Per Unit Methocs Actual kvA

unit kvA =
BA se. k v A
F'er

Achucd
Inmpelence ( A)
er unit impedance
)
ase impedance
ase kvA

Carvent
ase Base ky

of base
Vo Ia8
neuiral valuul
Line to
Base n1ped anu ase Current

P. U. System
Advaintages c eguijmen
&pecaty impeekintu valius of
Mcnu facdurers usule eleta )0 nhot
eleila o t avaiieble
availeble
yaluHgIfamy
p-upu af equ'penf vaue hen is htumeri cal
velet
easier to assuma Us pu.
4S
paraneders tend to faN
m

- W l n ekprersed i PuSqstem

numurnccal n g e 1kecfore, qny

Yelcut vrly narrow
Cdenki fiecl
eyrontow ceilo Cem loe ecsiny
importand. for nahoh aboud
3-P.U. clalu icpreseutakjon yielods
y e l t n hagni udus

transformers
no e
4Yowef 8ysteni centuns a Aar
Tnupeedance as refeed to
The ohumit value f
as retred
gecondary oltfereuf {rom he alue
1s

bese velues are sclected

to prinary. However, f
tmpecemca dtme on ikeluro
pspry, the u
8ices P he tyms former.
in Hree uase circuiks
doua
tansfar Connnectons,
5-
afeed tuu Value a inpecdante tluough e
two tclet elo clepend en
lo44 vo{tages sn t
u connecltows
 e t t vatats eutde fat

f pntrwy &d V
ettegc

s e pecteunce nuy

Sase. pedante Seceny

T
V/Y
V 11.

V.
V

V
 F the ciruu Cetlng 3Taufmier.
- t-inn }o ne, kV on þyî many Sclt is &ele cfec as
i h e toltne
lasade kV pìnary ol. The
on
kv on &ccecerry Ade is delecteo) as base kv far

sLudaly
( MA) bodt is tu dcpMQ ou the Twos
kyA bce
Sroles

F r t lc« tynkfors connecfed bu aA 3 ph:

ralny ef tue trnfer nor

is
it, k 3 pho
ach
the Atuin ofihe le Pka liug
3he
tytuaforuucY, Inecdauct u p.uFor
the
phak troisfornr

xeR windiny dransfmer

Z1, Z,7z ere tke inpekuas
f pre nary, secoedary
Z u d tertery tii uddue

o r P-u

To et ress
3
hes impecdetutus in pu, te lacer yalue0

ar ecokoed as uueler:
kA a is k u for al Helhree uiucltug
eeel tie to tine kN for cach for eruh
1ree p Ihe
wlndirgs IS 6eledaf as base kv fa ltut
winclng
TwG wlnld ny 1ransFr e r .

YA

Thee uok uj Tyamafetner

AA
 She cs)n4Ssio? ilijuCs

R+X

Vs VIZ

Ts.

IR

SinSivd)+(TRNCos4-
IaRSd )7
(* IR RCos44- 1X

Sind
TRR Cosd +TRX

F o r lcadiig Pf
lag F ,

kV
4 log }ae cver iteeged Aint olettvr's 5 MWa

Ledt ege ae *q lakoy

Caafor to
 = 635V

ne Curreuf 33A
IR

. 2x 5X (o =
XLow

3 TR loxlo
R
3* 328 X322
-"
xSoX :IXO
FL 2T
X = 2

Vs = VR +
TRR Cos d t TR X S)no
V
6 3 SI + 32? X 186xo 322 XS;184X°*% - 72S9
27
Sending <nd lt ne voktage X765TA 134IKv

Vs-VR 75927-6 3ST1

Keqleetion 63S

2 3 75/.

(b fo V. R2
86 o359
an X 5. 184

Cos o 9 u1, c147s leading

(C)

7
36 8I c
IR

I Currenf rawn bq capa ci t0

Ta Cos 3687 I Cos i9 7S

279 25A
32 8 Cos36 87

VR G3SI
2 92 2
29

c = Ik Sin3487 + I Sin 19 75
32 Xo6 278
229loS A

21 8 2

uS.28 x [6
Meli u m Trcnsmi ssi on i ne

3 AR
IL
VY
TranimitEi d n r e
T-vcut of mecli am

No munal

- (2)
Ic VY -Va +IAY
- ()

IsIR+V+IA -y
ll+5) = VR r+ IR( I+ ZY
'er
e s -
Va Y + ra

V s =V
+ Is
= Ve+ (Ia+ VY+ia)

4
ViZY +IAZr

Vs VaLI+2r)+ Iaz (I+

Is Ve Y + I R 1 4 ) -C)

Is.
 3
TA
VA

Phasor odiagram for T-ircuat

Nomi ncd T Ciruit

M OO K

1T
IRIR
IR + VR
V = Va+ Iz = Vg+ (IR +VR)z
= ValI+) + Jaz

VaY(1+ +Ial1+2)

-L3)
 Z
I'X
s A
r'R
IR VIR
nomlneB r Ciruit
Fhasr clia for

has r e s tenuce
rekisknuce
overherd ku a s aa
2oo km lon 3-phase
A
caatmct 262o
7 ohm per phoNe incdudh ne
a g 41 nE perkm
i n e to und) E
per phuse ennol capeu kne e (
afa Vaagt f 38ky
1t pplies a oad f i 3 - s MW
T-drcuet
emd Powey feeBov oq lagin Ustng ho mlna
Ftd vofaqe, uwent, lotion enrd
the &udtng tud
poeY mgle
Z =
Y8 T go 2 3L53 733
Y JwCl 2 =
TxSe ulxlo'x 206 Lio
524 X lo °Li0 semens

VA = So3 L
i3 X lo 6
XJoo0 Xo.9
82

99- 4 -25 94 A

Val I + ) + J k Zz ( 1t)
3 83 258T3 * 5L4 (o °29o |+984)25
2 7
73A
A 52<qx o°Ls°
S>qa(6°Lg
13 83152
L9373
X13-93 L5873,)1+

7 3 9 73 +J 5(477= 976 q72 L5 62

tnd
Volage Js X5 747 2 V- 998sky
ndin9 =

Phce cenyle 5:62

 IsVaY + IRl1t 2
= 5oo3Lo X529 l6Lad+ 92y1L25:84)

xf1+ (93:23 154B) 5L9xio190)

=
725J13: 9S = 8836 /-90 A

Keceiul nq tel vodengc e No load

Vs 5 7447 2
IVahsloccd 1+ 788 +J0629
588o.18

583qo 98-So 8 33
Kequlvton
So 3
 mission
LHnOs
ns
a l y c a

1C
I (7*D ///T0

v[h+A) YA.

-A

-zAT.
IC
Vx)
=
VtAX)

VLtA)-V) z IU)

A ,O
L i+

+AX)
ILn) +
yAY V
=
LtAX)
I
v C t a r )
2
CY
A

CJ
m
I CHSn)- I yv

oICM) -(
Di erewiins
Ound
 d

ne )
X

egn (4) anol

Y
V)= qe
Y b ee

(-bre r Su4shubiny V en
en
= afe
dV)

Ye
azy
Y I) z
e

TO

Choyadeistic
m l d i n c

evuafed f r
Cnsemts emel'Va C

termns Conditi g s

vlo) VA tb

a - k)

OY
 oS(Va +Igze)

8 ) 4(Y
VA IRZ -Ja Z-f

2J) = VA+IR Z VA-IR2

Y
.

e,

YYJ
- YM
e
e ) zdR

CssYx) VR + Ze Sinh U*)Ia

VVos =
17
Zo

CoskAy Z 1nh) V

Sinh ( Cosht A
AD C 1

13

BZe Sinh Siulyz

A Cosh (r)
CohJYZ
=z[1+ 2
+L LU

Sinh YK)= n h y z A
D
Jyz

LS
 Ferrani E ffe
D

Vs =
A VA+B YR
Vs N
= t+]VR CI)
(Jw
Y+ JWL) L
Y Vs Ve Ve

2 Lines
oVerho

Conita nt for a
The quanily Is
JL ekeetomagnelic

prspcgoftonf
nel 1s the veloa of
eardy equal td
wqueA fh
The a
aht e
3Xl Km 14e
8 peed

2(2X16)
6
VoCts.

CurrenJ
bulostanli«
amounr ef
elrawsa
ne
ALona
ong
ruureo er very iigntg
linte spen
If sueh a he
evd, The Vsagt. a
o el a the yecei vh
The
enel bccemeA uiaherThah
e ing
Tus 1 Rnsn as Feran Eec
end voK fegt
.

Tus Ls eue to 1he VoRaye oro ac0s 1he charine

olue o eharging evYeut Veina

m
heve
Covautame
4hu endina end va-{kege. The ajaatmc iz
short nsA camnel gni Fhceut m long n e
b le m

henomenan OCeqrs m mecium aui

Thefe foe me
ine) Tle lsad &nct ug o l voerge.
ne

voXfccze vie from &<noldus elnd o veuA V

end for a 5o H3u eg line
V
UeCfegt s 2 2D

V
= 2 2 0 0 0 0 / 3 -127o/7
VA -)o
Jo0 y oO X Lo
12707 X(2 TY30)x
Ng-R
26& V

Vs H27017- 61 683

12-07q Volts

nd n e valfeey
e t Seneling
Sen
J3Y1167

2 | kV

668 v1 Ph
s E
Voktet-e
Power lrcasmifled over lhe Li
V = lRtJRa

Vs = A BI2

oY
BIR V, -

AR
Ig A

Is = CVg+

Va
13C- AP V, + s
( ) V

VR - -VR
-
I N,1 L6-P AVal ld-B -L3J

AI -)
I LS-)
B

B5) AVR) ) -(5

=()
R
1 AI p-x-8) al_
 Sg= JQR
Vg

LiB1
AI
S Vs 8- - AI IVal_P- 7)

Ss V, I
AjVsl --S

AIV p-d
B
1Ean» (5) and G) pod per pls<, if and V are

- 3
PneA 1power twee Tnes the po v pnene,
Sin u to n
voftuge 1s
J umes The n e e voktage
3- F V mel Ve are tn
kv. 1h powey is expresged
n MW qme
MVR
Real amd yeatlve powev af reev?ug ne

PR VVR os (4-6) A IV Cos ((-«)

GR s l y a ) SinCP-S) - IV SnCP-)

me
AIVeas (P-x) -RI Cs (+ S)
P
A V sinC-a)
he yesisBan c f n treaus ri ssiout I u Suall Bual
CCs co n a r e d o H cudluet iue
Yectmu. 131= z, XL9
o &-o
Hena PR VIVAl Costao-S) -
VaL"cos (9o-)
X
Pa VsI s n S