CHAPTER 22

Hydraulic and Energy Grade Lines

22.1 Plot the hydraulic grade line and the energy grade line for the pipe shown in Fig. 22-la. The turbine develops
45 kW; the water is at 5 C.
f First compute a.
(V\!2) + (p,/p) + 0 - (dWJdm) = (Vi/2) + (p2/p) + 0 + h L (1)
2
dWJdm = (dWJdt)(dt/dm) = (45 000)/[F2(TT/4)(0.3 )(1000)] = 637/V2 (2)
h =/i(90/0.5)(V?/2) +/2(90/0.3)(Vl/2) + O.Q5(V?/2) + tf(V?/2) (3)
Let/ = 0.023, /2 = 0.0258: = 0.5[1 (0.3/0.5)2]/(0.3/0.5)4 = 2.47. Substitute the above results into Eq. (1)
noting that V, = (0,3/0.5)2V2 = 0.36V2,
[(0.36V2)2/2] + (p,/p) - (637/K) = (Vf/2) + (0.023)(90/0.5)[(0.36V2)2/2] + (0.0258)(90/0.3)(Vi/2)
+ [(0.05)(0.36V2)2/2] + [2.47(0.36V2)2/2] (4)
But, by Bernoullis equation, 90g = (p j p ) + [(0.36V2) /2] + 0. Substitute this expression for ( p , / p ) in Eq. (4)
2

to find: 4.80V| - 90gV 2 + 637 = 0. Solve by trial and error: V 2 = 13.18 m/s, V t = 4.74 m/s.
At At
(Hyd)<, = 90 - (0.05)(4.742/2g) - (0.023)(90/0.5)(4.742/2g ) (H Uyd ) a = 85.2 m
After contraction:
(Hyd)- = (2.47)(4.742/2g) + 85.2 = 82.4 m
AtB: (H ltyd)ft = 82.4 - (0.0258)(45/0.3)(13.182/2g) (H yd ) h = 48.1 m
After turbine (6'): (H Hyd ) h . = 48.1 - [637/(13.18)(g)] = 43.2 m
AtC:
(H yd ) c = 43.2 - (0.0258)(45/0.3)(13.182/2g) = 8.9 m
This just equals V\!2g, the energy head at exit, as it must. The graphs are shown in Fig. 22-lb.

~-y- 90 m 1

K = 0.05
90m 45m 45m @
Free jet
Turbine
D i = 0.5 D, = 0.3
m m
e/D, = e/D, =
() 0.003
0.002

657
658 a CHAPTER 22
22.2 At a point A in a horizontal 12-in pipe (/ = 0.020) the pressure head is 200 ft. At a distance of 200 ft from A the
12-in pipe reduces suddenly to a 6-in pipe. At a distance of 100 ft from this sudden reduction the 6-in pipe
(/ = 0.015) suddenly enlarges to a 12-in pipe and point Fis 100 ft beyond this change in size. For a velocity of
8.025 ft/s in the 12-in pipes, draw the energy and hydraulic grade lines. Refer to Fig. 22-2.
f The velocity heads are V\ 2 /2g (8.025)2/2g = 1.00 ft and V\j2g = 16.0 ft. The energy line drops in the
direction of flow by the amount of the lost head. The hydraulic grade line (gradient) is below the energy line by
the amount of the velocity head at any cross section. Note (in Fig. 22-2) that the hydraulic grade line can rise
where a change (enlargement) in size occurs.
Tabulating the results to the nearest 0.1 ft,

lost head in feet

elevation elevation of
at from calculated energy line V 2 /2g hyd. gradient

A (Elevation 0.0) 201.0 1.0 200.0

B A to B (0.020)(2f2)(l) = 4.0 197.0 1.0 196.0
C B to C (/Q(16) = (0.37)(16) = 5.9 191.1 16.0 175.1
D C to D (0.015)(100/i)(16) = 48.0 143.1 16.0 127.1
E (V 6 -V l 2 ) 2 (32.1-8.0)2 134.1 1.0 133.1
D to E
2g 64.4
F E to F . (0.020)(1r)(l) = 2.0 132.1 1.0 131.1

22.3 The elevations of the energy line and hydraulic grade line at point G are 44.0 and 42.0 ft, respectively. For the
system shown in Fig. 22-3, calculate (a) the power extracted between G and H if the energy line at H is at
elevation 4.0 and (6) the pressure heads at E and F which are at elevation 20.0. (c) Draw, to the nearest 0.1 ft,
the energy and hydraulic grade lines, assuming K for valve CD is 0.40 and/ = 0.010 for the 6-in pipes.
f The flow must be from the reservoir since the energy line at G is below the reservoir level. GH is a turbine.
Before the power extracted can be calculated, flow Q and the head extracted must be obtained.
() At G, V\ 2 !2g = 2.0 (the difference between the elevations of the energy and hydraulic grade lines). Also
V 2 J2g = (16)(2.0) = 32.0 and V\J2g = (2.0) = 0.13 ft. To obtain Q, V t2 = 11.34 ft/s and Q =
$JT(1)2(11.34) = 8.91 cfs. h.p. = Y QH t /550 = 62.4(8.91)(44.0 - 4.0)/550 = 40.4 extracted.
() F to G, datum zero
(Energy at F) 0.030(Lr)(2.0) = (energy at G = 44.0) Energy at F = 44.0 + 6.0 = 50.0 ft
E to F, datum zero:
(Energy at E) (45.4 11.3)2/2g = (energy at F = 50.0) Energy at E = 50.0 + 18.0 = 68.0 ft
z + V 2 /2g
The pressure head at E = 68.0 (20 + 32) = 16.0 ft water. The pressure head at F = 50.0 (20 + 2) = 28.0ft
water.
(c) Working back from E:
Drop in energy line DE = 0.010(25/|)(32.0) = 16.0 ft Drop in energy line CD = 0.40(32.0) = 12.8 ft
Drop in energy line BC = same as DE = 16.0 ft Drop in energy line AB = 0.50(32.0) = 16.0ft
 HYDRAULIC AND ENERGY GRADE LINES D 659

(Elevation at D 16.0) = elevation at E of 68.0 Elev. D = 84.0

(Elevation at C 12.8) = elevation at D of 84.0 Elev. C 96.8
(Elevation at B 16.0) = elevation at C of 96.8 Elev. B = 112.8
(Elevation at A 16.0) = elevation at B of 112.8 Elev. A = 128.8
The hydraulic grade line is V 2 /2g below the energy line: 32.0 ft in the 6-in, 2.0 ft in the 12-in and 0.13 ft in the
24-in. The values are shown in Fig. 22-3.

22.4 The head extracted by turbine CR in Fig. 22-4 is 200 ft and the pressure at T is 72.7 psi. For losses of
2.0(V'|4/2g) between W and R and 3.0(Vf2/2g) between C and T, determine (a) how much water is flowing and
(b) the pressure head at R. Draw the energy line.
f Because the energy line at T is at elevation {250.0 + [(72.7)(44)/62.4] + (V\J2g)} and well above the
elevation at W, the water flows into the reservoir W.
(a) Using T to W, datum zero,
at T T to C R to W H r at W
f (72.7)(144) Vj 2
L 62.4 2g
+ 250 j - ( v3.0-^ vl,\+ 2.0
2

- 200 = (0 + negl + 150)

Substituting V24 = -kV 2 and solving, V\ 2 t2g = 32.0 ft or V12 = 45.4 ft/s. Then Q = jrr(l)2(45.4) = 35.7 cfs.
2

(b) Using R to W, datum R, [(p/y) + ^(32.0) + 0] - 2(^)(32.0) = (0 + negl + 50) and p R / y = 52.0 ft. The
reader may check this pressure head by applying the Bernoulli equation between T and R .
To plot the energy line in the figure, evaluate the energy at the four sections indicated:
Elevation of energy line at T = 168.0 + 32.0 + 250.0 = 45.0
Elevation of energy line at C = 450.0 3(32.0) = 354.0
Elevation of energy line at R = 354.0 200.0 = 154.0
Elevation of energy line at VK = 154.0 2(/j,)(32) = 150.0

I El. 460.0

El. 364.0

El. 160.0

C R Fig. 22-4
660 0 CHAPTER 22

22.5 A pipeline with a pump leads to a nozzle as shown in Fig. 22-5. Find the flow rate when the pump develops a
head of 80 ft. Assume that the head loss in the 6-in-diameter pipe may be expressed by h L = 5V 2 J2g, while the
head loss in the 4-in-diameter pipe is h L = \2V 2 J2g. Sketch the energy line and hydraulic grade line, and find the
pressure head at the suction of the pump.
f Select the datum as the elevation of the water surface in the reservoir. Note from continuity that
V 6 = (I)2F, = 0.25F, and V 4 = ( 4 ) 2 V 3 = 0.563V 3 , where V3 is the jet velocity. Writing an energy equation from the
surface of the reservoir to the jet, [z, + (pjy) + (V 2 /2g)] h Lf t + h p h Li z3 + (p3/y) + (V|/2g), 0 + 0 + 0 -
5(Vft/2g) + 80 12(Vj/2g) 10 + 0 + (V 2 /2g). Express all velocities in terms of V 3 : [5(0.25V3)2/2g] + 80-
12[(0.563F3)2/2g] = 10 + {V\l2g), V", = 29.7 fps; Q = A 3 V 3 = (/4)(tk)2(29.7) = 1.45 cfs. Head loss in suction
pipe: h L = 5(Vl/2g) = [5(0.25V'3)2/2g] = 0.312F|/2g = 4.3 ft. Head loss in discharge pipe: h L = 12(Vl/2g) =
12(0.563F,)2/2g = 52.1 ft, F2,/2g = 13.7 ft, V 2 J2g = 4.3 ft, V 2 J2g = 0.86ft = 0.9ft. The energy line and hydraulic
grade line are drawn on the figure to scale. Inspection of the figure shows that the pressure head on the suction
side of the pump is p B ly = 14.8 ft. Likewise, the pressure head at any point in the pipe may be found if the
figure is to scale.

22.6 A pump lifts water at the rate of 180 cfs to a height of 375 ft, at a pipe friction loss of 27 ft. Find the power
required if the pump efficiency is 88%. Sketch the energy grade line and the hydraulic grade line.
I Water hp = Qy(Az + h L)/550 = (180)(62.4)(375 + 27)/550 = 8210 Input power = 8210/0.88 = 9330
The energy and hydraulic grade lines are sketched in Fig. 22-6.

22.7 The diameters of the suction and discharge pipes of a pump are 6 in and 4 in, respectively. The discharge
pressure is read by a gage at a point 5 ft above the centerline of the pump, and the suction pressure is read by a
gage 2 ft below the centerline. If the pressure gage reads 20 psi and the suction gage reads a vacuum of 10 inHg
when a fluid of specific gravity 0.79 is pumped at the rate of 2.0 cfs, find the power delivered to the fluid. Sketch
the energy grade line and the hydraulic grade line.
 HYDRAULIC AND ENERGY GRADE LINES D 661

f pjy + 2, + V\I2g + E p p2/ y + z2 + Vt/2g + ^ V, = Q / A x = 2.0/[(*)()2/4] = 10.19 fps

V2 = 2.0/[(JT)(^)2/4] = 22.92 fps fet = 0
(y)(13.6/0.79) -2 + 10.197[(2)(32.2)J + E = (20)(144)/[(0.79)(62.4)] + 5 + 22.927[(2)(32.2)I + 0
E p = 86.31 ft
P = QyEp = (2.0)[(0.79)(62.4)](86.31)/550 = 15.5 hp
The energy and hydraulic grade lines are sketched in Fig. 22-7.

| Pump
1 -EL
r 8.16ft = V,/2g
-HGL

it T
63.4 ft = p/y + z
i3.
p/Y + z = -16.35 ft. / '

1
//
/

k
/2g = 1.61 ft . .
Vj
EL ------------ //
>'! Pipe 4 = Datum

HGL ------------
Fig. 22-7

22.8 Determine the elevation of hydraulic and energy grade lines at points A, B, C, D, and E of Fig. 22-8 (z = 10 ft).
f Solving for the velocity head is accomplished by applying the energy equation from the reservoir to E,
10 + 60 + 0 + 0= (V|/2g) + 10 + 0 + i(V 2 /2g) + 0.020(200/0.50)(V2/2g) + 10(V2/2g) + 0.10(F|/2g). From the
continuity equation, V E = 4V. After simplifying, 60 = (V2/2g)[16 + 5 + 8 + 10 + 16(0.1)] = 36.1(V2/2g) and
V2/2g = 1.66 ft. Applying the energy equation for the portion from the reservoir to A gives 70 + 0 + 0 =
(V 2 /2g) + ( p / y ) + 2 + 0.5(F2/2g). Hence, the hydraulic grade line at A is
P V2
^ + z =70-1.5 = 70-1.5(1.66) = 67.51 ft
YA 2g
The energy grade line for A is (V 2 /2g) + z + ( p / y ) = 67.51 + 1.66 = 69.17 ft. For B, 70 + 0 + 0 = (V 2 /2g) +
( p / y ) + z + 0.5(F2/2g) + 0.02(80/0.5)(V2/2g) and
P
- + z =70-(1.5 + 3.2)(1.66) = 62.19 ft
Y B
The energy grade line is at 62.19 + 1.66 = 63.85 ft.
Across the valve the hydraulic grade line drops by 10V 2/2g, or 16.6 ft. Hence, at C the energy and hydraulic
grade lines are at 47.25 ft and 45.59 ft, respectively.
At point D, 70 = (F2/2g) + ( p / y ) + z + [10.5 + 0.02(200/0.50)](F2/2g) and

- + z =70-19.5(1.66) = 37.6 ft
YD
with the energy grade line at 37.6 + 1.66 = 39.26 ft.
At point E the hydraulic grade line is 10 ft, and the energy grade line is z + (V 2 E /2g) = 10 + 16(V2/2g) =
10+16(1.66) = 36.6 ft.

Fig. 22-8
662 0 CHAPTER 22

22.9 A pump with a shaft input of 7.5 kW and an efficiency of 70 percent is connected in a water line carrying
0.1 m3/s. The pump has a 150-mm-diameter suction line and a 120-mm-diameter discharge line. The suction line
enters the pump 1 m below the discharge line. For a suction pressure of 70 kN/m 2, calculate the pressure at the
discharge flange and the rise in the hydraulic grade line across the pump.
f The energy added per unit weight of water, E, is given by QyE = 7500(0.70), or E =
7500(0.7)/[0.1(9806)] = 5.354 m. Applying the energy equation from suction flange to discharge flange gives
(V?/2g) + ( P s / y ) + 0 + 5.354 = (V 2 J2g) + (p d / y ) + 1 in which the subscripts s and d refer to the suction and
discharge conditions, respectively. From the continuity equation, V s = 0. l(4)/(0.\5 2 n) = 5.66 m/s, V d =
0. l(4)/(0. 122JT) = 8.84 m/s. Solving for p d gives p d / y = [5.662/2(9.806)] + (70 000/9806) + 5.354
[8.842/2(9.806)] 1=9.141 m and p d = 89.6 kPa. The rise in hydraulic grade line is [ { p d / y ) + 1] ( p s l y) =
9.141 + 1 - (70 000/9806) = 3.002 m.

22.10 Sketch the hydraulic and energy grade lines for Fig. 22-9a (H = 10 m).
I P i l y + V 2 1 /2g + z 1= p 2 l y + Vl/2g + z 2 + h L h L = h f + h m h f = (J)(L/D)(V 2 /2g)
(e/D), = 0.000046/0.150 = 0.000307; try/, = 0.015. (e/D) 2 = 0.000046/0.300 = 0.000153; try/2 = 0.015.
h f = (0.015)[25/0.150] { V ?/[(2)(9.807)]} + (0.015)[(20 + 8)/0.300]{(V,/4) 2/[(2)(9.807)]} = 0.1319 V?
h m = KV 2 /2g = [1 + (1 - \) 2 + 3.5/16 + ^]{V?/((2)(9.807)]} = 0.09400V?
h L = 0.1319V? + 0.09400V? = 0.2259V? 0 + 0+10 = 0 + 0 + 0 + 0.2259V? V, = 6.653 m/s
2
V?/2g = 6.653 / [(2)(9.807)] = 2.257 m V2 = 6.653/4 = 1.663 m/s V|/2g = 1.6632/[(2)(9.807)] = 0.141 m
Friction losses are (/,)(L/D)(u?/2g) = 5.642 m, (f 2 )(L/D)(vl/2g) = 0.197 m. Minor losses are (V, V2)2/2g =
1.270 m, 3.5V?/2g = 0.494 m. The hydraulic and energy grade lines are sketched in Fig. 22-9b. [Further
checking (not shown) of the Reynolds number indicates that the assumed values of/, and f 2 are acceptable.]

22.11 Determine the slope of the hydraulic grade line for flow of atmospheric air through a rectangular 21-in by 7-in
galavanized iron conduit (V = 25 fps).
 HYDRAULIC AND ENERGY GRADE LINES 0 663

f h f = (f)(L/D)(V 2 /2g). Slope of the hydraulic grade line = h f / L = (/1D)(V 2 /2g).

e = 0.0005 ft R h =(g)()/4 = 0.2552 ft D = 4R h = (4)(0.2552) = 1.021 ft
e/D = 0.0005/1.021 = 0.000490 N R = DV/v = (1.021)(25)/(1.69 x 104) = 1.51 x 105
From Fig. A-5, / = 0.0195. Slope of the hydraulic grade line = (0.0195/1.021){257[(2)(32.2)]} = 0.185 ft/ft.
22.12 What size square conduit is needed to convey 375 L/s of water at 15 C with a slope of the hydraulic grade line
of 0.002? (6 = 1 mm)
f Let d = side of conduit.
R = d 2 /4d = d/4 D = 4R h = 4d/4 = d V = Q/A = (375 x 103)/d2
N R = DV/v = (d)(0.375/d2)/(1.16 x lO6) = 323 276/d e/D = 0.001/d h, = (f)(L/D)(V 2 /2g)
h f / L = 0.002 = (//d){(0.375/d2)2/[(2)(9.807)]} d5 = 3.585/
Assume / = 0.022.

d5 = (3.585)(0.022) d = 0.602 m N R = 323 276/0.602 = 537 000

From Fig. A-5,/ = 0.023. d5 = (3.585)(0.023), d = 0.607 m.

22.13 Neglecting minor losses other than the valve, sketch the hydraulic grade line for Fig. 9-54. The globe valve has a
loss coefficient of K = 4.5.
I PJY + V\l2g + Zi = p 2 / Y + Yl/2g + z 2 + h L h L = ( f ) ( L / D ) ( V 2 / 2 g ) + KV 2 /2g
Try/= 0.013.

h L = (0.013)[(100 + 70 + 105)/()]{Y2/[(2)(32.2)]} + (4.5){V2/[(2)(32.2)]} = 0.1531V2

0 + 0+12 = 0+ 0 + 0 +0.1531V2 V = 8.853 fps
12 - (0.013)[(100 + 70)/(^)]{8.8532/[(2)(32.2)]> = 7.97 ft 4.5V2/2g = (4.5){8.8532/[(2)(32.2)]} = 5.48 ft
The hydraulic grade line is sketched in Fig. 22-10. [Further checking (not shown) of the Reynolds number
indicates that the assumed value of/is acceptable.]

797ft

2.49ft <
0.0
/ft/ve
(ft. A)
Fig. 22-10