DRC Project

INTRODUCTION
In general, the concrete cover of reinforced concrete is defined as the part

between the concrete surface and the surface of the steel reinforcement
within the structure. With that said, the purpose of the concrete cover is to
provide protection for the reinforced concrete against external dangers such as
corrosion, fire and oxidation of the steel reinforcement among others. The
conditions and detailed characteristics of the concrete cover such as the
thickness depends heavily on the external environmental conditions and the
type of structural member involved.
Failing to determine the sufficient thickness of the cover will allow the
concrete structure, specifically the steel reinforcement to become exposed to
the possible danger of the environment. Basically, in order to determine the
sufficient thickness of cover and to provide secure protection of the structure,
a procedure will need to be followed along with a few justified assumptions.
ASSUMPTIONS
The building involved in this project is assumed to be subjected to the
following conditions:
1. The building will be constructed at a domestic hilly area in Malaysia.
2. It will be designed to withstand 50 years of working life.
3. It will be designed against lean concrete.
4. The quality control of the building will be normal due to being only 50
years of working life.
5. The exposure condition in Malaysia will be XC4 because to avoid
corrosion induced by carbonation whereby sometimes the concrete
surface will subjected to water contact. However, it is subjective when it
comes to the compartments of the structure itself.
6. The maximum aggregate size will be 20mm.
Question:
Figure 1 is showing a reinforced concrete building. The building is
single story. Assume with proper justification all the needed data,
perform the following:
A - Design the concrete cover for all the RC components:
Solutions:
The following general assumptions are applied to all footings, beams,
and columns. This is done in order to display a sense of consistency
among the components and also to simplify calculations by using the
same set of parameters for all components. Additional parameters
will also be given for each specific case. The general assumptions
used are as below:
- Strength class = 40/50 MPa
o This value is used as a standard of a worst case scenario.
- Main bar diameter = 32mm
o This value is used as a standard given in most examples and also to ease
the calculation process.
- Exposure condition = XC3
o Described as an environment with moderate humidity, this condition was
used as it fits the description of a normal outdoor condition any structure
generally faces.
- Maximum aggregate size = 20mm
- Design working life = 50 years
o This value is used as a standard since most structures are designed to
work for at least 50 years.
- Quality control = Normal
o The quality control for this structure is normal and requires no special
maintenance.
For footing:
Assumptions:
- Main bar diameter = 32mm,
- Casted on lean concrete,
For strength class for XC3 = C35/45 which is the minimum strength class,
The strength class provided (40/50) is adequate since it exceeds the
minimum.
Structure class of S4 is assumed to be the norm as recommended in the
Eurocode 2. However, since the strength class provided exceeded the
minimum strength class, the structure class becomes S3. The exposure
condition is XC3 as stated.
Cnom = Cmin + ΔCdev;
ΔCdev = 10mm as a standard;
Cmin = max {Cmin,b ; Cmin,dur + ΔCdur,γ - ΔCdur,st - ΔCdur,add, 10mm}
Cmin,b is the main bar diameter = 32mm;
Cmin,dur = 20mm from Table 4.4N of the Eurocode, based on S4 and XC3;
Cmin = max {32, 20, 10} = 32mm,
Cnom = 32 + 10 = 42mm;
Since it is casted on lean concrete, the Cnom must be at least 40mm to be
accepted. Since Cnom = 42mm > 40mm, then the Cnom is adequate.
For column:
Assumptions:
- Stirrup diameter = 10mm
From table E.1N at class XC3,
Since both minimum strength class and provided strength class = C40/50, the
strength class provided is adequate;
Eurocode 2. The exposure condition is XC3 as stated.
For the cover to the stirrups:
Cmin,b is the stirrup diameter = 10mm;
Cmin = max {10, 25, 10} = 25mm,
Cnom = 25 + 10 = 35mm;
For the cover to the main bar:
Cmin = max {25, 25, 10} = 25mm,
Cnom = 25 + 10 = 35mm;
Since Cnom,bar = 35mm, Cnom,stirrup = 35mm, the Cnom,stirrup is superior since
the it covers only until the stirrup, not the main bar. So, C nom= 35mm + 10mm
(which is the stirrup diameter) = 45mm.
For beam:
Assumptions:
- Bottom longitudinal bars = φn
- Stirrup diameter = 10mm
∅ n=∅ √ nb < 55mm, Φ = 20mm;
Φn = 28.28mm << 55mm, then it is adequate;

From table E.1N at class XC3,
Since the minimum strength class = 40/50 is the provided strength class =
C40/50, the strength class provided is adequate;
For the cover to the stirrups:
Cmin,b is the stirrup diameter = 10mm;
Cmin = max {10, 25, 10} = 25mm,
Cnom,stirrup = 25 + 10 = 35mm;
For the cover to the main bar:

Cmin,b is the main bar diameter = 28.28mm;
Cmin,dur = 25mm from Table 4.4N of the Eurocode, based on S4 and XS1;
Cmin = max {28.28, 25, 10} = 28.28mm,
Cnom = 28.28 + 10 = 38.28mm;
Since Cnom,bar = 35mm, Cnom,stirrup = 38.28mm, the Cnom,stirrup is superior
since the Cnom,bar only covers 35mm while Cnom,stirrup covers 38.28mm only
until the stirrup, not the main bar. If C nom,stirrup is chosen, the thickness from
the surface to the main bar will be = 38.38 + 10 (which is the stirrup diameter)
= 48.28. So, Cnom= 48.28mm.
For slab:
For strength class for XC3 = C40/50 which is the minimum strength class,
The strength class provided (40/50) is adequate since it satisfies the condition.
Cmin = max {32, 25, 10} = 32mm,
Cnom = 32 + 10 = 42mm;
Since it is the slab cover which has no conditions, the Cnom = 42mm.
To summarize the design, the following displays the nominal concrete cover
for their respective components:
The footing cover = 42mm,
The column cover = 45mm,
The beam cover = 48.28mm,
The slab cover = 42mm.
CONCLUSION
To conclude, the measurement of the concrete covers is no simple
straightforward task as it involves many criteria and conditions subjected to
the structure itself. By following the procedure taught to us by Dr Bashar and
his assistants, I am able to compile and complete the task given by him by
determining the concrete covers of the compartments of the building design
provided as stated above. Also, bear in mind that my assumptions used in this
project are merely theoretical in order to achieve the objective of this project.
With this in mind, the objective of this project, which is to properly design the
concrete cover for the building design has been achieved.
B) Design all the RC beams for flexural and shear and also evaluate
their deflections:
The following are the assumptions made for this question:

- All beam size = 300 x 600mm,
- All column size = 300 x 300mm,
- All footing size = 2000 x 2000mm,
- All slab thickness = 200mm,
- Fck = 30N/mm2,
- Fyk = 500N/mm2,
- Main steel bar diameter = 32mm,
- Link (Stirrup diameter) = 10mm,
- Characteristic Dead Load = 10kN/m2,
- Characteristic Live Load = 5kN/m2;
- Length of L,B,C and D in the diagram = 5m;
- Safety factors:
o Live loads = 1.5,
o Dead loads = 1.35;
1. Determine the direction of the load transferred:
Dimension of the slab is assumed to be 5m X 5m;
Ly = Lx = 5m,
Checking Ly/Lx = 5/5 = 1 < 2,
Therefore, the load distributed is on a two-way slab;
2. Determine the ultimate maximum and minimum loads:

Ultimate max load, Wu, max = 1.35DL + 1.5LL
= (1.35)(10) + (1.5)(5) = 21kN/m 2,
Ultimate min load, Wu, min = 1.35DL = (1.35)(10) = 13.5kN/m2,
Uniform Distributed Loads (UDL) = (WLx)/3:
UDLmax = (Wu, max)(Lx)/3 = (21)(5)/3 = 35kN/m,
Fmax = 35(5) = 175kN;
UDLmin = (Wu, min)(Lx)/3 = (13.5)(5)/3 = 22.5kN/m,
Fmin = 22.5(5) = 112.5kN;
By applying the concept of worst case scenario, several cases where the
loadings with the highest possibility of failing are imposed onto each
other to determine the best indication of the bending moment and
shear diagram. In a nutshell, the highest respective value at each known
point of the beam will represent the respective envelope diagram.
For Beams 1(A-C) and A(1-3):
CASE 1: Max–Max:
WMax = 35kN/m WMax = 35kN/m
1 2 3
The end joints are assumed to be pinned with no moment reactions.

FEM12 = FEM32 = 0,
2
wl 2
FEM21 =
8
= (35)(5) = 109.375 kNm,
8
−wl 2 −(35)(5)2
FEM23 =
8
= = -109.375 kNm;
8
Moment Distribution:
Shear Force
Calculation:
CASE
2: Max-Min:
WMax = 35kN/m WMin = 22.5kN/m
FEM12 = FEM32 = 0,
2
wl 2
FEM21 =
8
= (35)(5) = 109.375 kNm,
8
−wl 2 −(22.5)(5)2
FEM23 =
8
= = -70.3125 kNm;
8
Shear force calculations:

CASE
3: Min - Max:
WMin = 22.5kN/m WMax = 35kN/m
FEM12 = FEM32 = 0,
2
wl 2
FEM21 =
8
= (22.5)(5) = 70.3125 kNm,
8
2
−wl 2
FEM23 =
8
= −(35)(5) = -109.375 kNm;
8
Shear Force Calculations:

Envelope Diagrams
Bending Moment Diagram:
Shear Force Diagram:
The ultimate bending moments and ultimate shear forces for the
beams 1(A-C) and A(1-3) are as below:
Ultimate Moment = 109.375kNm
-69.09kNm -69.09kNm
69.53kN 109.375kN
-109.375kN -69.53kN
For Beams 2(A-C) and B(1-3):

= (1.35)(10) + (1.5)(5) = 21kN/m 2,
UDLmax1 is defined as the sum of two combined loadings of the slab
UDLmax1 = 2(Wu, max)(Lx)/3 = 2(21)(5)/3 = 70kN/m,
Fmax1 = 70(5) = 350kN;
UDLmax2 = (Wu, max)(Lx)/3 = (21)(5)/3 = 35kN/m,
Fmax2 = 35(5) = 175kN;
Fmin = 22.5(5) = 112.5kN;
CASE 1: Max1–Max:
WMax1 = 70kN/m WMax2 = 35kN/m

FEM12 = FEM32 = 0,
2
wl 2
FEM21 =
8
= (70)(5) = 218.75 kNm,
8
2
−wl 2
FEM23 =
8
= −(35)(5) = -109.375 kNm;
8
Shear Force
Calculation:
CASE 2: Max-Min:
WMax1 = 70kN/m WMin = 22.5kN/m
FEM12 = FEM32 = 0,
wl 2 (70)(5)2
FEM21 =
8
= = 218.75 kNm,
8
2
−wl 2
FEM23 =
8
= −(22.5)(5) = -70.3125 kNm;
8

CASE 3: Min - Max:
WMin = 22.5kN/m WMax = 35kN/m
FEM12 = FEM32 = 0,
2
wl 2
FEM21 =
8
= (13.5)(5) = 70.3125 kNm,
8
−wl 2 −(21)(5)2
FEM23 =
8
= = -109.375 kNm;
8
Shear Force Calculations:

CASE 4: Max2–Max:
WMax2 = 35kN/m WMax = 35kN/m
1 2 3

FEM12 = FEM32 = 0,
wl 2 (21)(5)2
FEM21 =
8
= = 109.375 kNm,
8
−wl 2 −(21)(5)2
FEM23 =
8
= = -109.375 kNm;
8
Shear Force
Calculation:
CASE 5: Max-Min:
WMax5 = 35kN/m WMin = 22.5kN/m
FEM12 = FEM32 = 0,
2
wl 2
FEM21 =
8
= (21)(5) = 109.375 kNm,
8
−wl 2 −(13.5)(5)2
FEM23 =
8
= = -70.3125 kNm;
8

Envelope Diagrams
Bending Moment Diagram:
Shear Force Diagram:
The ultimate bending moments and ultimate shear forces for the beams 3(A-
B) and C(1-2) are as below:
Ultimate Moment = 164.0625kNm
-152.45kNm -69.09kNm
142.188kN 120.3125kN
-207.813kN -69.53kN
For Beams 3(A-B) and C(1-2):

= (1.35)(10) + (1.5)(5) = 21kN/m 2,
UDLmax = (Wu, max)(Lx)/3 = (21)(5)/3 = 35kN/m,
Fmax = 35(5) = 175kN;
Fmin = 22.5(5) = 112.5kN;
2
wl 2
Maximum Bending Moment = FEM =
8
= (35)(5) = 109.375 kNm,
8
Maximum Shear Force, V = FEM/2 = 52.6875kN;
DESIGN FOR FLEXURAL

For the flexural design, the related parameters are assumed as shown below:
- Height, h = 500mm,
- Width of flange, bf = 500mm,
- Height of flange, hf = 150mm,
- Width of web, bw = 100mm,
- Height of web, hw = 350mm,
1. To determine the effective depth, d:

d = h – concrete cover of beam – φ/2;
h = height = 500mm,
the concrete cover of beam was obtained previously as 48.28mm,
φ = the assumed diameter of the steel bar reinforcement = 20mm,
d = 500 – 48.28 – 20/2 = 441.72mm;
2. To determine the effective flange widths, beff:
For end spans of L-Beams,
Beff1 = 0.2bi + 0.1Io = 0.2(5000-100)/2 + 0.1(0.85*5000) = 915mm,
Since beff1 = 915mm < 0.2lo = 0.2(0.85*5000) = 850mm, then it is
adequate;
Then beff for L-Beams = beff1 + bw = 915 + 100 = 1015mm;
For middle spans of T-Beams,
Beff1 = 0.2bi + 0.2Io = 0.2(5000-100)/2 + 0.2(0.85*5000) = 1340mm,
Since beff1 = 1340mm < 0.2lo = 0.2(0.85*5000) = 1340mm, then it is
adequate;
Then beff for T-Beams = beff1 + bw = 1340 + 100 = 1440mm;

End spans – L-Beams:
1. Determine the location of the neutral axis:
Assume the Neutral Axis is in the flange:
Mflange = 0.567(fck)(bf)(hf)(d-hf/2)
= 0.567(30)(1015)(150)(441.72 – 150/2)
= 949.721kNm > Msagging = 69.09kNm;
Therefore, the flange is able to fully support the applied moment by itself
and the Neutral Axis is proven to be in the flange.
2. Determine whether the section is singly or doubly:
M 69.09∗10 6 '
k= 2
= 2
=0.012< k =0.167 ;
f ck b d (30)(1015)(441.72)
Since the k < k’, the section is singly reinforced;

3. Determine the Z limit:
[ √
Z=d 0.5+ 0.25−
k
1.134 ]
=0.99 d >Zmax =0.954 d ;
Therefore, Z = 0.954d = 421.4mm,

4. Determine the required reinforcement area of steel:
M 69.09∗106 2
As , required= = =390.36 mm
0.87 f yk Z ( 0.87 ) ( 500 ) ( 421.4 )
5. Determine the provided reinforcement area of steel:

Since φ = 20mm, the diameter of the steel bars = 20mm,
390.36
390.36
No of steel bars = ( π d 2 ) = 314.16 = 1.24 => 2 steel bars;
4
2
πd
As, provided = 2( ) = 628.32mm2;
4
Middle spans – T-Beams:

= 0.567(30)(1440)(150)(441.72 – 150/2)
= 1347.39kNm > Mhogging = 109.375kNm;
and thus, the neutral axis is proven to be in the flange.
M 109.375∗10 6 '
k= 2
= 2
=0.013<k =0.167 ;
f ck b d (30)(1440)(441.72)

[ √
Z=d 0.5+ 0.25−
k
1.134 ]
=0.988 d >Zmax=0.954 d ;

M 109.375∗106 2
0.87 f yk Z ( 0.87 ) ( 500 ) ( 421.4 )

596.67
596.67
4
2
πd
As, provided = 2( ) = 628.32mm2;
4

End span 1 – L-Beam:
= 0.567(30)(1015)(150)(441.72 – 150/2)
= 949.721kNm > Msagging = 152.45kNm;
M 152.45∗10 6 '
k= 2
= 2
=0.0257<k =0.167 ;
f ck b d (30)(1015)(441.72)

[ √
Z=d 0.5+ 0.25−
k
1.134 ]
=0.977 d > Zmax=0.954 d ;

M 152.45∗106 2
0.87 f yk Z ( 0.87 ) ( 500 ) ( 421.4 )

831.66
831.66
4
2
πd
As, provided = 3( ) = 942.48mm2;
4
End span 2 – L-Beams:

= 0.567(30)(1015)(150)(441.72 – 150/2)
= 949.721kNm > Msagging = 69.09kNm;
M 69.09∗10 6 '
k= 2
= 2
=0.012< k =0.167 ;
f ck b d (30)(1015)(441.72)

[ √
Z=d 0.5+ 0.25−
k
1.134 ]
=0.99 d >Zmax =0.954 d ;

M 69.09∗106 2
0.87 f yk Z ( 0.87 ) ( 500 ) ( 421.4 )

390.36
390.36
4
2
πd
As, provided = 2( ) = 628.32mm2;
4
Middle span – T-Beam:

= 0.567(30)(1440)(150)(441.72 – 150/2)
= 1347.39kNm > Mhogging = 164.063kNm;
and thus, the neutral axis is proven to be in the flange.
M 164.063∗10 6 '
k= = =0.0195<k =0.167 ;
f ck b d 2 (30)(1440)(441.72)2

[ √
Z=d 0.5+ 0.25−
k
1.134 ]
=0.983 d >Zmax=0.954 d ;

M 164.063∗106 2
As , required= = =895.01mm
0.87 f yk Z ( 0.87 ) ( 500 ) ( 421.4 )

895.01
895.01
4
2
πd
As, provided = 3( ) = 942.48mm2;
4

= 0.567(30)(1015)(150)(441.72 – 150/2)
= 949.721kNm > Mmax = 109.375kNm;
M 109.375∗10 6 '
k= = =0.0184< k =0.167 ;
f ck b d 2 (30)(1015)(441.72)2

[ √
Z=d 0.5+ 0.25−
k
1.134 ]
=0.983 d >Zmax=0.954 d ;

M 109.375∗106 2
0.87 f yk Z ( 0.87 ) ( 500 ) ( 421.4 )

506.67
506.67
4
2
πd
As, provided = 2( ) = 628.32mm2;
4
DESIGN FOR DEFLECTION

The following assumption were made to determine the checking of the
deflection:
- Fck = 30N/mm2,
- Fyk = 500N/mm2,
- Length, L = 5m = 5000mm,
- Effective depth, d = 441.72mm,
- Beff: for L-beams = 1015mm, for T-Beams = 1440mm,
- According to Table 7.4N, K = 1.3 for end spans while K = 1.5 for
middle spans.

As, required = 390.36mm2; As, provided = 628.32mm2;
100( As , Required ) 100(390.36)
ρ= bd = (1015)(441.72) = 0.0871;
ρo = √ fck∗0.1=( √ 30 )∗0.1=0.55;
Since ρ is less than ρo,
3 /2
l ρo ρo
d [
=K 11+1.5 √ fck
ρ
+3.2 √ fck( ρ
−1 ) ]
Given that:
l/d = span / depth of the beam,
K = the factor taken into account of different structural systems (Table 7.4N),
ρo = the reference reinforcement ratio,
ρ = the tension reinforcement ratio at mid span in order to resist the applied
moment,
ρ’ = the required compression reinforcement ratio at mid span in order to
resist the applied moment;
3
l ρo ρo
d [
=1.3 11+1.5 √ 30
ρ
+3.2 √30 (ρ
−1 ) ]=310.79;
2
l
The actual d = 5000/441.72 = 11.32 < 310.79,
Therefore, the depth of the beam, d and length of the beam, l are adequate
with respect to the deflection.
Middle spans – T-Beams:

100( As , Required ) 100(596.67)
ρ= bd = (1440)(441.72) = 0.0871;
ρo = √ fck∗0.1=( √ 30 )∗0.1=0.55;
3
l ρo ρo
d [
=1.3 11+1.5 √ 30
ρ
+3.2 √30 (ρ
−1 ) ]=370.75;
2
l
The actual d = 5000/441.72 = 11.32 < 370.75,

100( As , Required ) 100(831.66)
ρ= bd = (1015)(441.72) = 0.185;
ρo = √ fck∗0.1=( √ 30 )∗0.1=0.55;
3
l ρo ρo
d [
=1.3 11+1.5 √ 30
ρ
+3.2 √ 30( ρ
−1 ) ]=108.83;
2
l
The actual d = 5000/441.72 = 11.32 < 108.83,
with respect to the deflection;

100( As , Required ) 100(390.36)
ρ= bd = (1015)(441.72) = 0.087;
ρo = √ fck∗0.1=( √ 30 )∗0.1=0.55;
3
l ρo ρo
d [
=1.3 11+1.5 √ 30
ρ
+3.2 √ 30( ρ
−1 ) ]=361.17 ;
2
l
The actual d = 5000/441.72 = 11.32 < 361.17,
Middle span – T-Beams:

100( As , Required ) 100(895.01)
ρ= bd = (1440)(441.72) = 0.1407;
ρo = √ fck∗0.1=( √ 30 )∗0.1=0.55;

3
l ρo ρo
d [
=1.3 11+1.5 √ 30
ρ
+3.2 √ 30( ρ
−1 ) ]=169.1;
2
l
The actual d = 5000/441.72 = 11.32 < 169.1,

100( As , Required ) 100(596.67)
ρ= bd = (1015)(441.72) = 0.133;
ρo = √ fck∗0.1=( √ 30 )∗0.1=0.55;
3
l ρo ρo
d [
=1.3 11+1.5 √ 30
ρ
+3.2 √ 30( ρ
−1 ) ]=184.81;
2
l
The actual d = 5000/441.72 = 11.32 < 184.81,
DESIGN FOR SHEAR REINFORCEMENT

Given bw = 100mm, d = 441.72mm, fck = 30N/mm2;

1. Shear force at the end supports = 69.53kN on a 5000mm span beam,
69.53 VEf VEd

= =
2500 2500−50 2500−50−d
VEf = 68.14kN, VEd = 55.85kN;

fck
VRd , max ¿
(
0.36 bw d 1−
250)fck
cotθ+ tan θ
When θ = 21.8˚, VRd,max = 144.75kN > VEf = 68.14kN; therefore, the θ = 21.8˚
and no diagonal compression struts are required in the design.
As assumed before, the diameter of the steel is 20mm,
Asw VEd∗10 3
= , S=4845.52 mm;
S 0.78 d (fyk)( cotθ)
Asw 628.32 Asw ,min 0.08 √ fck bw

= =0.146 , = =0.088 ;
S 4845.52 S fyk
Since Asw/S = 0.146 > Asw,min/S = 0.088, then the S = 4845.52 is accepted,
Smax = 0.75d = 331.29mm;
Since S = 4845.52 > Smax = 331.29mm, then S = Smax = 331.29mm;
Therefore, use shear link size of 20mm @ 331.29mm C/C.
2. Shear force at the middle support = 109.375kN on 5000mm span beam,
109.375 VEf VEd

= =
2500 2500−50 2500−50−d
VEf = 107.188kN, VEd = 87.86kN;

fck
VRd , max ¿
(
0.36 bw d 1−
250)fck
cotθ+ tan θ
When θ = 21.8˚, VRd,max = 144.75kN > VEf = 107.188kN; therefore, the θ =

21.8˚ and no diagonal compression struts are required in the design.
Area of steel =2¿ ) = 628.32mm2;
Asw VEd∗10 3
= , S=3080.15 mm ;

= =0.204 , = =0.088 ;
S 3080.15 S fyk
Smax = 0.75d = 331.29mm;

End span 1:
3. Shear force at the end support = 146.094kN on a 5000mm span beam,
146.094 VEf VEd

= =
2500 2500−50 2500−50−d
VEf = 143.172kN, VEd = 117.359kN;

fck
VRd , max ¿
(
0.36 bw d 1−
250)fck
cotθ+ tan θ
When θ = 21.8˚, VRd,max = 144.75kN > VEf = 143.172kN; therefore, the θ =
Asw VEd∗10 3
= , S=2305.93 mm ;
S 0.78 d ( fyk)(cotθ)
Asw 628.32 Asw , min 0.08 √ fck b w

= =0.272 , = =0.088 ;
S 2305.93 S fyk
Since Asw/S = 0.272 > Asw,min/S = 0.088, then the S = 2305.93mm is accepted,
Smax = 0.75d = 331.29mm;
Since S = 2305.93> Smax = 331.29mm, then S = Smax = 331.29mm;
207.813 VEf VEd

= =
2500 2500−50 2500−50−d
VEf = 203.66kN, VEd =166.94kN;

fck
VRd , max ¿
(
0.36 bw d 1−
250 )
fck
cotθ+ tan θ
When θ = 21.8˚, VRd,max = 144.75kN > VEf = 203.66kN;

Therefore, the θ > 21.8˚ and diagonal compression struts are required in the
design.
VEf
θ=0.5 sin−1
[ ]
VRd ,max 45 °
=37.99 °,

Asw VEd∗10 3
= , S=830.192mm ;
S 0.78 d (fyk)(cotθ)
Asw 628.32 Asw , min 0.08 √ fck bw

= =0.757 , = =0.088 ;
S 830.192 S fyk
Smax = 0.75d = 331.29mm;
End span 2:
120.3125 VEf VEd

= =
2500 2500−50 2500−50−d
VEf = 117.91kN, VEd = 96.65kN;

fck
VRd , max ¿
(
0.36 bw d 1−
250)fck
cotθ+ tan θ
When θ = 21.8˚, VRd,max = 144.75kN > VEf = 117.91kN; therefore, the θ <
Asw VEd∗10 3
= , S=3123.1 mm ;
S 0.78 d (fyk)(cotθ)
Asw 628.32 Asw , min 0.08 √ fck b w

= =0.201 , = =0.088;
S 3123.1 S fyk
Smax = 0.75d = 331.29mm;
Since S = 3123.1> Smax = 331.29mm, then S = Smax = 331.29mm;
69.53 VEf VEd

= =
2500 2500−50 2500−50−d
VEf = 68.14kN, VEd = 55.85kN;

fck
VRd , max ¿
(
0.36 bw d 1−
250)fck
cotθ+ tan θ
Asw VEd∗10 3
= , S=4845.52 mm;

= =0.146 , = =0.088 ;
S 4845.52 S fyk
Smax = 0.75d = 331.29mm;

End spans:
52.6875 VEf VEd

= =
2500 2500−50 2500−50−d
VEf = 51.63kN, VEd = 42.32kN;

fck
VRd , max ¿
(
0.36 bw d 1−
250)fck
cotθ+ tan θ
Asw VEd∗10 3
= , S=6394.67 mm;

= =0.098 , = =0.088 ;
S 6394.67 S fyk
Smax = 0.75d = 331.29mm;
Since S = 6394.67 > Smax = 331.29mm, then S = Smax = 331.29mm; therefore,
use shear link size of 20mm @ 331.29mm C/C.
DESIGN FOR SLAB REINFORCEMENT
Given:
- Slab cover = 42mm,
- Fck = 30 N/mm2,
- Fyk = 500 N/mm2,
- Steel bar diameter, φ = 20mm,
- Characteristic live load = 10kN,
- Characteristic dead load = 5kN;
Assume:
- Width of slab, bw = 1000mm,
- Slab thickness, h = 200mm,
- Ly = 5m,
- Lx = 5m;
Ultimate load, n = 1.35DL + 1.5LL = (1.35)(10) + (1.5)(5) = 21kN/m2,
Moment Coefficients Shear Coefficients

Effective depths:
- In x-direction, dx = h – cover – φ/2 = 200 – 42 – 10 = 148mm,
- In y-direction, dy = h – cover – φ – φ/2 = 148 – 20 = 128mm;
For Slab A:
Given Ly/Lx = 1 < 2, therefore the slabs are two-way slabs;
From the Moment Coefficient and Shear Coefficient tables,
When Ly/Lx = 1.0 and the slab is two-adjacent edges discontinuous,
- Long span, Βsx:
o Continuous edge = 0.047,
o Middle span = 0.036,
- Short span, Bsy:
- Long span, Bvx:
o Discontinuous edge = 0.26,
- Short span, Bvy:
Middle strip of long span (Ly):

1. Determine the moment applied in the intended direction:
Msx = (βsx)(n)(Lx)2 = 0.036(21)(5)2 = 18.9kNm;

dx = 148mm;
M 18.9∗106 '
k= 2
= 2
=0.029< k =0.167 ;
f ck b d (30)(1000)(148)

[ √
Z=d 0.5+ 0.25−
k
1.134 ]
=0.974 d > Zmax=0.954 d ;
Therefore, Z = 0.954d = 141.19mm,

M 18.9∗10 6 2
0.87 f yk Z ( 0.87 ) ( 5 00 ) ( 141.19 )
5. Determine if the As, required is acceptable:

As , min=0.0013 bd=0.0013 ( 1000 ) ( 148 )=192.4 mm2
As , max=0.04 Ac=0.04 bh=0.04 ( 1000 )( 200 ) =8000 mm2
Since As, required is within the range of As,min and As,max, it is
acceptable;

307.72
307.72
No of steel bars = ( π d2 ) = 314.16 = 0.98 => 1 steel bar;
4
2
πd
As, provided = 1( ) = 314.16mm2;
4
End continuous strip of long span (Ly):
Msx = (βsx)(n)(Lx)2 = 0.047(21)(5)2 = 24.675kNm;

dx = 148mm;
M 24.675∗106 '
k= 2
= 2
=0.038<k =0.167 ;
f ck b d (30)(1000)(148)

[ √
Z=d 0.5+ 0.25−
k
1.134 ]
=0.966 d > Zmax=0.954 d ;
Therefore, Z = 0.954d = 141.19mm,

M 25.675∗10 6 2
0.87 f yk Z ( 0.87 ) ( 5 00 ) ( 141.19 )

As , min=0.0013 bd=0.0013 ( 1000 ) ( 148 )=192.4 mm2
As , max=0.04 Ac=0.04 bh=0.04 ( 1000 )( 200 ) =8000 mm2
acceptable;

401.75
401.75
4
2
πd
As, provided = 2( ) = 628.32mm2;
4
Middle strip of short span (Lx):
Msy = (βsy)(n)(Lx)2 = 0.034(21)(5)2 = 17.85kNm;

Since dy = 128mm;
M 17.85∗106 '
k= 2
= 2
=0.036<k =0.167;
f ck b d (30)(1000)(128)

[ √
Z=d 0.5+ 0.25−
k
1.134 ]
=0.967 d > Zmax=0.954 d ;
Therefore, Z = 0.954d = 122.112mm,

M 17.85∗106 2
As , required= = =336 mm
0.87 f yk Z ( 0.87 ) ( 5 00 ) ( 122.112 )

As , min=0.0013 bd=0.0013 ( 1000 ) ( 148 )=192.4 mm2
As , max=0.04 Ac=0.04 bh=0.04 ( 1000 )( 200 ) =8000 mm2
acceptable;

336
336
4
2
πd
As, provided = 2( ) = 628.32mm2;
4
End continuous strip of short span (Lx):
Msy = (βsy)(n)(Lx)2 = 0.045(21)(5)2 = 23.625kNm;

Since dy = 128mm;
M 23.625∗106 '
k= 2
= 2
=0.048<k =0.167 ;
f ck b d (30)(1000)(128)

[ √
Z=d 0.5+ 0.25−
k
1.134 ]
=0.9556 d > Zmax=0.954 d ;
Therefore, Z = 0.954d = 122.112mm,

M 23.625∗106 2
0.87 f yk Z ( 0.87 ) ( 5 00 ) ( 122.112 )

As , min=0.0013 bd=0.0013 ( 1000 ) ( 148 )=192.4 mm2
As , max=0.04 Ac=0.04 bh=0.04 ( 1000 )( 200 ) =8000 mm2
acceptable;

444.76
444.76
4
2
πd
As, provided = 2( ) = 628.32mm2;
4
Checking for Deflection:

For 2-way slabs, the deflection only needs to be checked on the short span, Lx;
A s ,required 307.72
ρ= = =0.000208,
bd 1000 ( 148 )
ρ0 =( 10−3 ) √ f ck =0.00055 ,
Since ρ < ρ0,

3
ρ ρ
l
d basic [ (
=k 11+1.5 √ f ck 0 +3.2 √ f ck 0 −1
ρ ρ ) ];
2
For continuous slabs, k is assumed to be 1.5,

3
l 0.00055 0.00055
d basic [
=1.5 11 +1.5 √ 30
0.000208
+3.2 √ 30
0.000208(−1 ) ]=104.51;
2
l 5000
= =33.78 ,
d actual 148
l l
Since d < d ,
actual basic
Then the thickness of the slab is adequate with respect to the deflection.
Check for Shear:

V sx =β vx n l x , V sy =β vy n l x ;
V sx continuous= ( 0.4 ) ( 21 )( 5 )=42 kN /m;
V sx discontinuous=( 0.26 )( 21 ) ( 5 )=27.3 kN /m;
V sy continuous=( 0.4 ) ( 21 )( 5 )=42 kN /m;
V sy discontinuous=( 0.26 )( 21 ) ( 5 )=27.3 kN /m;
The highest Vs value is selected for checking;

Vs = Vsx continuous where dx =148mm and As,required = 307.72mm2;
K= 1+( √ 200d )=2.162 ,

therefore , K =2 ;
ρ= = =0.000208,
bd 1000 ( 148 )
Since ρ < 0.02, it is acceptable;

1
[ 3
V Rd ,c = 0.12 K ( 100 ρ f ck ) bd ]
1
=[ 0.12 ( 2 ) [ 100 ( 0.000208 )( 30 ) ] ] ( 1000 )( 148 ) = 65.385kN;

3
V Rd ,c
3 1
[ ( ) ]
V Rd ,c min = 0.0035 K 2 ( f ck ) 2 bd=80.25 kN ;
Since VRd,c < VRd,c min, therefore VRd,c = VRd,c min = 80.25kN;
From the diagram,

Vs = 42kN,
V Ed 42
=
2500−150−d 2500
The width of the end beam is

assumed to be 150mm while
dx = 148mm,
VEd = 37kN;
Since VEd = 37kN < VRd,c = 80.25kN, no shear reinforcement is required to be

added.
For Slab B:
When Ly/Lx = 1.0 and the slab is three edges discontinuous (one short edge
continuous),
- Long span, Βsx:
o Edges = 0,
- Short span, Bsy:
o Discontinuous edge = 0,
- Long span, Bvx:
o Discontinuous edges = 0.29,
- Short span, Bvy:

Msx = (βsx)(n)(Lx)2 = 0.042(21)(5)2 = 22.05kNm;

dx = 148mm;
M 22.05∗106 '
k= 2
= 2
=0.034<k =0.167 ;
f ck b d (30)(1000)(148)

[ √
Z=d 0.5+ 0.25−
k
1.134 ]
=0.97 d > Zmax=0.954 d ;
Therefore, Z = 0.954d = 141.19mm,

M 22.05∗10 6 2
0.87 f yk Z ( 0.87 ) ( 5 00 ) ( 141.19 )

As , min=0.0013 bd=0.0013 ( 1000 ) ( 148 )=192.4 mm2
As , max=0.04 Ac=0.04 bh=0.04 ( 1000 )( 200 ) =8000 mm2
acceptable;

359.01
359.01
No of steel bars = ( π d2 ) = 314.16 = 1.143 => 2 steel bars;
4
2
πd
As, provided = 2( ) = 628.32mm2;
4
End discontinuous strips of long span (Ly):

The moment applied = 0kNm,
Therefore, no steel reinforcement is required to be added;

Msy = (βsy)(n)(Lx)2 = 0.044(21)(5)2 = 23.1kNm;

dy = 148mm;
M 23.1∗106 '
k= = =0.0 47<k =0.167 ;
f ck b d 2 (30)(1000)(148)2
[ √
Z=d 0.5+ 0.25−
k
1.134 ]
=0.9 57 d >Zmax=0.954 d ;
Therefore, Z = 0.954d = 141.19mm,

M 23.1∗10 6 2
0.87 f yk Z ( 0.87 ) ( 5 00 ) ( 141.19 )

As , min=0.0013 bd=0.0013 ( 1000 ) ( 148 )=192.4 mm2
As , max=0.04 Ac=0.04 bh=0.04 ( 1000 )( 200 ) =8000 mm2
acceptable;

434.87
434.87
4
2
πd
As, provided = 2( ) = 628.32mm2;
4
End continuous strip of short span (Lx):

Msy = (βsy)(n)(Lx)2 = 0.058(21)(5)2 = 30.45kNm;

Since dy = 128mm;
M 30.45∗106 '
k= 2
= 2
=0.0 463<k =0.167 ;
f ck b d (30)(1000)(128)
[ √
Z=d 0.5+ 0.25−
k
1.134 ]
=0.95 7 d >Zmax=0.954 d ;
Therefore, Z = 0.954d = 122.112mm,

M 30.45∗106 2
0.87 f yk Z ( 0.87 ) ( 5 00 ) ( 122.112 )

As , min=0.0013 bd=0.0013 ( 1000 ) ( 148 )=192.4 mm2
As , max=0.04 Ac=0.04 bh=0.04 ( 1000 )( 200 ) =8000 mm2
acceptable;

573.24
573.24
4
2
πd
As, provided = 2( ) = 628.32mm2;
4

ρ= = =0.002 43 ,
bd 1000 ( 148 )
ρ0 =( 10−3 ) √ f ck =0.0 055 ,
Since ρ < ρ0,

3
ρ ρ
l
d basic [
=k 11+1.5 √ f ck 0 +3.2 √ f ck 0 −1
ρ ρ ( ) ];
2

3
l 0.0 055 0.00 55
d basic [
=1.5 11 +1.5 √ 30
0.0 02 43
+ 3.2 √ 30 (
0.00 2 43
−1 ) ]=81.73 ;
2
l 5000
= =33.78 ,
d actual 148
l l
Since d < d ,
actual basic
Check for Shear:

V sx =( 0.29 )( 21 ) ( 5 )=30.45 kN ;
V sy continuous=( 0. 45 ) ( 21 )( 5 ) =4 7.25 kN ;
V sy discontinuous=( 0. 3 ) ( 21 )( 5 ) =3 1.5 kN ;

Vs = Vsy continuous where dy =128mm and As,required = 434.87mm2;
K= 1+( √ 200d )=2. 25 ,

therefore , K =2 ;
ρ= = =0.0011,
bd 1000 ( 12 8 )

1
[
V Rd ,c = 0.12 K ( 100 ρ f ck ) bd3
]
1
=[ 0.12 ( 2 ) [ 100 ( 0.00 11 )( 30 ) ] ] ( 1000 )( 1 2 8 ) = 45.085kN;

3
V Rd ,c
3 1
[ ( ) ]
V Rd ,c min = 0.0035 K 2 ( f ck ) 2 bd=69.404 kN ;
From the diagram,

Vs = 47.25kN,
V Ed 4 7.25
=
2500−150−d 2500

dx = 128mm,
VEd = 42kN;
Since VEd = 42kN < VRd,c = 69.404kN, no shear reinforcement is required to be

added.
For Slab C:
When Ly/Lx = 1.0 and the slab is three edges discontinuous (one long edge
continuous),
- Long span, Βsx:
o Continuous edge = 0,
- Short span, Bsy:
o Discontinuous edges = 0,
- Long span, Bvx:
o Discontinuous edges = 0.3,
- Short span, Bvy:

Msx = (βsx)(n)(Lx)2 = 0.043(21)(5)2 = 22.575kNm;

dx = 148mm;
M 22.575∗106 '
k= 2
= 2
=0.034 4 <k =0.167 ;
f ck b d (30)(1000)(148)

[ √
Z=d 0.5+ 0.25−
k
1.134 ]
=0.969 d >Zmax=0.954 d ;
Therefore, Z = 0.954d = 141.19mm,

M 22. 575∗106 2
0.87 f yk Z ( 0.87 ) ( 5 00 ) ( 141.19 )

As , min=0.0013 bd=0.0013 ( 1000 ) ( 148 )=192.4 mm2
As , max=0.04 Ac=0.04 bh=0.04 ( 1000 )( 200 ) =8000 mm2
Since As, required is within the range of As,min and As,max, it is acceptable;

3 67.56
3 67.56
4
π d2
As, provided = 2( ) = 628.32mm2;
4
End continuous strip of long span (Ly):

Msx = (βsx)(n)(Lx)2 = 0.057(21)(5)2 = 29.925kNm;

Since dx = 148mm;
M 29.925∗106 '
k= 2
= 2
=0.0455< k =0.167 ;
f ck b d (30)(1000)(148)

[ √
Z=d 0.5+ 0.25−
k
1.134 ]
=0.9581 d> Zmax=0.954 d ;
Therefore, Z = 0.954d = 141.192mm,

M 29.925∗10 6 2
0.87 f yk Z ( 0.87 ) ( 1000 ) (141.192 )

As , min=0.0013 bd=0.0013 ( 1000 ) ( 148 )=192.4 mm2
As , max=0.04 Ac=0.04 bh=0.04 ( 1000 )( 200 ) =8000 mm2
acceptable;

487.23
487.23
4
2
πd
As, provided = 2( ) = 628.32mm2;
4

Msy = (βsy)(n)(Lx)2 = 0.044(21)(5)2 = 23.1kNm;

dy = 128mm;
M 23.1∗106 '
k= 2
= 2
=0.047< k =0.167 ;
f ck b d (30)(1000)(12 8)

[ √
Z=d 0.5+ 0.25−
k
1.134 ]
=0.9 5 67 d> Zmax=0.954 d ;
Therefore, Z = 0.954d = 122.112mm,

M 23.1∗106 2
0.87 f yk Z ( 0.87 ) ( 5 00 ) ( 122.112 )

As , min=0.0013 bd=0.0013 ( 1000 ) ( 148 )=192.4 mm2
As , max=0.04 Ac=0.04 bh=0.04 ( 1000 )( 200 ) =8000 mm2
acceptable;
434.87
434.87
4
2
πd
As, provided = 2( ) = 628.32mm2;
4
End discontinuous strips of short span (Lx):

The moment applied = 0kNm,
Therefore, no steel reinforcement is required to be added;

ρ= = =0.00 3397 ,
bd 1000 ( 1 4 8 )
ρ0 =( 10−3 ) √ f ck =0.0055 ,
Since ρ < ρ0,

3
ρ ρ
l
d basic [ (
=k 11+1.5 √ f ck 0 +3.2 √ f ck 0 −1
ρ ρ ) ];2

3
l 0.0055 0.0055
d basic [
=1.5 11 +1.5 √ 30
0.00 34
+ 3.2 √ 30 (
0.00 34
−1 ) ]= 48.97 ;
2
l 5000
= =33.78 ,
d actual 148
l l
Since d < d ,
actual basic
Check for Shear:
V sx continuous= ( 0.45 )( 21 ) ( 5 )=47.25 kN /m ;
V sx discontinuous=( 0.3 ) ( 21 ) (5 )=3 1.5 kN /m ;
V sy =( 0.29 )( 21 ) ( 5 )=30.45 kN /m;

Vs = Vsx continuous where dx =148mm and As,required = 434.87mm2;
K= 1+( √ 200d )=2. 162 ,

therefore , K =2 ;
ρ= = =0.00 294 ,
bd 1000 ( 1 4 8 )

1
[
V Rd ,c = 0.12 K ( 100 ρ f ck ) 3 bd ]
1
[ ]
V Rd ,c = 0.12 ( 2 ) [ 100 ( 0.00 294 )( 30 ) ] ( 1000 ) (1 4 8 ) = 73.375kN;
3
3 1
V Rd ,c min =[ 0.0035 ( K ) ( f
2
ck
2
]
) bd=80.248 kN ;
From the diagram,

Vs = 47.25kN,
V Ed 4 7.25
=
2500−150−d 2500

dx = 148mm,
VEd = 41.618kN;
Since VEd = 41.618kN < VRd,c = 80.248kN, no shear reinforcement is required to

be added.
DESIGN FOR COLUMNS
Given:
- Height of the column = 4m = 4000mm,
- All beam size = 300 x 600mm,
- All column size = 300 x 300mm,
- All footing size = 2000 x 2000mm,
- All slab thickness = 200mm,
- Column cover = 45mm,
- Fck = 30 N/mm2,
- Fyk = 500 N/mm2,
- Steel bar diameter, φ = 20mm,
- Characteristic live load = 10kN,
- Characteristic dead load = 5kN;
- Link size = 8mm,
For Columns A1, A3, B3, C1, and C2:

1. Determine the clear height of the column:
Height of the column = 4m, height of the beam = 600mm;
Clear height ,l = 4m – 0.6m = 3.4m;
2. Determine the relative flexibilities of the rotational restraints at the ends
of the column:
b h3
I column= =(300)¿ ¿
12
3
b h3 (30 0)(600)
I beam= = =5.4 x 109 mm4 ,
12 12
b h3
I footing = =(2000)¿ ¿
12
I col umn 6.75 ( 10 )8

K 1=
1
2
[ ( )
( )
Lcol umn
I beam
Lbeam
][ ]
=
1 3400
2 5.4 ( 10 )9
5000
=0. 092 ;
I col umn 6.75 ( 10 )8

K 2=
1
2
[ (
(
Lcol umn
I footing
L footing
)
) ][ ]
=
1 3400
2 3.6 ( 10 )10
2000
=0. 0055 ;
3. Determine the effective length of the column:

K1 K2
1
l o= (l)
2 √( 1+
0.45+ K 1
1+ )(
0.45+ K 2 )
1 0.092
l o= x 3.4
2 (√ 1+ 0.45+0.092 ) × (1+ 0.45+0.0055
0.0 055 )
=1 . 85 m;
4. Determine the radius of gyration:

I column
i=
√ A column
=√ 6 . 75 ¿¿ ¿
5. Determine the slenderness ratio of the column:

l o 1850
λ= = =21.362;
i 86.6 03
6. Determine whether the column is short or slender:

Given the ultimate distributed load on a beam = 35kN/m and length of
beam = 5m,
35(5) 35(5)
N Ed= + =1 75 kN ;
2 2
26.2 26.2
λ min= = =77.47 ;
N Ed (1 75)(1000)
√ A c olumn f cd
√ (300)(300)(
0.85
1.5
)(30)
Since 𝝀 = 21.362 < 𝝀min = 77.47, therefore the column is determined to

be short and no second order effect is considered.
7. Determine the moment applied, 𝑴Ed:
Since Ly = Lx = 5m, MEd is the same in both y and z-directions;
1 b h3 1 0.3 ×0.63
k beam=
[ =
] [
2 12 Lbeam 2 12×5 ]
=0.00054 ,
b h3 0.3 ×0. 33
k column=
12 L column [
=
12 ×3.4 ]=0.000198 ,
The distribution factor for the column:

k column 0.000198
= =0. 2683 ,
∑k 0.000198+0.000 54
w l 2 35 ×5 2
FE M y =FE M z= = =72.92kNm ,
12 12
k column
M y =M z= ( FEM )=0.2683 x 72.92=19.563 kNm ,
∑k
N Ed l o 1 75 ×1.85
M Ed , y =M Ed , z=M z + =1 9.563+ =2 0.372 kNm ;
400 400
8. Determine the existence of biaxial bending on the column:
Mz M 19.563
ez = =e y = y = =0.112 m ,
N Ed N Ed 17 5
( eh ) = ( eb ) = ( 0.1 12/300) =1>0.2 ;

z y
e e ( 0.1 12/300 )
( b) ( h)
y z
Since at least one condition is determined to be more than 0.2, the column is
proven to be subjected to biaxial bending.
9. Determine the area of steel reinforcement required:
H’ = b’ = h – cover – (φ/2) = 300 – 45 – 20/2 = 245mm,
N Ed 175
[ ] [
β=1−
bh f ck
=1−
( 300 )( 300 )( 30 )]=0.935 ,
h'
'
[]
M =M z + β ' M y =20.372+0.935 ( 1 ) ( 20.372 )=39.42 kNm ,
z
b
N Ed 175 ( 1000 )
[ ][
bh f ck]=
( 300 ) ( 300 ) ( 30 )
=0.0648 ,
M Ed 39.42 ( 10 )6
[ ][
b h2 f ck
=
( 300 ) ( 300 )2 ( 30 )]=0.0 487 ,
d’ = h – cover – φ/2 = 245mm,

d ' 245
= =0.817=¿ 0.85 ;
h 300
According to the chart with the above values,

The value obtained is approximately 0.03,
A s f yd A s (500)
[ ][
bh f ck
=
( 300 ) (300) (30 ) ]
=0.03 ,
Therefore, A,required = 162mm2,

No of steel bars = [162/(π)(100)] = 0.52 => 1 steel bar;
Therefore, As, provided = (1)(π)(100) = 314.16mm2;
10. Determine the details of the steel reinforcement:

0.1 N Ed
A s ,min = ≥ 0.002 A c
0.87 f yk
0.1 ( 1 75 ×1000 )
A s ,min = =40.23 mm 2 ;
0.87 ×500
0.002Ac = 0.002 x 300 x 300 = 180 mm2;

Since As, min = 40.23mm2 < 0.002Ac = 180mm2, therefore, As, min = 180mm2;
Since As, provided > As, min, the area of the reinforcement is adequate;
At the lap region:
𝐴𝑠, max = 0.08𝐴𝑐 = 0.08(300)(300) = 7200𝑚𝑚2;
Away from the lap region:
𝐴𝑠, max = 0.04𝐴𝑐 = 0.04(300)(300) = 3600𝑚𝑚2;
1
Minimum link size = 4 × Size of compression bar ≥ 6𝑚𝑚
1
Minimum link size = 4 × 20 = 5𝑚𝑚
Since the provided link size is 8 mm > 6 mm, then the link size is sufficient.
Maximum link spacing should be lesser of;
 20 x Compression bar size = 20 x 20 = 400mm
 Least lateral dimension of column = 300 mm
 400 mm
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑠 300𝑚𝑚 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑏𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 a 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓
0.6 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 the 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 is 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑟 than its 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛.
For Columns A2 and B1:
of the column:
b h3
I column= =(300)¿ ¿
12
3
b h3 (300)(600)
I beam= = =5.4 x 109 mm4 ,
12 12
3
bh
I footing = =(2000)¿ ¿
12
I col umn 6.75 ( 10 )8

K 1=
1
2
[ ][ ]
( )
( )
Lcol umn
I beam
Lbeam
=
1 3400
2 5.4 ( 10 )9
5000
=0. 092 ;
I col umn 6.75 ( 10 )8

K 2=
1
2
[ ][ ]
(
(
Lcol umn
I footing
L footing
)
)
=
1 3400
2 3.6 ( 10 )10
2000
=0. 0055 ;

K1 K2
1
l o= (l)
2 √( 1+
0.45+ K 1
1+)(
0.45+ K 2 )
1 0.092
l o= x 3.4
2 (√ 1+ 0.45+0.092 ) × (1+ 0.45+0.0055
0.0 055 )
=1 . 85 m;

I column
i=
√ A column
=√ 6 . 75 ¿¿ ¿

l o 1850
λ= = =21.362;
i 86.6 03

Given the ultimate distributed load on a beam = 35kN/m and length of
beam = 5m,
35(5) 35(5) 35 ( 5 )
N Ed = + + =262.5 kN ;
2 2 2
26.2 26.2
λ min= = =77.47 ;
N Ed
√ A c olumn f cd
√
(262.5)(1000)
(300)(300)(
0.85
1.5
)(30)

1 b h3 1 0.3 ×0.63
k beam=
[ =
] [
2 12 Lbeam 2 12×5 ]
=0.00054 ,
b h3 0.3 ×0. 33
k column=
12 L column
= [12 ×3.4 ]
=0.000198 ,

k column 0.000198
= =0. 2683 ,
∑k 0.000198+0.000 54
Given Wmax on beams = 35kN/m while Wmin on beams = 22.5kN/m;

w max l 2 wmin l 2 35 ( 5 2) 22.5 ( 52 )
FE M z= − = − =26.04 kNm ,
12 12 12 12
wmax l 2 35 ( 5 2)
FE M y = = =72.92kNm ,
12 12
k column
Mz= ( FEM )=0. 2683 x 26.04=6.987 kNm ,
∑k
k column
M y= ( FEM )=0.2683 x 72.92=19.56 3 kNm
∑k
N Ed l o 262.5 ×3.4
M Ed , y =M z + =6.987+ =9.22 kNm ;
400 400
N Ed l o 262.5 ×3.4
M Ed , z=M y + =1 9.563+ =21. 794 kNm ;
400 400

M y 19.563
e y= = =0. 0745 m ,
N Ed 262.5
M z 6.987
ez = = =0. 0 266 m ,
N Ed 262.5
( eh ) = ( 0.0 266 /300 ) =0.356>0. 2∧( eb ) = ( 0.300

z 0745
y
) =2.80 1>0. 2
( eb ) ( 0.0745 /300 )
y
( eh ) ( 0.300
z0266
)
9. Determine the dominating moment:
ℎ’= b’ = 300 − 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟−𝐻𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑡𝑒𝑟
20
¿ 300−45− =2 45 mm
2
Mz 6.987
'
= =0. 029 ,
b 245
My 19.563
'
= =0.0 798 ,
h 2 45
N Ed 262.5 ×1000
β=1− =1− =0.9 03 ;
bh f ck 300 ×300 ×30
Since 𝑀y/𝑏′ ≥ 𝑀z/ℎ′, 𝑀y is dominating

' b'
M y =M y + β M =19.563+ 0.9 03 ( 1 ) ( 6.987 )=25.871 kNm ;
h' z
10.Determine the area of steel reinforcement required:
M Ed 25.871
e= = =0.0986 m=98.6 mm ,
N Ed 262.5
h 300 φ 20
2
−d 2=
2 2 (
− cover+ =150− 45+
2 )
=95 mm , ( )
Since the eccentricity, e > (h/2 – d2), the area can be designed through the
simplified method;
N Ed 262.5 ( 1000 )
[ ][
bh f ck
=
( 300 ) ( 300 ) ( 30 ) ]
=0.0 972 ,
M Ed 25.871 ( 10 )6
[ ][ 2
b h f ck
=
( 300 ) ( 300 )2 ( 30 ) ] =0.0 3 19,
d’ = h – cover – φ/2 = 245mm,

d ' 245
= =0.817=¿ 0.85 ;
h 300

The value obtained is approximately 0.02,
A s f yd A s (500)
[ ][
bh f ck
=
( 300 ) (300) (30 )
=0.0 2 ,
]
Therefore, A,required = 108mm2,
No of steel bars = [108/(π)(100)] = 0.344 => 1 steel bar;
Therefore, As, provided = (1)(π)(100) = 314.16mm2;
11. Determine the details of the steel reinforcement:

0.1 N Ed
A s ,min = ≥ 0.002 A c ;
0.87 f yk
0.1 ( 262.5 ×1000 )

A s ,min = =60.34 mm2 ;
0.87 × 500
0.002Ac = 0.002 x 300 x 300 = 180 mm2;

Since As, min = 60.34mm2 < 0.002Ac = 180mm2, therefore, As, min = 180mm2;
Since As, provided > As, min, the area of the reinforcement is adequate;
At the lap region:
𝐴𝑠, max = 0.08𝐴𝑐 = 0.08(300)(300) = 7200𝑚𝑚2;
Away from the lap region:
𝐴𝑠, max = 0.04𝐴𝑐 = 0.04(300)(300) = 3600𝑚𝑚2;
1
Minimum link size = 4 × Size of compression bar ≥ 6𝑚𝑚,
1
Minimum link size = 4 × 20 = 5𝑚𝑚
Since the provided link size is 8 mm > 6 mm, then the link size is sufficient.
Maximum link spacing should be lesser of;
 20 x Compression bar size = 20 x 20 = 400mm
 Least lateral dimension of column = 300 mm
 400 mm
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑠 300𝑚𝑚 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑏𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 a 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓
0.6 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 the 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 is 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑟 than its 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛.
For Column B2:
of the column:
b h3
I column= =(300)¿ ¿
12
3
b h3 (300)(600)
I beam= = =5.4 x 109 mm4 ,
12 12
b h3
I footing = =(2000)¿ ¿
12
I col umn 6.75 ( 10 )8

K 1=
1
2
[ ][ ]
( )
( )
Lcol umn
I beam
Lbeam
=
1 3400
2 5.4 ( 10 )9
5000
=0. 092 ;
I col umn 6.75 ( 10 )8

K 2=
1
2
[ ][ ]
(
(
Lcol umn
I footing
L footing
)
)
=
1 3400
2 3.6 ( 10 )10
2000
=0. 0055 ;

K1 K2
1
l o= (l)
2 √( 1+
0.45+ K 1
1+ )(
0.45+ K 2 )
1 0.092
l o= x 3.4
2 (√ 1+ 0.45+0.092 ) × (1+ 0.45+0.0055
0.0 055 )
=1 . 85 m;

I column
i=
√ A column
=√ 6 . 75 ¿¿ ¿

l o 1850
λ= = =21.362;
i 86.6 03

Given:
Ultimate distributed load (max) on a beam = 35kN/m,
Ultimate distributed load (min) on a beam = 22.5kN/m,
Length of one beam = 5m;
35(5) 35(5) 35 ( 5 ) 35 ( 5 )
N Ed= + + + =350 kN ;
2 2 2 2
26.2 26.2
λ min= = =54.78 ;
N Ed
√ A c olumn f cd
√
(350)(1000)
(300)(300)(
0.85
1.5
)(30)

1 b h3 1 0.3 ×0.63
k beam=
[ =
2 12 Lbeam 2 12×5 ] [ =0.00054 , ]
b h3 0.3 ×0. 33
k column=
12 L column
= [
12 ×3.4 ]
=0.000198 ,

k column 0.000198
= =0. 2683 ,
∑k 0.000198+0.000 54
Given Wmax on beams = 35kN/m while Wmin on beams = 22.5kN/m;

w max l 2 wmin l 2 35 ( 5 2) 22.5 ( 52 )
FE M z= − = − =26.04 kNm ,
12 12 12 12
wmax l 2 wmin l 2 35 ( 52 ) 22.5 ( 5 2)

FE M y = − = − =26.04 kNm ,
12 12 12 12
k column
Mz= ( FEM )=(0.2683)(26.04)=6.987 kNm ,
∑k
k column
M y= ( FEM )=(0. 2683)(26.04)=6.987 kNm ,
∑k
N Ed l o (350)(3.4)
M Ed , y =M z + =6.987+ =9.962 kNm ;
400 400
N Ed l o (350)(3.4)
M Ed , z=M y + =6.987+ =9.962 kNm ;
400 400

M y 9.962
e y= = =0.0 285 m ,
N Ed 350
M z 9.962
ez = = =0. 0 285 m,
N Ed 350
ez ey 0.0 285
( ) ( ) (
h
=
b
=
300
=1> 0.2
)
ey ez 0.0 285
( )( ) (
b h 300 )
9. Determine the dominating moment:

ℎ’= b’ = 300 − 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟−𝐻𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑡𝑒𝑟
20
¿ 300−45− =2 45 mm
2
Mz 6.987
'
= =0. 029 ,
b 245
My 6.987
'
= =0.029 ,
h 245
N Ed 350 ×1000
β=1− =1− =0.87 ;
bh f ck 300 ×300 ×30
Since 𝑀y/𝑏′ = 𝑀z/ℎ′, both moments are dominant;

' b'
M y =M y + β M =6.987+0. 87 ( 1 )( 6.987 )=13. 07 kNm ;
h' z
10.Determine the area of steel reinforcement required:

M Ed 13. 07
e= = =0. 0 373 m=37.3 mm ,
N Ed 350
h 300 φ 20
2
−d 2=
2 (
− cover+ =150− 45+
2 2) =95 mm , ( )
Since the eccentricity, e < (h/2 – d 2), the area cannot be designed
through the simplified method and must use the chart method;
N Ed 350 ( 1000 )
[ ][
bh f ck
=
( 300 ) ( 300 ) ( 30 ) ]
=0. 1296 ,
M Ed 13. 07 ( 10 )6
[ ][
b h2 f ck
=
( 300 ) ( 300 )2 ( 30 ) ]
=0.0 16 1,
d’ = h – cover – φ/2 = 245mm,

d ' 245
= =0.817=¿ 0.85 ;
h 300

The value obtained is approximately 0,
A s f yd A s (500)
[ ][
bh f ck
=
( 300 ) (300) (30 )
=0 ,
]
Therefore, A,required = 0mm2 and no steel reinforcement is required;
DESIGN FOR FOOTING

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INTRODUCTION

In general, the concrete cover of reinforced concrete is defined as the part

Φn = 28.28mm << 55mm, then it is adequate;

For the cover to the main bar:

The following are the assumptions made for this question:

2. Determine the ultimate maximum and minimum loads:

The end joints are assumed to be pinned with no moment reactions.

Shear force calculations:

Shear Force Calculations:

For Beams 2(A-C) and B(1-3):

The end joints are assumed to be pinned with no moment reactions.

Shear force calculations:

Shear Force Calculations:

The end joints are assumed to be pinned with no moment reactions.

Shear force calculations:

For Beams 3(A-B) and C(1-2):

Maximum Shear Force, V = FEM/2 = 52.6875kN;

DESIGN FOR FLEXURAL

1. To determine the effective depth, d:

For Beams 1(A-C) and A(1-3):

Since the k < k’, the section is singly reinforced;

Therefore, Z = 0.954d = 421.4mm,

5. Determine the provided reinforcement area of steel:

Middle spans – T-Beams:

Since the k < k’, the section is singly reinforced;

Therefore, Z = 0.954d = 421.4mm,

5. Determine the provided reinforcement area of steel:

For Beams 2(A-C) and B(1-3):

Since the k < k’, the section is singly reinforced;

Therefore, Z = 0.954d = 421.4mm,

5. Determine the provided reinforcement area of steel:

End span 2 – L-Beams:

Since the k < k’, the section is singly reinforced;

Therefore, Z = 0.954d = 421.4mm,

5. Determine the provided reinforcement area of steel:

Middle span – T-Beam:

Since the k < k’, the section is singly reinforced;

Therefore, Z = 0.954d = 421.4mm,

5. Determine the provided reinforcement area of steel:

For Beams 3(A-B) and C(1-2):

Since the k < k’, the section is singly reinforced;

Therefore, Z = 0.954d = 421.4mm,

5. Determine the provided reinforcement area of steel:

DESIGN FOR DEFLECTION

For Beams 1(A-C) and A(1-3):

Middle spans – T-Beams:

For Beams 2(A-C) and B(1-3):

End span 2 – L-Beams:

Middle span – T-Beams:

Since ρ is less than ρo,

For Beams 3(A-B) and C(1-2):

DESIGN FOR SHEAR REINFORCEMENT

For Beams 1(A-C) and A(1-3):

69.53 VEf VEd

VEf = 68.14kN, VEd = 55.85kN;

Asw 628.32 Asw ,min 0.08 √ fck bw

109.375 VEf VEd

VEf = 107.188kN, VEd = 87.86kN;

When θ = 21.8˚, VRd,max = 144.75kN > VEf = 107.188kN; therefore, the θ =

Asw 87.86 Asw ,min 0.08 √ fck bw

For Beams 2(A-C) and B(1-3):

3. Shear force at the end support = 146.094kN on a 5000mm span beam,

146.094 VEf VEd