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-Optimal resource utilization: Making the most
of what we have.
-Cost optimization: Saving money while
maximizing results.
-Flexibility and reliability: Being adaptable and
dependable.
Environmental benefits: Promoting a greener
future.
- Grid stability: Ensuring a steady and secure
power supply.
 Explaln the mathematical model of a speed
governor and hence derive the transter function.
Aprl/May-06, Set-2, Q7(b) MÊ8)
OR
Draw the schematic diagram showing the
speed changer setting, governor steam
admisslon valv0 and Indicate, how steam
Input is regulated wlth the change In load?
Derlve the T.F of the above system.
Nov.-06, Set-4, 04 M16)
Nov.-05, Set-2, Q4 M[16]
OR
Draw the block diagram representation of
speed governing system and derive the
transfer functlon of the speed governing.
May-03, Set-3, Q6(b)
OR
With a neat dlagram explain the process of
speed governing system.
Answer: Nov.-02, Sel-4, Q5(b)
Turbine Speed Governing System
For answer refer Unit-IV, Q4, Topic: Turbine Speed
Goverming System.
Operation ofSpeed Governing System
The speed changer plays an important role in the
specd goverming system as it enables the speed govemor
system to adjust the speed. The change in the speed i.c., the
increase or decrease in speed is sensed by 'fly-ball speed
governor. Here, the two cuses arise,
Case-1: When the Speed Increases above the Desired Speed
As the speed increases, the balls the specd
governor B, and B, move outwards and point 2 moves
upwards and point 30owers thereby lowering point 4 and 5of
the linkage mechunism. As the function of linkage mechanism
is to control the steam valve through hydraulic amplifier, which
opens or closes the steam valve against high pressure steam
by hydraulic amplification which is nothing but the
conversion of low power level pilot valve movement to high
power level piston valve movement. By moving the speed
changer in the upward direction, the steam entry is reduced.
)The downward movement of point 5 results in closing of the
1 upper pilot valve and high pressure oil rushes on the main
piston and the main piston moves in downward direction,
thus closing the steam valve or main control valve. This leads
) to an decrement in the control or steam valve power then
)leads to the decrement of turbine power. This, generated
output power decreuses thereby decreasing the incremental
change in frequency characterised by change of speed.
Case-2: When the Speed Decreases below the Desired Speed
As the speed decreases, the balls of the speed
]governor B, and B, move inwards and point 2 moves
downwards and point 3 raises thereby raising point 4 and S
of the linkage mechanism. By moving the speed changer in
 Hydraulic Valve Actuator NoDec-Os, Set-4, a7(e) Ms)
Let, Ay, be the input position of the
APbe the increase in command and actuator
AP. be the increase in valve output.
When AP and AP, increases by equal amount then Ay,
equation, should be equal to zero. Therefore it gives the
following
Ay,= AP-AP, MW
The oil flow into the hydraulic motor
n is proportional to the position ar,
So, We can write for the main piston position as, of the actuator for any small changes in (1)
Arg
AP, =K,fayp d
Where, 'K, represents the positive constant and .2)
By applying Laplace transform to the above two it depends upon luid pressure, orifice and cylinder geometrics.
equations (1) and (2), we get,
Ay, (S) =AP (S)- ARy(S)

AR, (S)xS
K =Ay, (5)
..(3)
Substituting equation (3) in equation (1), we get,
AP (S)»s
AP,(5)-AP, 65)

AR(S)
AP-(5)

WARNING: XeroPhotocopying of thls book la a CRIMINAL ct. Anyone found guilty ls IABLE to foce LEGAL proceeoing.

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.18
Engineerinp
ALLIN-ONEJournal lor
4.8 PuwerSytem Operaion and Contrel (JNTU-Hyderabad)
Spectrum Studena
Transfer function Gy (S) - AR (S),
AP-(S) I+ST,
nearly 0.1S
and its value is
Where, 'T,' represents the hydraulic time constant and is given as T K
below.
The mathe matical model of hydraulic valve actuator r can besshownin figure
Generator
Governor Hydraulics Turbine

4P,-A Pe
AP

'Af(S)
Figure