oulo

Chapter -11

hermal Hropertles ç Matter

Heat tom 0f erx hfch emble us to
The heat s the
Sensaon of Loldness a d amness

kínehfe energyhanslatory,
Basfcally, three types 0f COmveaed
rotafonal and bratfonal enegy get
oto heat enegy

heat enevy ö caloíe

The ommom ni: hov
Sf umf foule
4 1% Joule v 4.2 foule

lempeato 5 ohfch measume.

Temperahone h a t bhysífcal quanity
Hhe degree of hotness o coldnesg of any Obfec
OR
other Wovds, Hemberature
1820SU8 Hhe íntensf'ty
n
94 heat
the empenahre 8
DIfevent Seaes to Measure
consfdered 8tarcked
There are tuoo pofmts ohfch are
to measUre he temeratore

Mettfrg pofnt of foe

T f thoad temberature 0 ohfch oater Star
eeen means t gets f.
converted fnho eold .e.
4 fs aken 0°e. 9 fs 4aken louo2st 8analod pofmt

Bolfg poinB
4taken
of
highes
oater
8tandand poínt. T+ is hat
 empeatue om ohích oater 8totg botUn9 means
ets comVerted ntd g0s r Vapour. P4 6 bo'e
Ihere ane -hree scdes to meauue ke Bempoahooe6

alcus os Centigya Sale

Pn this 8cale, lace slaad 0°c apd epp
8Hancdard G lbo'C and he 8bace betuo2an themn

equouy dívided
Kel
farbeneit Scale - Acc
b i s scale,louer sBadad emherahre s 322P
oheve as UppeT eBandaad tomeatre 212°P.
Space betoeen dhem fs equally ofvided m 180 di vifom

aI Remn eale
n his Bcale, louoe slandad temberature o°R
Lchereas Upoer shncod pofnt fs 8o'R. 8o space
betuoeen bese fs ally olfvfded fn 9o pals.

Rebtion betuoean tbree smkes of tempernhue

C- 2
100

. f-32

Th
On ohat empaatuno the eclcfs ad fanenhart tewealaef
of be aqua?
l
 Ioltrlio
-32
9t St-160
-160
40

he ccjcfos and tarhen he

Cn ADc or-40'f
tenemh be qual
-
Kevin&me Qf Tcmtoate
tor Consian reasu
bw
Accordr to Chrs
o tambeah v

fdeal lume u direckly poportonal

yaT
Vune
-27315 °C = Ok

271 teC)
-973 LSc
oas t e d iha 0
mdecansg temevatue volume of dea u
+he
2731S °C temahre ca'ed zene kelh
becomes0 Thu embexaure

a tambexatre 'c

TFAD C t 273!S
T)
Solfcs -
TheTmal Expapalon tS Ned
Alen the temperatune of amy &uszk1nce
hea ' hen thE chn/e CCohoura hC
by 8uppyng
atled nal exunSTOD
of8ubCtance

Tpes of theimal expanslon-

heat fo n od he
Lfneaa Ex|23nsfon -mgyg
 olulo
caled near
fnerease fn engtb of nd
enpansfem.

ifal lenath at 4,'c =h

e ta?h) ,
mw lergth l2.
hease fm length l2-li

La-

2- Ly(4t) C4t4rt)
( alphn)

Coefffcrent of nea enhansfom.

4 deperds om nture of malter.
Nou,

2 L t a l 4t

2-
(4t

Defmton-
ang, L!mehe

eath uf an nd havi
tn he (m »tal
Chonae
ditana ohen &hated emeatUr.
olftteserze caled a Crettttent of lnea em»s
d l2-l

.
 luto
U Sopetefa Enmnafen Aryea expasfon-
Change n aea bf any obfec Om heatng
tled 9uperfcial exinsom o auea erpánsio

Let fnfhdl orea A

4fnal aea A2
differerce: 4t
and tempeatue
Aa-A ABA,4
A2 A C1 B4t
( Beka
B CoefAtfent of Quperffal erponsfon
depeds on are
of matte

Unt of B cor
Nouo,
A2 A1t B4tA
A2A
Ai(at)
eaiom-
C s , A2 im
4 'c
Bea fe aefred as Change f C e a f cun ebÖ
hated ou 'C
havina tm anea vhen
Hrpoohoe dffesernce
Volumfc Epanaiom
Chorye fn voluome of any etct on mhiy
called Nolumfc exanstiy.

Let, Hal volome

ral Nolome V2
and temberahore dfforerce = 4E
C Do Anlor -V
 V2-V Vy 4t
V2 V (1+ C4t )

Y : Coefffcfent bf wtlemfe expanoton

V+ViC4t
2-V
V (4t)

alfn, V: Im°
4t 1°c
Hene, Gamal ) dlehhd as thange n VElume
of any guhstanCe havin 1m3 vobme when
s heated tough 1°c emberatore diHessnu,.

Yaas 1faufd >Ysolfd

Relation behocen d and B -

I5Ial ength
Rnal tength le
Pfal rea = A

fra area At
embeaahore differere 4 t

Lt LCIt a 4t)
A A (1t Bat) 0
e nou hat
A L2
At LT2
m equahon 2 2.
AC1+ BaE): L2(1t%4t)2

ACl+ B4t)= (1+ dat2t 20at)

 f s eu smau -

242y o

BAt 24AE
B 2
Reation betuoeen alpha ond gamna a and )
Tntfo volume = V
V 13
fhal volume VE
V VCl+ 4 t )

Pf Sral eath L+
L4 Tt a 4t)
Nouo
VE= LTS
ToDmeuatfom O and 9.
v(l+ Y4t) At)3

1 + V41) (1+ d4t)3

Yt a t zAt a3at3+ 3dAt + 3442

x3 4t3, «4t2 O

Y4t 3 4tF

Hence
B:Y =I:2.3
 6--1D

Anamabus Behnvfour of thlaBer 6

On Increasig te emeolu.

Df twate w 0-4c, is
Votume decveasee Cund a
4c t ecomc S minímum
aand henee 4he cderst
Dectnes naxtu1) l-e Voltume
180d cq n)3.
AHer hat the olumc stall&
nocas9. en P
Due tothú propety 0f oates, Hhe anfmals a a
Creahura m cold rfons onder water an
Sovive Ms the temperahoe all8 Upo 4 , t e
deepe uoater comes to the surtace and at 4e,
the derstofoa ter becomes maximUm. So,the
woter I emaufn om the SUsface r d as
thetemperahvT beco mes esg tian ' C , thn he
deepe oa ter wf emafn n Same wnditco
Cnd the anfmas can sUTvfve well bereathb2s
hoate

Specfffc tead Capaci -

Tfsbvfous by expevfment dbat beat aven cy

subsBanu s dfrectty opor fonal tv ts mass and
Charae n tembeatue

A m -CD
4 4t

rom
4a m4t
AG = mgA

UChel,
9Speci fe heat dapaut.
 6--10

m4t

deffned o s amoum E
heod capacfty
Hence, speciRc the termpaahe Of Ot
O4heal equfred to
charye
l'C.
|a f substanee by
Joule ea K
Oalorieg mC
Cq9 unit
Oater
Specdfte bead Capadt for
C
4-2x 105 Joule A

Mola Specifto-teat Capacit for

a s he
amount of heot aGufred
T+ ceffned
subslante to chane TS temberature
mole
unit

m nxM

m4t
40
n4

for Gaes
cQ! aise
|Cn heatiagoses, they er2and as
as

|ther 4empotatue h e r ave t00 types of heaF

CaPacies tor 9aeg.
 8--LO
i Mola gpecife Heat Caaihy r onsiaunt
Volume CCv)
4 dered as amoumt of heat equsred
b Jg moe gas to alse i Hem eaure
by mi
1 Molaa Spacio teat Capmdtu fov ConstanF
Phesaore CCp)
94 s deffned as amoun bf heat
4He emberahure
equfred a s e
a 9 mote Gas b UnThy o
Comstant Dressu

oy CP Ponte han ?
EsCp>Cv becaun on comsBalt
velume , oa gas pares
Osy ralse is
emperaure but dos notexpand
Bt onComs-and pressure, H
epands as sell as
aie uG temperdtu d2 So more heat Tl be
-
.

reaured a tat Coystant pre8gUTe

Late Heat 3-'L'
oeRned tte amo0ntofheat guired tor
as
unt mss3uhstane. to
chage r slate toftho
changfm the temperama .
f hoo hpes-laternt heat
f hunbn
atant hed df
vayeurígohen
Laten Heat of fuusfom-
24 deKred as amout of heat or
8tat r ont mmss
sota+aua
dr foe 8ubstana
oater, latent haat of fusfon

3.8X155 T7

tater Heat e Vapooofgafon-

dained as amount f heat for
IState r Unft mgs Subsleung
uauid-gcxus
 8-u-LO
| or cote Steam!wwoctes apour, atent haot
f vapourisahhon S40 Kcal l kga
22-6 tUS J Ca
or Abe oote at L0OC92 6 X IoST/henesa
Teqred so that g of ootes con he Coreted
Hto steam. tlene the steam vill honse more healk
heak
eeigy thaun octtes. Due to t a a s bm, Stamm fves
S2veu buunfng han
bofnaoali
toatey sem Pha cthsmgt

temp

o'cT L0akx Ph CnanyC

Heo

Caloimoy o
Caloteht ans
meauement Of heod oten auny
bod
tontat ofth
ooe am peiahve
body then +he biahe tenbeiane
bdy lo osas haot anal
te heat tow-emeiatur ody ains

haot lugt heat qpin.

The afvif ce tm whéch th* measU
1s cauad
cailfemeles venen (s olune
a sHre (oJ>er sch Corefet a metauie
oY
amin vyezeal,
bheat nuedi Pom 4 i Soro0ndasl
matabd itca alas.
lass, noo
od efc
2dvcas he heaut e hich
TaudioiEon..
 19-LL-LO

Heat Fosker
the hea um
Theve ase tree povzsg to ansfer
one place to, another.
Comducton,
comvechfom, ad
fi radfatfom

Ccrtuction - i 4he prvtass fn uchfch heat harseg

o cne pofni to another pofnt by the batcm
he baxhcles about thely man Posfions-I thu
pocess the aHcles alehally do not move om
ne place o anothe paco b by Galning te
eneg he vbrote themsevesand rans le he beat
o he cor Hvent poatcles.
-

Amou f bea ana ferfia om one

erd anothe 8
- -

CT.-) 2)

thom e0, ,a2

ALT-T2)E

KA ALTT2)E

K= Coetficfent of theamal tokativihu. .

Heat t aNs far
per 8ecomd
Rate of ftouo of heat= ---

A CT-l22
 hemal COduchivit depends om te nature O
SbsteaneeThe metals fto coppea, sîlves, aluminfom
Hood comduct 0TS means have the bíah values
0fComdyefiu. Nhenmal Lomductfvt oheuas
gaaas and non- 1eBals uke glaag ool, 00od
Concete ase bad COnductors f heatand hae
ss values of_ theumal condochvt

Ccefcfent of hesmal eotucui

K E XL |
ALTI-Ta)|
8 ont Joule!sac X
m C

watt m <
20-l-10
Rye of betd
2 KA (T-T2)
loben, T- 72 = K
L m
A Im2
then

DeRnatiom- & defind as the me or

hcat anstei
mniF diarxe (ud 0mt
CoDsS gccion e a
&ubelonce when tempoaho
detferece is 'C.

eimRsigluxe = L
KA
 20-l0

|mt
KA

catt xrX kx p

Convectiom
haat bansfes fo ohfeh bea u
t h e meted of
when head ftous
floucs oum
choal movement 6 pafclas
Oe plae o unothe Place
and lgusfds i
Caied
Tbe beat ansfer n gases
bu Comvecfon meibod
ad
get heat eneigu nd excand
The botem paukfcles te
hesr Cersit become lesg. Wue to less clensh
botom mfdus íse up ard the ubes pauhdes come
douom Hene, in 4hs way a ycle Sd up ch+ch
|, called Convechen Cyce and the twrrenk dudlcped
Called
b the ylc movæment of paukcMs
Conechom Currents

Example S-Pacheal applfenhen of comeckon-

Saa Brerzen coastal acas grmond atclu
Te 9ufckly han kaker bdfes dofsg the day.
TCccu7S because and as ess Speckfe heat
Capadty han wate. &e,the aù n Cntaet cfth
uaum and s heaBed by Comclucifon and Cais
and eomes S SUImencit9 @o'CL
duxcr than the
als.9 a e3Ult tbe waum au íses dad othe
ür nveG tu i the space iuahsg a Sca breczc
e a he toager bdy f nter. rd as cwnwcho

om he land
Hght Gru luSes a t moe quickly Cunol awMcchim
yclc EYQCd So ateY beccmes aameT than ard
Rodfation
Neuchon's law of coolig i
-da a (T-T2)
dt
Amoutl hot loSS
d a msdT

clt

- s dT lT-Ta
dt
dF - T-T2) - 2

ms

dT -K'T-)

dT -Kldt
T-T
los LT-T) -k't

T-T 6<'E

T T2 + e-e

Neuwhong u s of coofg slates that he aBe. of loss cof heak

OTe uk of au ufmpGane of a bry Clieclty
 Z0tlIU

kemperadre betune2/ e
pwporova! He diferere of
o
the embeaivr
boc! and the SUTvDUndfng8 pwvfdoc,
bocdy
dfffcornce mot MOre than 40C

if Rarfation
|Nactfafor nde of hanses of hat om the SUUTCO
to the ecefver wthout auny achal oement o
Souvee o mafver and also whocut kasu'heakoa
Hbe fnkeyventa 1mdfom
Te tansker of hant by mdlalfon neads no medium
e bnt encm asferverd ty odiafon colai
fant en
vodicamt eregt Cmtoct by a body deeols
| the tanerahure Df be bode.
une of the adíattng Svrac, a
Oeat he adtafrg SUT102.

Heat Radation o Thon diaticn

TeechwManehac adfa Ken etted by a budy b
e Mhe of 1s temen.ime called ha tadrattn
toml adíaher
Hea adfafon u te decona yhc Wavcs ravcepd

D u t Dados e senscifos) u M:).

e odaton cu haie! i»muGh
\acum S:h
Spad o t 3/10 m!s).

vefecied ard ly. alnucd

1tx.anru Uf NudiurB aeg
a bdy (un absco oui
yc tcidt?:
r of e buly. Pt s rourd Hhat erc10 cdoes
Dudfes lssyn b and enlt gadjan: ie bhk
e T Colus. aerau beter thn baijes