CEGB 333

GEOTECHNICAL
ENGINEERING
MODULE 1: VERTICAL STRESS AND DISPLACEMENT
FIGURE 3.1: Surface stress (load) cause settlement (Pisa Tower, Italy)
FIGURE 3.2: Changes in stress caused distress to pavement and drainage (signs of settlement)
STRESS & DISPLACEMENT
INTRODUCTION

◦ All structures are constructed on soil or rock.

◦ These structures apply load on the soil. When soil has to carry additional
load, the soil particles have to adjust themselves and regroup themselves
in closer packing to withstand that load.

P
• Imposing load on the surface of the soil will create stresses within the
mass.
• The loading transferred to the soil mass will be spread laterally with
increasing depth from the point or area of application.
• With increasing depth, the area over which new stresses develop will
increase but magnitude will decrease.
This adjustment and rearranging  soil settlement settlement

Therefore, there’s necessity to estimate or predict settlement to ensure the

functionality of the structure is not affected.
 Concept on Stress Increases in Soil
• The first step in m a ny engineering calculati on, e.g. foundati on
design , retaining wall design, slope stability, etc., is the
determinati on of total vertical stresses.
• The magnitude of t otal stresses in the soil will change with
changes in surface loading, excavati on and type of soil.
• In the design of walls, t u n nels,culver t etc.,
horizontal stresses will also be required.
• The total s tress a t a point in a soil mass is calculated from
the unit weight of the soil and th e depth below ground surface
 Vertical and Horizontal Stresses
• Any change in vertical total stress (v) may also result in a
change in the horizontal total stress (h ) a t the same point.

v
z
h
 STRESSES
SOURCES OF STRESS IN THE GROUND
◦ GEOSTATIC STRESSES (BODY STRESSES)
◦ are those that occur due to the weight of the soil above the point being
evaluated. Geostatic stresses are naturally present in the ground. Human
activities such as filling and excavation can cause them to change.
◦ Are caused by gravity acting on the soil or rock  vertical normal stress  sig.
impact on eng behavior of soil and indirectly produces horizontal normal
stresses and shear stresses.

• INDUCED STRESSES
◦ External load (structural foundation, vehicles, tanks, stockpile etc)
◦ These stresses can be the source of excessive settlement, shear failure and
other problems.
TYPE OF LOADING
Shape of external load:
1 . Point load on concentrated load applied from
column, wheel of machine, load called point load,
because it is effect  in point.

2 .Line load which the load is effect on line as the

load on Rail way and Dimension kN/m'.

3 .Uniform load which the load effect on area,

whereas the load uniform and dimension kN/m2

4 .Triangular load which applied from embankment,

so from the dam, the load dimension is kN/m
VERTICAL STRESS INCREASE DUE
TO LOADING
1. STRESS CAUSED BY POINT LOAD
2. VERTICAL STRESS CAUSED BY LINE LOAD
3. VERTICAL STRESS DUE TO STRIP LOAD
4. VERTICAL STRESS BELOW A UNIFORMLY LOADED CIRCULAR AREA
5. VERTICAL STRESS CAUSED BY A RECTANGULARLY LOADED AREA
 STRESS CAUSED BY POINT LOAD

Assumptions made based in Boussinesq Theory (1883) are:

◦ Soil is homogeneous
◦ Soil is considered as elastic material
◦ Stress produced is isotropic
◦ The area of applied load is an infinite large half space
POINT LOAD
Vertical Horizontal

FIGURE 3.3: stresses due to point load

The vertical stress decreases with The vertical stress decreases with
increasing radial distance increasing depth
POINT LOAD

FIGURE 3.4: Stress in elastic medium caused by a point load

POINT LOAD
According to Figure 3.4, (3.1)
Boussinesq’s solution
for normal stresses at a (3.2)

point A caused by the

point load P is given by: (3.3)
 POINT LOAD
Note that Eqs 3.1 and 3.2 which are the expressions for horizontal normal
stresses, are dependent on Poisson’s ratio of the medium. However, the
relationship for the vertical normal stress, Δσz, as given by Eq (3.3), is
independent of Poisson’s ratio. The relationship for Δσz can be written in
the following form:

(3.4)

(3.5)
POINT LOAD
TABLE 3.1: Variation of Il
The variation of Il for
various value of r/z is
given in Table 3.1:
TABLE 3.2: Representative values of Poisson’s ratio
Table 1.1: Influence factors (I ) for vertical
p
stress due to a point load (P)
 Design chart for Boussinesq and Westergaard Equation

Stress Influence Factor Equations And Chart

Example 3.1 (question 8.10)
Point loads of 9, 18, 27 kN act at A, B and C, respectively
(Figure 3.5). Determine the increase in vertical stress at a
depth of 3m below point D. Use Boussinesq’s equation.
B 3m
A

3m

1.5m
C D
 Stresses due t o a Vertical Point Load
Four colu m n loads of 980kN, 800kN, 550kN and 700kN respectively are located a t the corners
of a square of 4m side on the s u rface of a soil m a ss. A culvert passes diagonally across the
square, directly under the 980kN and 550kN load, an d a depth ( to its top) of 4m. Calculate the
vertical stress imposed on the culvert due to the 980kN load by using
= 3 1 5/2
i) formula for the influence factor is I P
2 1 + (r/z)2
ii) influence factor (I P ) table.
800kN 550kN

980kN 700kN
4m

4m
Table 1.1: Influence factors (I ) for vertical
p
stress due to a point load (P)
VERTICAL STRESS CAUSED BY A
LINE LOAD
B-a- Long Uniform Per Unit Length
Table 1.2: Influence factors (IL) for vertical
stress due to a line load (P)
 Stresses due to a Long Line Load
Figure below shows two line loads and a point load acting at the
ground surface. Determine the increase in vertical stress at point A,
which is located at a depth of
1.5 m.
P = 30 kN q2 = 10 kN/m q 1 = 15 kN/m

3m

2m
2m
z = 1.5 m

A
 Stresses due to a Long Line Load
Solution:

Δσz  Δσz1  Δσz2  Δσz3

z3 
2q z 3
2q z 3
3P  

  2
 
  
1 2 2 5
π x z 2 2
π x z 2 2 2π  r 2  z 2 2 
1 2 
 
2151.5 2101.5 330 
3 3 3
1.5
  
 2 2   4  2  3  4 5
 1.52
2 2  2 2 2 2 
 
  
 0.825
1.5  0.065  0.012
2 2
1.5 
 0.902 kN m2
C- Stress increase due to a uniform strip load
VERTICAL STRESS CAUSED BY
STRIP LOAD
 Stresses due to a Triangular Strip
Load
• A triangular load occurs when the contact pressure varies linearly
across the breadth of the strip from zero to a maximum value.e.g.
below the sloping sides of a n embankment.
• The vertical stress z is given by
z = qI T
where I T can be obtained from table influence factor (I T )
D- Stress increase due to a triangular load
 HOMEWORK (1.0)

Figure Q1 shows the cross section of a proposed 30m wide earth embankment. The embankment
will be constructed on a ground with 2m thick sandy GRAVEL overlying 4m thick medium CLAY. It
is important that the increase in vertical stress in the middle height of the clay layer (point A) below
the base of the embankment does not exceed 100kPa. Determine the maximum uniform depth, H
permitted of the central portion of the earth embankment (unit weight of the earth = 19 kN/m3)
 8m 14 m 8m

2m β α g r av el

2m
4m cla y

– CAN USE EQUATION OR REFER FROM TABLE

 Using the equation above:
shape
Solution x c α β Δσ

15 8 1.052 0.258 0.017q

15 8 1.052 0.258 0.017q

shape x b α β Δσ

0 14 -1.052 2.104 0.944q

 q=γH

• 0.034q+0.944q=100
0.978q=100
q=102.249 kPa
H= q = 102.249= 5.382m
γ 19
Stresses Due to a Uniformly Loaded Circular Area

• For a uniformly loaded circular areas, e.g. raft

foundations, tank bases, etc., the basic Boussinesq
expressions are integrated over the area.
• An exact solution can be found for the increase in
vertical stress under the centre, but for points offset
from the centre an approximate method has to be used.
 Stresses Due to a Uniformly Loaded Circular Area
z = qIc =q (A+B) a a
Parameters = r/a & z/a
r
Where;
a = radius (m)
z = depth (m)
r = distance from the center to the point
(m) R
z
a) Stress beneath centre of circle
b) General vertical stress case
E5. Worked example 6.4 --- r z
Page 199 (Text book)
 r
VERTICAL STRESS BELOW UNIFORMLY
LOADED CIRCULAR AREA
• Figure 6.62 shows the plan of a large circular raft foundation; the centre
(shaded) area transmits a contact pressure of 80 kPa and outer annular area
transmits a contact pressure of 200 kPa. Using the factors in Table 6.2, calculate
the intensity of vertical stress induced at points in the soil mass below A, B and
C. (z=6m)

C B A

10m

20m
 Solution:

200kPa
200kPa
C B A Z=6m
80kPa
C B A

10m

20m
 Point A
Load (kPa) z r a r/a z/a A B σq=Q(A+B)

200 6 0 10 0 0.6 0.486 0.378 172.8

-200 6 0 5 0 1.2 0.232 0.315 -109.4

80 6 0 5 0 1.2 0.232 0.315 43.76

Total σq for point A = 172.8 – 109.4 + 43.76 = 107.16 kPa

Load(kPa) z r a r/a
Point
z/a
BA B σq=Q(A+B)

200 6 5 10 0.5 0.6 0.428 0.378 161.2

-200 6 5 5 1 1.2 0.151 0.149 -60

80 6 5 5 1 1.2 0.151 0.149 24

Total σq for point B = 161.2 – 60 + 24 = 125.2 kPa

Load(kPa) z r a r/a
Point
z/a
CA B σq=Q(A+B)

200 6 10 10 1 0.6 0.256 0.144 80

-200 6 10 5 2 1.2 0.053 0.000 -10.6

80 6 10 5 2 1.2 0.053 0.000 4.24

Total σq for point C =80 – 10.6 + 4.24 = 73.64 kPa

 Depth, z = 5 – 2 = 3

Section
+ -

un-shaded area shaded area un-shaded

area
(1) (2) (3)
Uniform
Contact 100 kPa 250 kPa 100 kPa
pressure, q
a 30 = 15 15 = 7.5 15 = 7.5
2 2 2
 Ic ∆σz = q Ic
Section r/a z/a ( A + B) (kPa)

(1) 0 / 15 = 3 / 15 = 0.804 + 100( 0.992)

0.2 0.188 =99.2
= 0.992
(2) 0 / 7.5 = 0 3 / 7.5 0.629 + 250( 0.949)
0.4 0.320 =237.25
= 0.949
(3) 0 / 7.5 = 0 3 / 7.5 0.629 + 100(0.949)
0.4 0.320 =94.9
= 0.949
Σ∆σz 241.55 kPa
 At point B, (r = 15 m)
∆σz = qIc
Section r/a z/a Ic( A + B) (kPa)

(1) 15 / 15 = 3 / 15 = 0.383 + 0.085 100( 0.468)

1 0.2 =0.468 = 46.8

(2) 15 / 7.5 = 3 / 7.5 = 0.031 +(-0.025) 250( 0.006)

2 0.4 =0.006 = 1.5

(3) 15 / 7.5= 3 / 7.5 = 0.031 +(-0.025) 100(0.006)

2 0.4 =0.006 = 0.6

Σ∆σz 47.7 kPa

 At point C, ( r = √(202 + 302 ) = 36.06m )

Ic( A + B) ∆σz = q
Section r/a z/a Ic(kPa)

(1) 36.06 / 15 3 / 15 = 0.0118 + 100

= 2.4 0.2 (-0.0112) (0.0006)
= 0.0006 = 0.06
(2) 36.06 / 7.5 3 / 7.5 = 0 0
= 4.8 0.4

(3) 36.06 / 7.5 3 / 7.5 = 0 0

= 4.8 0.4

Σ∆σz 0.06kPa
 Stresses Due to a Uniformly
Loaded Rectangular Area
L
• Most widely u s e d i n soil engin eer in g
design .
• Compon e n t s t r e s s ca n be obt a in ed B
by in te g rati n g t h e Boussinesq
expressions

z = q IR
VERTICAL STRESS BELOW
UNIFORMLY LOADED
RECTANGULAR AREA
VERTICAL STRESS
BELOW UNIFORMLY
LOADED
RECTANGULAR AREA

Variation of I2 with m and n

SUPERPOSITION THEORY
Superposition Theory :To estimate the stress under foundation in the soil.
G X H
H G X

A G B
A A F B
B
F

H X F

C E D
C D E C E D Stress at X= XGCE+XHDE-
Stress at X= XECH-XEDG- Stress at X= XFAG-XHBF
XFAH+XFBG XHAG+XFBG+XECH+XEDF

*** to use superposition, all shape MUST share the point in question under
one of their corners.
 EXERCISE 1
C G B
The plan of a uniformly loaded rectangular area is
shown in Figure E1. Determine the vertical stress
100kN/m2
increase, Δσ below point A at a depth z = 5m.
H J
F

D E A

Figure E1
 EXERCISE 2
C G B
The plan of a uniformly loaded rectangular area is
shown in Figure E2. Determine the vertical stress
150kN/m2
increase, Δσ below point A at a depth z = 5m.
H J
F

D E A

Figure E2
 EXERCISE 3
C G B
The plan of a uniformly loaded rectangular area is
shown in Figure E3. Determine the vertical stress
100kN/m2
increase, Δσ below point A at a depth z = 10m.
H J
F

D E A

Figure E3
 Principle of superposition of rectangles
using Fadum’s chart.

4 3 4 3

1 2 1 2

z2 z3
z = ?  z1  z4

z = z1+ z2 + z3+ z4

 Principle of superposition of rectangles
using Fadum’s chart.

1 2

= 1 + 2

z = ?
z z
z = z1+ z2
z = ? z = ?
 Principle of superposition of rectangles
using Fadum’s chart.

2a

2
= 1 -
a

z
z = ?
z1 z2

z = z1- z2
 D C

Plan Stress increase below a rectangular loaded area

A B

Elevation
 D C
B
Stress increase below a rectangular loaded areaat a distance z,
Plan L Chart gives the stress
beneath a corner of a rectangular
A B loaded area

Elevation  zz  q I  (ABCD)
z X

X Point of interest
 8
3.0 2.0

1.0
0.20 0.25
0.8

0.15 0.6
 zz Note m & n are
I  q interchangeable 0.4
0.10 (m =
B/z)

0.05 0.2

0.00
0.01 0.1 1 10
(n=L/z)
 D T C
Chart gives the stress at a distance z,
X Stress increase
O below
Z anbeneath
interiora corner
point of a rectangular
Plan loaded area
Must use Superposition

A Y B
O
 zz (ABCD)   zz (OXAY)
  zz (OYBZ)
Elevation
z   zz (0ZCT)
  zz (OTDX)

Point of interest
 D T C

X Example O Z
2m

3m
A
3m Y B
2m
For rectangular loading OZCT

m = L/z =1 n
= B/z =1
 8
3.0 2.0

1.0
0.20 0.25
0.8
m
0.15 0.6
 zz Note m & n are
I 
q interchangeable 0.4
0.10

0.05 0.2

0.00
0.01 0.1 1 10
(n=L/z)
 D T C

X Example O Z
2m

3m
A Y B
3m 2m
For rectangular loading OZCT

m = L/z
=1 n = B/z
=1
thus
I = 0.175
and so (9a)
Area ABCD has uniform stress q
Determination of stress below an exterior point
Stress required at depth z below point O, exterior to loaded region.

D C

(q)

A B
Area ABCD has uniform stress q
Determination of stress below an exterior point
Stress required at depth z below point O, exterior to loaded region.

O X Z O
D (q) T
D C C (q)

(q) (q) (q)

A B A B Y
Stage 1 +q on OXAY
 X Z O
D (q) T
C (2q)of stress below an exterior point
Determination
(q) ( q)

A B Y
Stage 2 +q on OZCT
 X Z O X Z O
D (q) T (q)
(2q)
Determination
C D
of stress below an exterior pointC (q) T

(q) ( q) (q) (0)

A B Y A B Y
Stage 2 +q on OZCT Stage 3 -q on OZBY
 X Z O X Z O
D (q) T (q)
(2q)
Determination
C D
of stress below an exterior pointC (q) T

(q) ( q) (q) (0)

A B Y A B Y
Stage 2 +q on OZCT Stage 3 -q on OZBY
X Z O
(0) T
D C (0)

(q) (0)

A B Y
Stage 4 -q on OXDT
GIVEN : A rectangular footing 2m x 4m carrying a load of 1.5 MN
DETERMINE:

Example:
The increase in stress in the soil 2.0 m below
a) The corner of the footing
b) The centre of the footing.

SOLUTION
(a) Loading intensity, q= Q / BL= 1500 / 2 x 4 =187.5kPa
m=B / z = 2 / 2 = 1.0 and n L / z = 4 / 2 = 2.0 from Fadurn’s chart,
IR = 0.20
∆ σz =q IR =(187.5) ( 0.20)= 37.5 kPa

Loading intensity, q= Q / BL= 1500 / 2 x 4 =187.5kPa m=B / z = 1 / 2 = 0.5

and n L / z = 2 / 2 = 1.0
from Fadurn’s chart, IR = 0.12
∆ σz =q IR =(187.5) ( 0.12)x 4 = 90.0 kPa
column & The other (n or m) is read
across top
Stresses - 01
Determine the stress increase in a point at a depth of 6 m below a newly built spread
footing, 3 m by 4 m in area, placed on the ground surface with a columnar axial load
of N = 1800 kN.

Reduced parameters for the shaded area: B1 = 1.50 m

and L1 = 2.00 m

m1 = B1 / Z = 1.50/ 6.00 = 0.25

n1 = L 1/ Z = 2.00 / 6.00 = 0.33

qo= 1800 / 3*4= 150 kN

I R = 0.0344
σ q = qo (4 I R) = 1800/12
(4)(0.344)
σq = 20.7 kPa
Combination of Rectangles used to
obtain stress below a Specific point
 Vertical pressure below uniform
Uniform Load
load on a Strip area
On A Strip Area
 Determined by:
– Utilizing figure 6-14
– (similar to figure 6-6) for loaded
circular area
 With the exception:
– B = width
– R = radial horizontal distance from strip
footing’s center line
– z = depth
 FIGURE 1
QUESTION GIVEN … G

A B 0.6 m

0.6 m
1.5 m

C D
A 3.0 m
q = 80 kN/m2

3.0 m

G
Given:
Fig u r e 1 s h o w s a r e c t a n g u l a r
l o a d e d a r e a ABCD
The l o a d e d e x e r t e d o n t h e
a r e a is 8 0 kN/m2.

Required:
V e r ti c a l s t r e s s incremen t d u e t o t h e
e x e r t e d l o a d a t a d e p th o f 3 . 0 m b e l o w
p o i n t G (FIGURE 1 )
 1 . E xt e n d t h e r e c t a n g u la r t o t h e
S O pLUTION:
o i n t G. (no t e : t h e s e t h r e e a r e a s
s h a r e a common c o r n e r at p o i n t G)
E F G

C B H
A 3.0 m

I
A D
 n = L/z
2. Then, c o m p u t e r a tm
i o =B/z
s of

Rectangle dimension m n Ir
DEGI 2.1 x 3.6 0.7 1.2 0.157

AEGH 3.6 X 0.6 0.2 1.2 0.057

CFGI 2.1 X 0.6 0.7 0.2 0.047

BFGH 0.6 X 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.018

Ir is obtained from FADUM’S CHART

3. Fi n d t h e i n f l u e n c e f a c t o r f r o m b e l o w FAD U M’ S
C H A RT b y u s i n g v a l u e o f m and n.
4. C a l c u l a t e t h e v e r t i c a l s t r e s s
d u e t o i nc r e m e n t u n d e r p o i n t G.
 z  Isq

=
Is (I1  I 2  I 3  I 4)
= 0.157- 0.057-0.047+0.018
= 0.071

Hence ;

 z = 0.071 X 80
= 5.68 kN/m2
Example 4.1
Figure below shows the plan of a rectangular foundation which transmits a
uniform contact pressure of 300kN/m2. Determine the vertical stress
induced by this loading.
a) at a depth of 4.58m below a
b) at a depth of 4.58m below b
Point A
Point B
Solution:

At B
At A
qo= Q = 300
qo= Q = 300
A
A
M = b = 3.05 = 0.67 Z
M = b = 6.1 = 1.33
4.58
Z 4.58
N = L = 7.625 = 1.66
N = L = 7.625 = 1.66 Z
Z 4.58
4.58
From Fadum chart, Ir =
From Fadum chart,
0.16
Ir = 0.21
σz = qo ( Ir1 + Ir2 + Ir3 + Ir4 )
σz = qo ( Ir1 + Ir2 )
= qo ( 4Ir1)
= qo ( 2Ir1)
= 300 ( 4 X 0.16)
= 300 ( 2 X 0.21)
= 192kPa
= 126kPa
 Fadum’s Chart

Take note that the values of m

( =L/z) and n ( =B/z) are
interchangeable !!
Solution
∆σZA= ∆σ + ∆σ - ∆σ -∆σ
Z(1) Z(2) Z(3) Z(4)

2m 1 2

3 4 1m

1.5 m

0.75 0.75
Rectangle
z = 2m

m = B/Z n = L /Z IR
1 2/2 0.75/2 0.1

3 1/2 0.75/2 0.07

2 2/2 0.75/2 0.1
4 1/2 0.75/2 0.07

= qIR(1) + qIR(2) -qIR(3) -qIR(4) q =550/ ( 1 x

1.5 )
= 366.67 kPa
∆σZA = 366.67 (0.1+0.1-0.07-0.07)
= 22 kPa
Figure 6.63 shows the plan of a rectangular raft foundation which transmits a uniform
contact pressure of 180kPa to the soil beneath. The line of a culvert is also shown, which
passes under the raft at a depth to the soft of 3m (fall ignored). Calculate the intensity of
vertical stress on the culvert that will be induced by the raft loading at the points A, B, C,
D and E shown.
E

D 2.0 m

2.0 m
C
2.0 m
B 2.5 m
2.0 m 8.0 m
AA

15.0 m
 4.0m 1 3
Z=3.0m
A

4.0m 2 4 q0 = 180 Kpa

7.5m 7.5m

1. B/Z = 1.33 L/Z= 2.5 IR1= 0.22

2. B/Z = 1.33 L/Z= 2.5 IR2= 0.22
3. B/Z = 1.33 L/Z= 2.5 IR3= 0.22
4. B/Z = 1.33 L/Z= 2.5 IR4= 0.22

∆Бz = q0 (IR1 + IR2 + IR3 + IR4)

= 180 (0.22 + 0.22 + 0.22 + 0.22)
= 158.4 KN/m²
 1 2
B
2.0m Z=3.0m

4 3
6.0m q0 = 180 Kpa

10m 5.0m

1. B/Z = 0.67 L/Z= 3.33 IR1= 0.17

2. B/Z = 0.67 L/Z= 1.67 IR2= 0.16
3. B/Z = 1.67 L/Z= 2.0 IR3= 0.225
4. B/Z = 2.0 L/Z= 3.33 IR4= 0.23

∆Бz = q0 (IR1 + IR2 + IR3 + IR4)

= 180 (0.17 + 0.16 + 0.225 + 0.23)
= 141.3 KN/m²
 c

Z=3.0m
8.0m 1 2
q0 = 180 Kpa

12.5m 2.5m

1. B/Z = 2.67 L/Z= 4.17 IR1= 0.25

2. B/Z = 0.83 L/Z= 2.67 IR2= 0.19

∆Бz = q0 (IR1 + IR2)

= 180 (0.25 + 0.19)
= 79.2 KN/m²
 D

2.0m Z=3.0m
8.0m 1
q0 = 180 Kpa

15m

1. B/Z = 0.67 L/Z= 5.0 IR1= 0.17

2. B/Z = 2.67 L/Z= 5.0 IR2= 0.25

∆Бz = q0 (IR1 - IR2)

= 180 (0.25 - 0.17)
= 14.4 KN/m²
 E

4.0m 4 3

Z=3.0m

q0 = 180 Kpa
8.0m
1 2

15m 2.5m

1. B/Z = 2.67 L/Z= 5.0 IR1= 0.25

2. B/Z = 0.83 L/Z= 4.0 IR2= 0.19
3. B/Z = 0.83 L/Z= 1.33 IR3= 0.185
4. B/Z = 1.33 L/Z= 5.83 IR4= 0.215
∆Бz = q0 (IR1 - IR2 – IR4 + IR3)
= 180 (0.25 – 0.19 – 0.215 + 0.185)
= 5.4 KN/m²
Figure Q1 shows the layout plan of four 3mX3m
square foundations carrying uniform load of 150 kpa each.
Determine the vertical stress increase induced by these
foundations in the soil at the depth of 3 m below point A
 3m 3m 3m

3m 150 kPa 150 kPa

A
3m

3m
150 kPa 150 kPa
 3m 3m 3m

3m 150 kPa 150 kPa

3m A
3m

3m
150 kPa 150 kPa
 1.5m 3m
A

1.5m

3m
Bil Area x y z m = x/z n = y/z Ip qо σz = qо.I
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (kN) (kPa)

1 20.25 4.5 4.5 3 1.5 1.5 0.215 150 32.25

2 9.00 3 3 3 1.0 1.0 0.191 150 28.65
3 6.75 1.5 4.5 3 0.5 1.5 0.130 150 -19.50
4 2.25 1.5 1.5 3 0.5 0.5 0.130 150 19.50
∑ 70.50

Vertical stress, Δσz = 70.5 X 4

= 283.6 kPa
An L-shaped raft foundation is to carry superstructure loads with net loading
intensity of 600kN/m2 and 1200kN/m2 as shown in figure. Using Fadum’s chart,
determine the net increase in vertical stress 4m below points A and B.
Note : A = centre of the square B = mid-
point of the side
10 m

600kPa

1200kPa
30 m

A B 10 m

30 m
 At Point A
600kPa
600kPa
IR1 IR2 IR7
IR3
I R6

IR5 IR4

Σσz = Σσz1 + Σσz2

Rectangular z = 4m
m= B/z n= L/z IR (kPa)
1 5/4 = 1.25 25/4 =6.25 0.215

2 5/4 = 1.25 25/4 =6.25 0.215

3 5/4 = 1.25 25/4 =6.25 0.215

4 5/4 = 1.25 25/4 =6.25 0.215

5 5/4 = 1.25 5/4 = 1.25 0.190

6 5/4 = 1.25 5/4 = 1.25 0.190

7 5/4 = 1.25 5/4 = 1.25 0.190

 Σσz = Σσz1 + Σσz2
= q(IR1+IR2+IR3+IR4+IR5- IR6)
+q(4IR7)
= 600[4(0.125) + 0.190 -
0.910]
+ 600[4(0.190)]
= 516 + 456
= 972kPa
 At Point B600kPa
IR1 IR5 600kPa
IR3

IR2 IR4

Σσz = Σσz1 + Σσz2

Rectangular z = 4m n= L/z IR
m= B/z
1 10/4 = 2.5 25/4 =6.25 0.245

2 5/4 = 1.25 10/4 = 2.5 0.215

3 5/4 = 1.25 20/4 = 5 0.208

4 5/4 = 1.25 20/4 = 5 0.208

5 5/4 = 1.25 10/4 = 2.5 0.215

Σσz = Σσz1 + Σσz2
= q(IR1+IR2+IR3+IR4)+ q(2IR5)
= 600[0.245+0.215+2(0.208)]
+ 600[2(0.215)]
= 525.6 + 258
= 783.6kPa
NEWMARK’S CHART (1942)

 v  N  I q  q
N = Number of segment Iq =
Influence value/factor q = Vertical
stress

Applicable to any shaped foundation

Newmark - 02
Find the stress at the point A shown below, at a depth of 3 m below the edge of the
footing. The plan of the square footing has been plotted on top of the Newmark graph to a
scale of AB = 3m and placed in such a way that point A falls directly over the center of the
chart.
Points A, B and C are all 2.5 m deep.
Footing is drawn to scale such that line
AB on the Newmark chart is 2.5 m long.
Footing is then placed on top of the chart
so that points A, B and C are at the center
of the chart. The number of "squares"
enclosed by the footing for each
configuration is multiplied by the
influence value and load intensity to get
the vertical stress.
(Approximate Method)
Pressure bulbs for
vertical stress
(a) Circular foundation
(b) Strip foundation

2 or 4B
Pressure bulbs indicating depth to which soil is significantly
stressed