Notes for Sy Co/IF/ ET6-/EEN

CM

ingle Phase Mopys

Single pha se motrs are designed operate on a single-phose sipply.
ide variaion in storinq and maximum rque aequi^emenso he
various appdicaHons has led to the developm ent oß mmy diten Hpes
ob single phase motvs. Ot all he Hypes o single phase mahrs,he single
phase inducion motors and universal motys ave the Commorly used ypes
Siale-Phase InducHon oors
Fg. Aepeeserts 2-pole shale phose
pStatr induchon moy.
ainding *** *****

Single Opera Hhg inciple:-When a singhe

Phase phase star asindinq is connectedd
A Sqiet-cage tD a souYce ob alternaHng vaHhage
SuPp Rotot
he curren- Hovinq though this **

ainding Pmduces a esultont FuJd

ahich alternates alonq the ariso
the ainding. Sueha Held,Vavying sinusoiddly cwith Hme aile ocHna
on a staionary squtel-cage rote canha+producé totaton
Considet a singlephase induehon motor shocn inte
aith the roto a+*heest. Hhensingle phase supph s
gien bhe stao coinding,cumren Hoaln #mugh tis
ainding pduces on alternaHng x o acing alongj
the, arls otthe oi nding.This atemathng Feldindues
an e.m.t inhe totot conductors by Aranstormer
a chon The eoe ciecui is closed ciretilTherere
w
this e.m-. sets up cuyren hmugh h e o r j 2 sat
cond ucors i+is asumed thaut he stator Hux ds is actng in he dwnord **

divecHon nCreosihg posiKvely a h e instan sho in heia;hhen the -

curent in the eotot cónductorsmUs Hoo in.sucha olirecHon as b oppose

hisux ds CLenzs law).The applicaHon otyFeminss + hond rale
shows thod und et this condiHon,the torce expesenced by *he conduchys ***********

on the 1et side othe tote is jus opposite tp hat erpeiencedl

by ne conduchrs on theghtside ob.the o t h e eohe Cs iu
Thetetote ttperience no torque, he mohe is. hot seR-starhn
Hotoeve, has been obseved thae it theott is giveh an injHa * *

staHon n ony diechon the single phase inducHon motoe develops:

torque, k the cotoe ConHnues o pick up Spetd in thae porCtula
direcHon. This con be explained aith dhe help ot the lloin
heoy
Double Revolving_ Field Theor: Hhen a Single phase statd ainding is
connected to source ot alternahnq
Psm Votage,tne cuvrent Ho@ing thugh
this aindin produces a hdd ahichn
Varies si nusoidaly wih hme alon9
xed anis. According hb double
evolvi nq Held theory , such Hun can

Torque be esolved intotwo equ al si nyso dal

C+
Heds cotaHng in opposite direcHons
at synchonous speed s, each havinqa
a marimum Ualue eaual ta one hal
thal ot the gien Fdd as shoan in H3e)
Specl Speed Hee dsm
is assumed o be the
back TaraiordJ- mani mum Ualue ot the statr idd
9s. Each at the componen d
the Stator uld pmduces.a torque,
TAue- bur these tovques are in eppasite
**
direchons.The ttal tovque developed
*

b y h ei o t is gien by the Aes ultan o the se +tso torques . The complehe

orque-speed cuves h dhe taoo opposilely kotaing componentHlds .. . .

considered separctey at shown aith the htip oy dehed Unes in a.).The

resutant rgue speed cuee is gien by the sum c the two Component
cuves. Feom the Aesutant torque-speed cue con be chs eted tha
a tandsHl{4he brques developed by he two Component rotaHa elds
are exacHy equal& opposite Therefome Hhe trque deuwoped by themetor
s zeo.Thereore single phase inducHon rnott is hot sert staring
Howevek 1 h e eott is given an iniHal Actaton in ony diechion the hek
trque develped causes the tobat conlinue otaion in thak ehon
din .

motrs
THpes ot Single Phase lnducHon motorsi- Single phas e induction
are made sely StorHng by providing *he vavious special atangements
hich enable them to have a totaHnq maneHc Held ak starhing.

Pccordingly themotrs ave ab the lloinq tpes -

Res'stance Spst-Phase motors-

m

Sirqe
.
im
 hese mators are
This pe commonly Khosn a9 splU phase motbrs.
o mobt caries two The statr d
The ohet Knoaon windings, one
as caled *he main Coindinn Cn)
are Quxiuay
displ a ced um each othek ainding cA).The axes ohese
aindings
Cui
ndinq alona asith the seres usuaU by an angle ot 4The auxilio
* *

Aesistpa CR) is
connected amss he
Cuinding.The Aesistance Aeactance eaHo ot he oain
highe than the main auribar
asindi nq, cuvrtnts Ahough hem art indngem
****
quadratuve.he eesulin4 Hures due h these currents heavin
displaced in
space though q°. A otatinq are theveYore
The motbe thus magnahc *eld is therere pmdared.
devdops stavHng brque. 0nce the motoris
a
the auxlay
winding is distonnected cwith the hdp ob a sorted,
Saitch (s) at about 75 so. ot
the
ceifug
synchronous speed
Tovaue-Spted Chara ctt isHcs: Fia. shows The
torque-speed.
4oD charaeteiskcs ot ^esistoncesi*
a
** **** * * *

man kauxilla phase

motDt .The starHngtorque sß
5°D Cu'ridin9 this type ot meto is
***
genevally
125 iso. ot ¥ul- load
200 main indh brque
on

20 4
1. Sqnchronous Speed

Reveesal ot Rotation:-The diechon et iotoHon ot this

type oß motat cn be
A evehsed by evetsinq the cohnechons o eithek main
ot duxiltany aindJna
AppicaHons: These motors ave used in small electric +eols,ans,
bloders
***

domesHc Aeitigeatot units, cwashing machines eks

2 Capacihe Spit Phase motdes"These motovs ave commonly called as
capacitoA motovs. hé high storHmg torque is the outstondinq featuye
ot capacitr motbYS i s Npe ot mot is similar n construekon
esistorce sput- pha9e pe, ereepk that the esistance in sees
the ausiianN ainoing s te placed by a capacita. Folloaing ane the
Coith ***

mcin tpes o capa citor mobrs

* * * **

Capacitr-Star Mohrs:
TA
Siae A
Phose
AC

S
 In his case,the auxiliay alnding CAD In sevies asith a capacitor CO is in
**

ne civcut on duving he sBavHng pevriod k hen disconnected alth the

***.**werod.

help ot a cemitugal suwltth (s) atHe the motot teaches 75 So').

o Syhehrohaus spe ed. This type ot matoe is shocsn sche maically
in & #3 shos the phasot
diagram
Tovue-Spe ed Charaaterislic Tovque-speed chara cterishe ot hispe
** ***,
ot mot is shown in . The starHn9
trque ot this dype ob motor is
..

maln kauxillary eneraly o he order ot 35o td 4).

30 Coindsngs o Fuu-load torque. *

2
main.ainding.

20

Synchonaus Speed
Permanent-Splk ov Single Value capacitov mahrs

slrale A
Pase

**
20 4 6o 9ol
Synchonous Spted
n******
Hispe obotDA,The. auxiliary coin ding CA) along aththe capacitar C¢)
is in h e ciecuik t a t both stavtng * unninq.

Tovque-Speedchavacheisie-Since the capacitoa d auriliary ainding e mains

petmonenty in he i A c u , i s iPDve.s The Pocue to cto Aunn) na
*

permance. Hoaee the starHrg taque ot his mott ls not 3eod

Copacitnt Statt Run otTao Value apacit Mots:
sm m
Harhing capaci tor
200
SHate
.. Rase
AC Runnin9
l o Paci

20 4o
7. Synchonous Speed
.

***
 1
This pe o motA uses two
being Cut out h capacitors CC &() Tor sBarHng,one
Aunninq by meons o a ob heml (a
motde tea ches about
7s b 807.
cendn#ugal saitch (S)
ahen he
lustrates Ahis type o motDA o syhchronous Speed .Fig0) schemakicaly
Torque- Speed Chavactei shc:- This
.

umninq pettoemonce awit, impoved +ype ot noht has betee starins

orque-speed ohara oteisho he suchpowemohA
#oct»t. Fig) shows Hhe tpical
a
Reversal ot RatoHon in Co paci tat Split- Phase
o AataHon Motes!
Revesal o diecion -

be obtained in alu
can
types o% capacitoY spt-
phase mohs
Chonging he tevhmin al conne chons o one o *he
AppicaHons ot Capacito^ SpltPha se Motis- These aindings.
COmmon use FaA motars are in veY
tons, bl ouwers dril)lnq mochines,
ConveyoYS, aashing machine s domesHe woter grinders, compressars
,

,
pumps e c
Shoded -fole Motors The mos+ usual ob Form amot oisype
M
has ota Ca) ot squiAel- cage Mpe
a

the sBatb+ (m) aHh salient poles

CR, P2.
Srale Inaddition to Hs
oon eretting col ca,
phase ecch pole caies a
coppe shading oll,bore
Supp o ing CB,B2) on one ot is umequat
dvided ports
hen an alkernatng cuentis passedtmugh
the exciHhq ainding
the
sumoundina he ahale
pole aris ot thé pole shitts Trom the unshaded part *o *he shaded
pat.
This shitHhg,¢he magmehc aris is in
ettech,eauvalent the octal
physi cal movemene othe pole. Hence the o t shats Aotaing in the dinoen
h i s chitt ie. ron unshadéd patt o the shaded pat.

()
I, kca) erei Hing aurent is rapidy
ncheaslng olong OA Chotn by dst) This ai
prduce on em. in the shadnq coil. As dhadin coil is o loos reststanee,a large
(UYhent asu be setup in such a dimelon CLends law) as to oppose he rise
exciHn cuYent. Hence the Hux hostly shitts to the unshaded port he
magnekc ais Bes alang the niddle o *hle paub ie. along NC Nnt conside
he momen ahen exciHng curren+ is nea its peae value ie. m A B(h
 He the chongéin excikhg curentis vety slo. Hence pracH call no voltage
henetore ho current is Induced in *he shading aail.The Hux pmduced by the
ercing curent is al- its marimum value & s unitorrly distibuked ow the
pole ace. So the magneHc aris shits t he centre s he pale ie. along
posikon ND. Fig () Atpmsents the condiHon ohen he excitng eurent is
Aapiddy deCrtasing om Bbc.Ths anan sets up induced cumment Ih the
Shading coil by transrmer acion.his current adu Aoo in such a dint chon
as to ppose this decre ase in erciing curent, coith the Aesuu- that Hu
ts. etrength ened in the sho ded. pat di the pole. Thertine he magnehcanis
shits t the middle part ot the shaded pole 1e. dlong NE.This sequence is
epeaked even in ne negaHve hal cyele d the statar curent. This prriodtc
****

shitt n *he statot Hur Frm the unshaded t the Shaded parEo the
****

pole ies to some entent cota Hng ield eltec- pm duces low storHng brue.
Tovgu-e-Speed Charactey sHcS- Rg. shous *he tpical rque-speed
ChaYacteishhc ot this tpe d motoe."he
storing torque ot his tvpe o mohr
ony about 40 h 5o . oult load
torque

7. SynchmnausSpeds
Reversad a RotaHon:The shad ed-pole motoe genevalby has adeiite
divechom ot totakon hich,con not be Aeveksed Hoaeue it sucheveksal
is essenkat, ik can be achieyved b providing tao sha ding coils, one on
each end ot eveY pole.Then-by open elecuHna one set o shadihq coits
k shor-ci ecu Hng the otht s e desired deechon Con be achieved
ApplicaHonS:-Due to absence ot cenmiugal scoitch, con sBrucHon ot
**

tbenonA o i s type is simple 4 tobss. Hoaueuerthe mott has

ieco deney bo poset tach
******
k Hs stovng tovaue isve ok.
There Fore sueh mohts ane sutale pA only srmall potu eLs eg.the
**

are ysed driving smal fans, mohised valves tecording *

shsrunents,ecord layers toy motrs, hal dvyers te. sevies

Smau capacit
4 ONIVERSAL mOTOR S -Onivesal motors are
momrs desianed operate on elthek direch curren or single- phase
the sane valtage,
altetnaHng curre n sPpH 0 approximately
auth near milar apera ing charactemsHcs. NoYmally Aequency
SPplysed upto o Hz
 FI/sy EE

Three phase Induchon Motv

The ****
acHon 3pha se inducHon motbt is bas ed on the *******

principle thal- it a staionaty sustem Jt coils is supplied

coih 3phase ac supel then uni hormly Aotaing magndic eld
JH constand maqnitude ts po duce d
Operakng inoiele d 3 phase Tnduc Hon moh
s hpe dT mott consists ta s e S1 3

ehase oindinq distri bute d in slots ovDund

3AC (6o StouionaAy outet p a r called stoab, The
totaina pat a h'ch
is knocon a s rotot also
catues othet se- dt aindings. Jhen the statbt
Coindings ae conn ecte d to thre pha se ac supply,then ntaing
maqne'C held df consta n maqni tud e i's poduce d , When this
J
tai nq keld is cut by staJionaty Aobe conduchrs
*

aCcoroing
*
ataday's la co d
ww
elecidmagne)ic indu ch'on an m.E r's
induced în the Aohok Conducho rs , Becays e tinduce d emt
ctutten statts Houing thtouah Aovt conduchts, Curreru-
C nq Conduchors a e placed in the maqn eltc held poduced by
**
staho t. Henc h e er peenc e mechanu col horce as a tesu
s t a t totaHnq Tn this avay elecl icod. en e rY is Con erded
inh mechqnu'ccu eneRaY
**

Synchnous Speed; - Flhen 34 svrply is qiven h sBeho coinding

Aotatnq magntc hrud is produced , Seetd Jt rotauin q naqnec
U. *

el d s knon as synchnous speed, Jt dependo uPon S4ppl

****

equency
*** ***

**
* no. J poles Asaven b Ns1ze .p. m
SUp: - Speed T Aovt s Knon cs actucd speed i s denote
b N. The difference betco een synchronous speed 2 actucu speeel
*** ****

isknocon a s s l p * is iven bY
KCKKARNI'S
CLAS SES for
S Ns Ns - N Engineering Degree / DIploma Courses
S.Ns-N All Subjecis AU Branches
NS N Ns SNs H.O.:Sneh Sociely, Phadke Road
8abasaheb Joshi Marg, 2nd Right Cross
turn from No. 4,Cale.
Modern
Dombivli (Eas) 421 201. O (95251) 2450925
N Ns Cl-s)
N l2ot (ins)
P

Vsuad 3Up is expreSsed a petcendhee

. sbp Ns-N x lov
Ns
 KC KULKARNI'S
CL.ASSES for
Engineering Degree /Diploma Courses
Al SublectsAll Branches
H.O. 1Sneh Soclety. Phadke Crose Roed No. 4.
Babesahed Joshi Marg, 2nd Right kum from Modern Case
Tees Induchon Motvt DombM (East) 421 201.O(95251)
2450925

O SquiAAtl - caqe TnducHon Moht

sNPply he stahe dt squttel cage T.M.has
prnuided asih sots on
laminated core
--

t s inne sutface ,The core caries 3

STATDR indun onnecte d ethet is stat 64 delta
The totbA awinoine dt the mobt consiss
aluminium o4 .coppet bats place s
in the slots dtohA cot e *petmane nHy
CAGE Shot- ciriuiked at each end
RoTDR
Sue- Ring InducHon.Mo mt
--*-

S-ing
STATD R RoTo R
The st+ao d s ipe notot has 3- phase staubt
oinolinq J
cokich is conneched ethet in stat ot delta Stah winclinq
sup n9 T. M. is siml lat h squitAl cae I . M. But the
tot
also Ccatties simila 3. phae stat connecded ainodi ng. The tnedIs
d obA ai'nding ake conneched o3-ns caled siie-ings
Tis aranoe men petmits inserhon J extetnod etsisto nce
**

Startes ot 3-T.M.: In case -

d 3- T.M.,he maqnitude
induced em4 in the tobt oindin9 depend on the AelaHv
-

speed betoeen totaing mag. Feld totot asinouinq Inihly

hen totnt is staHo naty he Ael ate
speed is maumum
Thete rvt e lat Ge em t s induced
in Aotot cono' u chors. There one
lat cwtend- statts Howinqthugh Aoho4 ConduchbAs ahch
-
may afect ookinq d othet equipmens connected ho same line.
Once to Bt statts tunninq,Adasve speed dechea s es okich
results in educed emf in tol. Thu Ao t cutte mustbe
Contylle d only duinq star ing petod
The starinq curhe hd con beeduced by appling edyce d
 Al Subjects pomd CoursesS
M.O.i Sneh Society, PhadkeAMCn Branches
Babasaheb Josh! Marg, 2nd Right turn Irom
Aoad 4,
Dombi (East) 421 201.O(9$251) 2450925 Modem Cate
3Change d Sipi- Th case dB sup -Jin T.M1.
the sup can be
ati hcaly increased hence the spe ed can be decreased
connecHng external Aesistance in sewes with each phase d the
****"

otoAt coindin3. B this method ciny speed belocs the notma

vcuue can be obtained. £nthouh his method is simple,
has oUocoinq dtaobacks:-
i) Reducton in speed is cuk he
cost t efkeienc ii) The extetnad Aoht AesisoAs ate
* * ***

Com paAcuhl buuy erpensi ve

A p p i caHons d 3 Induc Hon Moto
-

Squile cae .M. - .

Follosin q aie Some J the aeptca lons
h e s e mohts - - ~-~~** **** ******
Lahes -*
d t'nq mac hines. gride^s . .

Comp t S s a t s Tans blocoets Coneyot 5 C a t e t pumPs ec

Sup RnqT.M: Thtoe mo tors ate mosH suitable *************

he aPpi ca Ho n s Aequi inq hih sto rHnq toue smopth

Contol spted Jt ovet a limi ted nnye eg. i t t s C4anees
elevahts ekc
Compavison d Squstel cage ks p Ring IndvcHon motn
SUe Rinq T. M
Squirre ca .M * * .

Sinple construcH dn less simple Constru cHon

Cheapt cosili
Loc Staehng tatquue Hgh stat ina tque
Mo e efkcie ney 4 ComPariualy less e clen
***** ******* ******

is difKrl Speed condol is eesiek

S p e e d contrm)
**** "" ******
********

G ReqwAesless mountennce 6Requie s move mainte nonce

* * *

Singe Phase In ducHon Motot

M. is sim}lat h squirrel cae T.M, in
s i n d e phase T.

ConstrucHon eKcept th a the stqht has sinle - phase tuindi hq

..
hen si'ngle phase supply is e n t stauhmt coin dinf,

alk etncuHn maqnehc held i Produce d ashich is not rololing

+ a Hnq maanec keld is not ipduce d , brque is not
As
deeloPed k ..-
singl e phase T.m . s hot s l f starhng. Bu

Conhhues
îs totate d by extet means then
oto ******* ****

b o t u t e in t h u rechon
I.M. a e
res Sinae phase . M. Sinale phase ***

made sUt statHnq b pbudlnq vaious attan9ements