lobe eN hvscs (Dual Natue) P

- tscovted Aadlatib
entgen dd attee
ahede aga
Stbtom t tacavekd by tolldm Ceaoke
aty neatthely cAskge
Aalen hd S) tt e athade aetrde
ttans
tay eaeinenally
ti (ot-1e minîmum ameunt e eneRgy
meclay
SSknehn def endî on h dut meal
Od CodNn t a Jutpea

sten 6tt )elebReni doe) not

mutal uaca efet out
b bicae stendtd t u e exbbhg al.akeung
uRoct
-ev
1ev s ehc enetgy aed b an eledtten shen tt aceleated tieougk

2utable
Pheteelecc emilfnshem electeamagmefc
eedlJaJion
ai încfdeno n meallic &ueact bem
Lonebngih (ee equency C a l e d Pe
electeon o emitted,thi fhemenemên
shem a meal u headtd {u e gets 2°crenu
hekmanieemiulen metal ueloce tkb methed
Te Ceme e t
aRe Called
Tetmal enaeo emiiAien amd emilRd elecseard
caled fetmd enlt
b
thutme elecikord.
metal
8etRic Keld s ofPÜed to a

3freld em Lhem high 89

they
cSe aculezaed to Such a high 9peed
gustoc, electen
metal Suuejac.
Comel eu apeed e glefke netal uejoen
Secendaty emilAio
shem hiak
eata emiitd euU em 8ujoce
to celUa'on
due
 gusin,
Cahade emdtkr
C1s caled
rade wieto
A-U Caled
altd o be
uabl) drdas
fol tue 1 h alJu uy
yt 1o lalt tc)
fpll
o wlE ord
fe eleD
Culedtd ot plaje tA)

ofrTtd e bom ond t am e b-

(H1.8)
1onstan b
dutder A H16 Hy i tane ee
at aon in
byo

Fu's u a iyohik oehnh . ta n metol

Kvetic eret deferdy d

Pnjuency on nJnstby
Cpiento dreluu
O p on
troen$?t 4 Uyt depends en
fhk:eledic Cnd
hat gesio

hnstty
 ten uam tam besey Potoeledxic ee

usrdas s te Yah Pee n te baD Quaritam matu odialioh

O m Pee gt dloes mst behone al usane but as fusltde colled al

fhoten
Pheten à om enekgy Packet hang me chage omd 3 D tma
whtch Feqeher Ronsjet enegy CE =ho) (PE) ond memerdum

PEE t e i3uud ne t e 1deeacttom leuoe fhet

ond eledeeni ohfch phetem (ompltely aiees ed,
hcident pheten wze m tus9 ad
hu
eSg l9) e meal
to braie Ue lessean
(a) Serme emegu s Lied
ek knctfm
2uaca shich eajua e kE to e elaccd
wed to mf aR
(6 1e mafni9 n a y
eledion
1hus GrieRmtion Ënetg4
y
mddend Pheto
eletsem
reegy e
h
h0 - o . K E
hy-hO. ke ev

h0-h0. e v
hO-h- V
* fpemu9a U9ed

Eh0
entted
Cretay eoch photo»
P Yousee dSLCL
PENE -»E emsHd
n Mo pheto
n
= feusee e & eubect fe ecord

makoy Phsto
 nge Het
tm 0e phsteo eleeon ee cutant phePar
da potental
gge ekoch ukem Cuexmy o and doRa hst ?nce
e
uehetthb CuRLNd Caled atoajed CusRInÍ ,
aPpred uetage a (onede) b -ve andT maos tuoe mcteoles
ten Phets CuOmt dec. and o a

vettage XscucR to ases t a pstent0

caled a a % oe espYrg PeBential
94 e ?7ceLale G0
FeeeybheCaato
9 SYoy ond Reep &e
Aotueated Cutent mkeol e (-aret)
us?th mden Poy amo
LsPPYveltaqe
(otemta do nat Chonge and u
gLepptrg Pstenuttal d ependert th ?tensty th
MotfnUm E ephetaelec ten U9rdepend ent
e tn?ty.

| Kmol= ev

men Pty eincidet 7ht A9 adfu ted tat be Saturatd

ea. ineldem gkt
do tHeseomG
.

Cusemt Romam3 Corltant a

veus Ata dongr nede stemial
oducsto 3 .
The enpeimer eafeated ky Menil
dtksesrt Pesauemce Canotnt
brd use oene b 3teP
tertial ie) us? VS Veboge
Psauemcic) Vs

use 1hCnale aenuemoy

i e 2tePiv
Tnddend
mo ke mard.
Pstemtial

iphod eaajuemey
 ten9f ty fodiation= neay
Proea X tme

ee ouxe Grteniby adiation q7Y

Ndistonce e pstrd eom a 2 e t
oe heat euo- ntem?ty tod?aiio)
e-Sveale - Phenememm ke 9mterkeamer, co}acio

s eplajn u a e ratuke
Psl-iatton et. A
Com

Vke PEE Conpton et com enpath Patile matut

ea
g h heuss a i g t eadiation had dual natie tt
8 r i m e kehane ke a uwave amd 28metime a a Paicle

e Bosglie ugmext that be Parttle lke psto> elet IN

ad meudtm et ale hove dual naturo.
made
H byfsltes u bagecl em a2wmptm that uietle
boh ee emdittes mut be
RadPafon and
Patiele amd
Smteical Etidteetere tegehue
euafiity
ued &nBten pecia besey
e- Bteglse t eltaselh
ustth plamk 'a quamtam Desey
Pepeeky e Pasticle
E h

p h hd
A

te all PRicles ky
etended
The Kelahin e pheten
a t called matee uove Omd
de-Beplle. fasehele v e
wonelegth Coled de Bee e uwelemgh a
Paticle
P-memenium a faeticle
E MU m rall a Poerole
9velefty Paerde
9mE
ECke) V h
V PoketiaU dPgjaRemes 6mgy
11
 Nucdea Physics
Deleled poation
Kadeoachuily
PsLopexhies, Gincli vg negy , 6 Y and
Vaia tion with Pe uucleon anddhei
mass humbe d
Indstodluucti on, Atohic mass &
(OmposihiOn el uuleus,
sipe o nucleus Mciss
eneay, Binding enexgy, Nuclecu
Once, Nuclea Onegy »HSSion fusiow ,

AToruiC mass One ouoric unit is defined

mass
b he actual mass ef Caubon- 12 as
atom
lamu (MasS ethe Caobon-12atom) at test
and in
9kound Stade
x 992618 X1O k =l 66X
102k9
ma ss e an electston90 000S'Samu
mass e Mass oa hydogen
a
pto ton °0013 amu atom
Mass e a neutuon 10086 Cmu
MH MP+me
0013FooosS
Psuoton discoueed by qoldslein mp=18u ome S601 8 amu

Enesgy ewvalent e cunmu

Acch to tinstein mass-energy
equivolence = mc? 6 6XI02+ (3 Xlot) Joule
> 1-66 XIo2 x (3YOev 981Mev
6 XIO19
Iamu 931 Mev
OU Psuotons and neutOn wuh cune psHeA enst Ih Hhe
nuuuler o aukou ane CollecH uely krOLOn a4 ueleons.

AtomiC Number The nunmb er ef proton in the hucleus, is called

ato uC ulmbew Cz)
Mass Numbes The totaal numb
e e psoto ns and hheutuOn
PHesen in tHhe nuuclRA is Cauled the Mass
Nurmb en (A)
 netcBtal
qtb
Nalo
on eledOn fh aon
Numbey
8foy Numbe ef nuwleon ih cato nm
Auntbes ol ntulstov in an atom = (A -2)
PuHopn

A-mass numbe z
(X) atonuc numbe
X cherica Symbol e he elem
Au psoto n=18 neuttons = 197-19118
18
hudeohs 19+
TsotopeA Atoms e an etement uhicw haue Sa me
se number
atoo humben but dlikeent m a

Tsobcu Aloms haue h e Same mass numbe

but
olHekeht utonuc nuumwb ev

sotones ThR nuu cRs haue the Same numbe

0neuAHOns.
someu nutlei with same atomie uwmben aund
Sahme mass numbe

H Thaee ISetopes o hycaogen

CHydogen Cdesceium CTiHum)
k e isoton
A:3 sctones
A-34 Pu ae iSolone
80

15 I 2 t mn
Nudeow Sipe R RoAV3 Ro-1-2XIDm
Volume e nucdeuu v - RS=T(RoH) = TRn

mavelcge mass oa nue

Mass ehe nude ha M=mA
A mass ethemumb e

(densiky)= Mass elhe nudeuu m

Volume t h e hudeug REK

nuumbe
uueu density is independent mass
Ro |-2xto P 3X I61 Xlo
m I67X10K 9 X3-14 x((-2X 10
= 2-3 X1Ok m3
dhe huuele cuu density is o ovde lolkqIm3 it is onsta
3rO Uraium ucleus how dla its mes Va ay WiH densi
y
hMKV
Neutson DiscovAeel by Ja mes chad oick, He popoSed
Hho in K and Be(Beylli um) iuteradHon neulUDnS eabout
51 mev K¬ oeke pouoduced These netstons then Colloided
elastically o i t p3uolons in parafn to pstoduce s7 Mev
Pstoto nS
He+8en
on etion haing 3eo hage and mass neasly Sane as
h a t G, Põtons

PsLooeHes e neuuong
o
Neutsuon is aun elementasy paulicle pseAent in the nuctei
aull element except hydioqgew
Tnside a nuteuu, a neution issteuble but Oulside cnudeuy
f+ is wnstable.

heuhon decay Thko puDton , elertston awineutHON

3Bein9 neutal , hey do not iwUehat oih electsDnd. So
netsuond haue doto ionisieherg4
ceing heutual, neudsons cue not sepelled ok athaced
by dhe nuudeuu and dhe eedtuonu efaun atohm. They Cow

Pasily penehroue heauy nu t thduce wucleay Heachior

NUGLEAR FORCE Nudleaoie operae beBsn al he

hucLeon b e k s t e n p o l o n - p o t o n , neuta0h - proton dhd n e u t s o n -

rest neuuon.
.

7The c e a e Shoxt Haung ed .They opesoute at distance o

O4 dleu
he oxdev e uwonmeku
They aAe mul Stèongeu than electuamcgheHc osce
hoge
7They cane 1holependlent e
kuo u c l e o s houut ng paralle)
T h e y wwwlea/ ORce e
dhon t h t bekseen two h e nuctean
Spin is Stronger
hauing Cunhipaxalel Spinu
 o

fm
Pokniaul ehekgy is wunmum at a dustance So O-8 fn
Tha mea oce is attractiue os diutancei dagan tho
o-8 fm and suepuduie d they cue Sepaxoled by clutane
Jes than 0-8j
m.

Distsubuion oehence dheniccd psuopety cuw

elemen fs clelenui ne by2
No e PSolo n &newuOn (nudeDn) decid e he
wlkas pio pedy eelRment (Sabiu y Radeoachuiky
Mass oe.er The mass el the each element atom is
Jes thon the Sum omasses o ik (onstHtuend paar Hcle

Mass de,ect The dikeent in masse o indepen

d e t ueleoi cnd mass o the nudeus fc Colted
wass dekest
A ME Zmp +A-2) Mn- Mx
MexpeUed =
Zmp+(A -) MEn Mn
M obsekwe d Mctom-Zme
Mobseuyed Mexpered
Mass dede Mexpeeed-Mobs ewed
z Mp+ (A-Z) i n - LMatm-2me
divg bne-Tt uhe amourd ol enegy heeded
elemen=
om h e nuspu an
ernove a wuslk
OY
he enesgy
duo be delned as
0-¬ d, wurlpu may
equivads do He mas dele el Hhe nude
e Am-c2]
0Y
tHe omoHon e
Avnourd hengy elensed dusig b hayn
oneHtutt pauictes and
wulpus by us
o m Audinik aporaion

h u e 0 o i e Stable he nucieu
k Highey the GE peu
+e+V anineuwrino
dechon)
+ 1e°+vneutsino
posi tron

neudsun-O zeo eletic change

much Smallley Hhon that elecuDn but pobably
2 Ama
not ze
0A spin e Va
Vesy 0eek inkeadion wit mattes, making ut qule
dikhultto delu
npt°+D
deray
t detay h+ +ee +)
Nuceas Reachou
nuuleuu
stable
e m o l u the chang e
A xeadhon uohich the h u e CLnD Hhe elkmen,
one oennent ino
s called Nutlea e o i o n
T
.
Aenesy is enbted as B-paulicle e Y

Aags by dheaetagnuenk nucle afteission J

nuueleus
Uaaniwn
Dhe o netufsto Stsuee h e Stngle nectstOm emits.
2s to 3
RADR OCCu Psobably Cauuseission oo
Theseeshly
Fsuepased nulscon mo9te
nedON

bstodeuci ng SHll h u poocess

Cordinue
nucleu
UTanium
Cause ission
kuithev
ohuch a n
chaln eackio
w
ChOnttolled dhoun
ass gseafex
m a k t i a l hauig accelekale
Oill
issionable
dhe
then the
steacion ekplocle
thin
mass, wilt
Cuitical nmalecial
Cetfaun ohole Unconka
as
a uk Hhat
Called
1S
at Such eacion

a dhain
Second .Stuch c h On
c h a i n SLea
olleol E9atom bomb
ReacL0r
Seackion Exahmple in uclea chatw
CondHolled chain 1 S a deuRCe tn tobuch a
nuclear
maintained
ancd
reacior
Nudear iiniRaktd,
Oach is
HeaHOn takes pla ce Uraniuna
.Natural
Consiolled .

is ued as a uel
UPu Uranuum
ONucleauel S o o e anich ed
U3
COntain 0-1 ef a isotopes,
298 2 3 S encl 23
7.
Nakusat
Uroniwnm has in tokich
the
Uranium

is a typee Lsotope
Enaiched
Uaaniwm
haough
the pto Cek SepaaaH On
incteased
eU-23Shas been
neetuDh So J h o t

down t h e
speed el
eoclekafoy slow tOll neuutton escape
ho

othetsise
HeaChOR dake pla
ce be hwcute
Moclerodoy Can
plate,
ssion Hea cHon takeandl Beuyluum 0nide
HEaUy ker giaphie
SeacHOn by absorbing
Conttol Hhe chain
3 (etsuol &ods aHe used aA
Stod mouing neiaons. Coclenni tum 0Y Bcdoh
a Condaol rod
oolont Maltiad used Jo Cool uel od, modeaJen
out dasge dmound e hect genekaed in Jhe se
Coady
& pstet ouse (n temp
Coolan may be o aku, Heavy halu Or
qud So diu m . The Coolant must hae hugh boru ng
Polut and ughv Specifie hect.
5 Shielcu ng
The neuutaO oher Hadiai on geneicdeo
aAe hautul do hum an bedy, So to psolect Looo ker
ROm hese tadicuion dthe Hea ckOX CUe IS GUaoundec
bya uck Conrele Wall

oakibg3tialy Some neutsions CUe produced, he

ake Slooed down oitw dhe help Moctesatoy cund Ha
the icsIOn ieacHOn, neuo move neut ro hg Ce pu ocluced
Hher 1th dhe help o Condarol od hee ae obsorbed
&oa intu hoay Chau h ea cHon 1s
Condsolue d
i t h th help e tooland heat ganeroled is takem ouwt &
te uuhher heat enchcun9A takes place h he heat
enchangerCold wak is suppued wi the elp el
Pwmp 0s a utoolant ane dhe Stecm genenaJecd
in 4he
heat ex dhong is uuhe used to i tale h e tubiwe
geeralë etsucit 2
Pig 12 14

Bneed es ReactoS A ty pe et
more JSsionobleutl Called assecor dhat can podu
Becauuse ef less hatuusa cub beedden JueautoN
aciuky e, enn chemend we uAeduhd cunce oUmd
Usueedek JuA Jinuted
JHecuchor.
 s amost 997 iw h a c u l Urauium bu fA u o

issile
U p - , Pu
Is issile nmateial
h e a u i e k

Tws Pu-239 Sigle

OAm a

mp) to
Nudeak lot exkrendly uighn
Nuule usion
Gculled
IS
uucleus
Hef+) +0:42Mev
HtH +3:21
Hev
Somee ne
tn
Mev
+u03
p o s t h o w

HM a
+H
H
H d e s t e s o n

H oam
to
( o n u b i n e d

ene isoBope e He
Two Po Hon o 0 u2.mev adigh
p oton
O oa
e l e a A e

Combined
toom
tiBon
and a

OTh a
d l e u t s o n

to Drm
f w o
o h n b i n e c d

a h i w e d
by
d e u t n o n
iS
usiOn hau
Tuo When
paotcles
fuon is
that on

h e i m o u l e
So CoulombHepulAi
t h e Syetem,
he nP. of Hhed
the

ausi ng oLLDhne

h Ke
to
hemonucleaN {uAton t h e i n e u o y
e
ehoug in Sta
owput
os
Called eneny P y d o q e

Source

he is h e
9t is cion 1s Sum
fusion e a E+U+0:y2Mev
MeV
H + Y+
1:02

Y+
H

et+e H H e + Y S . u 3 M e v

Mev

+H++1286

He Mev

Me + He t6Y
26-1

+2V Hee
e an

+2e tombihe
to othm

akom o e n e s g y

MeU
h y d n o g e h y

tow 26-1
Thus H e l e a s e d

OiHh a
Casbon-hibog on Gycle Sn ho
n
Succestively abSovh paotonc in
yule, Cabon nudet
c Sesea o Siep
CtH NY+1 93 Mev
N +et tv+120 MeV
C+H N+Y+7.6 Mev
+ 1-39 MeV

N +Me y-99 Mev

H+C Me tc 2et +2y+3Y+ 248Mey
do 0m a heuum
Hee agaun foud proton Combined
a n e to bejae
nuuclew, gam ma r a & neuwino
about 25 Mev e enekgy Gob0n is hot Conrumed
he psoCRR but a t a a
Cautalysf
Condrolled hemo nudeu ReacHo
To Slaat h e thesmonuelear Keatton fe
At hese tenp. e l ic
azound 1® K Heq
is uiied,
ion and eleetaon(Plasma).the
me n i u t u e e (t ve)
h u plasima Sjne
is to Conhi necd
ehete h a lenge Thus
S t a n d Such a high emp.
Conkaine can C a n be
fhcut Hhu AeaCPiOn
oh, So
Hueash is 9oi n Will beLOme h e

happenS, usidn
possible i t upollwled enesge
SoudCe C h H h u
Rd
UIHimaUe