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  HouseStructureDesign  Design of beam as per IS: 456

DESIGN OF BEAM AS PER IS: 456

 11:40 PM

Part-4: Design of RCC beam

The work of the structure designer is to
provide the beam size and reinforcement
detailing plan to the architect and
contractor.

The beam design mainly depends on the

total load. it is easy to design a beam, once
you understand the basic calculation
and design considerations for a reinforced concrete
beam.

The question is how to design a beam

manually?

Read the complete article and I'm sure you

will get the answer.

The basic steps to design a beam is,

 Assume the section size, grade of steel
and concrete according to the structure to
be built,
 Calculate the total UDL, point load and
other loads if applicable,
 Calculate the factored moment,
 Revise the size and grade of materials if
required,
 Calculate the area of steel required,
 Provide the reinforcement detail.
The above steps are for simple and singly
beam design. 

Before going to start the design of beam,

let's understand the following three
concepts which are useful for design
calculation. 

Beam type
There are two types of RCC beam, Singly
reinforced beam and doubly reinforced
beam.

Singly reinforced beam

If the factored moment (MuMu) is less than
the limiting moment ( M ) then the beam
ulim 

is designed as a singly reinforced beam. 

( Mu<Mulim )
We mostly use the singly reinforced beam
in the building if the stresses are less.

The bottom reinforcements are designed to

resist the tensile load.

Top reinforcements are also provided in a

singly reinforced beam but it is designed
to hold the stirrups in position and not
designed to be carried the compression
load.

Doubly reinforced beam

When the factored moment (Mu) is greater
than the limiting moment (Mulim) then the
beam is designed as a doubly reinforced
beam. 

(M  > M )
u ulim
The bottom reinforcements are designed to
resist the tensile load and top
reinforcements are designed to resist the
compressive load.

The doubly reinforced beam is most

suitable where there is a higher chance of
earthquake or stress reversal. also, if an
increase in depth is limited for the beam.

Neutral axis 
Neatural axis separates the compression
and tension zones in the beam. it is denoted
by x . formula to find x  is following,
u u

xu=0.87⋅fy⋅Ast0.36⋅fck⋅bxu=0.87⋅fy⋅Ast0.36⋅fck⋅b

To avoid the brittle failure of concrete, keep

the maximum depth of the neutral
axis (x ) always less than the neutral axis
umax

(x ).
u

x  ⊁ x
u umax

The value of x  for different grade of steel

umax

can be obtained from

 IS 456, p- 70 or SP. 16, p-9.  

Types of beam section

There are three types of beam section,

Balanced section 
In the balanced section,

   x  = x
u umax

 p  = p
t tlim

     M  = Mu ulim
The strain in concrete and steel will reach
their limiting values simultaneously.

Under reinforced section

The steel will fail first with showing the
warning if under reinforced section is used
in the beam. the failure called ductile
failure. 

Every designer prefers to design the section

according to the under the reinforced
section.

   x  < x
u umax

p  < p
t tlim

    M  < M u ulim

Over reinforced section

The concrete will fail first without showing
any sign. the sudden failure will occur if the
over reinforced section is used. the failure
will be called brittle failure.

   x  > x
u umax

p  > p
t tlim

    M  > M u ulim

Load calculation for beam

The loads are transferred from slab to beam . so, we need to

calculate that slab load first.

Beam design example

 
From the above image, it is clear that the
slab S-1 is resting on B-1 and B-3 and it is
a one-way slab. 

To calculate the load on B-1, we need to

calculate the load coming from S-1.

I have given the full plan in the previous article

you can check it if you directly visited this
page.

Slab S-1 is a balcony. the live load for

balcony is 3 kN/㎡ and floor finish is taken
as 1 kN/㎡. There is no wall resting on B-1. 

we assume the slab thickness as 125 mm for

this slab. if the slab is bigger, then the 150
mm slab could be assumed it is up to you.

So, the total slab load will be,

 Slab load = ( slab thickness x density) + live
load + floor finish
                 = ( 0.125 x 25 ) + 3 + 1
                 = 7.125 kN/㎡

This is a total load of the slab. the load will

transfer in B-1 and B-3. so, the load on B-1
will be,

Imposed load = shorter span X slab load /2 

                          = 1.14 x 7.125/2
                          = 4.06 kN/m

Self-weight of B-1 = width x depth x density

                                 = 0.230 x 0.450 x 25
                                 = 2.58 kN/m

Wall load = 0

Total load = imposed load + self-weight of
beam + wall load
                   = 4.06 + 2.58 + 0
                   = 6.64 kN/m

Factored load = Total load x 1.5

                          = 6.64 x 1.5
                          = 9.96 kN/m

The UDL for beam B-1 given in the

following image.
 Beam design: UDL load

Depth of beam
We have assumed the depth  D = 450 mm
and the breadth B = 230 mm. we mostly
change the depth of the beam if the moment
is higher.

We have the assumed values are, fckfck =

20, fyfy = 415, D = 450,  B = 230. 

Before starting the analysis and design, how

we confirm that our assumed depth is
sufficient or not. for that, we have a formula
which gives approx result let's check that,
but first, we need to calculate the factored
moment on B-1.
Factored moment = wl28wl28
                                  = 9.96X5.1X5.189.96X5.1X5.18
                                  = 32.38 kN⋅m

Effective depth d = total depth D - cover -

Φ 
                                = 450 - 20 - 10
                            d = 420 mm

Now, we will assume the balanced section

which means,
x  = x
u umax

p  = p
t tlim

M  = M
u ulim

M  can be referred to  (IS: 456-2000, P. -

ulim

96) 
Mi–
m=0.36Xxumaxd(1−0.42xumaxd)bd2XfckMi̲ m=0.36Xxumaxd(
1-0.42xumaxd)bd2Xfck

32.38X106=0.36X0.479(1−0.42X0.479)230Xd2X2032.38X
106=0.36X0.479(1-0.42X0.479)230Xd2X20 

d2=32.38X106633.64d2=32.38X106633.64

d = 226.05 mm = 230 mm

we can take D = 300 mm which is equal to 12

inches and d will be 270 mm.

We first assumed a 9 x 18-inch beam, from

the above calculation it is confirmed that we
can reduce the depth of the beam, and now
our new beam size is 9 x 12 inches for B-1.
You can calculate the depth for all beams
using this formula.

Now, let's do a calculation for the new

beam. the slab load will remain the same
only self-weight of the beam will be
changed.

Imposed load = 4.06 kN/m

Self-weight of beam = width x depth x

density
                                  = 0.230 x 0.300 x 25
                                  = 1.73 kN/m

Total load = 4.06 + 1.73

                 = 5.79 kN/m
Factored load = 5.79 x 1.5
                       = 8.68 kN/m

Factored moment = 8.68X5.1288.68X5.128

                           M  = 28.22 kN⋅m
u

M  = 0.138⋅f ⋅b⋅d   (SP. - 16, P- 10, table -

ulim ck
2

C ) 
          =0.138X20X230X2702=0.138X20X230X2702
            = 46.27  kN⋅m 

M  < M  ( ∵ under reinforced section)

u ulim

Area of steel
After calculating the moment, we can
achieve the required area of steel for the
particular beam.

There are three different methods for AstAst,

(1) By using design aid method
(2) By using the equation of p t

(3) By using the analytical method

We will use the equation of p  to get AstAst,

t

pt=50fckfy[1−√1−4.6Mufckbd2]pt=50fckfy[1-1-
4.6Mufckbd2]
      = 2.40 x 0.22
p  = 0.521 %
t

Ast=pt100bdAst=pt100bd
       =0.521100X230X270=0.521100X230X270
AstAst  = 323.54 mm2

Detailing
When we have the area of steel, we can
easily provide the required reinforcement
either using IS code or formula.
ast=π4d2ast=π4d2   ( ∵ d = dia. of steel)
For 12 mm, a = 113.04
       16 mm, a = 201
        20 mm, a = 314    

Now, if we use 12 mm dia. steel just simple

divide AstAst by 113.04,

Provide, 323.54113.4323.54113.4
            = 2.85 = 3 

Hence, 
For B-1, provide 3 nos 12 mm dia. bars. 

That's it.
We have got the Final result. we completed
the design of the beam. we need to also
calculate the other beams. 

Let's check the other beam example.

Beam design example

Now, we will calculate the B-22, which
transfers both the trapezoidal and
triangular load of different slabs.

Design of RCC beam example

You can see there is no point load acting on
B-22 and it is resting on B-6 and B-4. 

The wall of 115 mm thick is resting on B-22.

S-4 is bedroom and S-5 is the toilet. The

load for S-4 will be live load = 2 kN/㎡, F.F
= 1 kN/㎡ and assumed depth of slab is 125
mm.

S-4 load = (0.125 x 25 + 2+ 1) 

                = 6.125 kN/㎡

S-5 is a toilet, Sunk load = 4.8 kN/㎡ , and

the thickness is 150 mm assumed.

S-5 load = (0.150 x 25 + 4.8)

                = 8.55 kN/㎡

let's calculate the imposed load for B-22.

S-4 triangular load  = load X shorter span/4

                                     = 6.125 x 2.63/4
                                     = 4.02 kN/m 

S-5 trapezoidal load can be given by, lxlx =

Shorter span and lyly = Longer span of slab. 

= ly+(ly−lx)2Xlx2Xloadlyly+(ly-lx)2Xlx2Xloadly
= 2.63+(2.63−1.64)2X1.642X8.552.632.63+(2.63-
1.64)2X1.642X8.552.63
= 4.82 kN/m

Wall weight = 0.115 x ( 3.04 - 0.450 ) x 20

                       = 5.96 kN/m 
Self-weight of beam = 0.230 x 0.450 x 25
                                      = 2.59 kN/m

Total UDL = 4.02 + 4.82 + 5.96 + 2.59

                    = 17.39 kN/m

Factored load = 17.39 x 1.5

                          = 26.08 kN/m

Factored moment
M  = 26.08X2.632826.08X2.6328
u

                                                   = 22.55 kN⋅m 
Assume balanced section,

M  = M
u ulim

x  = x
u umax

Mi–
m=0.36Xxumaxd(1−0.42xumaxd)bd2XfckMi̲ m=0.36Xxumaxd(
1-0.42xumaxd)bd2Xfck
22.55X106=0.36X0.479(1−0.42X0.479)230Xd2X2022.55X
106=0.36X0.479(1-0.42X0.479)230Xd2X20

d = 188.65 = 200 mm

You can take the beam size of 9 x 9

minimum. but, we will take a 9 x 12-inch
size.

Now, let's calculate with a new beam size as

230 mm.

D = 300 mm, d = 270 mm

self-weight of beam = 0.230 x 0.300 x 25

                                     = 1.725 kN/m

Total load = 4.02 + 4.82 + 5.96 + 1.725

                    = 16.525 kN/m 

Factored moment
= 16.525X1.5X2.632816.525X1.5X2.6328
                           M  = 21.43 kN⋅m
u

M  = 0.138⋅f ⋅b⋅d    

ulim ck
2

          =0.138X20X230X2702=0.138X20X230X2702
            = 46.27  kN⋅m 

M  < M  ( ∵ under reinforced section)

u ulim

pt=50fckfy[1−√1−4.6Mufckbd2]pt=50fckfy[1-1-
4.6Mufckbd2]
     = 0.384 %

Ast=pt100bdAst=pt100bd
       = 239.05 mm
Provide 3 nos 12 mm bars.

We designed the B-22 which is rest in two

beams, Which means B-22 is point load for
B-4 and B-6.

So, if the load is increased in B-22 will affect

the beam B-4 and B-6.

DIY Problem
The design of a beam is based on formulas
and calculations. so, you need to practice it
more and more to become an expert in the
beam design.

I am giving you one example to solve by

your self and give the reinforcement detail
in the comment section.
Assumed section, 230 x 450 mm, fckfck = 20
and 
fyfy = 415, d = 420, below S-1 is balcony and
S-3 is bedroom, 
230 mm thick wall is resting on B-3.height
of the floor is 
10 feet. 

Calculate the Beam B-3 from the below

image.
 RCC beam

 
I provided all the necessary information to
design the RCC beam for a two-story house.
if any point I missed, feel free to tell me in
the comment section.

In the next article, we will discuss the

cantilever beam design and how to calculate
the point load on a beam.
 
 
 
    

  
 

 
  

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