In whot basic does Re ehombc

Antenna deon ros 3uch a s lofsadside

and end Rre oToy

*Rehomoic Atenna: ils an a7aa ofou

a.tenna. each af
interconnected Jong wire
wies has he ame leng and ies beteen
fou
2A to lo ergk.
he lengh of he sides ard h angle aru
lerelated ard chosen coruflly o haf minor
lokes canel pipenly.
t s a(Nbn Ke somant Antenna)
-> Is feguency ange
is boac,alloung a
stuctare ts be used oven most he HFho
single
adua togeS: dsoduotoges:
highby dieckionak(uniduechon)It is nt pruchtel
h e photoo druchsse s in urban enuilonm@nds
sinple ad atepengsve
I s feercy j e shiod alnmost (lo to )
x idead pint b Poini cyne propogahon
fesulhr cechve gain om to 6o
applicahbns

HS ielely u9 d
fr long distance, high egut no
t/ansmiSsron.
4
food sde aztio
It's a diven osona ' s a systm seprd
denhrol Aenros a laid as paruiel te
each oher. each dnien Pom same Saue
inprasewih one oanoto
aduao
xt'sused in.conjunchion wih a second
omy o eflechofs.
End hre arnay
's a
de ven amay. It has a
similn to ke boed side phjsical lay©t
anennas ant spaced andavian b Re
o.diahon s oháse d so a
that
r
hen direcled along ke axs
ovma in o bfurcid dire hon
the pacing isnt
csihcal except hacf
a iven
zpecinoeach ar
fed uR Ka antenna must be
proper phase lao so hat Ae
(odiokon adds alon ke axis
Boh k bradsire ad edke
ustd bra feqarry bond aanas mymay be
o or usually lianttd to Ke.be cause o Pher eizE
but ufd in e LF bardsin
HF band and highe
ppist o point corrun o
KaaombiC
Aktnne poer

Preder
anls rech

Bocdside

|-
End-Fe -d- a
CRS
 Skelch a dicone antenna? use stetch ta dear h
its oerakin whtis tbepplicakicn How u sRa
Kom ose Rhanac ArJewa
s desioned to adiale
omnditechanak pobe
an
in ko horzintal plane erhcal polciz ohon.
It's a boodband o Jenna nnh
usable. choecleat
o penut ney aqe ef lof. Jtis desien eel o be fp
di (ecty Hom a So- coaxicak line
avnd is Piaun
direcHy on e end that hine.
-It VHF-0HE antenna
appicahionsS
ideal or base-stahjn
operokion oulban
wbile corrnanicehonscems.fuatta honvbr
advotoges
ges qod omdiechoral
patetn
Physically conpat
i n t tpensie to aortruct and fagged
lts dehonal gun is
compoable
KTeed
th pkarev

COne
Coiol
Pod
h
flecds
 what do ou knaw abot helol antenna P
he fadiaBor ekmen helical anlenna iss
oasically a coil ante. fol most camanahons
ofhelix, tRe polanicahon ts ellphical.
works only on UHf and highe fra,utaed,
IE has two modes
Nomal mode Aaial (ende) mçde:
tke Mainium of feld- e moziamum e e pek
i in tRo direchon direchonPe ais
nctmas in he

to e axis of He Relix. Re helix is sevticl uOue

-
DimaSions az small Enges long
and end fed

enponed ts Ke uovelength produces circalarly

-
-

areas polanaced wawes.

-used in ufhan
o n fooftps used r tackine
-

cotelliteS
 Expain kouw lg-pericdic artennas acquire
4fCir ame ad SumyhasuSe Ae main aduaaaes
The loqperiolic ardenn ts basially an aoa
poles,fed wi altefnuing phase,bned
p alon9 e CxaS dihon,
- It has Re unigue feoture hot its impeclarce
s periodic'anchon of Ha bgarihm
a

ef eguency and hente its name

-
Tho antenn chs brocd band
are
has he divechinel chs
e dipole afay
-

-sed Bmobile base sohisn

whv mon channels must beoperakons
hordled
orn a
Sigle adenne Sysfem wlh Gdd diechl
Ns a
VHF-UHF artennc chs

beum L
direchn
F e e d
 D Eplain 4Re Srave plasma e u

in anetken wilh iDnCepheric (adio Commu

ke signihcance af Fo(plasma requensy i a4
when a ee a Kot frezuencj ) eoches a
egon electon densty d, he (elahue pelmhul,
er ill be zefo in
kef ienon so o total
d'splaceme culleN densit1 is Eefo and ke
Prechve elechric fel zefo as
2

Erel
0 , s ke reflected wave which cancel Ke
incidet wwe at tfe poink eflechon
t eihicel feguene fo-q/Nmak, is He hghest
eueey wwvt hat will be retlected fom
a given layer.
2Explaan #a dfeen.ces betuen suaace D
tdis
and groun
wauwe r tonsmåtin infejaery fange 3ookhe3aokHa-N#a

T und woue fiel sfenglh isaleatel 9featerhan

Ha
Hot e Suface vowe lakinq Ae heichs qan
Tnto account. Gromd
Ho
wowelfis Re esul
esltant
bant
ohe phass Sum {Ke spate aue and surf a i
wwe o hghe
Feguencies.Suwface uave:
aluwoys ver ticàlly polanicel. tR Currents
pertlote to dephs about Im at hiohest fay
to tens ef meels ot ka buest
 Discussery, Pa loyead tionoephere amd
Rai etecks on sy
popoakion. why 4Q
popnhionm ts qealy beki at night Aah
Tho upper feaches ot #a emhS da
ae ioniged as oeaut ecievi atmosphere
he ee O odithion
electon dersity becomes
4Ro ioniZahon ole Constant CAS
cs
feconbnahon lake
qets kalance d b +Pi
The electon dersit vill
yony behween day chd
nghtand olso behen tet
and
ionizakon rate is dependad sl sumnef as
piopo4ohbn is betn ak nicnk becouse(edhor
on

He nanthme only Fa at
hyer
he laes ae p/eset aollayers femains
i He lover loyeis, aollison doy hme berause-
densel qus Layors CoSe a poceses in e
more (pid
feconbinahon leke copaled to le less
derst Fa (egjon.
 what is the puase e staping in a Magnetlcn?
whestare e discduentoees e stcpping undec
certain condihns ? show e erosS sechon ofa
oCnetion anode ouiy austem Rat deesnteguidesle¢
-A magnetron when opefal tol under T mode gives
mani.mum dp powe an desiled freuenc
Snce We mognetion has exht couplec cauiy
esonotols,seueral dirlelert modeS s Ocillchon
aepossiole. he oscllain fequency eofosporek
not 4R eame. Sone
to Re dPerent modeS aro
onl qute eloer to one anolRer. so het á -ncde
oscilohon which is nofmal mosnefroon
becomes 4TT node oscillakan ad +is s
clled mode junpine.Sfapping techoiGue
iSused to auod mode jmping.6thepping
consits o2ing ofheouy apuge wre connechn
otRor Ra
cuternote ancde poles.so phose'
TTspreentecd by stiapping
disadntoaes :
+losses in e stoaps in

uay high power ma9netons.

*Stofping dffhculthes ot

ve high reufncies rising Sun mogneten

(Aoe ae alot of acanties anode block
sol tates HeTlo
esul
a hhgq ang
in nodes Haf
many
monst Ken
en piee.t
pref-t Mmpin)
mode jumping ) ecuncyo
STroppin may