EMJUAN COLCERU

MEMORATOR
DE !STORIE
pentru preg~tirea
examenului de bacalaureat

Edipoam-a

Edttura Paralela 45
 Rodieuw.~\lli$Jl Cuprins
TclulCIINbcDrcA,d,it,!,& V'*-13.t
~~de l!p"1". \tar..lJ.Jdni
P:-5lgn ~~;Mi= Pintaiir
I.R.c,manitl!IU romlflllOfr• \'wtmca 1lltlnalrwr
IL S.-Wlul x., iuw dcmocr.s~icfi k>OOllllrislll.r.ooorogu 1i
1io1,11~ m k(IRAhl•~ in Eurup.l ....- ..··-····- ..•_.,_ ll
pn1<:11ci
()f,,;ri,n"Cl I' " tt,;hlicr1tfll N.p..alt • W..mkild llJ. Conuiltltnlcqill RomAroa...... ..... 26
COt.CtRl.!. 011LIAN
Mt1..niu1r It hNotlot ~ufn1 ,.-""';..,. ~,,._l'lltol•I« IV A~ tecele ¥i Wti~i cmttale ~$COP\ll ~
IIM*Wnlllt I limillM Cot« ..... Ed. II a.
I'!~ ; f'.ln5cla ,u.
(iw:colclc IX-XVIII) ,...
.. _ -···- ..·- ·-····-··-· , 'W
:o:o

. ISi-iN 'f111#1',,..rt.l t 90,9 v SU!ul rumin mndcm- de a. rm,(ICI pnb1l,,: t. mib,.wn

VI. RCM1il111a po;;tbd.ici.. SQlll'li!>CI. •i•~'«ll<01nuu~ $i "

~ill arttu:on,urud. C~~ demc.:.•1~

poc11d«em1:lnStc ..·-··-···-··-·····-··-····-···-·-··· 5)
VIL~llllfillf0ll~1ntt¢di~fi«iilflJC'Iio E~\dM~u
,1 i.t~,,1~_.. . - '4
VDJ. Rom~ia ~ ('('IIIOCllUI ~: dct ill ..mm. (lf1Cn11111• II
11111,ik aliiu11,cate .l«llilului xx .._.,._ .._,,_,,_...,_ ··-·...--13
1X. RomAn$1 T1t. re,iwdi!Jthboivilu. Rctl:·- ..- ..-···-····-·-82
(;l)j)yfl11h10 f!.d,,un Pinle!a45. 2000
Pw-~1•• lu,.~~delmmiritt(OII~ fflllfl:i
illfl:~,j~~-~,»lll1j$c:fWIJtjMdo:~pri>,wl
dlieploldt~inl:~
 I. ROMANITATEA ROMANILOR IN VlZIUNEA
ISTORICILOR

Ct esle roma11ft.ltw;a rOMii•ilor?

Ramnutnttte n;im:tA.110, f~1111¢ ~•Iii ,01mieulur din
mm:ini Pc ling;SIIOCOllffl 1dec cenmd~, c~,I ,Jc; f(IIMnilag II
1«11tm!ki1twnire b ct! ~in.pouu idei cnnae:
I COOII0\11~ UIWt J>Optli#lil r~t' pt' li:ri,tc:Jri\ll fo$(a
l"O\'UICJi 0¥i1;
.?. 1111i111n:n tub..-mt 1cntcniklr locutll'l di! mmlln1,
.i. ('st!~ lilmS • limbii mmftna;
~. U'OOi(li fl()l:Jkduri !00$renl~&la i011M1ri.
Problem.a ,o,iuai~ii romanib' esic. 11511dat, ·ullll ~xtiffil. Ori:-,.
~ ~ ,l,onlcul uu dii::,tre lmicle IL: m11i $~ ~ t.-:uJn:ad
"p'1blcr1noliu ron1S111hciiromir11klt So p,mc illlimpla, de acmpbl..
l.!A rmoril $.'I: nu ooo~ muiiw1e11 liaibei. d e:CllllnlUIMCl:I MtO-ro-
ui.mOOfpc teriioriul 09':ici A«ttSlll di5]'1utl prh~il tOI prob)ermo
1uma11ut.1ilrom&uilur.

Cu• a apinil poponll rcunlm?

I.. pn11:nlil ~u. di! fo)nu:u" (~lll,>fr<11J1.•:J., din limbu JUe)C!I =
ll"jlCl'C • rvp)rul...i), rororul IOlllatl • bc:ndkillt I;, Cd a o,io:art'
*
air pcy.,or l\,mnni( dill b11mpA, ocwillibull•lc ¢.~lukn 11JkV11on
(ll.':IC:O p,cb;:)cxioe1111n:i~ de cnOCl'lfU ron,;,nn, o Clcin..·ntulm
f\lO\al'l Ullpl?ln?nt11 cud ffl iu timpul ~irii Oocici de~
hlf'l1111i w • ,:l~cou,,IW 1~r (ID eptc.;1al Sliv), Yen.it in O;i.;ia
.tip:..so..""OIJ,LI al Ill-lea
l'roci:tul ~ 1•-l11t;;.wr qa,.,.....,rc,. de eaee 1111C11tlkl""a I''\ 1lr;,;,1·
\ni wll:1UX!) a 6~tll loc in ln:i CUIJIC:

s
 J. Prima l.'l>".:wi.iiul;lil.'":'l, lll,lmr.= u.: c11a:n1a1 romanii, pin 11!'.luffl
Nil,: -eulb,,4, ti ~nn1~ro ..t:le dintre- geco~ed ~1 ro,Nt'oi,
l. ftap ~ivtl n nVUI loc in !,liltf)III t;1lptrlinituman,: te D.~
uos J~I;' 11111.-iti dmil 1\llD:Ulit;;IIUD IIHII IUI t"~ •'l•IJIIUI.,
""11.a! p< U.W u~ld t'.M:1101! ia.lrnin.isu-Jt,o.(fo)OIUI'('., hmhh ln1uic),
l.lllwt.l. (Cwt' 1,1 '1"1iMIU pc l.:ritc1,;111 r"1v...clM!, OOU!nif!ii ~&du;"i
•u•
d111 Ut'flM',ll; mulpd,m~ ,~ -'()ldllP rom:miin~~ -
p11 prcrcra .a ,c !'111b~ In Ollt'i11).
, Ourc11\'1r,Cl'ttO ~111nll (llfl.W 211} 111t1U1Ui lf ;iJr.nnim~,,,
!lit plrtoll()CO\'i1,ri,;a, tui,l 111! dill.Ill lo,;vtl011! ,ltjl $lnl"Jh\1 noolo:
,~,~ lll•ilnll e1;1p., a to1XW1i:d1nl, inC$re~ll llC cxrinde$i ill IC>
morulc ~ de d11C11 hl,cn, core r.n 1111 Bev! p11111.l din (mperi1.1I
Romnu.
Ap:11«1 i!nv,ll,)t"ln Pl.'IU.llSuh Baku~•~ ru.lixlll durl d.~
,·~irC:J.procaul«ide 1uinM11u~ Sln·it 11111 con1nbmt pd Ill r«·
t11aR,.J popurvlut ro11\a11 prut ctjMlb.-,:np:,lrticl, ti p(l.o 101umi1c
elcwnc11k de a,i11,1111i: l>upll 601, sur.de n1tl2'IOOQ:lz?i 1> necere
ni,1~vl, 11 $10\ilor ll'I ,oo de Dun/Ire. I:'~~ a dtst l,a Jql11t1il'n eo-
fll.'Jllll!iJi1orim111k (din J>lU1"'- de CSl • fo$1tlllui bup:mi Rti1nlm) iit
dou:i: ~ .!ui:31.~ (<Jlloo·fl)11ll1uii)Ji Jud<lunirea:ni (11rt>m1t1i1
~~.romSn..,, ..~n,m)
S.urw ~•r• ~s1t c.(Mllifl11iute, clKO*fOfflll\l
11 ..onl d• Duni,-
Problm'w ,om31111rill,I rorol..,il0t II r~a fomi"1111iJc ~,, ~
-ew2:111(,1ullll el. dill chi11r p:riuacb.d11 bmll,~• l'"l'"'--.,,il11i mmim,
~Ablli l(11mc 11111inc IIIUC (Im: 10(111,9Cl!ICll:1Jt,lli.wrtln lqr lu oon1 de
o......
Oupil ret~II 1t1reliMII (~~-.,t.il 11! lll·li:lt) pf!AA lo1 fllfflW'tll
~cu..'L:lrffiOOjcvalc ,n~li ($«~1111XIV-b), \pl\flll de la non!
d¢ I>.in1ort <'5le n11:U4iOG"AII • 1111~ cu divcndc m,me ilk pc,p(ll·
relot ,nig,1111:'l!T (Oolbu,, Gep1dia. (-.,,:111,111 ac.) dirt domlom.1
polilii: wna. Aukll11mi1 da«Hot'n:.ni~i~ <ktli!1$uro1a, coiv.inu.u~
6 7
vi:i;a ~ ktiKoriul !0$ilci pr1wi.ntii ()Q frit1,1111tn1~ bL"4ffltl!ill
~111:ehuiOOC-~,.,mw. ari:, <t1111 pm,c:11pt1~~ ronib.'"At(rnir-ol;1i..-._
f.n 111~111111~11l!l,lli~ u111,1I din u:Mlunlc ~ 1 00\flb cfflli•
ninmarn unc1 Nl)!lt.qil rorn1111lvli:e In l'*'lt dllpll i.«.Olut al IU·tai
~«illWI&:lvL-xil(lf 11fflcalc:lgj,:c. 6:oei~amai muhc Md,o1 de des·
,;,.,p..1:1n e)1-;., aiG o l<k.·uiJI:orin1n:1upt1 dupQ ~1n1~ alll'CliW,
Ul'Q JO'llrc de CSk Ooti.a,wl de la 13kitalt. C\' dl,t,:u.1 Jin $('00!iA
al l\',lcn
fi,i,tii irl>A Ji doui <qll"le rrhc din rmkninl I o,re ¥011)c:u; ~'IIR
.J'O~~ la O\Yd00 ~- Prirua ii lflS,inc im.J*rtmd111binmia
Main:% am:, 1n l~fllf(:1; Sli-'41tkili~ (dr.W lftilltiJrll) !l.'n~l ii,
~I al Vll«'a, miefl\Xln-.l ,.tdu~;iiromaiii", A d.iu:o OIIW~
lk<pr'f!IMil'lulfSITl'lllO~,11hu, c~ scri~ de fmp.ltllllll iH11min
( OOJGIA(ht al VU-k« rortirog,t-,«111ht ittOlul aJ x~ JI f,cc di·
lffloll\U futrC.,l\l(!IIIQi'° {cct ~ ullll \\'nil dltl ft-Oftl;l fl J)Ollltli ~
1111u:c plnl utati"') ¥ ..rui~- (k1e11it<iriIii lml)Ct'KII~ l:hm1in).
Ot: 1,. ,Jii~itul i:nikniului I, sursete pK'i:,11 d:!numitc;i pq,11fu.
dl!II «.i!M fl c..tul fumpc, d,d de sb,·1. 11.«11
1111.,, 1'(!8*11~
de ,,vi Mi" (dcuodc mai n'lrau ~, v«1i11$\lfllCIC de V111abia). Aatfd.
iau~ «TI~ 4 in:qlr-Jtului bi:nftin Va.tile al IUc. Mo~ ... L
11,11 ,;~I 111 X·.ka. n>trunii ,w:)I 11U111W .. , 11=1,i'".
111~ nl Xll-lcl. Qll:lru,."lWJ •o:w1t Ill 11:gdur lkla :ti ~
pql'<:'tJlql_C,1n Juc(JTCI) PQ11fe/,r ~,lor, (ii, If \«Jlfem "C?411!'11 in
,-:oo!ul 111 tx•lea. 11P21ial cnlJl(llii.'. Cl'II b:11it de ..blndll", sla~1 •I
l*U!llfl: to -..~cllil luc~ o .. <t<tlk'Jlliwllll V1S1 ~nduclcor. Gelu.
,..r.wl&:11,i Jllu,_""' .. 1..,an ~~ 1vt03u'"), A.."til8$i i&Jce 11,urt li iu
i:1,:ecCA J.'upuJ..111,trilw ->J ,,,,J:Wr,IQ/ a tui Sit'CWll lk XrtSI dio $('-
l'<>luJ«I XITl·le1.
lkrorlri 11 romanitate1 romi11i1or iMre secolele
al XV-lea si al XVll·lta
in _,:«ol11,! ~I XJV.11!1 llpi\f 5b6de mcd:ie1.•alc ti,M,.tov11 $1 f;it11
I~ l)cn ll(c,t moment &11uclc privhoarc b tt1n11111i11uco
IC>CUnorilor tor tn..-..'I) ~ $,C lruJlut,cud, A.'.ei:. hla1! ,i: 1udmpll P Na,tcroa Ji darvolta~a teone; im.i9r1Jio11iste
ltl e ..-,.111, r.tari1i'.ri Cllffflbllu1 culllanil 11"*'''' loo, fj)I\scootul 111 xvn~ie.. .. ap,;n..i pnauele l!Jt"l\1riu.e unor
fo ~ollll ~I )(',, ·1(11, 1, $Urk. ,,c •111on 111110riJri 11111.iml rr-0.1:1:w l.'OO'lcstt rottiamtlllo:a rnmdDilot Un c.et 111tim:"111t c~
11111«i Cllfe
llfflcl:inlim,nnil> tb.'D1.'\~ 1kctmi. Ene--Jsn,;o flQcol,.uuni- t:d al Utoticukli rnuitbie.r S~ Jtcv11n.c.u'l) tn ~IC Sille
,·ifl11ml t:(lp(i 1'11111 ill ll·lea) ,~ de,,p('cl <k~lcfllil m•IWll a ,le la ~GrptuJ K\'Ohilui Ill XVI.let etlnnl cii mmdnii $.'ilnl 11r'(l'llf.i
romAru.lor !fm l'JU!iul ro,IWIN.:.. Joi r~MIIIM, ptnl:n• QI la 1n«pdul ~.h..t11, 111 XVU•k-4$/1 ceu-
In lk!rohil al XVl·kll u1J11111btn11I g e11mlde pe IMtg caalilleB- lt'JIC· ooe,;f lllCTII,
tul eti~ Cimlnti\il NICt>f31;5,Olfm.t. in lu:nul..,. s. Hu~, i11 cuudilii?ic 1n arc, In -'OCOIIJI el X\'lll·lca, romiln11 ln1"'4CI<
,·u,~desr«: oni1);Uffl l,xuilQrilurdm11rlk Roml«lc.~· al Idea, l'llClll11utS.1uca a,gum,entpet!li'\Idrq,lllti!I:-pO:lilicc, mni mi,tp.
romonilor. CDnurmil i;s J~ ~' rodixeuJi o hlllii tu mnt1ndin l1l'l11C• ,vJ I l~bW..Ugk (oni111le~ o 1oode 11oot. oonfonn
~ ll,Xlll: tml:!Oriik (k bi oorcJ (Ii; l)mlAte iliunl fr«HQ' scb 1111 llllfltc
cOOUlll(Oa,;w)- ,
i:tn.-,n, lqlli ~ '*
11111'cllllSli, nJzlQl.l.ii -- fbrmea ea p0p0r
Id ~ di: l>unlire.. do Wide ou 111tg,-a1 ulllmclt iprc 1111111L A«-11,1~
111 .«CW ti )tVll-b u~l ,o~ • Tw.!e R«ntr.:-. louM Vii i,uf1t ~.or mi:mc!c de t(l(ll'io ~'ltd. fnire re,we-
Mn, m11,tp cmnicuri m~fl11 (~ 1,.'ffi:he kl E.~·~J ~ma.nt,i Ct $&: (Hunirl ¥1 a~W Frati'!, Jo!qib SuflJer{LJ11Jrl,Q
µrnt f.fdld.Jw:i.Mitoa Cos11r1 IO/.» "'1.llimll»14>&111Yt'11ffl•d ~Id l>.iric, 1nutSafp1N - Vicna, 1781 ).
lliptul cl ro1rik11i eu oriB,inc roo1;111J. ld.-:iea npa.n: i• IA C'l'\'.WII"!""' Too,ia c6110 rclualA. p CM'lptc111111 ill ~hll al X[X.la (~Ill)
l'ln• ll1Ju1l11t:tll, Co111a1mlin Cn111!1r.wlno, lo ii\c1cpm1l$Ol:Ol11h.n ul 1u;i01U1lilllitlOt'1. in 1867 arc lllC Mlhn~nl 111Wtmo~. iar
X\.111-1~ Toi ID frt:eputul ~ al XVIIJ.la1,.l)unil:ie-Cld,.."111111', rr.111alH11\ia cfte lffli.'.(;nllil in llt".GMUI Unpricl, plcrtilld~ euee-
mMnl."'# ~ ~ al llwntrislllll1ui.c,;pli,:a ln Hro11kl'f~Mm,,/ 1X11ia. CJu,.,a :uU m11i 1tlrt111, !It 1871. Rob«!. R~sc:rl& luetl.lrl:a
a ,un1,~~(17l7-l?l2).dlr fiin /)u(,,#f"l'r• •"ll',..,.,111'1
(17l4-11l6), origi11e1 loo:Mnli II romfin,I(),', l~IO-.llld O 11tt;11men-
m1ic com11led.
In ~
pt' 11111\lf4Wtt. k!cl
*
,\111,.l,1FOffJW1~tJ, ia CIIIC tNa lO)f{-,1 ~ll(IOik!,
reOria imigni~isla,, fom,ulMl Rondn, )<' b:i»:WJ
Stto!ul nl xvrn-a ffll.\ 1111 tiufq'.U, :,:,,:okil 11.utU1:su1Jlili. II.led • dlcU 111.1 ra• o-rcrn\ln11p. u popor in um:a d:r.boDdor cu
mll.l8ni16ib ron»t'l;lc." C9l' ~.:eoollU po IMtt 4.k 1~11111111 ,onumii, W ,o,oaolzareu nu II Wfl PQ$1.b!M In ~urtul ump at
ilwumh1otil11i ~. mecdxil $,.iolil Mkk•ie: Ghea;ghc f$11:a1. <....:cn1i1n'll1!.lM(l6j00 aoiX
lo N,~J,IJ r1m1tim/c,r 1i ,, 11111i _,,,,, _,;, SIIIIWil Mw £4
• IQII lo.;uJh.ini au pl1111sit Oxiu Wf)O roctn;erea &Urt.1i111111, dc:<:i
tuon'1t.lJJCf111ilt ti ~Jliirl~ ,,,_,ww snu Pclftl Mai«" ill b,~S:) ('."'Jltlnll ,om;l,l w f<iu~ b.M~ Dul14n:::
pu,rn.i f.rq).,.r,,t n'NIIQltflfH hit l)aa,J. • e:,h,ti o ~ tow linlbl rofldlll Ji ti~ IU11bi de I~ Sll(J
Ltl eQfJtl\11 ~-ofului. oi rE.'&1:to.'frd o 1)1,:lilj,: ad1~ fmpii· de fll.lnAtt (lm1bih:: ~ .a..m.:u). ,..., m1..a..ll wi,l on:.i!oqi.
ra.111l1.1i de 111 Vit,ia ,w.mkl SifJ'IMJ I.J/J~J,,.,,Vo!OCl\.w-o"".in ewe 111 fcl 1:1 pnp.wck din aUdul Ol.m6rii:
(,ol~ ;ugun1e11lll;I ron1::m,1l~dIN p:'ntnl 1t .wlicr1a drtpCUtl poai~
• l'l'tl cxfst:I 1?V00rt: UQ'l110: ,_ NI lte,,IC ~la!~ 1omi111ilur b
ece i111 r11n-..h11nl1 114ii s.ub d¢nimtlmpctlulul Jt,lx-bl.qic.
OOld de ~n: lulilkne de 9eoolul • XUl,l(.fl, 6ocl l'(l(lllim1 • 11jllll$
w.ho:,io,. a\i!)d ca oc11~11 pd,,;ipoa pt,1lori1Ul

9
 RAspuwi1 istorl~Hor rom&ni
I.Ii 11~1114.! 1«t-,11l'li al X!X,li'a W In ~l>lul 111 XX·kll, ffllli
ffl\1:IU: h1nrid rumlial w, .,;omb:11111 bMm i.. ,1'f,•{ln1lt'l4,.ltmwl~l~
1c..-J<J C\l#l(r.NifuliJ. Umd din.trc «1 111111 cunDK:11µ 1,.'(J1t1b,1m,µ 111
hu ~~la es1c A I) Xcoorol flt lumin't fe..,,,,1 JJ,f R«dtr
t.,'r,..,Jiw""'f'.,., 1JJ..1,1t/l'lrl l"t')IJl.ittdUI' i,1 f).11,s« T-rwa,,J,i1n 11!8',
~lclt i&i ule NI X~l 111m11trmlltoattll.'
• pq,orul rou!WI. ~ Cvnl'lol< dill elc:mcmil troocHipclo ti dilS
tlo:illalllullOIMI\ I~ catt- ~ ad.w.p .mllU~;A&llll"-1;
• migJlljPk I-IIH il'llp!dl! ~ cb:u,Ntli4fli 8()(1! mw:lli, imi 1111
pm,t"3t lt~turi kr.repapula(i:tt~ ck 111 IIO!d $t d,: 111 w.i
~ Dunltt (km¥.'llli \'it\llllliJc origjac klll'II din hfl'N. romllulll:
popoxu.l ruu\:#l lilrc ca tc~ prindp»l..,-icultuta:
• <JtistJ m•I tn,1llr 11111umC11tc- lU'hoolo£ice $i top~ 9emru
«)11bt1UiW,ICId&dl ~ d3oo·NOIIJAl:I IJ. QOrd JI: 0,,.,,iite- dupil !t'tQr-
t:fCU 11un,,liand.
• <{.cmcnwl r('Ulall ~ Pfl:l(klellll!lllllin tomlllfw:t 1'((Q'Ukri Nll'6l
f)IJ,:trnlR>ltadt.cib de ~ ~ l:SIC oc,mbiltum. $l do: '9c,gJaii
~ 1l11.-dt11 ill h>e~ P1tn1alt~ dirl 1800. Un ol\
1111or atfl.l abor~II l)(l)bl.:® ift. ',Q,;(lllll 111 XIX •lc11 ~ Dwolitnc
Ottfflll, Cit\' ellpb,;5 i:,p.~ c• popurul n:,r)11iu S-1 fOfflllll a'.;il 111
n«d.cil,11 h,~dc l')i;rll."'C.
IA il\.,"-t.pmu! ,--rolului fl! XX-lea. o i.::no de altl ,no,ici mminl
llllu,; aoi ~Ul'.1Wt1!4'In fll\outa ccn11,uoiU.J1I mmini1or: VM1!c
PSII\• (tn lu.T.1rff- f1rtp,,11ir,k '"'11l rn.111a1.111 /.o grt,11~ C.,..1r.rl1).
~.oolne: 9orl!,ll (i11 /Uvtkf r,.~rim,W), Oh~
Q <Wq,_'1116,, lllt fflfftlt'.ol ftlOrk. pl)/Jt;)IVIro,,,dn).
Cklt11111u, (ill
Otct ti, i«<ilul • xvu1-k:1 r1>mJ1111wn. iocep:tl III fie rui.:uitl
ca :11.:gUl:0('111pnh11c dec-J.tn:. f\'J!ll!'iniJ'Mlt'lll";' (l'btil)l.'fCll~ di'tP•.uri 1't1
'l'~ih'#lin, in coo.1il,nlt I• Clft w,n:lDn tl1JU dcfaVl'ln:W.• "'ca·
dml lmpc1-il.l1ui tfab1;'tml'J9C. iU. )O;)Nlclc al XJX,lu - 81 XX·IO,
disp;IU primd 00111Jnuil*, I\IINllilnr n nvut Gt motlv.h;pt:a pd'l1N
rontrulula,.,iptll l1•!\t1lwn:icidiattt Ausuo-Uopra fl R.ocnilni;,
10
II. SECOLUL XX iNTRE DEMOCRATIE~I
TOTAUTA~M. IDEplOGII $1 PRACTICI
POUTICE IN ROMANIA $1 fN EUROPA
8-gimurile politice 111 £100,. itcol•Jui al XX·lea
lk>• hq:ul ~>coJ11luia.I XX.IC$. lo El.lf'l.'J>tl1111 funcjionn1 1rci
hpu,i de tctifflmi puLi..,y; dl.'1~.ilk. 1011al[.- fl IIU'IOrilllr.
Regimul de:mooc,i1tk:
ltcginwl ~111<;; (don ~1t,,'i, ok!'tffl:t/- popor, kra.w l')UWl't'}
NC n."giltlUIin C«t' la,p CCI.Jll"ftil j'<'t11k-,~ ht 'l'up polilk~ Jll
•~wh.11.i XX·h.'a. aoei1 rip de tta,m S¢ lm.llt1c,pc _,.. !'ormo d,e..
1111.'o.'.1.l11dllberlak. lllt::IIX'. in ri'.(;imurik libenl!c (C.SC«'NIUc prm
l\"'.lf'«bll!a d1epuailiwcCIJt;,tllliOr • ....-~:: puterikw ti ~lurflh:!i·
(11ulp(l[1hc),IIC' iiu:roduct u1u.l1111iYC1'11,
Pfin IQltr\°ld!IC(l'(II \'Of11lui tllll,'l:tul, ~lltllll~ ~.k,r- IHll'ClJk-'llC
(CII ..xoeppll ftlJSiet OO!nlllli!lll:) - IIT(!III b nn ttt;1111 dt111CJ(Q~
""114 .JJ!liJHI Primu)ui lt.llbot Moui.l::d. Cu dcct al QVe1 ~
•14>: fl-' .-:iC«uiuni:i (cm11.t\i1111ilor lk t-.,U'l.'ml. in mulfl:I din #S--
1t•!\' (.'(l~pc!lc-. ros, 111trodu$C..~ l111113ul ~iu.'11mlclicc,
,qjnsi nn11dcmoctatitt lklllll1~ )Ilg UlllOIClte). Ao ,~ &11)),,
nat~ .(dna h ckdfiosert:1. ttluii dt-aJ l)(oik-,1 ~I Mm,di\111,
·•~!do dm .,~IMI Ji ll01d11I FlltOl)CI (Maffl: Brittnit, FIVll'I, Rdji.,
i IIMl!l:1, 0 .... 01'1fn;a. So:dia. Nor.cjVil) ~ \In Al'l~ur ~ dl'II c,1111
l•A11'(1(1('i(C~u1).
Dllj'I ol l.k>ilr.A R~ Mond,31.OOr,:,pl • inst l1QJ'l,f\i1iiW c.kNI.
'4*1,•¢.I n:sim1;1I dtmoc.-.1id ll1'<111!c lit \<t11 p mik'le m ttl_l;im
t,.111o!iqc tudluuhl ln ~L A1:t11&11l.:;n111pc a dl.lml plnl b pmtaq;,.
mi <1,1cflll!ll11J \';O.!llutl1~ io fwop1, lu 195,9, arnnct tt\nd ti !11111clc
llill C(flll OOl!IIRClllllh,l ,u 11&,pbll ffpnui d.:ioocrairic
11