BEAMS REINFORCED FOR TENSION

ONLY
EXAMPLE:
Design a reinforced concrete beam on a span
of 6m to support a concentrated load of 50KN
at each third point. f’c = 20MPa, fs=138MPa,
n=10, use 25mmØ main bars, b=300mm.
 50KN 50KN
2m 2m 2m

Draw the shear and moment diagram.

 n
k = --------------
fs
n + -----
fc

fc = 0.45 f’c = 0.45 (20)

fc = 9 Mpa
k = 0.395

j = 1 – k/3
j = 0.868

R = ½ fc kj
R = 1.543 MPa
d=

d = 464.79 mm
try d = 530mm

Total depth, h = 530 + 12.5 + 10 + 40

= 592.5mm say 600mm
Weight of beam, w= 2.4 (9.81)(0.30)(0.60)
w = 4.24 KN/m

Analyze the actual loadings and determine the

max.V and max. M.

max.M = 62.72 KN
Max.M = 119.08 KN.m
check d:

actual d = 600 – 40 -10 – 12.5 = 537.5mm

d=

d = 507.20mm < 537.5 mm (OK)

Shearing stress:

allow. v = 0.09
allow. v = 0.402 Mpa

v = V/bd

V = 62.72 – 4.24(0.5375)
V = 60.441KN
v = 0.375MPa < 0.402 MPa (OK)

Using 10mmØ stirrups:

Max. S = d/2 = 537.5/2 = 268.75mm say 260mm

Steel Reinforcement:

As = M/fs jd

As = 119.08 () / (138)(0.868)(537.5)

As = 1849.53
using 25mmØ main bars
N = 3.77 say 4 bars
Use 4 – 25mmØ RSB
check the arrangement of the main bars

Bond stress bet. Concrete and steel:

Check bond:
μ = V / Σo jd
V = 62.72KN
Σo = (25)(4)
μ = 0.43MPa

allow. 10.14 / D = 10.14 /25

= 1.814MPa > 0.43 MPa (OK)
SEATWORK:
Design the reinforced concrete beam shown for
tension only. The beam carries a total load
(including its own weight) equal to 5 KN/m.
f’c = 20.7MPa, fs=138MPa. Indicate proper
placement of the bar. Use 20mmØ main bars
and b=300mm.
5 KN/m

6m
Max. V = 30KN

Max. M = -90KN.m (at the fixed end)

Modulus of elasticity of concrete:

Unlike steel and other materials, concrete has

no definite E. It’s value is dependent on the
characteristics of cement and aggregates used,
age of concrete and strengths.
According to NSCP, Ec for concrete for values
of wc between 1500 kg/cu.m and 2500 kg/cu.m is

Ec = wc1.5 0.043 ( Mpa)

For normal weight of concrete:

Ec = 4700
 
n = 9.35

fc = 9.315 Mpa

k = 0.387
j = 0.871

R = 1.57MPa
required d = 437.13 mm

h = 437.13 + 10+10+40 = 497.13mm

say 500mm

d = 440mm

As = 1701.74 sq.mm
N = 6 bars
actual d based from correct arrangement of
steel bars:

d = 420mm
allow. v = 0.409 MPa

v = V/bd

V= 27.9 KN

v = 0.22 MPa (ok)

Max. S = d/2 = 210mm

Use 10mmØ stirrups spaced at 0.21m o.c.

Check bond stress:

Allowable bond stress:

for top bars in tension μ = 7.18 / D

other than top bars in tension

μ = 10.14 / D
μa= 1.63MPa
μa= 2.31MPa

μ= 0.33MPa < 1.63MPa (ok)

μ= 0.65MPa < 2.31MPa (ok)

INVESTIGATION OF BEAMS
Transformed Section Method
A reinforced concrete beam can be treated as
a homogeneous beam, if the steel considered
is to be replaced by concrete, so as to
produced the same effect as the steel in
resisting bending moment. This hypothetical
concrete is assumed to be able to resist
tension, in contrast to the properties of real
concrete.
See figure page 61
The steel area is replaced by an equivalent
fictitious area of steel = nAs .This is because
steel is “n” times stronger than concrete.

bx (x/2) = nAs (d-x) with b,n, As and d known

x could be solved
After knowing x, the moment of inertia of the
transformed section could be determined

IN.A.= bx3/3 + nAs (d-x)2

 
With computed moment of inertia with respect
to the neutral axis, the flexural formula may
be used:
For concrete: fc = Mc x/I
For steek: fs/n = Ms (d-x) / I

This method enables us to solve problems

having different geometrical shape or cross-
section of reinforced concrete beams.
Balanced Design
Refers to a design so proportional that the
limiting stresses in concrete and steel are
reached simultaneously once the maximum
load is reached, causing them to fail
simultaneously.
Under-reinforced design
Is a design in which the steel reinforcement is
lesser than what is required for balanced
condition. If the max. load is approached, the
steel with will begin to yield although the
compression concrete is still understressed. If
the load is further increased, the steel will
continue to elongate, resulting in appreciable
deflections and large visible cracks in the
tensile concrete. Failure under this condition
is ductile and will give warning to the user of
the structure to decrease the load.
Over-reinforced design
Is a design in which the steel reinforcement is
more than what is required for balanced
condition. If the beam is over reinforced, the
steel will not yield before failure. As the load
is increased, deflections are not noticeable
although the compression concrete is highly
stressed, and failure occurs suddenly without
warning to the user of the structure.
Over reinforced as well as balanced design
should be avoided in concrete because of its
brittle property that is why the Code limits the
tensile steel percentage to ensure
underreinforced beam wirh ductile type of
failure to give occupants warning before
failure occurs.
A useful reference is the so-called balanced
section, which occurs when use of the exact
amount of reinforcing steel bars results in the
simultaneous limiting stresses in the concrete
and steel.
If less tensile reinforcing is used, the moment
will be limited by the steel stress, the
maximum stress in the concrete will be below
the limit of 0.45f’c,
the value of k will slightly lower than the
balanced value, and the value of j will slightly
higher than the balanced value. These
relationships are useful in design for the
determination of approximate requirements
for cross sections.
When the area of steel used is less than the
balanced, the true value of k is
k = 2 – ρn

Mc = ½ fc kjbd2

Ms = Asfsjd
 Beams with reinforcement less than that
required for the balanced moment are called
underbalanced section or under-reinforced
sections.
The balanced section is not necessarily a
design ideal, but is useful in establishing the
limits for the section.
Sample Problem:
A rectangular simply supported reinforced
concrete beam has a cross-section of 250mm
x 500mm and a simple span of 6m. It is
reinforced with 4 – 20mm diam.bars in one
row. Using fs = 124MPa, fc = 7MPa, n=12
Compute the safe resisting moment of the
beam.
Determine the additional load P that could
be carried by this section at midspan besides
a uniform load of 12KN/m including the
weight of beam if bending stress controls.

Compute the value of P if shear controls.

Compute the safe value of P if bond stress

controls.
As = 1256.64 sq.mm
ρ= 0.011

k= 0.40
j = 0.867

Mc = 58.75KN.m
Ms = 59.44 KN.m
Safe resisting moment = 58.75KN.m
value of P if bending stress controls:
external Moment

M = PL/4 + wL2/8 = 58.75KN.m

P = 3.17KN
Value of P if shear stress controls:

allow.v = 0.355MPa

v = (P/2 + 30.72)(1000)/ (250)(440)=0.355

P = 16.66KN
Value of P if bond stress controls:

allow.μ= 2MPa

P = 311.41KN

Safe P = 3.17KN
Sample Problem:
The beam in the figure shown has a 20MPa
concrete and is reinforced with a 4 – 25mmØ
bars. If it sustains a bending moment of 100KN.m
1. Compute the moment of inertia of the
transformed section at the neutral axis.
2. Compute the stress in concrete.
3. Compute the stress in steel.
Use n=10
See figure 64

nAs = 19634.95
x = 185.925
450 – x = 264.075
IN.A. = 1981.35 x 106 mm4

Stress in concrete:

fc = 9.38MPa

Stress in steel:

fs = 133.28MPa
Seatwork:

In reinforced beam having a width of 300mm

and an effective depth of 600mm, carries a
moment of 80KN.m which developed a max.
stress of 5MPa in the concrete.
1. If n=9, compute the distance of the neutral
axis from the top of the beam.
2. Compute the steel reinforcement required.
3. Compute the stress developed in the steel.
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