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l ll'O I !l.'l1 \ J\lAl'Pl"I(.

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t l

tJiuC4'rr1 re 11,

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v, I __, . Probtt
rkct so4
I tttpht1nc,

,...

II C"!ll!Y • I( f. ) QUI of any cl

) I 111 Jl'4

,nu r,,µI 1111• hi 1he I~

u;,I I I 1o
'l'n n
1h1 t p c, I)
• Z11 e. b tho pen, v,ty of ln,e space
IS a fu1Jib\ I :n II "1)'
~IO fl I um 111..tudi lllec !iqt SM C find.

o). n llcrc..., IS l>O !p "'l'!niDD I b<l:c:ces

tlh t •o.
( ) IJI ((II I , in whii:h ch:ugts an: Im, t o ~ c.tuiD a c::rrcm dC!l:!)',
;;a !j {J)
COll<loctt'lly ti tho colhloclor ti er a •dy coadatilJIIS, we
luvv
Whesc er" 1

111\ I 0 {4)

.Ji, I ll a) -d " l 0 5)

~,c- -d t 1h ee.••.ri

f-" •r2d \
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11,, gnu! V /:; ' 0
due I h 1r. m:nt.t ~c flu 111
1 :,.J uat !'\Utl II I
II I. ,nd I f ce "' ·ffi ~nu l "'l"•.-JO"'l ab; t.•v
11 l
ndmc Thu I
-··
>=n nly kno, ,1
k1: r, lh ,, hu , , 11J11,,
It ba.s our , luuon lllr c~c:h wt c
th , in~ '' n\ay xar111nc
um!llry

t'JP1)TI NTIAI '"" '7 lw II d , • od "' m fl •la bt pc1f 1mm

,ex;,e ·w,nt c, ea cuncnt flow etween Lh &L":"!u cle,.:trorl,·~ m 1\ urJfonn <on , •
m.--dmm, e g wa::er

c Lr. rlus cxpe·imem we cons,ocr onh lh" two d cnstc I .::ise 01 y Th ndu 1
,,,cluL-, :s water wuh un:fonn deptn 'l a sh-ell ow ,ank Tilt" dectrod s are pe,,r,n1111,1 I
wa:.ci Ftrfuce Th equiµ ten!1B.! scJr.· ces may thus be CCl"l!;]ert. as equ1pot::nual lr.
he at r surface \

I) The u·e of steady potent!J.ls !llld fields \\1th watei I or ::.ny -:ti;.,,.- ~eCLrolyt-c, , 11 ,n
on ran give U-oubl ··:th pu.:ir.sut!:ln _ ~ -heD<1c'..l de"ur.mo..:n~.• at the ele,...:i ,a;· Tc
VCl'l:1::-!!:!~ thl
vc approxuna:e to tr,e s-..eadv state by ,,sing ·'JW altcmetin,:; it • even ::t ~ 'r ~ n :.f
KH the m homogeneity caused bv charges '"llOVtng together a~d !~parately m th" .\ater
~ gi l anJ still the 51cady b1aie ton-i1t1on Ill .:ffi:clh ,Jy sattshdd.

(g) [n uili cxpcnment the potc:111a!s a:e me.ppcd direttly by bnl~:ici{, them agiu:1sr
po; 11tials provided bv a Rayleigh potentiometer, USlr.g ea.-phone!, .as nu detector The f
pn!'..c1ple is similar to that of a \\'heatSto:ie br1dge. I
E.Xl'l 1U:\1E.'\J:

I Chl:Ck that the bottom or lhe ll!llk ,s dry and tl1c:.:i put the tan.le o to the r.he uiprapl:
paper wluch IS to pro,ide a co-ordma.te sysu:m

2 PIII a flm;iU nmoun• ofw·1trr ml(I use 1t ( to level lh: bottom oft e urnk with v.ed
r omc form ofpacl.lnB) Thon fill the tllllk 10 a ucpth of 11b,'ll11 I m It is u11portlnt
hat tbe depth ghould be ur.iforrn

Anange the rn o long ,tr111ght clecu, 1dr.s parallel lo one

the distanoo of epamt1011 betwciin the clcc:rodc b1~ng nbo
.in~tht'1ltwothethin!
1ruddle of o
l.
.,ftheu
\ccg!h;;

4 p etc the ctr .ut __ hown in the JJagram.' lu ~ R.1 ere n•lo dccad:i: ~S! :m.:.e
box~ tnaki11g the iu,tc.gn Potentiometer, sud. that R, ~ lu 1UOU n ah-ays
'- be 1a a bare ,-r.rc, r some r~rm f ponn~t, that I muvcd t1-Joagh the w11tc:.
21 7uco lhe clecu-od~ to dct=n" the pc-Sl.ivn 11t which t:l rarp~oncs detect
+im Signal lfwe regan:I tl;e first e'e=de as having, vo"~ pqtential and the
➔•ct.::xleu being V.volts po•er.:.ial ( the octput of the. ,.,,.l,.1 !!enerator) Ihm
 I •
wffit'ient numbcrs rojdr.iw a contour lot 1no I' ... ,,,,_,.,.,.
tr:i.ce some contours light round certain electrode£

g Tue tile other vai!es of Ri & Ju ,n uim :md draw a compl.,tc $cl of conLours or

ec1uipotenti al line:; J
9 Replace oric decctr9dc 'l\1tlt a point. etecuode ( e.g., pi;n) Jipped into t1:e ,vater, and
m:1p the e4-u1poteuud cont.nu for this :rt1t'lngr,::ncnt in the !:une ~y •

IO R.epcijt, using rn•i poir:r electrodespl11ced 5 to 6 cm npan

11 Remove one of1~e poilll elcc1rodcs and use a clrcuJ;ir slnp c!ectrotlc, with the
• mruru:1g p,nnt ~, ctrode at 1t ~ conll u.

12. \Vhen you have c mpleted the four sets of contours corresponding to the elec.:rodc
co11£gur:rt:ons,
. f1 y ur
u.so I knowledge
,. • ofthc relauon nnd po1entt·a1 to
dJ bet\\'ecn e!ecuic field •-
1 lin~ or~ c 1 con,1g11rr1t1011 uimg n ffetcnt col\?ur pen
r.1·, field .
d
Continue tlic Imes rropt one electrorlo to the other, cn~urin" you fulfil th .-
·· · h I, l d s ti . . "' c 11eccssruy
connrtion at t e e ec jo es, tate us cond1001L

•
 ,~,r.r ,,. ? ,.
,t...II"
~~
·~~f:l--'~ . ~'tv--..;;- ~
-E:t,trr,.~e: . ~ 1~f ~~~\~; . '.,,
,_!) Gi.ve tht; rclatr?n: n~tvv~ent.hj;! clce11~c 6e..Id· (E
r.o draYl ·d1e'fieJd hne~ ln tht: four aet ot ,connJurs.
_i.,) vcr:tor a,1d JJO~ent'la.l.t \Urn.ch you
I
us~~~~~~.:7;~~'i
: $f. ...·--,...-:- A°'J,o
.
2). C-oij]Jn,ent ·fu.Uj, on the resulting· conV:•Ur$ fo,,~·U1~ foLJr cl~Lrode ootlfig.u1~UtJns, ., ,. ~v..:..\
~})W."
~
f
indica,r;,ng.flfe.r!s W.hcre··d•c contours are kmst rcllabJe) and st;'al!l ~l1_y;. •.
\ ~ f •
.:-~ 'F' .');...,
:~
I
I
3),. Disquss.·anJt .~ po_r t~ ch_ar~tcris_tics of your confout:; and.inkHca:te -~,h.ich of these ~,~~
to
llilaf.&cteri.sti•i;s relate Lht! maewtude of th.~ fielJ strength. \., t ...
4j. tTsing a:,suiUtble ,i1lustr.ation d1...~criee bri°eflJ• hov: you ,nou.ld determine the directi'on
of the hnes of force from given -e-qiii'potential Jines.
:i); ~~'nt~ three comp_o~ents,ofl,he-~i~ctor (ti\d v.),
in:fli~"Siirl$i~n co;,~r~~E.tc. Q$e
~ms k.rio:vvledge ro shov.r that electric neld vec_i:Of ts a.h,vays perperlrhcuiar to u1e surface
of a perfect coilductor