lo/M 1:?

Crysullization

"1and:ord liqnor. Feed syrup 1n 1hc s1andard
lu111111 pn><·css (h¡;ure 121 115¡ is usually produccJ
hv 1ll"11lv111g nffined B (raw) or C (nf1cr product)
"1'"" 111 1l11d. ju ice. Equipment for sa1urating lhick
11111 ,. 10 1hc li111i1 oí solubilit)' al a prcdctcrmincd
I• 1111><:1.11111 c" ilcsc ribcd by Htrran~ et al. {1997).
111 """e lJ,.,,S. thc affincd sugar is firsi d1ssoh·cd
111 1-.11a kon1lcns:uc) :md 1hcn ml'ed wilh lhick
'"" r 111c thcurc11cal pnncipl~ underl~ 1ng lhe d1s·
• ul \ 10!' OÍ cry~tal sugar and the cqu1pmcot Cm•
1•1") 1•11 111·rc nl\ csligatcd by Aus1111,.~ tr { 1990).
U""'"" S) 1·11p. \\'here differen1 grndcs of
"1111•· "1rar .irc rcquired. c.g. rcfincd as well as
" 11111· "'l"'" :1 difíerent crysrnlli za1ion se heme is
11 ~ •I 111 1111· "');Jr house (F1~uro 121116). In 1ha1
1u ' 11 1 rt<'<.t."\\ary 10 m:i.l.c remc:h ~) Np from thc
all1 111•1 l 1.I\\ "' e lJÍICr produetl SU~Jr. In 1h1s way.
1ho11t ~fl , ,,f thi.: t(}L31 ":hite ~u~~u prcJucuon c-an
' • 111.1.I" 111 1hc hi¡;h.:r quah1y. lf n llish.r pr1>por·
lt •11 1 1 I • llnéd ~ug:tr 1s nc:etlcd. 3th.h l1\lll31
11,.11 "·" '" he dissoll'ed (Figure 1211 17).
11,.. ""!'"" ,1rc dissoh·cd 1n condcns~ie con·
1.1111111 ·• .11111nu11aun1 cai bon:ue/~11n11101l iu111 h)rclro..
• " • " 1.. •11.tll' 1 r;ohlc 1116). ad1u~1cd lO ' "" dcsirl'd
dr\ 11li -1.Uh c.· c.:u111cn1 (70-74".'.< 1. r.ti~d by 3 hcat
1 ' ' 11•11 • o ' " ' lcm¡xramre of 95 ·C. :rnd fihcrcd.
1h 11111• •.huul<I he kcpl ohout 10 min nt 95 ' C in
• 11 1 ' " """ 11·1111)· "enltzcd. h i~ 1hcn c0<1led
1 11 11 111 /'\ XU (º, 4.'cn1ntt!rcurrently \\llh >}rup to
1 ".111111 d 1q •.•.111tl run'l.¡>cd ro 3 ~upply ln.nk. 'fhis
111 1111111111· ll n ht·~H ll\,l llÍH.'llh.!OI ÍOr rCln~ lt S}'f\lj)
11 111 11.1111111/ I d t1;1t10 IL
11 1,1. 111 111' 11 1:-< atlvi~ ;1hh: h) ml1k~ not one
11nd .t 114111.-1 but l"'º scpar3tC' syrups. accord ..
11 1 • ,¡,, 1¡111111,· ,.,- thC' afiin~J <u~;,:r (color. ash)
11 1 \ 1 'I"·' "' ' • )IU(' :.b11ulJ ;,l\IJ)S lle: d•'CO)Or·
• •I" Ido''" 1 1 •~1 wiU\•n~ Jb.l ;snJ 16 :?,.
1h 11111 "d ~\1up ' hould h<ivt! li:~s th::in
11 ' • 11 1 lulill •.11Jid, 1n ori.lcr to au,,in a IO\\
• 1ion of run·<>ÍÍ (s~ rup) are fcd. Fmm 1hc <•utkt uf
111 1l11l1h • 1id 1 11t1h: 11I in lhc.· SU);?ar rloduccd
1
111111 l 'í 1 1 1 1,.,,ol\inr in 1.--ondt·n~31c givcs
111 \1 1111 ' 111114 hºlll huttc·r r:1pt11.:11y. 'º th~ll no il\-
1 11 t\ h·1111 ·1t111 " '"J"11.1UH}' 1.ry.1alli1.a11on.
tl u ' l'll• h 0 )..tlt' '- t ••ul.1111 l111lt• ;111Hl\nni;t
111 111 1 1 Jlll"C' ' .11111 .11 r,11, lhl·~ houlJ th~1t·
n IJU lt d l o 11 ,.,, \,1hu· ut .1l"iltll CJ
lll 1•1 1 1 ' " • h 1 11n \\ hile 11 • r 11 ,.,. til
l In , , 1l 1r 111 llle l\11111 llP11fd llHI
1 11
Crysl:il suspcnsions (magm:is). Grcal c:ire is
required in making an artina1ion or seed maim3,
rrce of nir bubbles nnd fines, fron1 unwashcd or af-
finerl B (raw) or C (aflcr produc1) sugnrs. Thís np.
plies particularly wherc con1inuous ccnirifugals
are employcJ, because sug"r cemrifuscd in this
way con1ains a largcr proponion of broken nystals
(sc:c1ion 13.2.2)
Thc use of water or lhin juice ins1cad uf syrup
íor sccd magma prcparation, which ·~ common in
parts of 1he canc sugar indusuy, is nol rccom.
mendcd. The s mnll c.rystals 1ogc1hcr wi01 a lnrgc
amo11n1 of 1hc crystal mass are dissOll'cd :md lhe
mean cc-ystal diamc1cr is reduced (scc1io11 12.4.2.3).
Thc mcngling syrnp musl be prepnrcd. as al·
rcady <lcscnl1<:d. nnd 01en rai~d 10 a hi~hcr IClll·
pcraiurc (llO 90 •e¡ in a hea1 e~changcr. bcforc u
is onxcJ w11h the colder sugar, in 01dcr 1u a1um
the dcmcd magma tcmpcralurc. e.g. 70 Tiic e
mmglcr muq l>e so dcsigncd that n0t only are fines
''hile completcly di,sohcd. 1hus significanoly rcd11c1ns
thc numher of par11clcs, hui ;ilso 10 .lllow nir bub-
blcs 10 escape from 1hc magma. 01hcrwi;c con;id-
crnbk fo:1111 is formcd whcn 1hc sccJ ma¡;11111 is
Ora\' n in10 1he cv:i1>01ating cr~ s1alli1er. \\ hich i$
only more or lcss cont1olled by add1ng more anu-
foom agcnL~. F.' cn so. 1he conduct of 1hc Cf)"alli·
zauon proce's 1> J1srup1ed for ~··eral m1nu1c'
Tiic d•·<cgn of equipn1<n1 for 1l11s purposc is
sho11n 111 l'igurc 12!37.
~linr hn¡; is cnrned 0111 in twu siages. Pan only
e.g. 30<:'c nf thc llllal 1·olumc of nin-off (synip) re-
quircd, i~ nddcd 10 1hc m:1ss of sugnr in :i lirst
sio~c. "lnch is follo"°'' by 1horough 11ming..
Thcn , in :• •ccond swgc. thc rcm:1in1lcr CIÍ 01c run·
off (syrur» 1s nddcd and 1he rcsuhin¡; 101,J 1·01t11ne
IS S1muhancOU\I)' bomogcniscd by M1mng. lne
first Stagc nu:\1ng is canic:J ou1 10 :1 honton13J
sen.~\\• convC)'Or into ~·hich 1hc sugar 3nJ fir~t frae-
the ~crcw co1wcyor 1hc mixture i~ 11 an~ícncd 10
the ink1 of a hlcntling chambcr. Thc scci>nd lrnc-
1ion oí 1hc nin ·off (>) nip) is injec 1,' d in10 1hc mix-
ture 31 1hc inlct to 1hc blcn<ling chambcr
From 1hc Íll>l ·~lagc sacw con1cyor. the 1111x·
1urc i< prcfcrabl) trJnsfrm."<l 10 lhc blcn<lin~ cham-
"''h !x·r '1.1 ;e \llrnnr d.:11cc \\ luch break~ up an) 3g-
111\r1t rl••1n..·ra1u1n, ni lí)''·ª''·
l" 'l C.'l'I' 1h1.• 1\\ 11 \C;tfl' .ul(h11011 uf run ofl !!.} nip ,,, c·utl~
111\\1111''1. 111+11 ,,, .lit A11 l111hl,l1•\ UI th~ 111.tJ' ll l;I
 12.2.1.2 Magma circula1iu11

110

100
89.d
o~
90
s 79 6
80
"'"'
V
:> 703
3 "'2 70
s;¡; 60
61 .6
53.3
~ 50
40

30
65 67 68 7t 73 75 77
3 Ory subSlance conlent of leed syrvp 1n %

figure 12137: Equipmcn1 for the fo:;n1.free mingling of Figure 12138 : Ch:u1ge in Ülc :i1nount of v..·~h.~r introd uced
3 S)'rup with B (r~w) or e (aftcr produc1) sugnr (Genmc- \\'ilh feed syrup, :lnd hcncc 1..he "':\ter lo be e\'3porJ.ted. ~<
1/c 1994) 3 function of thc dry subst:incc contcnt: 65'.'0 OS contcnt
1 R:\\\' sugar bin~ 2 Syrup; 3 Scre\\' con\'C)'or; 4 Tnter· = 100% water input (Sclmcidcr 1997)
nlediate 1r1nk: 5 Le,•cl: 6 ~!agn1a exH

produce an emulsion \\'hich is ni fficolt to ccntd-
fuge. The abscnce of air o.lso enhanccs lhe 1ransfer
of nonsugars from the cryslals 10 the solu1ion.
12.:!. l .2 Effcrt of fccd syrup dry substancc
contcnl on magnrn circul:ition
The dry sul>stance co111en1S ()f thick ju ices. syr-
ups and fccd syrups havc bccn incrcascd in rccent
years from 60-65% 10 72-75%. in ordcr to 111ini-
111iu the amount of water imroduccd mlO the sugar
house and hence saving cnergy (scc1ion J 1.2.3.
Figure 11/1-1). The proposal by Hoks (1975) to
conccn1rn1e 1hick juicc at 100 •e 10 82-85% ury
substancc content cannot be rcalizeu fl)r technl)-
logical reasons (scc also section 12.2. 12).
Th" reduced in1roduc1ion of w:1tcr (Figure
12/38) lowcrs in equal measurc 1he bubblc 1'oil111g
in thc cvaporating crystallizcrs and hcncc thc natu-
ral circulation; it also ncgativcly affccts thc hcal
lransfer cocflicicnt (section 11.5. l.l ).
Differenccs i11 dens1ty of tnc magma in thc up-
war<l llow (hcating, 1ubes) and rcturn zones (cen-
tral do\\ ntakl!) of an evaporuting cryst:illizcr (Fig-
ure l'.!1136) (mammoth pump action) accoun t for
thc na1uw l circula1ion of lhe c1y>talli?cr con1cnts.
·rhl· circ:u la1i•,11 lh·pc:nds nn:
The dcsig n parameters of lhc evaporating crys-
t~lfacr (scccling ,·olume, hcating 1ubc dia-
mctcr. bollom design, ratio of heming surfocc
to uscfu 1 volume):
Thc rn1io of 1hc scct ional area of lhe healing
tubes to the scctional area of the central down-
t:lkc (also callcd circulalion ratio). which
~hould be ab1>ut ~:
The magma rrope11 ics (dry substancc content.
purity. ,·iscosit)'. mogma le\'el abo"e tl1e cn-
l:1ndrl:l, tcn1pcra1 u1·~):
The operating conclitions (healing sleam prcs-
sure. vapor spacc rressurc).
An itcrati\'e mcthod for calculation of thc circula-
1ion from thc abovc paramcters has becn devel-
o¡x:d by R1>11il/ard (1987). According to his studics
natural circul:1tio11 cannot be cxpccted ata spccific
water ev:1por:11ion ratc of lcss 1han 2.5 lo 3.0 kg per
(h · m') hcating surfoce. This also puts a l1mit on
efforts 10 compensatc for ;, smaller tempel':Hurc
diffrrencc bctween hcating st.:am and magma by a
grc:llcr spccific hca1ing, surface a,·ni l:thili ty t hcat
ing surface in relnti\>ll 10 magma \'()Jume). 1 he
C\'apor.l!ion r:Hc docs 1101 iucrcasc propor1i1111:i1dy
\Vith increasing spct•lfic hc:ning ~urfacL" :1' ~nlah1li
ty (Figure 12/39). "hich mcan$ lh:it clic hcal ti:u"
fer i.:oeflicie111 f:tlls. ·111;, :ippht' p.11tll11l.11 I> tn
e 1"ftcl' p1 nd11t1) 111.lf' 111:"
680 12 Crys1alliz.a1ion

35 55 12.2.2 Chemical changes in sugar

~

.se 30 7i 53
house syrups
.g
.!3
a 2s ..
.e
~
51 The quali1y of 1hick juicc (1hem1al s1abili1y,
..§,e 2 !i
!!! ..
purity, color, buffer capaci1y) dcpcnt!s chicíly on
thc composi1ion of 1hc bcet or canc, which can r..e
..
E
ec.i?E
gg
d9
correc1ed 10 somc ex1cn1 in 1hc juice purífica1ion
o ~ IO 47
a. E
stage (sec1ion 9. 1).
.,, "'
...§" ~E
dS
The thick juice quality determines the subse-
qucnl behavior of lhe syrups in 1he various cryst3l-
5.2 S.d 56 58 6O 62 6.d
lization s1ages up 10 1he molasses.
Spcohc h~ali "g surface 1n ml/ml
J\llhough syrups increasc in color and their pH
magma votume value falls frorn onc crys1aUiw1ion s1age 10 ch~
next - occasionally thc pH value does rise , e.g. 10
Fi~ure 12139: Effec1 of specific hcating surface on w3lcr 9.5-10 in molasscs. prob:tbly owing 10 a changc in
l.:' :ipor:ition
:tnd on circul;ttion according to lilc111:rl el carhonacc/hydrogen carboua1c conccntration. it is
al. (1990), calcul:n~d frorn the ec1u:1lit11\S t'í Rahillnr.J
( 1987) :issumcd tha1 in 1hc sugar housc no nonsugar sul>-
1 \\':ner c\·aporntion rnte; 2 Ci rtuf~ü ó n stances are fon11erl fron1 suga.r and that only cxist·
ing nonsugnrs reacl wi1h each Olhcr, chic íly in,·en
su!!nr or its dcgrada1ion products (scction 2A. 1..:.
Higher dry s11bs1:1.11cc con1cn1s in the fccd syr- \\'ith :un1no :1cids (scctions 2.4.3.2 and '2.4.) ..iL
ups dccrcasc thc ci rcula1ion and m3kc il more dif- llencc. !he fo3mi11g of magmas and syrups as wel:
licuh to kcep 10 1hc proccss control parnmctcrs, :is of mol:isses itnd 1heir 1her111:il decomposi: ion is
:ibo,·e ali in thc crys1al forma1ion phase (secti on a11ributed in pa11 10 Srri,cker dcgrnda11011 (sectioru
12. 1.6). This has lcd to the use of mccbanical slir- 2A .3.-1 and 20.-1). In 111~ cvcnt of a fall of che s~ ru~
1crs (seciion 12.5.1.2) and sccd magrn3 (Secti on and/or molasscs pH valuc and thc con1inuci.I pres-
1 2.~ .7) as 1he sccd in C\'3porating crystalh:wtion cncc of carbona1c/hydrogcn carbonate ions in th~
'" wd l as accclcr:Hing thc dc,·clopmcnl of comin-
""'" C\'apor:iling crystallizcrs (scction 12.5 l.3). íal>lc 1212: lncrc:is1ng CC'llor and ch:ingcs Ul pH "~lues
of '"hile nod 'ª'\' su.gar 1n3g1nas of thcm1ol::ibJlc lh1:~
Juiccs dur;ng. crys1:illiz:uion. 1982183 e:in1p:ti,;n (Her.·
gyal ond Paradi 1984)
~r.oo Color Color :11 Tncrcosc Ch1ng<
?.$00 of tht cnd of in in
thick cryst;illi· color pH
;600 ju ice• t."ltion \',3(\Jt
in I U~4 in IU,._. iu ~
·.400
A (\\'hil..:) $ t1~ :11
3200 ~lean 1~.J2 3104 69 s.22....,1.ss
.
• ..ooo l\.1in)Ol llll\ 165·1 2~07 37
- (1.34

/F.110 ~1:'lA11llllln 2169 3740 11 6

;r
DL B 1R;iw) sugar
~lean 5650 6505 15 8.06~7.67
o 75 150 225 270 --0.3~
f\! inunon1 4769 583$ 9
~1axi1nu1n 6198 7110 29
1 l;.•u 1,· 12/.JO: lnc.11:a~inL' colc~r of \\hi1c sue:ir ni:11;!n1!\
11 11111 1hr1111,,l.1h1lt• ll11ck juicc:s dunng cry;l:tHiz..1Jon. • in lhc cnsc of r~nv sug::ar color of A l\vhi1e} sugar i;_recn
PI 111/'I. 1·111111),11r11 (//011f\r1I aud /'nt,uh 19K·1) run-off :.yrup
 hSI

Tablt 12/3: lncrcasing color 01 C t~:t~r pro.ju.:11 m.:s~.:u1ti:s ¿_unng c.1i1.•hng "'~"1,1ll11.111 u11 1•1/ l/J M ~ 1111p.11r11
¡f{.:ngvílf and Parodt 1984)
Color ore (after proJu«t m»,.,.:ui:et
on dis- on Col~: ~lobssc:; e (:tÍtcr 11t<ltlu1.. l1 ( ·uuli11r
eh3rgc" .:cntnfu~in~ !!l:rc,UC \U:;~1r lllltt'

U\ill~ 1n IL~ l!"I C(- i:i ll~So~ 111 JU"'° 111 h

~1t:a.n 17.0J6 :o.ó9tt :1 : l .i!36 7.623 ~I
~fin1mum 14.176 17.35: ]! :o.9~0 5.SS2 !S
~1A.\lll'l1.Hn 22.087 ~3.'i99 ~s ~9.5:?7 10.058 .?CJ

• fro1n b:11ch cvJ,poradng Cf) st.llhzcrs

s~nops, Í03ming may also be caus~J by lobcr:.U<'O \Jnous prciccss 5ta¡¡cs in Briush Su~ar factories
of col. The assumption lh3t n., sup: los;e; c.:.:ur :mil crcv. up color"'11 bal:mces.
in lhe vanous crys1alliuiti(ln '1ag"s os ,·aJiJ onl~ ~ Tatok l:!/4 ~hes thc mean, maximum and
long as no sucrose hydrol~ .,, 13kes pl3:e ~:lu'e mínimum 'nluc> íor thc varíous proccss s1agcs
of 1<1" pll va lues (< 7.2 al :O ··e,. wg~ihe: wah dunng thc campn1~n and Table J2/5 1hc corrc-
poor buffer capaci1y oí the <~ nlf'> 3l hi~!le: :em- $r,,nJing ,·olucs in the 1hick juicc cnmpaign. Thc
reraturcs. J\ erJg_: color 1ncrc:t.ses for lhc: v3r1ous rrocess
':"~~s :lle shov. n in Table 1216.
Color íorruation. Hc1n:.:.'•:: anJ P{.;r~·; ' !9 ,.: 1 Th' s:gurc~ :n Tabk 1216 rc,enl thJt considcr-
on\ C"l831cd color formatilln JnJ rH ch,n2es 1n ahlc color rncrc,~\CS occur in lhc 'prcpar:11ory'
1hc various crys1alliz:11ion ~1.1¡:e, in ~as~; of l'"'' 'tcps rrior to the \ arious proccs< S!J¡!CS (S/oore el
l>eel qu3Ji1y (them1olalii lc s~ rur; > :l"-d drrn up
eolor:m1 balance< (sec1ion 1c.~.41 Th~~ fo~n<l lhlt
T:iblt l ~q : lí'L.\1SA colors 1r1 IL',,. of f•etory rroducts
c3 ~O't of lhc mo)!l'.(<cs C\'l1.1r 1~ fo:m:J in th~ ¿t.:.:ir~ lhe 19~..&:~5 r:in1¡>3J¡!D (ll.•t3 fro1n 7 f;ictor1e!':
su~:ir hou~ (lh1ck jui'c ~4.'lur 9: \7m=.::~ ~ s:.;~. Elr.·:.ri:'·'< et -1 19~6.11
stan:c. molasscs coi(or; 10-5 .:m:.'kg J~ sut--
rl\>JO:l Ran¡c A\Ct:.•!!C
srnncc. with ca. -15 h re1cnl11'n umc <>f s~ rup< up tu
nwln~~es in lhc sugar hou<cl. l hin JU1~e 9~h- 2~26 1670
'111icl: jui:c l,057- 1'.1$6 1994
As h ~urc 12140 sho,H. lhc colorof\' h11c supr L'f'JihercJ St:1ndt1hl l1q uor l.~·l4 - 3 1 1~ 2050
magma incrca~cs almos1 lincarly \\ith Cl)Stalhn· l"1hcrcd stJnd~r,1 llquor l.~55 - io9s wso
lion rime. Table 1112 summanus thc inaea<c< on ..1. :,.wsc.:uitc 1,5~4 - 3l06 ~145
colut an,I ch:m~c-s in pH ,·aluc 1,>r 10 cyck, c.í \\Oll< ..\ t\\1a1e) Su,rJr 11 S- 27.4 IK7
anJ B (raw) sugar ci:>1alliz:1U<'" tc~clc tune. 4 ht. ..\ \\·~sh s~rup 1.358 - 4,!0S ~.1<13

In e~ JÍtcr product) cv:ir-•rallllf C!),talh1,~uun. A G:ccn s~ rur

(.::\ ten1r;fu¡;>IS1 3.370- 6.980 5.0~-l
thc colw oí the magma 1n.:rc;i>cd frurn 6990 tú ,\Green S) rup (e' l•llk) 3.008- 7,()1)5 .1.691
SS30 IU,,0 :11 1hc ene! oí 1hc ny,t;d íorm.11ion ll !\i3.5SCCUl h! 't, 174 - 8.Z39 5.811•
phasc (2 h) anc.l 10 12,060IL'l-.,1111 .Ji<ch::.r~c of 1hc ll 1R""1 sug.:r 34~- 1.827 971
mile ( 11 h). U Green j,~OJP
Cc.1 ccnuifuf.Jh•' 9.0Sl -16.~23 11.437
TJhlc 1213 show• the 1ncrc.t>tngcolorofC (JÍ·
B Green S)rup (c1 unk) 6.952-17.(.(>I 11 . 1(1')
ter produ(I) magma during c"''hn¡; c!)·stalhz:otínn C (Afoer ptoductl 11\.Ust'<""llC
PJrt1cul3rly striking are the lu~h ,aJuc, for C (aí- (ln!O CI') \l.:.lli1tr J 9,447 -.10,•1 IO l<•.Ot•O
tcr proJuct) sugar (::bou1 onc-1h1rd oí rn::rma C (AÍlc:t fltoJuClJ rn::t,:..~~1.'.Utl\!
wlor), prob:obly cau.cd hy l'""r cen1rifugi ng. {oul of Cr)',H1Hitcr) l l .·IQ4 -J7,nti ~ti. 7Ci0
(' (Aftcr produe11 •u~ar 1,.1~0 l!J,'/'IK
In thcor swdies 011 1he díccts of íccc.I 'Ynor ª'" 1' tol~ss.cs 1~.'IS1 f•l.O\()
l.7U t
1 1 IW
311d color on white su¡;ar qulhty (,cctmn 12.~.ú),
;\ífin.:nion 1na~1nl 2.~X7 11.~11
''· 1)it1
Slune ti al. (1984¡ and llro11ghto11 et al. Cl9R6a¡ A(fi.ncJ C ~u,par (.,.her 1'·h1'1Uoelt 'l::!O :! _)..11() 1.1 , ..
publi,h1:<l data oo 1hc dcvclopmcnt oí cc.lor on !he Afí1n:iüoo S)nlJl 4 , 17~ - !7 . PK 11 (11~1
682

T"ble 1215: ICUMSA colors in IU,., of foc1ory proJ11cLS

dunng lhe 19S5 1hick juicc comp11gn (da1a fram 4 faeto-
12 Crys1alliz:uion

T:ible 12/6: Avcrogc color incroascs during 1he 19S.;/85

comp>ign and thc 1985 thickjuicc refimng run (Ja.., f~:
l
f1

nes: Bro,.gh1011 c1 al 19860) 8 fae1ories; 8ro111h1011 c1 al. 19863)

Produc1 Rangc A\·crage
~~~~~~~~~~

1\ verage color 1
1
increasc 1n c-, -:;
'f'hick Juicc (ex s1orage tanks) 1.830 - 2,839 2.128
l11ick juicc (ex hcatcrs) 1,737 - 3,003 2.224 E"•por•1ors (camp•isn only) 31
Unfihcrcd srondlro hquor 1.721 - 2,276 1.997 S1•nd>"1 liquor 1•nks. l>e••crs ond
1-thcred S4andord liquor 1.693 - 2.220 2.032 mcllcrldis.solvcr 1S
A M3ssecui1c 2.007 - 2,599 2.249 A Evaporaiing crys1alli2crs 8
A (Whilc) Sugor 14.9- 25.4 18.6 A Ccnuifugals
11 Wash syrup 1.713 - 4.429 2,523 A Green syrup, 1a11ks and hcatcrs 4
1\ Green syrup B E•oporaúng cryst•lliurs I~
(« ccnuifu&•ls) l,956- 5.870 4,843 B Sue31' ceotrifugals 9
1\ Gree11syrup B Gre<u syrup, 13nks and hca1crs 1~
te, 1ank) 1,700- 5.930
0
5.066 e (:\Íter product) E\':11:>orricing Cf)'::ioHLllizers 3S
11 ~1•ssecuite 5,003 - 6.67 5 5.965 e (aftcr produCI) Cooling crysuo11i1,ers 2$
111 Ra"') SUf3r 143- 1.538 852 C (af1cr produco) Cen1rifug>ls ~
fi ( •rccn syrup
ll"t cc:ntrifuJ;;ils) 10,26-l-17.098 12.885
He i11.:i.:n syrup (ex t:1nf.:) 10.927 - 15.353 13.607 '1':1lllc 12/7: Color dcv1.!IOp1n.::1n in 1hc ~og'11' house in r:·
l ' e,\ llt·r produce) 1110.ssccoile l::ition tó (he dry i:.ul>st:.ince and po1:1.ssiu1u con1cnt •Sr.\.~.~t
'""" cryS1alli1cr) 11.527 - 17.SSI IJ,S9J e1 ol 1984)
t • .\ftt•r r11"tuc1l m:issecuile
111u1 oí cr;st;1lh1er) 12.938-:?..J.225 18.235 Color
1n I U_.~6 IU,ie P" S
• 1 \11,·r pruducl)>ugar 1.703 - 6.497 3.63J
pOtl.l!iil'J!TI
~ll•l.1'.\f.'S 2 1 .24~ ~4.726 31.691
\llt11.1ll• 1l 1Ul1!0\0t
1 3.140- 9.190 6.459 S1:ind:1Cd liquor 2.536 :?,031
,,.lhu· d <º 'º$;1r \.1fltr prodoc1) 629- : ...i().& 1.397 A ~t:issccuitc 2.936 -·".
., "'0'.;

\tl1111l1•111 !1.)'tUp 6.~$2 -17.4_.;) 11.551 1\ Orcen syn1p 6.óS9 ., <( -•

.........
1 1111• 11111:111 ri:lining Jt ~l:lS!-CCUitc 7.882 3.~97
1, 725 - '.!,5J 1 '.!. l5S B GrC"cn syn1p 12.438 ~.2 IS
C (afocr produc1) M»i.ccui1e :!0.497 5.2CH
~1ol~sc-s 37.660 ~-~';
11 1•1x1) Thi' prnvcs 1he imponancc of 1hcsc
h p. 111 -.11J'·" house oper;uions.
l li1• \ PIOI <:hangcS in lhC SUgar hOUSC :JppCJí Thc fig ures iu Tables 12/-1and1215 ~Iso rc,cal
"'º'' , 11·.ul\ ''""'"·in conlr.\Sl 10 Tables 1:?14 and hcucr C (af1er produc1) cenirifug:ol opera1ion. To
11~· , .-lu1 1nrrc:tse i\ r~1:1ted to pot3~s1u1n he llulcd nlOíCO\'Cr is th31 3flin;11ion OÍ C l>fler
1 1 1hl1 1 '// ) "' thc nonsug,ar contcnt. pr0<.luc1) sugnr 0111)' clirmn:ucs 1wo-1hirds of 1he
,\¡ 11 11\ •ll''' u11 liy art.: lhc large differcnccs be- color. Use of unwa, hed C (aft~r produc1) s11gar 10
'"' 111 lh· ,.,, 1.d f:t('loric~ c1f thc san1c COJnp:.iny. makc secd magma for B sugar produces bcuer rc-
1 1uup111 "" • 1f tlh' h~urc\ f.,r thc lln1i~h factorics 'ºh' (lower remch S)'rop coklf) "hcn 1his proa·
1 I .i.1, 1 '/ I '" 1 '/h: :;¡,..,,.ti al. 198-l. Broug/11011 dure is combincd \\ilh greJ1cr non~ugar recycliug.
1 I 11 1 ·1~.tJ.1> ''1 111 1110!\c fo1 lht' l-lungari:1n planes comparcd 10 u$i11r, aflínecl C sug;or for B sced mag·
11 1.J, 1 'I' .11 1.I 1 11\ 1/1111~111/ anJ l'nmdi 198-l) ma or d issolvi11g 1hc C sugar as syrup. 811r /t/l(lh
'"'" 11 11 11\ UI•' hl lhll\:h.-ll(C..'S Ín bCt!l l}UJ)ity and 8rnl111s ( 1996) also rcfctrcd 10 1he ¡)()(Jo cffi·
l 1 l hlll•lu)" ttl •ft'\.O \~UIH1n.u1on \\'itl11hi11 JUIC~ cien<> of C (aflcr produc1) sui;ar affination. In i1s
011111111111 uu 1h1· 1111c h.111il., l.1~\1cal JUii;c puriÍI· pi.ice, they r<>eummcndcd op1imizing 1he crystalli-
1 1111111~11l111u1 ~1111 11 .111\U I, (•11 lht· ulhrt) lhl· Lttlor 1;11i u11 an<I cr1111 ifugal uper.111011 of 1he C (after
11 f ' 111 th 1101' a1 t I'"''
'·'·'J'l':\ 1\ :-.111alh·1 in JllPdUrl) \\ilh :t ViC\~' lO Ohlaining ~U1C sugar )l~ving
11 ltiu1 h r •~••h 1h.1u an 1l1 Jluu '.u1.11i \\lulc.· ~S'~ .1vcrar,· pt111l)'~ \\ hich can. aftcr di~"-<•I' in~
1t 11 ! tli 1 llll 111( l.1lh'I p11Kl1ulJopll.1ll11U·1o d11t·, ti). he u •t'll .1, fl·cd 'l'llfl fnr v.:hitc su~·~1r
 12.~.3. I Soluhilit~ of sucrosr in 1~rhnical solutions 683

12.2.3 Chcmkal-physical
paramcters

12.2.3.1 Solubilily of sucrosc in tcchnical

solu ti ons

From lhc >CÍen1ific point of vicw thc physic:il

......
:...-..~~!
~
p:tt:lmeter ·solubility of 1cchnícal sucrosc ~olu·
- '"-?'' tion> does no1 cxist, because:
1he :tmounts and compositions o ( 1hc non-
sui;ars are ,·ery different and
an <quilibrium between 1he crystal~ and thc
surrounding liquid is never mlaincd. M rCí1wis
Figure J21~ l : A\ ~J':1 gc: con 1 ri l,ut i on~ h\ d1..: ·4:.i .....it: r~.. of
( 19781 posmlatcs that: lhc c ffccl of mclassi-
color in ~l:intt a 1 J liquor
genic matcrials <>n solubility becomes evident
if .:') ~1alliz"1 ion is prolon!"'d to times up 10
l ~o ~ ear~.
Figure 1:!1'·1 1 1Jlu,1r;11c~ th.: "'~!··a:, t•t :.1~.1.1:-,I
liquor Ct>lor. Thc c;c1lur..ull\. ni .atlin.d ;·;t~·: ;•r...J i.:t lnn1u.·nt í' or no11,u~ars. TIJC ·solub11ity of su -
::!lJ ra\\" :.u~:ir t'Oll 'l't i1f ln•:h tu,•'• ·11! : n1~"'' '-°r..•. . i: •! Clf~fin1tlc1n; t:CJ. l:!.1 ) or .)Jlur~lion coc f-
:v1npt>u nd~. \\ 111\.'h ;11 t• t' ·•'l 1~ r1.· .1- J .,1r~ ·~J , ·n :.;r· .,, - fi~1.:n1 'u• Cdi:tinilH•n: t.~q 12.2) of lcChnh.~:.i) SQIU ~
ing Cry:-.t;1I ~U I f;t\.'\."'· p~1 rti\'U l.tr l~ \\h..: a th~ r l 1 \:11- ti..,n-.. h.1, bcc n n1casurcd hy nu1ncro11!'- :u11hors
Ll~ uf th1: 1no lhl'I' lh,uc-•r jo; h;.;~ th:in 7.~ 1:\l :<1 CL 11·,n rii:,·c: 1<'/78179).
B1;.:c;1u'c lhl''' .11 e .1111n11it. Lh<." 1. l"'l1':':t1H' :t:":.' pr:!..,,;nt The •·aluc> gé nc1al ly used in pr:1ctkc gl' bark l<>
1n lhi !> l':t~C thc ror1n oí col1(•1J.d r~uti.:1.-:s. In t.h~
lll d""' of C1111 ( l 9~6137) and are compiled in Table
JU.;1h11c 1;1nrt•. thc color.:nt~ ;::re..• d1;.~n:i.s:-ed anJ 1~/~. Figure 1::!123 and cqua1ion ( 12.213) (sccrion
l'..:h;a\c tnorc hhc :..1h~. Thc rH ,-:due C'li lht mo:Oer 1~- 1 2.1 ). dr~cribing the thc "hole r:rn~c of non·
h.111ur 'hvulJ lhcrcfor..: not foil l>:I'' "' ;!,e .:r.:;~al S.Uflr'v. 3tcr ratio$
p.:lirll (~l'<.:C H.lO~ ] 2 -l.4J. ..l.1 nonsu~.tr/\\atcr ratios q~sv. from 1.6 up to
Thc pM<iblc causes of 1h~ "'Y>l::lh1~11"'n of 3.5. equlliOn Cl 2.21) for thc s:i1mo11un cocíficicnt
s~ll> " i1h sug:lr>. p;micubrl~ e 13flcr prn<Jucl 1 .' ,.,is linear /Figures 12142 and 12/23), the CXl'Q
~ug:ir~. are discus~e<l in scctjon 1~.:.6.2. 11Cll(Íal )'31"1 OCÍll/; 0111itted. i.e .
(12.23)
Thc numcric:1I \':tlucs for thc: cmt<t31lL< o ~nd b are
s spc«ífic to tite nonsugar composi11un of solution.

/
1
Equ~11on <12 23) is oftcn called thc ll'ug11erowski

;: equ;uion 1fahcl) \1'1k/1md equation) ~nd the linear

1 ~
" rell1ionship. lhc ll'ag11cruHski 'lraish1 li nc
~
"8 tIJ,.br~c·ki 1% 1).
~
e l.S Tite $atu ration coc fficicnt -'"" is independcnt of
·º .. thc 1cmpcr:11111 c ( l\'ik/1111d 1946). whfoh hns bcc1t

l?r
:; c0nfinncd h)' non1crous in\'..:Stig:uu1s. Kno,\'1ng
...
"' thc satur::uion C<~fficicnt Y":il of :1 technical ~uc.::ro-'c
solution onc c:m cakul~1e. using <'<Jll~l 1ons ( 1.71
1 t• and (12 21). thc sucrol-C solubilit) ovcr tite \\hok:
t s 20 is '.lO tcnlpcr~1tun.: ranJJC.
r..o~~~N~il•er 101~ n a'y
ll1c \':tluc• <1 and b (cq. 12.231. :t< \\<:ll J\ 1l1t·
J."i:;:urc 12/-1 2: 1,;fll'\'l o f ltlc: n nn:-u~ar/\\ :tll'r r:tll\• 10 ~:tlU· ~;u ur:itH\11 cocfl1t:ic:rll. can be L:.1 ltul~1u:<l 1luou~·h
r.1h:tl u 11 ,l;1,,c~ 0 11 th.._- 5.:1t11r:1tio n \·oclíit>i\.'nl lh~ ilc 1c 1n1111:111ou <•I 111\.· \ Ul"I H't' !\t1luhd11, 111 1110