,_.

_ ~
..,,,. nnonb
• (51NrbJ CHAPTER
~
(5Mlna)
Harmonic Mitl
Qatlon
Techniques
!lies and their
ln ettl
I&. 5 Marb)
harmonlcs 1 Introduction
5, 5.2.3
5, 5 Mar1'a)
Effc,cta of Harrnonlca on Rotating
and their In i"h,1f"1'1 4, IH'I ht1H'I !!f't•n huw hu1111u1111 ~ un 1•nkl11, cd and Machine.
system dlc1r tnll'IK t '"' lhc HUWU~ lk 1"r' ~v,1r111 l't)llll'llltllh In lhn
, 5 lfart(a) II u 1111 ,111 c11rrr nli and 'Voll ioc
dl.lr(cr"r "'II st~ h,11, h• 1k.1I w1U1 ll1t• ha1111111111 piuhlr, 11 • Iner-. lhe I011Q 1n rotor
c111 u11, llillur "'•lkl111lll Plld It v,cll • rotor and ~
hannonlcs
I 1111111.1111111, 11
I llar1'a) Syllabu1 Topic: Sy1tem Behaviour to Harmonica '" ret.1111,s tn o~ertic:111ing an,f IWU(1Jon an
rll,corroq

5.2 System Behaviour to Harmonics Ifnrrrnm,c: currc111

PfCM'III 111 lhe M.dor of an AC maclune
: t l e p11xl11,c 111,l11ct11,n 111•~1,rmll IIL'tlon, v,ha(h g,v~ nsc town

10111111· an lho a.111,c du(( 111,n u lhe h.111111111,l lil'ld vclt>lauca

Ill ~11d1 a w.,y llu1 ,JI po,ilJvc ac,1oenu: ham~,n,a wall

and Effect on Capacitor dcvdop ~hJft lorquc aiding haft rrll.ttion whcr=, negar,vc
l,C((IIClltl' h,lfJIIOIIICA wall h~vc the Of)J>O',IIC effect, lhu!

,1ff1'Ctmg 1hc Jpced/lorq,,c charnctcns111: con 1dcrably

n. when the mdurtivc re.1rlanrn .uul
5.2.4 Effects on Transformer

Jll11m,m1l· vollagcs mcrca'ICS lhe core l05sca whale lhc

hurmontr curttnl 111cre.1'>a the rnppcr I = in the trarn.fonncr

1111H 1,·mls to produce v,hmhon m the core of the tranblormer

5.2.5 Effects on Transmission Lines

flurrnomcs mcrcascs the prux1m1!)' 111!!! .din tffcct,as..thcy

dc~nd on frequency Curren! h,unKJnrcs reduce lhe power

tru11,m1111ng copacaty by lncrc~mg the copper 105' 1111d

voltage drop across the tran,m1~mn bne
gth of cable1 by
llannon11' vollltgl!S n·ducl! d1ek.ctnc wen

rnu,mg 1111 mnc:use m dielectric losses

 ~ Power Quality (SPPU-Sem 7-Electncal) 5-2
Harmonic M

5.2.6 Harmonic Interference with Power System Protection

_ Harmorucs degrade the operatmg charactemttcs of prutttllvc relays. Snmc d1g1 re a

. IJll I ys and aJgonthm.~ operate on
zero crossing moment

Hannoruc d1stort1on creates error on \Uch operation. Hannonics make higher di/di at 1.ero
crossmgs and the current
the thennal magneuc breaker; and change trip point due to e~tra hca11ng 10 the solenoid

_ Current harmonic d1stort1on affects the 1nterrup1ton capability of ciRUII breakers and fuses

5.2.7 Effects of Harmonics on Consumer Equipment

(o) T"'>bion "°"'""' H_,i" ch,n.,, Ii>< TV ~<t,re si-, and brighl"'< lmc, ha,mon,c, d,"'ge lhe mnp( ludo ··~-... ,,\,jl

lhe '"""'"'"~I
image freq,,e,c
of the Cathode y. Fo, """pl,. "'" a 0.50 '""' -
ray tube.
" 1,,,,( "" p,oo,.. I"'°",c <ala,gemc,,i and ,

lb) Fl.._,,, and -.ry "" Ugbting, C.,,.C,to, ,soJ i, s,cb Jigh1mg 'PPliO>hons tog- w,lh lhe ""'""- of lhe

""'"' prod,cc
harmonic re'°""'' freq,e,cy.
~oltagea diMortJ.on. ,i,
II res,Io m "''"'"' .... g and faH,re i, "P""'""· A""'bk """" Prod

Table 5.2.I : Errects orHarmoni~

Problem
Effect
Cunent increase
Resistance increase Cable heating

Tnppmg of Protection
Increase in thermal loss (Joule's effect)
Skin effect

Circulation of multiple of 3 hannonics

Overcurrent flowmg in ncutra)
Return through neutral conductor
Heating on neutral

Premature degrading neutral conductor

Neutral -earth voltage
T npping of protection

Heating

Premature aging of capac,ton

Capac11ur destruction

flowing through - Overheating of the wtndiogs

Thcrmai IDSUlation loss due to heating

CopPCr and Mctat

RcductJon 10 performance
Extra-large transformer

Transformer saturation (ClCa1es grcater

 63
HnrmorucM+

Problem tffttt
1/ f.ldll""' Ovcrhcal,ng or the wtndinp
Cum•nt ha1111n111c5 llow111g through

windings. Thermal insulation los due to IM:aung.

Copper ond McU!I Ion (Hystens llld Foucault)

l>ccrca.o;e. in pcrform:incc V1bra1ionsonlhcnu

mechanical wear on bcanngs lllld CCCCntric •

bearing~
Torque reducuon

D,fficultly in automatic synchronlSal.lon and later

Soft \y<-tcm, with greater impc<l,incc -
ting set switching
yoll'fl'geoer11 than the gnd.
Dtstortcd voltage.
Error'" cqwpmcnt takmg the zero reference of
Invalid mca\uremcnt~.
coouol and ~ring wave.
Error.; in control processes.
eqaiplDfllt Saturation of measurement nnd/or protccUOll
measurement
Incorrect magmtude values

In such a ,ttuation, fol lowmg the path of the hannomc cunent

Harmonic Sources
utility system of the power systems,
from the load to the power system
will lead to a capacitor bank instead of the actual harmomc
source. Thus, rt is generally necessary to temporanly
disconnect all capacttors to reliably locate the sources of
harmonics.
♦- --- --- --------- -----,

I'\., E=--♦-----_--_-_··..,·_·-_-_--_-_--_-:.__...
: ....--
1
I
in the power system is the least I
I
I
I
Thus, the I
I
I
I

onic current flows can be used

Fig. 5.3.1: General flow ofhanDOnic currents in a radial

power system
le of reporting the
measure hannonic It is generally simple to distinguish hannoruc currents due ro
definite sources from harmonic current.<; that arc dtfinitelY

due to resonance concerning a capacitor bank,

Wavefonns of hannonic sources ha,e to some extent rancJolD

wave shapes based on the dt\tortton, perti:iPS the) IJ&,-e
• ~i. ,.qn[IUCS. ~ 51ag:I(
numerous hannomc~ with norewo1u•Y G-·
51
-ind ,esoaao--c
large, sigmficant harmonic ncarl) afWJ)'S ~,....
l~::::.2::!~~~:=:~~~~==~~-::5-4T----
~ power Quali1Y (SPP
--~-._H._armon==rc=M;;;iti;;iga-=ti•
U-Sem 7-Etectrical)

By this we CID
resonance
say
that the
due ts likely
on•T•ecti~n~
to the

presroccofthecapacltal\ •- -- -·· ·-- ·-- ··· ··· l

····:©
CC. ··· -- ·- - .'
♦•. •••
U the current measu ,~ ,_ amount of hJlrm
red contains ...... e,~ onics •· :
apart rrom the funda :
mental hannQnics. ,t
ts understood that !
the c:apaa!M are respo
nsible for the resonan Ti
withm the power sys
tem
ce tn the circuit
l 1-+_-
__-___
--___
--_-_ __
-_~- --
.....-
., -
When the harmom
cs need to be controll I":\]_,' (D
ed, tnstallation of
ca pa ato r.; ha s to ~
be w en care

Fig. S.4.1 : System wi

th potential paralkl reso
• ------No---nn---a!---pa---
• ••••••••
••••••••
th
-,, Altered path
:- :
nance Prob!tiiia
•-. I I Th e frequency
31 which this happ
I

en~ 15 called ll! J)arail

t!
:
•' "T resonant frequency.
It ,s gwcn '"•
I
I
'
I
_l_ _ "'.'R:'T .21t
-I~ -L.,.C
L.,,F 4L cq

Where,
Fl&, 5. 3. l Power fac
tor
capacitors can alter
the dlrection of R = Equivalent re~
ol the harmonic comp istance source and transformer
onents of the current
.
Lcq = Equivalent ind
uctance so ur ce an d transformer
c : Serles and Para
llel Resonanc-e
C = capacitance of
capacitor bank
and Parallel Reson
ance At resonant frequency
, the impedance of pa
mllcl combination
of capacitance and ind
uctance 1s very large
series an d pa ral lel
resonance in • Xe ( X1 5 + R ) Xe (
Zp = Xc+X1.,q+R ¾ +R )
= R
(5 Marks) x2
= T= .;Re: =QX1.,q=QXc
Where, Q = XlJR = XCJR and R « X1...eq
arc inducu~c or cap:ic
1llvc m nature
Q 1s calltd as the
frequency. If one of quality foctor and
I.hose 111 ~p on 1ble for lht
sharpntss of the frequ
ency rupoose Q v11
JYS ckpcndmg oo
the locauoa or the po
w~r system It is app
ro11.1mately on lht
d1stnbuuon fccdcr an
d m ~ than ,o on
the !iCCOlldary 00' of
step down trnm;fonnc
r

From the above cqua

tJon 1t can be conclud
ed that the small
bannoruc current can
produce high drop m
the volt.age across
lpp ar cn t tmpcda
nc:e, 1 c V, = Q
~ Thu cawrJ tht
IIOlta!r to nu M ar
the capacttor bank
grrazl) and gm d1sto11ed
R
 SPPU Som 7-Eloctrlcal ~5

" IIJlAlyse the behavior of current for parallel

110 50
1P~ 1,ct J,_-:e be the current pas 111g through the
40

1-n 30
20

10

or

,..,. ai,ovc e.xpre~s,on 11 •~ clear that the current p 111g

frorD u,.,
thfOUgh the Power system nnd the capacitor hllllk mcreascs by

"hrch cnu~es the 1:apac1tor flu lure, blowing of fuse

Q nrnc~, MVA""' = Mvar ao-cal
and o~rrtieaung of transformer.
Magnified
/ vottageat
substation bus Zra = Step-dowu uwfuoa: q 1

kvarap = kvar ratmg of cap-ell« bat

5.4.2 Series Resonance

Magnified Harmonic
harmonic source There are situation where the shunt capacuor and the .inductor
current
of the tranSformer or the dlstribation line may appear ~

senes LC cucwt to the harmOOJC cmrents-

Jf the hanJ)Onic freqr,eocy of the noolineat load maiches with

xl...eQ the resonant frequenCY. the LC circwl ~in absorb more
}
Xaource
harmOtlJC currenl from the distnoutJOO system. For cxampJe.

,f the customer 1s not using non-linear Joad. yet be uses the

power facror correcting c.apacitor, then there as ~

the shunt capadtor bank harmOnic voltage d.i.stOrtion beaUSC of oei¢ibonng ~

source

Fig. 5.4.4 =System with potential saws nsar.-r po61 -


7 Pa 1111
Hennonic: runt>er h
l
.,.._.••,~.,•drantWttJa_,_
~ creattng tqtltplneob, to reduce the harmonics.
harmonic vo~ C(lrreipond1ng to lhe
'. Ind V, • The Voltage 1111 lhe power factor
problem, aometunes parallel
frequency leaaer than lhe ~
Tht - des """ .. hold "" '""' of i......
In T-.,._ """' fflOloq """""- ~
et1en are lhieldcd "1th 'pecja) tyPe of IIIIQ'-o.
W~m~~~ ~
lnstafiation of J)MS1ve filters in lhe location cJose to
... - """""" - . . of"' •
prop1ga1e long rrom the SOUrte
i..-. ~
Acti e filten along "1th harmonics PFOduciag ~ Ill
lcuen the harmouics • lbe supply
~
- lsobtion transrormen, waveform Vlaping
multilevel convenen and reactors are llSed •mide "-llloaiia
We Will see few of them briefly.
- The IHage of tlcctronic equJPIIICnt IS lllCIC3Sing 8ndually dli
to the usage of nonlinear loads. Thus harmonics ca lie
reduced by proper designing of the device, as lllady
rd1ected in CFL.\, Fluorescent lamps. ASDs, UPS 111d '-1
charger As explained earlier, the data processing •
employs SMPS i>roouces harmonics.
- The C05I involved in designing the equipment is too lip•
IOllletimes makes the equipment bulky.
- Today, ASI>s are gaining more UDportance as it focaa 11
reduce the current harmonics. Earlier CSis 111d VSb • llllil
for harmonic reduction.
- The harmonic tunenta geDerated by the equipmeat CII Ill
found using n = l:q z I, where n • harmoaic rn,q.sY
k. inteJe,, q - pullc number.
►
f pc,Vierauah
SPPU-Sem 7-Electrical)

di di
5-7
Harmonic ~lti
If k = 2, n:: (2 x 6): I= 11 and 13 harmonics - for s,x O.S.S.6 Writ8 short
note on the
passive filter in IIC1ive

~ distortion (Ref Sec COntrOlling harmonic

oetta-delta and Delta-wye Transformer 0. 5.5.6 N 5 5 3)
ame tho devices for (5 .,,_,
5,5.2
_ _ _ _d_1_st.:.o:.::rti:on'..:._\'(Rel S controlltng harmon1e
Tnimformtr.; w1tJ1 \OJTlC phase ~hift can he used to cuncel the -
ec 553)
-- (5 .......)
current hMJllomcs. Triplen harmonic~ arc \ucce,sfully Harmonic cu rrents produced b
Y nonll!ICa! load
weJ by using ~pec1al type of transfom1er called zigzag through the power Imes to the s can ~
111 greatcy fatancc and
configuration. the supply Harmonics arc c back to
au~ by parucular lood
_ nie--~ 1r1pten harrnomcs get, summed up to the neutral of the Harmonic filter, are clas~1ficd I no
I two types

~rormer Tnplen can be eliminated by using z1gz.ag

(I) PaNvc filter (2) Active filter
conncct1on or by usmg I!. - I!. and I!. Y connection~ m

➔ (1) Pas.sive filter

parallel to the toad.
th
_ By h3vmg 30° phase shift. the 5 and 7 harmonic~ current~
can be cancelled. If the nonlinear loads used in the
tr111sformcr arc same, there is large chance of harmonic
th
They employ pas~1ve components like res 15tor, capacnor and
inductor. These pru.~i~e components are set t0 the frcqucncy,
which can filter the harmonics

cancellatJOn. Based on the resistance and mductance value. low impedance

_ s meumes, transformer has multiple phase shifts in their value is given to the filter, wluch filter; the hannomc
0
configuration; this saves the cost and space of the currents. As the impedance 1s lower than the \ourcc,
harmonic current will flow from ~ource to filter and back to
transformer.
A
B
51h - ... .,
t ...,.. ..
71/1 , _ _
a,mmoni..
source.

~ This keeps the current in circulation, thus keeping the

I~I C
t =::t b.

~,=,
N D. harmonic currents well away from the source and other loads
D.
If additional harmonics arc to be eliminated, tuned filter; arc

applied in parallel (Eg. Arc furnace).

,, ln certain situations, computer simulations can be performed

th
for the entire power system. before 10stallaUon of the
(a) Zipag tramformer (b) circuit for cancelling 5Ut and 7
harmonic filters.
harmonics
The power system is drawn tn the computer using simulation
Fig. 5.5.1
software, to locate the harmonics. then the model of harTJlOOIC
1.5.3 Harmonic FIiters · ed for the wtiole
filter is placed and the output is !hen exarrun
-t (SPPU - Dec.15, May 16, May 17) system. 1f the rei,ults are not as expected the fitter~
• d theY are stmulate.l again-
II harmonic fllterlng? Explain active and locations are changed an .,~ate
.
h re 5111 and 7
By using resonance c1rcu1t, w c _.__uns 1'1U•
... ocJier
e filter re~erv<·~ .-A
produced, we can avotd th ~ c ti111'11 ,,,.
are used for
source. Hence tuned ti\I ters ·
power factor correcuon.
1 7 B r.1;irks
 5-8
2 Ham-onic T~
5.5.4 Isolation Transfonner '--

An rn,lalioo rnnsfonm used

ycases lth as a~ 10
or

-+ They art btsl v.'ben used

IR Frequency AC er OC dmts,
(bl llHtS pon. ~ SCR for rtct1fitatioo.
t'IR, 5.5-2
5.5.5 Use of Reactors
-+ (l) A• d~1' Hlitr
More frequent!) t ployed for ~ and cost. lhe
Acm11 f1l.,.r
,L • an f1IICI hannont,' \\ tthoul l'CIL"'l\\', powtr
~
r, ll<l'l1l 1, the grem-t solution for barmom.: red.xuon
11111~ lhe ,t1nn1,1 ,,, \U"" c> lihn ,, ks, than that of ~
ID isolation tra.nsfonntr AC dm"CS dJode bo
J\i "' lth(r 1,11 ,)nic 1"<,wtr an.I Mnhne.ar load
lbe) don'1 d?: ~
l'l",.111,~ n-" 11an,t \lie m11or aJ,lll\1agc ot a.:tm m gtomlly 11.-cd for hnc reaclOrS. line ['3Ctt 'n ~
· filler 1, 11
Min w,1,..,1,J 1n, an,1\lle l1)dt.1' connected m ~~ v.1tb the oonlincar 10:tds.
Power
source ~UR CE) -+ I (LOAD) B) c0lllltt1lllg the mductaDcc m 5CSleS, ~) ~
(9--1111
harmonic, as well as ~ink ,1>hagoe ttanste ,
v. ~
AS!h to fatl on O\tr ,ol ~

ti
Computer
loads
ASD

Ftg. S.5.4 : Typical lint mirt or

Tablf S.S. I : Summary : Effects of barmonks

on N\ulpments

Hannonltefftcu

C'apoc110, impedance decrea.,;e, with mcre

a,mg - He.uing of cap,acttancc due IO
frequenry, ,o capacitor lll'h a, 11 ,in\.
\\here ,ncrca.~ lo.st ,
harmonic, converge.
Shortnn-wt
Supply ,y,tem mductanct ran re,onate
"1th
Pu-:c l111lurc
n1pa.-1tor.. at s11me harmom,· frequenc), cau,m
g I~
,urrent, and \Ohage to develop. C'&pllCltor e:1.plOS1ons

more ~n"t ne towanl, ham111mcs

m computer.. ill't -.en,11ne, IL\ they

. lugher tran,;fonner Vl>ltagc Transfonner beaing.

10n
Reduced life.
 ~1

In rt' I h•s
harmomt ,oh I' odlK
flt peed c uTC pond1

BI0\\0111 cmls m n t "or\ pn:iperl) 10 the p

of h:umomc cunt'nl

Hnnnomc.s ner te
\\att-bollr motors. mer
mducuon disk • wht h cause, 11npropc.r ope
Clffflll rtlaYS
Eloctromc controls often depend on the 1r.ro t"ro
[kdrOlllc and rompurer -
or the voluigc peak for proper control
carw1Wequip-n1
hntmomc t'M 1gmficnntl) nffect these p in,mct

They rel '" I\

: Paulve Tuned and Detuned FIiters llh r I hunl tl
lllt'thod-. Thy
or to blod them hy t'I 1.11 1 the- ml hi
Tuned and Detuned FIiters
cn·:itt1 th· re on n
+ (SPPU - Dec.16, Moy 17) n
Th pa~s1,e- tuned fill
the paBSlve filter design proceduro n\,
iodu tor und t I' th>r I"
distortion. l
s111 le tuned douhlt lun
15 8) Dcc. 16. Ma 17, 8 Marks
l) pc fill r
deeign steps of passive and
(Ref. Sec. 5.6) (10 Marke) 5.6.1 Shunt Passive Filters

on of the inductor and cnpuc1 tor.

Q. 5.6.3 Expl n p
n
(A

Stngl tuned fill r 1

urc th n t, ork of th tn 1 tll

&lf Po SPPU Som 7 Eloctrlcal 6-10

i:r Disadvantages
l'hc single ltms;d fih r , tuned to prov1dr. the low 1mpcd:tlllc

for 1x1111lul u hammnlc cuITT'nt amt then c.onnoctcd m p:imllel

A, smglc tuned ftltcr uses one filter cucurt for fil1tnn
g Oat
"ith th{'I 111,\\cr Aystrm. the-rchy d1vc11111g hannnrucs from
harmonics at a tune, more filtcr1 wrll be needed for frhcr
then regul,.11' plth through the filler ~
more harmonics

High () factor leads to de.crease rn the bandwidth So ~

l
il0
2
device 1s sen auvc to fundamentnJ and other f~IICJci

3 Proper tunmg 15 required, wluch increases the COst or~

T 1'
reactor
Single 1st-order 2nd-order 3rd-order
tuned high-pass h1gh•pnss high pass
5.6.2 High Pass FIiter
Hg. 5.6.I: Common pa,;_'>ive flltu couflgurations
High pass filtc~ COITIC'i With the dampmg resistor Ii',
~tngle tuned notrh filter pro\rdc nutomat1c power f,lltor
reducing the Q-factor of the filter. If Q-factor 1s low, 1
com-ct1on in add111on to hannonir suppres~1on. Hence, notch
incrcasci the bandwidth of the filter and its best suited for~
filter~ are used to make Pl·C rapacitnrs.
frequencies above the cut off frequencies.

The value of the inductor and the capacitor detenninc~ the
\alue of the tuned frequency, which provides the low
When high pass filters are designed for low order hannauci
then fundamental frequency losses in the damping fCSUlttJ
are very high. This is reduced in the modified fi1ra
configuratJons. Low order high p~s filters are realized mini
third order filter or C type filter as shown in Fig. 5.6.2.

ICtt
A L A L

wer at fundamental frequency

cl at which filters are to be installed

Second order ·c· 1ype fitt8f Third Older
filter
filter

Fig. 5.6.2 : fflgb ~ lilter

The C filter has L and c;_, which are tuned to the fun~

frequency for providing low impedance path for the current

to pass through the damping resistor. For the third ~

filter, the impedance of the damping resistor 1s very ingb I!
compared to impedance of parallel branch. Hence Jess CUfldl
flows through the damping resistor.
Formulae:

Q
½t =--- (V2. 2Jtf)
 11

C •

QR \pov,

\ \ le d ,;,h h r,t rrnrc to be lied

~frequency

• frequency
5.6.4 Low•pasa Broadband Filter•
r~
~ and lov. Q\1311ty factor oftt req 1-

., , on tn funda.ml-ntal frequency fil1.er bloc.kl .,.. Dal1JIOQ1(. lrt<jlllro~Y

bliunt fi It.en, -,.. hat

ardcr and c type high l)IS~ filter, los ore
Surnlarly, for "1le$

rcqUIIC$ a M:rlC f.
iTOilaetfantlgll
required tu blocl lhe pie frequiCIQes.
~ 11> n,glc nmcd filter, the losses arc more
In numerou power
not only a gJe f a:y

range of frcqucnc n

A low-pa!, br03tlband fi ter

muluple or Wi(bpread n,.,,,..,.,.,,.,. freq
poor for thud order and c type lugh pass filter

Paaalve FIiters

HK, MA : A \1.,-w-palil broadband nlter cooffgumiofl

and Inductance arc Connected IO parallel and Cum:nt w1U1 freq w.:.y beltJW
1h11 they provide high 1mpcd:incc for a chosen frequency can , t.11,wevu,

compoucnu above lhe cu

produce(l blocb the flow ol harmonic
Smee tlu type of w fi ter
frequency At fundamental
llCh1 ve a low cu f frequency tt
•
be designed to )'l~ld low
broadband filler
 Harmonic M,:tioo i ~
.,. FonnulN

R c

e 11111' H~ t VR
- c la• submldon
•'- ~._~: t'11lt'r am-~--··

56.5 C Altel"S

r ...,. n-i•la.'td h, ic,111 ~ " b ~ filter for

ftltm r.1n ,..,
X, = Short-drcuu reactance at fundamental ~ucncy
n\'.lu( in& mul1tpk- twm,.,m, frequencies m largt: 1odu,lr) and
u1tlt1) ",~m, XU1l = rea..·taocr of I.., at fundamental frequency

Tilt, ehmtn11tr I ~ am,,unt ,,ftuoo ,nrymg and stl'ad) ,tate :\,. = reac1an1.·e ,,r c. at fundamental frequency
1
hMn,,,m,, 11nd ab,, mtrrhanru,m,·~ creatC'd h) tl'k- cJr, tromc sF lhalmOniCI
+-- +--
dc1 ices likr ,)doc,,mrnrr.., 1lk11k:tt,m fuma.--e rt.:-,

- T!k- C filler 1s more are k-" 'llltll" lb the sec\,nd onler high Lin R
pass fihrr the mrun diffrn.-Jl\·(': ts that the C filtrr has au>.iliary
c.
nor c•. which 1s m senes v.ith tl'k- mdu,·11111,-e L,,,.

Fig. 5.6.7 : Equiv•nt drtuit for ckriving C-fflter spttifkalloa

R
Syllabus Topic : Design of Tuned FIiters

5.7 Design of Tuned FIiters

Fig. S.6.6 : C Filters
While selecting the filter, it is nrcessary to chose the a
·ary capacitor c. is sized such that its capacitive capadtor with proper size. as it plays important role in power
cancels out inductance L., at the fundamental factor correction.

bypassing the damping resistance R. This is the

A senes tuned filter should be designed such that the

capacitor should able to trap the harmonics by adding a

reactor such that XL = X,..

se of the C filter is also more or less ~ General Procedure

1. Select a tuned frequency for the fflter

The tuned frequency is chooscn based on the harmolliCt

characteristics of the load. If its a single tuned filter, die
filtering is done for the lowest harmonic rn,queacy.
probably for the fifth harmonics.
 (SPPV·Sem 7-Becmca!l 5-13

1tJt' fiJtef (111U1lg l' doOC ~lo\\i the banDODJC ~

...., roi..-rao.x~ for the filtt'r and to w tbstand lhe
IO,l)o11o u ... ' t h e ~ l:QC!lP(:=~ =
_ ... ,,snatI00..'
S) ""'"''
_,\:lit' dlC' fitter from acnng as a dlltlCt shon
~
'Jb!' p.-
ciJt111' for dlC' offending hal1I1Cruc cunmt.

dut) tbC filter .;-oropoocnt•

00

lt aL<O (llin11'0-tz.eS the po,,1bilit) cf danc<>erOU,- twmoruC

~ - e ,b{)llld the 5) ,rem p.munetr:n ch:inge and Tb"" me ciesucd C1f()Cl " ~--con~

cau,;e tbC (U1UJllt nequenc) to ,hift. formula.

:. OJIIIP9er ~ t o r baDk sm and t1ar ~°' fttQOffiC) Xav = ~h h 1

_ A• ru)c. the ,ize of the filter L' ~kcted t,;i..;;ed on the 3. Compute filter~ su;c
3
~ve pcwer reqwrement foe the purpo~ of the power ~ sizc of me rc31,.--uic .. v. eb:l;.etl ro

fa.~ C()(fCdJOO· the required frequcnC)

_ WbcO an ava11able power f-actOC co~-non C2J)OCllor i:-
,00,-erted to a bannonic filter, the capacitor ,ize 1,

or

- 1be reactor size is then selected. to rune the capacitor to

the desired freqUeDC). Based on the tuning frequency,

die voltage of the capacitor bank is higher than sy ,tem

Filter', dut) C} de , detenmned from the , ap,x:itor tun\ dut)
• t :

cyck. The) mdude current. ,-ola~ 1'.~ AR and RMS

IDmple : Let us assume that there is no cap3Cttor

illtalled and the desired power factor is 96% Thus the

• reactive power required from the filter i:, i5% to 'The) are done 10 ~ , .ps:; rompt."ll!ll'-~ for fund3roenW
dune,.,, h3m}OOi.:- dutie• sod rm• curre t and pe3k ,-ol~

dutie:-..
5. Computatio-D of f\lDdamellbu du~ rcqwreinents

The fund:unental ~ ) ore.ranng ,u\u\ge 1, detmnl~

acro,, the cap3Cttor b.mk. 11le ,tep, ~ ·

(i) The (undamentnl rrequenc~ 1, calcubted ._..

Power factor
correction capacitor

(ii) The fundamental frequeDC\ fi1ttr (:Ul1Clll lS

kV._.. ..)3
1-,: ~
r ~ Power OtJ8i1ty SPPU•Sem 7•Electrical) 5-14 Harmonic Mitigaboo Tecttn~

The fundame.ntal frequency operatmg volt.age across the

capaator bank I gncn as,

(c) The RMS voltage across the capacitor is

Vu Cap nm.lllllll = ✓J.,l.Clp(W1 + ~

'
\ .Cap
(d) The total KVAR !ittn by the capacuoris.
I\ The 11CtJve rcactne pov.er 1s
Kvarcapc..,.1,_. = ../3 I,,,,, IWI x kV1 l.Cap(nna,,Dlo!J
k\111,_. = ..[3 X ~ X kVKt,al 8. Enlua~ capatltor ndng llmlts
6. Compatation of barmonk duty requlremenb
They arc compared with the standard IEEE values as
ln du we 11,,ll compute the maximum harmonic curTCnt of tabulated below :
the let

The harmonic current produced by the load 1s given as,

».ty D6itloa
-
kVA

Vu. Captmn Pai.1t1 filY

Peak 120
kVnud 480V 119
1) lmpcdance of the transformer 1s found as: voltage

Vl.,L, Cap 1nm, IWI) ~

RMS 110
kV,_ 480V 106
(u) lbc impedance of the capacitor bank 1s : voltage
,., _ _ Xc.i, r..,.1
'-up~..._ - h Inn,, lnul ~
RMS 180 541 V 129
1<.1111cd)
.-i>cdancc of the reactor 1s '. CUITCnt

kvarc.p 1.,y,1. loUI 614 kvar

kvar 135 ~
kvar- 136

9. Evalua~ ftl~r frequency respome

V~ .a.,,, ( pu) X Ir. VIC1Jal

They are calculated using the fonnula ·

m hanoomc current 1s the sum of the

the load and that

10. Evaluat. the effttt of ftl~r parameter variations wl6II
spedfted tolerance.
voltage acrou the capacitor 1s given as
The filte11 arc generally assumed w11h the 1olerancc of :tl5'1

(L.l.--- = ..[3 lb -1) ~

h of nominal capacitance value, while rcacto11 have the tolennct of
±5% of the nonunal inductance

er To dNlgn Nr1N tuned following e19p.,. tolloMd

I 0cte11111De thc c:aplCllor 111.e QC 1n MVAR, say the readlve

power requirement of the soun:e

2 The capacitor t'CICtancc IS •

 5-15
(SPPU-SerTl 7-Electncal)

1' calcutnted by
IJIICC (Of fil lCI"' R ~"Q
~
--
---7"1~--;:;"
C == ixnxfx~xn Where Q1 lhcq1 It (-.

of filters to be designed Syllabua Topic : Activo Filte

D"' oUlllt,er
ra, illng lll'ld
\\i,;t occur"' hen cnpac1t1vc rcactancc
a!l('t cond1t1on w1 II Acth,o Flltora l.oc
....,rtsOII
, ,~ rellL'tllflCC as .
cqusl 101ndu,U\C 5.8 Active Filter, Slzino -
X :: Xe
tiarmOOIC\ 0 f
t) pc h• the qze of the reactor
---------~---
Q. 5.8.1 Exp n about
e. and Locat1on

fol 111rP1"ll I • 1 '

Sec 5 8)
(R I
----"-~-----.__~(10~~
L == 12 )( n x h x rl x c Ac11 ve Ii lter.; are new 'YPC

harmomC1> Titey nre more tly

th re~istance of the de, ice, which
6. ~I) tactor dctenn1ne, e
However, the mam lldvan
of tt llCll e ft
, g,1tn by,
doe, not re onatc with the ~tern

R=
:AQ "'
here Q is the quality factor. The active filter can also work mdcpcndc: Uy

impedance charactcn tic Hence they

f "4 Order High Pass FIiter
rr Design Stef)I 0 2
effectively, when passive filt~11 cannot opcr pr
following step are followed :
To design 2• order high r-
ru1ss filter, to parallel re~onancc problem

I)etmnmc the capac1tor size Qc m MV AR, say the reactive

They can ehmmate more than one harmomcs Bl

power miu11tment of the source.

ehminate other problems hke flicker "They are ennJ1oveo
2. The capacttor reactance is : particularly for the larger load~ which nre dnv b
1
kV points in the power syr,tem
Xe= QC

The active filter.; can be prognunmed to control the !)(i

3 Cap1:11111et for filters is calculate.d by,
factor. Active filters are power elcctroruc deVI
C= 1
2xnxfxXcxn
m parallel with the load to be compensated

Wbeit, n=number of filters to be designed. f ns n conuolled urrtnl

The device can be thou ght 0
I waveform in real lJ1IIC
The "SODanct cond111on will occur when capacitive rcactance which provides any kind of curren
is cquai 10 lllductive rr.actancc as : th the nonhncar load '
When connected m parallel wi oaded
ted and the net111or\ I
Xi. = Xe hannomc currents are compcnsa
f(f trapping harm . wtlh fundamentnl current only
ont('s of type h, the size of the reactor f~
be, the relevant ~
The control sy tcm momton and • untJllCOIIS Y
. able of d e ~
network and ts cnp t.
the toad ,unen
reacting to any dtsturbanoe tn
of the dcVtcc. which
 I) 18

'·
~ sour
lid

► AHC

Unearload

fig. S.8. 1 • Open ting principle of an 1rlive niter

I
dJVidcd r two t}pcs (1) Shunt (parallel) llCIJvc filtel"I

-
~ actl\ C' filter
Syllabus Topic : Adv1111agea o1 Actlvo Flit,,, ....
Pa111ve Fllter1
S.8.1 Shunt Active Filter
5.9
Advantages of Active Filters o"er
_ The~ tagc source m,~r (VSI) 1s sun1lar to STATCOM It Passive FIiters
COOnected tn Parallel nr PC'C. CulTent 1, tnJccted such that

the hannoruc current 1s equal and oppo\1te to the lnJCCted Q, 5.9.1 Give e adv ge of a

currcnt Hence, act.l\c filters can he connecte<l to any type of P8SBNe f lter (Ref Sec 8
load.
Active filten can be de 1gned to prov(d r

1be marn advantage of the acti,e filter 1s thar ir improves the hence no anenuatron as in the t.-a~ c,f

Act1\ e filters are co5tly than the passive filters The active power filtcn can o er omc ~ d
y preferred tn large scale. pasme filter hut !heir control 1s complex and d
.,
--. implement.
Non-linear load
Active filter.; can be used tn very drffic
where passive filren cannot operate ucec:

■
parallel resonance problem

Active filters can handle more than one hannon at a

VS! rr Difference between active flltera and passive fllltn

diagram or shunt active power filter
: II I
Passive harmonic !Hier
P.H.F are filters in true
sen<,e, A HF are not fil~ but !hose
only lllJCCI <>pposue natare of
ls, these filter5 are connected m ~eries dI tortcd current m the ne
Thus only the power qualt
bing transfonner. Active filter adds toward the source , mpr ed
with the \Upply voltage and never down the line
t--------- -
Those fillers actually shon -IA H.-Fdo - not_&ho_n _cu_tor
circuit and remove the high remove the harmomc co
frequency currents
But only try IO unprove lhe
(distortions or hannomcs) waveforms IOwards IOIJlU
from the distnbuuon
network.
 17

yllabua Topic• Hybrld Fl!ten

/\ II I ,I< noC I p h , m, r,1

5.10 H)'brld FIiters
, un nl II ul 11n 1n lh

" '"' '" What are hybnd titters and eJqMin d"'--'t
type• of hybrid fitters
10) (I . . . . .\

111m l'r. , '""' rl'I 1\ I., I'

omh1111d1< n of IICUVC and p 11/C
nu h<'h:1\'" • Hybn,1 fill
f,Ucn tll<'y hnve advnnt 1 of bolh 11c11ve and r ,vc filtcn of
four ,~ ul bl hytmd £,It rs 1u.:1tve p ,ve fill l'li arc more
hcnel" 1 1I 1 o o , the dr wh k of hr h convener raun • hytmd

nu ht'h 1\101' be< ,Ill" I\\ Cllpl.1111c:d

llltcn; nro d s1 ned There arc four type of hyhnd filter bnsed on
h('I 110" n 111(,
tho ~ ,re nol 1, (llt\lly fill, r;
tht hnc If lllr.
1hc1r coof1gumuon
of ,,nnt("IIOR IU°C (o) Shunt oc11ve powl'r filter nnd sene acuve power filter
properly
A H I an: c,,mph, .11,·d (h) Shunl 111.1"c power filter and shunt pa.~s1ve filter
verjl\lggrd l('('hm, all), use ,oph1,1t,·,1t("d
:"('(rte and MY ( C') A.:-11 \-C P''wer filter m sencs w1lh hunt passive filter
cle.: m-im, s ind oft\\ arc. h, n, c
wn can br anc-ndt'd
lhe m111ntennn,·c ,s d1llu.;ull unJ
(d) Senc, active power filter wtlh shunt passive filter
cw:ry ume lhe mllJlufuclurer hiL~
to he cont11ctt'd In c,1"-" ,,t any Ea.:h filter configumuon 1s explained below with their menlS
hreak do\\ n lhe ust•r c.:innol
811t>nd lll even ,mall prohkms. und dements
11K' manufac1urer.- ol A,·tivt'
➔ (A) Shunt APF and Series APF
filter.. takt• advantage of lh1s facl
1111d hlt"rally Ulle the user for a
Non-ltnear load
ndc and charge hcav1ly for aftt"r
sales sen ,cc

As explained, Acttve fillers have

lot of soph1sucated elcctromcs
and software

Acbve harmoruc filters are Series APF SeriNAPf

always CO!ltlier lhan pa.,;sive
harmonic filters Fig. 5.10.l : Shunt APF and Series APF Combination
Runrung losses are higher than
passive hannoruc fillel'S. This filter is the combination of scncs APF and shunt APf. It

Accive harmonic filter do not combines the advantage of senes APF m chminabllS ~

hannonics and shunt APF for eliminating currcac ~

ba-ve leadency of getting over
loaded. Abo many such uruts
be paaUeled for additional This combinauon finds tts applicabOII aa f1esible AC
___,_ ro coaaol
Transnuss1on Systems (FACTS). It 1s eveG __,_
this filter configuration as 1t mvoh-el IIIIJIC --A.Pf
Hence. these filters are noc widely uaed
~ Power Quall SPPU-Sem 7-Electrical 5-18

➔ (B) Shunt APF ■nd Shunt Pwlve Fllttr ➔ (D) S,rtel APF with Shunt Conllft'lfd P■-1v, frlit.,

- The power roting of this filler depend~ on the order of - The Serie, Al'P nnd Shunt Af'f <11mh1n1111011
~,. I~
frtquenc1c5 ii 1s able filler 0111. Hence the APP fillers whkh Fig. ~.10 4 ha~ the pruhlcm of rnmph:x rnntrol Atrate

overrnme 1h1~ drawhnd, the thunt Al'F " repJ111:eii hy •

•n~
arc used for tillering lower order fn-quencirN h1t~ low power
rating, simple and low rnsl. This filter configuration is used hhunl conne<.trd pH'IVC filter
for hghter loads.
_ The passive power hller doc~ not rC(1u1r0 11ny ~ 10nal
111 111

In this configuration, ShunI APF is used lo Ii lier the lower rnntrol circuit and !he rnsl ,, nl~o le~~ Uere the leriei
order harmonics and shunt passive filtrr is used 10 filter the connCl"ted APP provide~ low impedance /11lrno,1 1
:crri, rl)f
higher order harmonics. low frc<iuency cumponenl~ wherea~ the ~hunt connected APp

- The main drawback of this filter is that, ii cannot be operated provides less impedance for high frl'qucncy cornponcn(A "Id

for the variable loads, as passive fillers can opemle only for fillers oul all higher order harmonics, So th,~ filter
the predetermined frequency, configuration is !he mos! bcncfici11I of all othen and ha& !he

---,r---,r----tNon-llnear load advantage of reducing both current and voltage h11m1<mica

I
Shunt
passive
filter

Shunt Pimlve FUter Combination

Shunt Pmive Filter

'on, the Active Power Filter is

Fig. S.10.4: Serles APF with Shunt Conn«ted Passive Filter

guration is that the passive filter 5.11 Guldellnes for Harmonics Voltage
and current Limitation

- Till now we have seen !he effects of hannonics m !he voltage

and the current in !he power systems. So it is ncceswy to
rMUCC !he hannonic distortions that are produced during the
power system operation. If the hannonics produced m the
system is leas, .!hen !he pcrfonnance of the device is bellef,
Also, less harmonic current has less impact on the
neighbouring men, who ia sharing the IIIIIC power line.

- lnlemllional F.leclro tecbnicaJ Commiuion (IEC) baa defini,d

I set of Eleclromagneeic COlllpltibility (FMC) lfllldlnf ID

handle powr quality iuues.