Sctmsuih Mehdi

AsstNEN1- 3
18BIHEEH
HiH NoLTAQE
ENGIeeRIN Y

MH kosmattoo
enaage
diferent thenaa s
Exptan the
eLoud2

1 Sinpsons Thee-g

yeloud nuation

(oe cega AtH u s enlb.

*
negdrue Postue a u
e e a nk
laee
aa

Smpson's theoy
, icu
f a ehange
eCons leaed
Hecoaduq

eload t
be
ue
9teom
foOcma and
omobt n. t a sel
above
euAe
A, atsn euo Ja
Beido aegn veloc ishqh
() au'i
. In aegon A Chaye
aundaops e
no a posl
lauuq
tte fallig aauda
4o beak
e Cui.
thoelood L negatue change
Spaa
but a
bloD upuDan ds,
s
)-he spa
eho ged wat eo dedps
e POstes ely
decve a s es,
afs
Ond faL apou
9eLombne oi{ ue augn didps

beomes p9adomaonty

huus., aegn A e00enlua

ehaoed
aula a ms abor e itbeom e
oostely

i unab
ehauged by
edetis ely
 1Lppe L g b u Ln aDud, the tomoes re

pot) ad
dud
onle ih
onlg the iee
Lowbeloo 6ee3Tnq ca
s
eust

on tuese Crtas makes 4hem neaetelep

the
impadl o au
hEs
htes
h
hee
dists
distnt dum u eha0 qe tol
ehaeged,

bet0me s shouo {
h0 elod
aubove ueo s obsolele u d
u i r ) 4 t o u o e u e q i u e

paesented
s nolgatistecho
PDiatnáudo
up

aud
Manooc Theoae
2) Reynode
nmodsitaNm
nd wason poopote
Recend,
ReejAoNd's Cu
0) thu thun d e eloudo
ontcl
qond bo
a b o v e Jue
CuLDaduxg Sem
l Ao
at hetq
ane
eloeseloped
to iem
12tm
ented up ko
Oud nma

LoUnd eutlh,
t0amalim
a
eloudo gnd ehege
hunde axe
o aug°
ctempe« aluue
mostuse,
ad spe

nequs edd.
shooid cay
ce splintesus
Maoon.4he
tAcOadiia Jo natuae ha
onic
ldatex 6euq
upuoaed ,
*e chaege

tt ond ott tOD

oncedAakir

tompeaaluuo
do on
h e deusity depes
S u {aees
aud ldoe
wiuu uppei
Tce 3ab
)hus, Ous ho0e t O l be
a htqhea
Gud 12 ( l e 1 2 )
ompen alis
u Aca0vdug to the Rejnolds theoA, tonitl baned n
enpestimenla qeulth, the harl patket gt negately
eh0stgedLoheu imphqed upom tue oamer te cauyta,

e n Jle tepeaaluc eondtto aA0 ae oeUDed

endcuq polatu acuce

toweye tte exenl

) oan foondo dudaue
geneeatm fuundea

the aalt &chatge elati c

&o

obseeuah,

piaclical
the
o
t
eloudds
foa u g n o
employed
meltods
Le dfexenl
Eaptou tead lue.
gven
Aotedto9 o

the oueahead
lrec 6 usg a2ond
(aSheiidnq
wcaes.
the phome as
above poihe t e s
adCounten
aodh

erpulsnm
asAoOnd

deutces
h e expulo
u he m
paotectiie
)tnctudug duvecteis

ad SLLO ne
LLa
Pote odon bes on

Subtah
LeamunahhD eud
uie
ap

Shiacced
lites o Geound
Potaabim Unig
@iantriq

panallel o
a ondu con u
G CsLond aked

Mau

Cud e a t e d
at e s e egua
me tooe n
the

towea.
ud aegulaa Spae ed
 above uemOu Conducto b e ie.

o e snerics
coe
herict the daomanuin Juie conduuton
ga0nd
the
(&i) elovdo a wel faom
f a O m
c e ehaages,, eom
n d t r c e o e

a Gntnuug Aischaupe
dischasge

lontea P'ofe ltiles

d Coonter
aud
Radb a
Rod
oond
h sound
(6)Paotecttm
Usng
erth e e tou3
ies
sheiid ed s i
Lue
s
L e u

de.

e
J a o nd d ntu uuul

Oa oelage
daauage
boa u o n d J e ro
he pal fhe oond Jue
& owea,
teouh.
Ca)
pOt
d eehm feom s
P P o s s I e

hich
e , co
mpedence b e tow
aestifanue, Rede ced
fhe su ge
tf
tose
Poo g
ae
atoo a «d
div
vcce d
d
is oCoo
ed
dewelop
uoltaae
sge
the
the
sendo
consideabu daiveu qaind
peoutdiig
acom
ed b t o towXN.
R) Tha tuvres.
DOM eied
pde
ud
coonte n
odo

oondahm.

at towe

stzðres a e odeAe 6
Loheee
qtni9
esMA
hee 30ne
oth
es
hOwy, he Ovetead

de es.
e ted ghnt Rotected
a Cu
deces taoo
On the he sel 1o

AoteeBd» * u s es

apcbion aud
 Succese
diuste3,

3Wite a nale an suaqe

Rod g a p
sed a

diagpua
nejlechm . la
pAoteh-es deu es.

aasetets e
Suqe e deateb
ta
Aen
fan
non &neay
These ase
Suotcas
aet as ant
Lhrc

avYeates
ase dau
dueatea oa gktng teauhahs to

8uage
Suage
Subaahhd
aud at a
n
i ne
e
a
d aOaah

used bo Ovv e u o ilt aj

u &ud
eud
s
shho
oa.t

O e c u o a

th lignnig
dischaoge

Susachu

Rod Gap psotechm

e
deuuce

Qud epeu
M o k
smples

heu

f a o d gap paotec Hrn

e{s*cënE:

Psoueie
do

Rod 3aps achiulq \em

w h e e 4 u u n d u s t o m

Paotee a . wt.
qond
Paotected by
e
Lho
4 H a m a i m

e l m t a t

Explai
4
 AansMISSCO usua eLassdted

Lines t t m o Los Oa ideol ies

(ay
datoatm bo ditositmlev h e .
orthout
aes

toti gmal
Loses, md.
Cc nes 6nd f a e length defned y
all

arth tintte
a) he
fous pcnamehe.
the

fdsal h e
t
A ne f's safS
S afs to
to 6e au

l d e a l ines the une

t he suge
suge
mpedence of
Case
O Qud G-O he he V:Vc{lL
R admtonce a
2 VIc 0nd
toae
cLInet
voltage n d
f o a {he
solustrm
The C,
obkEined
is
e
his Pe +f2Ct-u)
O
V f(t4 u )
kasellug
tha focoasd
aepresenb
Ct-b)
functtom 4a 4he
-fe
The
bt Ct 4
)
aepneDet

4he kunchom
auno veldul
oaue ropapahm
aase- Ahe p
aakaasd aauoeQLug
eu a
w a e

foa e t h e

n
he
RIL 6lc
RIL G l¢ d
d =

fos dny
tf,
D r s t o a t o n l e len en impedonce
suige
aud
Tue
tstd)
heu, Y:
V2y =Vc
2o): c . - LoAbe

Oaoe
Lw
soubm o
Coadst
,
o +heae
C-/u)
}altA)|
G{{+b) t+ e p
modtee C
V epCJuu) (0)
f(e-N)-eP

S2) {exp - o u)
ft-).
 On idoa
ue opARA
md unrenl wayen (or
he doltaqe
ttowusee o7
a tohide
Qd toil be the Same shape
tho b
enp
u deaeane b
nether
magnilid

Smau O nes
C he toh
s o l e e b m
ha
uo.tage

es,
tne oith smau
a ha h
tthak th case
co9e
sa
s am
mee
he
h e
oaLse t CuLALA
the uoutage
So.hm o
R the
ttoweAI
Jie- B
eneogy
ott
MeA lu
Fo
eqoal
moot

oau e afea by cuu

Lue.
t h e eStOnce
A

d t v m i L a

ove
oawe e
uotage noamol
4he Cune to
ditohm
dLo
aud
a t l e n u a t m

e
e
the eonducdamce

leakoge
aud
S e s a n c e

mseq uenceo
Ct):ec) |T s) a
CCompient

Sunge
pedence
The
) cdu{ned
not un ely
nd
on chm w
co-oadinahm

insulanm
the ponciple o
5Explau
&UHU 3Lphem.
uoe
e o n o m i a
to
6e
Tt may
EHU Su34emA, oveavole
DFan tiituia he
cetceo
to
potecteise Suae
a Soitehu g
us e l a
ao
Siohknug
due to

a p a t u t l a e
leLsel.
 thee ate

) AE pAeent
boL
opecale on
ohich

6 u e t s o l t a je » m e n h m e d

above
f tE s pae-fer able to aqo
suel
Caoe
eaa to
In
ected
e q u p e m e n t t a
Sestehuig Impuloe les e (re),
Peot
Sb t h a t fheee
Smcll mala above the lonto Ued

Scig
Sue pe teo, So fhal he Sunge dieustes

soitchug Suge, 0nlu when Tlue Conbolui

nce atua m

dectce f a l ,

aud uqhkniq aesesteus oee

PLomalty mlu AOd aaps
cdecotces Y peot ectto Comd &u
sed as peo4etttue
hele.
consfdetsal
ehateckesJto ate
e eeute
aeqitremeab
a paot e
(u) The ideal aee
e jollocog
a co 8hunt
tonneeted
pat.atlet

tashover r pooe fegve

should not wuall
(aF
OuesuoLage
dertce nue
eme ehaseeteests oh Qe
h e v6lt - le peotected appcuelus
oltaje
6lro the oth s tnd fuoo
abne
eshonce.-the

maLGma!
cnctlatm. h e
Oa h e b $.ctt
fo aloo Y
adequale
should
Shout d 6e
6e es
chae s
onddtttm
Otmospheuuc

ty
to a u g
t i c e p o l a i

dtue
ueuce
le
he
e
ChaieetesG

et co
 be adschanquq hgn ene
Lt shoutd Capable
hsulatrm Seg t
Cotaned t suLse aud qeove

quick on.
oUow
Feguene
alAow POeN
3houd not

CADD e n k

aud onchin
Suitable Faunes the pihciple
plau ot
Prokechon ube
aud
of puhim gaps

o0

saANKNNKAA

Extevnal Seeies gp ne eondu ckosz

t
2 ppet eleltole.
Su nsulotoa.

3 O u n d eleukode
2 Sertes Gap
Fbve litbe 3Potecto tube
S toLouo So Ce. e o d n d c o n n e h

Expulston Gaps
deuce
quencluig olo

Spax 9f toaetnez

e
he u
extinguuth
ohich

aeakove d
 Sual ugemea s ghousn 1his
iA typica
egsentt
tially
sees o Ua a Seaond gap encto yed
C

witlur a f a e lube

bol lue Spauh

oau dveo voJtase ,
aAt
CLret elue J
the
S t r u F n eouA
byeahdocon
A
the
the tooe o.i
eed
n e e d
ont by
ontyby
tis
oueevoltape
e GLoond ?
tthe
h mpedeu e, o
ual SaeJ
a s shamee to
tqhttg
duee
ube
e bbve
Gic eDe
(8)The
ndeenal
paopoltm d
smal
a
vapouuses
Cunent

coaten
m a t e i a l .
x t u r e of
a
produced,
b eugb r e Podui, do
atit e
thus poduik,
Fibre
) The d e c o m p o s e d

and
the
vapua
a u L A e t o n g e d
a
paodtel
a2c
the

Prote edon lubea gP,

epulotm

simiQn to
tube is
paotetton

A ciple
C o n s t s u c l t o
o
nd p ain ain
0nmed
Eo
6 s p a r aap
o a od
C&
Stoo CoNash tooeN.

eonducton
oo. hollow

tne The
b
the
shoan
u {ta
non
annncementt's a
neptaced
by
The be ic
mpende
e.
e x p u stm
u
u
a v e hEqh
lemerk onic
oPfe
Cuceeb

ughnS
ea oa
htqh
on

COo
m p e d e n c e

spal
CP
Oceou
Ind
v e u o l a g e

i t au

S}onee»,
8leDL
awe h0Lu
nd
aesictance

O
 to
on e uie aed uced u
he bueauoilage
uo peoietior be
uotage deopP acbo
fsolatelted
Qsd dsha,.
Rtea dle soge Ca03ent
u Noma Powe ftepu
0

Lond, tho tollou

Ao the
estatomee.
Lited b high
cotu be
oent
he
}yequen y
eurent geto of poDea

u ) APte
the
S frength urck
tasuiattm
aetoueu
lue
spock a p f Phe p s o t e c t o
of fhe poteto
uoltage
ouen auo
usually, t h e f a s h fnouul ahm,
iu) Tie he
hat
Legs tham
tbe s Óvecuoltage

ahtmuq
the
Cau ditchaege
hence Lt
eecttey

+9amamisim
l e boem Long
boem ng
Ccuuit
AJA 3pha»e Singte paAmake
hos he
ated fo 220ku ond
he he tt s

CzO Oo94P|
km,
L= 1-26Mh[km9
shma /km
R O-
, hd
suge mpedenee, Cmd-

4he neglectig the

es stomee
of paopagatm n4metel long t a
4 h e uetouy
i5Oko
emd intthetely ong
suge dh labeu
ne a Dnat 3 me
eusd o ne ue,
atme
stittes al

to ohes end a
400el
to
koY Sunge
 Sotutim;

ucioily of pOpagattom

VLC
26X o°xo-0o9 Y
3XlD kmls.

dioge inpedence- 972)

Vc Xo
ilue altct Cud
do9t Stnge to haLo el fo
1 e daken

33 Dis
3xto

metho
detectisn
M 5

bcalanced
sketch of
neat
twith
1 Exptah usng Scheruig Bzrdge

www
3

s H
cleteclo tesing Schetutg
Bclance d
edge
 meltiod,the e t eona
t)ta gtaight dat ecttom

istrbomces aAr ot fully aojeeted.

noe 6uee es may
used o bloch +he
( he t e

not 6e ekteeHe .

fon
foa f meanun
a meoun=
fam
employed
t h e scheuig boticlge

s ed
s s omettmes
O0nda

obyct ir not
l a his metllod, the Aest
detetkor
d oterton b
of the Scheuiq -6utae
UA modifreol
oiflecattal dtschaege.ddote
stoa, ve
the

ROeLaets mnob fo
dteclan.t
ALte ds ed Cero

OR2 Componedh pseeut

loc

as allod
u gignab a Aauge om 5to boRtt2

theooqh' h tites& ampu fed

+opa
tu
displayoLie puube paleu
ut)he Clo g
hCapacitamee
Cud iam . t h a duumnuy 3omple
butneed
aae mcds ap 1AMately equal,

egua

h e disaduonege
s al t{fwo des haejes oD

ir bai the Sm-ple S i n l a n eouily,thae Conat

is ven a e
but, bu Tu

i ) he mai &doamlae J secnd melod is

capai 0 elea aea eteo ne

aud we ok he Lel eegvenA 6 and ogiu

idudual puha.
6eleaeouuh m
 of eablaa, Oittas tand 9oltage,
3Jle a no on testig
Rashoea volHape baik to 6oa t o t

festing of Cables
appcuoT
elealnical
ables a0o vey Cn potaxt
undogOond
eloctcal eneeg 6y
t9mmiosim

meaus
b am }
mpao ovit
meas
&sie abo vety
h
u o.ltGJe ,
altage stonab et tan
kodmoruim ab.0
laepe dOwe
Oa pooca enatneeas
hente testttq pooa Col
LmpoAkanee, Cuud

test pRUDued
ditfeeal eleslticol oie
6 tu
the iouooüg at mps tada
ondlhS. Tha C Jkely
Lthstemd th mont esele

oacse s ec ufce

L t h s t a n s Uoltae

a test obaul
hch hoo to be appuadlo
he upstage
i a oitstond
londhio
undes Spetod

Caod wUislend u otaje .

yFlashoveu Doleje ?
5].Epnau s e melluod of dischoge datecttm w unt

Siaaignt deteclo

b eotpete,
CoxSonmple
-HU kesia a0usloAMeN C O n d e n s e n ,

Ce-Coupug Le
2- i t e n 0etecta
tmpecdon
m-

3- Bcuud pom t e - lalbaatiiA puhe.

spla Unit. oibsatus eapa A
alib roloN Lhas

above {guL
e
ShoOu
i
ent
olischoueje
Cie& padual
he cut toa
dabectuia

mputted
i ghouan
theeor
fmsomest

The htgh u atage

tag
sch9 y ploes. i
wwedbo psL t
e p c n o m u
te
auol
bushuig d
ndip
Capauitmie d IL
0 m t h

no
CDLpig apcuko.3 m
ts e eoupig
l test o6je ,te
ts
deteiuin fompedu
Zm s a 2m pa
Gcot
lo impo
tmpeddnce
fhe Siqnol deseloped 9nd d p
nd aspluhte
ite
theLon
barnd pcrp
oUnte.n
COOted by a puse
On aCRO 6
hanne Cnalu42e Unut
 218
Otah.

o
210

Soe uO aLO e CRO eU tte otsplay o eap)

aeilic Sweep euspla

C)
Conttquoahm
to pont plme
e09dna discha g e
)C

e puum

ue dicchoce.

pube
ue
ue dtschng pulse
1
Puhe.

e i s chag
aOfshange uo
one
side o (
bOUnd On
 p otlean eipto
disehasge patlean p
the
u) tn le oboreaua, paaua disdhaage Clotenk

On hhe CRO SCAeEN

s shoLan
iical elisp lo
Lott a u
caxsXespondluq
ettptre
Qed the
Stnusocdal
ooLtaqe
u i the
shouou
hoou
ae
dishaee
e plaue Spcank q
Patlesu o
pOmE
pube
uLd & single co0n

ShOuon
thauu ha
's qreaton
u i ) Lalueu o.ltaae pLiad
ppo
pubes
Geitrcal hcep.trrn valt age, muitiple
he
MGnllp
a equol
aud a pubes
oiohm

cao tes
A tuptcal dis chaepe
ix)
sshoo f i s
dueledku'e
locs a t
of méasurq
ExptQ0 meth od
0otege dcheig
fsequeneH using hgn
Pouoen

8udge

AAAAA
AAAAL

AAA A
Ssopey
Crma m
 (o5 to foo H3) cheatTe
()n tie pooeM- fAequeny auge
veesa le. Cud SeniIhe bsu'dge
Budge fsC e
Suitablo bo. hig Uola9e
udts eadily

MeoDuul emeabo,
(au be
md Homd
o Ep
clopendence bh
Stae
Mhe 6oudge
obiamed wt ls 6udge
Codiy ic shouan
shoon t 99
Ltue 6oufdqe
boidge
diagau o s C a p a u t o m e e

schemalie
the 0
Capanas1

Capatilan

The looy
above
he stond@yd e a p a u l o
o
( teehe A rD
bO
a capa
e
Lual
toell
oith CRa
Cs CLud
aLe kR
Uaeicble a ms
he
560 p
6blaLLued wheu

22 23

Loh eee, 21
As + 2tocs
R Qud 2 Ry.

BSamee equakm ,

s3_R
ha Ce and

ha lo& dnae

co

equenue o
at powee
Usuo SLo be n a l l
O
Comamon ele toioo
io
tha
 3

eQu alsud
m ode
mode
aa s auecpetio
tanfc
tonicu
is
Capacilon
a a pae all
he lo3sy be
s a e p A e e n t a d

eau
3x
paeallel Cemb.hah
atti
seies
in cohtee e
G. Qud x
ecmbnatn,
of

Rsfoond to be

Ra

t hauug the Same 9alu-