( )
[𝜌 = ]
( )
ρ = 0.01023

. ( )
𝜔=
𝜔 = 0.1948

LSG 38
 Ru = 21(0.1948)(1- 0.59 × 0.1948)
Ru = 3.62 MPa

Problem 9
A rectangular beam reinforced for tension only has b = 300 mm, d = 490 mm.
The tension steel area provided is 4,500 sq. mm. Determine the ultimate
moment capacity of the beam in kN-m. Assume f’c = 27 MPa, fy = 275 MPa.

Solution
𝜌=
,
=
( )
ρ = 0.03061

. ( )( . )( )
𝜌 =
( )
𝜌 = 0.04864 > 0.0306

Since ρ < 𝜌 , tension steel yields

[𝜔 = ]
0.03061(275)
𝜔=
27
𝜔 = 0.3118

Ru = 𝑓′𝑐 𝜔(1 − 0.59𝜔)

Ru = 27(0.3118)[1- 0.59 (0.3118)]
Ru = 6.87 MPa

𝑀 = ∅𝑅 𝑏𝑑 ]
𝑀 = 0.90(6.87)(300)(490)
= 445,361,490 N − mm
𝑀 = 𝟒𝟒𝟓. 𝟒 𝐤𝐍 − 𝐦

LSG 39
Problem 10
A rectangular beam has b = 300 mm, d = 500 mm, As = 3 – 25 mm, f’c = 34.2
MPa, grade 60 reinforcement (fy = 414 MPa). Calculate the design moment Mu.

Solution
𝐴 = (25) × 3
𝐴 = 1473 𝑚𝑚

[𝜌 = ]
[𝜌 = ]
( )
ρ = 0.00982

[𝜌 = 1.4/𝑓𝑦]
𝜌 = 0.0034

Check if steel yields:

. ( )
[𝜌 = ]
( )

𝛽 =0.85 – 0.008(34.2 – 30)

𝛽 = 0.8164

0.85(34.2)(0.8164)(600)
𝜌 =
414(600 + 414)
𝜌 = 0.0339

Since 𝜌 < [𝜌 , the tension steel provided will yield

[𝜔 = ]
. ( )
𝜔=
.
ω = 0.1189

[Mu = ∅𝑓′𝑐 𝜔𝑏𝑑 (1 − 0.59𝜔)]

Mu = 0.90(34.2)(0.1189)(300)(500) [1 − 0.59(0.1189)]
= 255,225,558 N-mm
Mu = 255.2 kN-m

LSG 40
Problem 11
A rectangular beam with b = 250 mm and d = 460 mm is reinforced for
tension only with 3-25 mm bars. The beam is simply supported over a span of
6 m and carries a uniform dead load of 680 N/m including its own weight.
Calculate the uniform live load that the beam can carry. Assume fy = 276.5
MPa and f’c =20.7 MPa.

Solution

b = 250 mm
d = 460 mm
As = (25) × 3

As = 1473 mm2

[𝜌 = ]
𝜌= = 0.0128
( )

. ( )
[𝜌 = ]
( )
𝛽 =0.85 since f’c < 30 MPa

0.85(20.7)(0.85)(600)
𝜌 =
276.5(600 + 276.5)
𝜌 = 0.037 > ρ (tension steel yields)

𝜌𝑓𝑦
[𝜔 = ]
𝑓′𝑐
. ( . )
𝜔= = 0.171
.

[Ru = 𝑓′𝑐 𝜔(1 − 0.59𝜔)]

Ru = 20.7(0.171)[1 − 0.59(0.171)]
Ru = 3.1826 MPa

𝑀 = ∅𝑅 𝑏𝑑 ]
𝑀 = 0.90(3.1826)(250)(460)
= 151,523,586 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚
𝑀 = 151.52 kN-m

𝜔 (𝐿)
[𝑀 = ]
8
( )
151.52 = ]
𝜔 = 33.671 kN/m

LSG 41
 [𝜔 = 1.4𝜔 + 1.7𝜔 ]
33.671 = 1.4(0.68) + 1.7𝜔
𝜔 = 19.25 kN-m

Problem 12
A 350 mm × 500 mm rectangular beam is reinforced for tension only with 5-
28 mm bars. The beam has an effective depth of 446 mm. The beam carries a
uniform dead load of 4.5 kN/m (including its own weight), a uniform live load
of 3 kN/m, and concentrated dead load of P and 2P as shown in Figure.
Assume fy = 414 MPa, f’c =34.5 MPa. Calculate the following:
a) The ultimate moment capacity of the section in kN-m, and
b) The maximum value of P in kN.

Solution
b = 350 mm
d = 446 mm
As = (28) × 5

As = 3079 mm2

[𝜌 = ]
𝜌= = 0.0197
( )

. ( )
[𝜌 = ]
( )
𝛽 =0.85 – 0.008(34.5 – 30)
𝛽 = 0.814

0.85(34.5)(0.814)(600)
𝜌 =
414(600 + 414)

LSG 42
 𝜌 = 0.0341 > ρ (tension steel yields)

𝜌𝑓𝑦
[𝜔 = ]
𝑓′𝑐
. ( )
𝜔= = 0.2364
.

[Ru = 𝑓′𝑐 𝜔(1 − 0.59𝜔)]

Ru = 34.5(0.2364)[1 − 0.59(0.2346)]
Ru = 7.018 MPa

𝑀 = ∅𝑅 𝑏𝑑 ]
𝑀 = 0.90(7.018)(350)(446)
= 439,754,028 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚
𝑀 = 439.75 kN-m

Figure: Beam with factored loads

For the given loads, the maximum moment can occur at B or C

At point C:
𝑀 = 1.4𝑃(2) + 11.4(2)(1)
439.75 = 1.4P(2) + 11.4(2)(1)
P = 148.9 kN

At point B: (First solve for RA)

[∑𝑀 = 0]
4RA + 1.4P(2) = 2.8P(2) + 11.4(6)(1)
RA = 17.1 + 0.7P

[𝑀 =𝑀 ]
𝑀 = (17.1 + 0.7P)(2) – 11.4(2)(1)
439.75 = (17.1 + 0.7P)(2) – 11.4(2)(1)
P = 305.96 kN

Thus, the maximum value of P such that Mu will not exceed 439.75 kN-m is
148.9 kN

LSG 43
 Investigation (analysis) problems where
steel does not yields (fs≠fy)

Problem 13
A rectangular beam has b = 300 mm, d = 500 mm, As = 6 – 32 mm, f’c = 27.6
MPa, grade 60 reinforcement (fy = 414 MPa). Calculate the ultimate moment
capacity of the beam.

Solution
As = (32) × 6
As = 4825 mm2

[𝜌 = ]
𝜌=
( )
𝜌 = 0.0322

[𝜌 = 1.4/𝑓𝑦]
𝜌 = 1.4/414
𝜌 = 0.0034

. ( )
[𝜌 = ]
( )
𝛽 =0.85 since f’c < 30 MPa

0.85(27.6)(0.85)(600)
𝜌 =
414(600 + 414)
𝜌 = 0.0285 < ρ

Since ρ > 𝜌 , the tension steel does not yield, and thus the steel stress fs is lower
than fy and it has to be computed.

Solve for fs from the strain diagram

𝑓𝑠/200000 0.003
=
500 − 𝑐 𝑐
500 − 𝑐
𝑓𝑠 = 600
𝑐
LSG 44
 [Σ𝐹 = 0] 𝑇 = 𝐶
𝐴 𝑓𝑠 = 0.85𝑓′𝑐𝑎𝑏
𝑎 = 𝛽 𝑐 = 0.85𝑐

(4825)600 = 0.85(27.6)(0.85𝑐)(300)
𝑐 + 484𝑐 − 241,964 = 0
± ( ) ( )( , )
𝑐=
( )
c = 306 mm

𝑓𝑠 = 600
fs = 380 MPa < fy

𝑎 = 𝛽 𝑐 = 0.85(306)
a = 260 mm

𝑀 = 𝜙𝑇(𝑑 − 𝑎/2)
=𝜙𝐴 𝑓𝑠(𝑑 − 𝑎/2)
= 0.90(4825)(380)(500 - 260/2)
= 610,555,500 N-mm
𝑀 = 610.56 kN-m

Problem 14
A rectangular beam reinforced for tension only has b = 300 mm, d = 490 mm.
The tension steel area provided is 7-25 mm diameter bars with fy =415 MPa. f’c
= 21 MPa. Use NSCP Specifications. Calculate the ultimate moment capacity of
the beam.

Solution
As = (25) × 7
As = 3436 mm2

[𝜌 = ]
𝜌=
( )
𝜌 = 0.02337

𝜌 = 0.0034

0.85(21)(0.85)(600)
𝜌 =
415(600 + 415)
𝜌 = 0.02161 < 0.02337

LSG 45
 Since ρ > 𝜌 , tension steel does not yield

[C = T]
0.85f’c ab = Asfs
0.85(21)(0.85c)(300) = 3436fs
fs = 1.325 c

From the strain diagram shown:

. . /
=
. . . /
=
. .
=
1.325𝑐 + 600𝑐 − 294,000 = 0
c = 296.2 mm

[𝑎 = 𝛽 𝑐]
𝑎 = 0.85(296.2)
a = 251.77 mm

fs = 1.325(296.2)
fs = 392.465 < fs

𝑀 = 𝜙𝑇(𝑑 − 𝑎/2)
=𝜙𝐴 𝑓𝑠(𝑑 − 𝑎/2)
= 0.90(3436)(392.465)(490 – 251.77/2)
= 441,911,361.58 N-mm
𝑀 = 441.9 kN-m

Investigation (analysis) problems of

non-rectangular beams

Problem 15
Compute the ultimate moment capacity of the beam shown in Figure 2.7
Assume fy = 345 MPa and f’c = 21 MPa.

LSG 46
 Solution

Note: This is not a rectangular beam. The formula discussed cannot be applied.
The moment can be computed using the assumptions in the Code and the
conditions of equilibrium.
As = (32) × 4
As = 3217 mm2

Assuming steel yields:

T = As fy
T = 3217(345)
T = 1,109,865 N

Compression, C = 0.85f’cAc
C = 0.85(21) Ac = 17.85Ac

T=C
1,109,865 = 17.85Ac
Ac = 62,177 mm2

Ac = 375 a – 125(125) = 62,177

a = 208 mm

Check if steel yields:

a = 𝛽 1c
c = a/ 𝛽1
= 208/0.85
c = 245 mm

/ , .
=
fs = 931 MPa > fy (steel yields, OK)

LSG 47
Problem 16
Compute the ultimate moment capacity of the beam shown in the Figure.
Assume fy = 345 MPa and f’c = 21 MPa.

Solution
As = (22) × 3
As = 1,140 mm2

Assuming tension steel yields:

Tension, T = As fy
T = 1,140(345)
T = 393,300 N

Compression, C = 0.85f’cAc
C = 0.85(21) Ac = 17.85Ac

[T = C]
393,300 = 17.85Ac
Ac = 22,034 mm2

= ; 𝑥 = 0.833𝑎
Ac = ½(x)(a)
22,034 = ½(0.833a)(a)
a = 230 mm
c = a/𝛽1 = 230/0.85
c = 271 mm

Check if steel yields:

Tension steel yields, 𝑓𝑠 = 600

𝑓𝑠 = 600
fs = 230 MPa < fy

Thus, steel does not yield

LSG 48
Solve for c:
Compression in concrete, C = 0.85f’cAc
Tension in steel, T = As fy

[C = T]
0.85f’cAc = As fs
Ac = ½(x)(a)
=½(0.833a)(a)
Ac = 0.4165a2

a = 𝛽1c = 0.85c
Ac = 0.4165(0.85c)2
Ac = 0.301 c2

𝑑 − 𝑐
𝑓𝑠 = 600
𝑐
600(375 − 𝑐)
𝑓𝑠 =
𝑐
( )
0.85(21)(0.301c2) = 1140
c3 = 47740026 – 127307 c
c3 + 127307 c – 47740026 = 0

Solve c by trial and error:

c = 251 mm
( )
fs = = 296.4 MPa
a = 0.85(251) = 213 mm

T = As fs
T = 1,140(296.4)
T = 337,896 N

y = 375 - (213)
y = 233 mm

𝑀 = ∅𝑇𝑦
𝑀 = 0.90(337,896)(233)
𝑀 = 70.857 kN-m

LSG 49
Problem 17
The hallow beam shown is to carry a factored moment of 800 kN-m. Calculate
the required tension steel area. Calculate also the maximum steel area and the
balanced moment capacity of the section for singly reinforced condition in
accordance to NSCP. Assume f’c = 28 MPa and fy = 345 MPa.

Solution
Our first task in this problem is the value of “a”. If its value is less than 150
mm then it can be analyzed simply as rectangular beam (since the tension
concrete is totally ignored). If its value exceeds 150 mm, then it has to be
analyzed as a non-rectangular section.

Let us compute the moment capacity of the beam if a = 150 mm.

Compression on concrete, C = 0.85f’cAc

C = 0.85(28)(500 × 150)
C = 1,785,000 N

[𝑀 = ∅𝐶(𝑑 − 150/2)]
d = 800 – 75 = 725 mm

𝑀 = 0.90(1785000)(725 – 150/2)
= 1,044,225,000 N-mm
𝑀 = 1,044 kN-m

Since the required 𝑀 is only 800 kN-m, therefore a must b less than 150 mm.
Then it can be analyzed as rectangular beam.

Assuming tension steel yields:

[𝑀 = ∅𝐶(𝑑 − 𝑎/2)]
𝑀 = ∅0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝑎 𝑏(𝑑 − 𝑎/2)]
800 × 10 = 0.90[0.85(28)𝑎(500)](725 − 0.5𝑎)
0.5𝑎 − 725𝑎 + 74697 = 0

LSG 50
 725 ± (−725) − 4(0.5)(74697)
𝑎=
2(0.5)
𝑎 = 112 𝑚𝑚 < 150 𝑚𝑚

Check if steel yields:

c = a/ 𝛽1
= 112/0.85
c = 132 mm

Tension steel stress, fs = 600

fs = 600
fs = 2695 MPa > fy (steel yields)

Tension in steel = compression in concrete

As fy = 0.85f’c a b
As (345) = 0.85(28)(112)(500)
As = 3,863 mm2

Figure 2.10

From the strain diagram shown:

=
. .
𝑐 = 460 mm
𝑎 = 𝛽𝑐
= 0.85(460)
𝑎 = 391 mm

From the Figure 2.10:

Area of compression concrete,
Ac = 391(500) – 250(241)
Ac = 135,250 mm2

Tension in steel = Compression in concrete

Asfy = 0.85f’c Ac
As (345) = 0.85(28)(135250)
As = 9,330 mm2 → balanced steel area

LSG 51
 Maximum steel area, As max = 0.75 Asb
= 0.75(9330)
Maximum steel area, As max = 6,998 mm2

Balanced moment capacity:

From Figure 2.10:
𝑀 = ∅𝐶 (650) + ∅2𝐶 (454.5)
= ∅0.85𝑓′𝑐𝐴 (650) + 2 ∅ 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝐴 (454.5)
= 0.90(0.85)(28)(500 × 150)(650)
+2 (0.90) (0.85)(28)(120 × 241)(454.5)
= 1607,319,958 N-mm
𝑀 = 1,607.3 kN-m

Beam Deflection Problem

Problem 18
A concrete beam 8 m long is 350 mm wide and 600 mm deep and carries a
dead load of 11 kN/m including its own weight and live load of 15 kN/m. The
beam is reinforced for tension only with four 25-mm diameter bars with an
effective depth to tension bars of 530 mm. f’c = 20.7 MPa, fy =344.8 MPa, fr
=2.832 MPa, n = 9. Use Ec = 21,650 MPa and Es = 200 GPa.
(a) Calculate the maximum instantaneous deflection for DL + LL
(b) Calculate the deflection for the same loads after five years assuming that
30% of the live load is sustained.

Solution

𝒃𝒉𝟑
[𝐼𝒈 = ]
𝟏𝟐
Ig = 350(600)3/12
Ig = 6300 × 106 mm4

[𝑀 = ]

LSG 52
 . ( × )
𝑀 = = 59.472 × 10 N − mm
/
𝑀 = 59.472 kN − m

𝑛𝐴 = 9 × 4 × (25) = 17,671 mm

Solve for c by summing-up moment of area about the N.A..

Moment of area above N.A. = Moment of area below N.A.

50(c)(c/2) = 17,671(530 – c)
175 c2 = 9365630 – 17671c
175c2 + 17671c – 9365630 = 0
c = 186 mm

[𝐼 = Σ(𝐼 + 𝐴𝑑 )]
𝐼 = 350(186) /12 + (350)(186)(186/2) + 17671(344)
𝐼 = 2842 × 10 mm

𝐼 =( ) 𝐼 + [1 − ( ) ]𝐼

𝑀 =
( )( )
=
𝑀 = 208 kN − m
. .
𝐼 =( ) (6300 × 10 ) + [1 − ( ) ](2842 × 10 )
𝐼 = 2922.83 × 10 mm

(a) Instantaneous Deflection:

δ=
( )( ) ( )
=
( , )( , . × )
δ = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟗 𝐦𝐦

(b) Long-term Deflection

Since only 30% of the live load was sustained:
𝜔 = 11 + 0.3(15) = 15.5 kN/m

Instantaneous deflection, 𝛿 =
( . )( ) ( )
=
( , )( , × )

Instantaneous deflection, 𝛿 = 13.06 mm

LSG 53
 The instantaneous deflection may also be
computed by ratio proportion using the result
of question a.
.
=
.
𝛿 = 13.06 mm

Long-term deflection = δ + λδ
λ=
ξ = 2 (for 5 years or more)
𝜌′ = 0 since there is no compression reinforcement

λ= =2
( )
Long-term deflection = 21.9 + 2(13.06)
Long-term deflection = 48.02 mm

Problem 19
The continuous reinforced concrete beam shown in Figure 05 is subjected to a
uniformservice dead load of 16 kN/m and a service live load 32 kN/m,
resulting in the bending moment diagram shown. Twenty percent of the live
load will be sustained in nature, while 80% will be applied only intermittently
the concrete strength f’c = 17.2 MPa. The modulus of elasticity of concrete is
given by the expression Ec = 4700 Sqrt(f’c) and the modulus of rapture is given
by the expression fr=0.7 Sqrt(f’c). The relevant provisions of the 1992 National
Structural Code of the Philippines are:

5.9.5.2.6 Unless stiffness values are obtained by a more comprehensive analysis,

immediate deflection shall be computed with the effective modulus of
inertia as follows but not greater than Ig.

𝐼 = ( ) 𝐼 + [1 − ( ) ]𝐼

where
𝑀 = cracking moment =
𝑀 = maximum moment at stage deflection is computed
𝐼 = moment of inertia of gross concrete section about centroidal
axis neglecting reinforcement
𝐼 = moment of inertia of cracked section transformed to concrete

LSG 54
 𝑦 = distance from centroidal axis of gross section, neglecting
reinforcement, to extreme fiber in tension

5.9.5.2.7 For continuous members, effective moment of inertia may be taken as the
average of the values obtained from Eq. 9-7 for the critical positive and
negative moment sections.

5.9.5.2.8 Unless values are obtained by a more comprehensive analysis, additional

long term deflection resulting from creep and shrinkage of flexural
members shall be determined by multiplying the immediate deflection
caused by the sustained load considered, by the factor

𝜉
𝜆=
1 + 50𝜌′

where
𝜌′= reinforcement ratio for non-prestressed compression
reinforcement at midspan for simple and continuous spans, and at
support for cantilevers
ξ = time-dependent factor for sustained loads to be equal to

5 years or more ………………………….2.0

12 months………………………………….1.4
6 months…………………………………...1.2
3 months……………………………………1.0

Determine the following:

a) The effective moment of inertia at the supports (maximum negative
moment)
b) The effective moment of inertia for the continuous member
c) The additional deflection (in addition to the initial deflection) after 5
years, under the sustained loading if the instantaneous deflection due
to the combined service dead and live load is 5mm.

LSG 55
AT SUPPORTS

AT MIDSPAN

LSG 56
a) Effective moment of inertia at the support
𝑀 𝑀
𝐼 = ( ) 𝐼 + [1 − ( ) ]𝐼
𝑀 𝑀
𝑀 = 202 kN-m
𝑀 =
𝑓 = 0.7 𝑓′𝑐 = 0.7√17.2
𝑓 = 2.903 MPa

𝐼 = 0.00715 𝑚 (as given)

𝑦 = 310 mm

. ( . × )
𝑀 =
= 66,956,290 N-mm
𝑀 = 66.956 kN-m

𝐼 = 0.00573 m4

66.956 66.956
𝐼 = ( ) (0.00715) + [1 − ( ) ](0.00573)
202 202
𝐼 = 0.00578 m4

b) Effective moment of inertia for the continuous member

( ) ( )
𝐼 = (Sec. 5.9.5.2.7)

At maximum negative moment (at support)

𝐼 = 0.00578 m4

Solving for 𝐼 at maximum positive moment (at midspan)

. ( . × )
𝑀 =
= 94,040,845 N-mm
𝑀 = 94.04 kN-m

𝑀 = 145 kN-m

94.04 94.04
𝐼 = ( ) (0.0138) + [1 − ( ) ](0.00573)
145 145
= 0.00793
. .
𝐼 = = 0.00686 m

LSG 57
Additional long term deflection = long term deflection × λ
𝜆=
𝜌′= 0 (since there is no compression reinforcement at midspan)
ξ = 2 (after 5 years)

𝜆= =2

Solving for the instantaneous deflection under sustained loading:

Instantaneous deflection = 5 mm (given)

Instantaneous loading = 16 kN/m + 32 kN/m

Instantaneous loading = 48 kN/m

Sustained loading = 16 + 20%(32)

Sustained loading = 22.4 kN/m

Since deflection is directly proportional to the load:

=
.
δ = 2.333 mm

Additional long term deflection = 2.333 × 𝜆

= 2.333 × 2
Additional long term deflection = 4.67 mm

LSG 58