xperiment!

)
AIII : To determine resistivily oftwo/three wires by plotting a graph for potential difference venus cu"ent.

APPARATUS:
An ammeter (0 - 3 A), a voltmeter (0 - 3 V), rheostat, one-way key, two to three wires of unknown resistance,
banery/banery eliminator, connecting wires, screw gauge, metre scale.

THEORY:
Ohm's law is the most fundamental law of electricity given by George Simon Ohm in 1828. It states that the current
I flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the potentiaJ difference across the two ends of the conductor
provided the physicaJ conditions (temperature, pressure, etc.) of the conductor do not change.
i.e., V oc I

( EYEABAEEH PHVSICSLASMANUAL- 12
 \ I I{ ,,, ~ \
I
C, The v.1l uc ol rc, i,wncc
dcpcn<h 011 the 11
111 k."' "'' '"11HII ,,1 l'"'l'lf.'1th111.11,1, I{ 1,, nll,"tl lhl• l'k l 1, tl'II I l l'" '' ' "'l I • · ·nu·•cr o f 11·l e• \.a• I tic c,f y••lu. re,,
•1. 111(Icpc 11
" · 1ow cvc
I hl· ph )"l lll l·1111d11m11, . 11 •llld •
11 ' ,rcnnl "' th" , , , 111, I ll\h11 ,1,, 1111,·11,11m,111 11ll " ' he
lol fcu lw ccn vc ..1111111
' A~ rnp h l\l hc up
\\ ,J111l 1h"I \,llIl\,,,,,11,, ,,,11.,.,, lot dll lrt t' llf \llh tl'\ Ol fhl'lllfH'lll
\ the w 11
"'Htllu
·l·. •,()
'
prnph gi vc1> u, rhc ,c, l\liln<.:c R o l 1111
ilil 11 tul 1 1,,p h ", 1, 1111 1~ 111 luw . rill' , loiw ol thl'
' ,\n J.l' •'" ' l I h,, ~

'" ~ ~ rrr ' il c 111.

' ' ''" 11,. ,, ,. u,,.. th,· '''!'"' ''"
p l~ .i\

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
llk~\ lf'l' Ull tfi.~ r ,UH I ' .,, , h<m
II

BATTERY KEY
- - -- .,,, ( >--' vvv,,- -
K Rh

WIRE
R

Fig. 1.1

PROCEDURE :
in the figure 1.1.
(a) Cl'lnnect the appamnis as sho wn at tlle zero mark wh en llle key K i~ off.
(You car
me ter and voh me ler are
in1 ero f the am
(b) Ch ecl,, l11a 1 llle po
scr ew pro vid ed on the ins tru me nt). Find the leas, count of both 1hc
of the
adjm, 1 the pointer with the he lp vo ltmeter.
ter and vol Lm e1er. Al so, find zer o correction bolll in the ammeter and o~tat knob.'°
am me
est po siL ion s on the am me ter and vo lLmete r by mo ving the rbe
(c) Ch eck the hig hes r and
the low and voJtmete r.
d vo lta ge do no t exc eed the res pec ti ve ranges on the ammeter
that the cu rre nt an
left to the rig ht in ste ps. No te do wn the am me ter read ing and the
ob from the
Cd) Start sliding the rheostat kn car e cha t tlle resistance does nor ge t hea ted
).
din g eve ry tim e. (Ta ke
corres po nding vo ltmete r rea we en I and V. TaJcing V alo ng the x-axis
and I along
ofob ser vat ion s. Plo t gra ph bet
(e) Take odd number (5 or 7) of the conductor.
slo pe of tlle gra ph. Th e rec ipr ocal of llle sJope is llle res istance
the y-axis. Find the ials.
(/) Repea t lhe ex pe rim ent fo r
wire 2 and 3 made of dif ferent ma ter

OBSERVATIONS : = ................ A
Le ast co unt of ammeter
= ................ V
Least co unt of vollmeter
= ................ A
Zero correcti on of ammeter
= ............ .... V
Zero correc tion of voltme ter
terminals L = ............ :... crn
Le ngth of the wire between the two

EVERGREEN PHYSICS LAB MA

NUAL ·
;.:.5- --
2_)
1
 - -
TABLE

S.No. - Amrrn,tP.r reading (omporo) I

Obnrved Corrected
Voltmeter reading (volt) V
Obsorvod Corrected
R = VA(ohm}

1
~
3.
4. .
5.
a
7.
Mean ,.tluc of R = ........... n
FOR DIAMETER OF THE WIRE
Lcasl c-ount (LC) of the ~crew gauge= ........... mm

S.No. MSR VSR D = MSR + VSR x LC(mm)

1.
2.
3.
4.
Mean diameter = .......... mm = .......... cm

Radius r = ~ =.......... cm

CALCUlATIONS :
Take any two points A and B well apart on the graph. From A and B. draw two lines v
AC and BC parallel to voltage and current axis respectively. Measure AC and BC on
their respective scales.
lben AC = .......... V and BC = .......... A 0
i -------
A
r
J
~ V
AC
Hence. R = slope = BC = ...... .. n
> .... _ , ___
1
• "n es1._su. vtty
.
of •we
I. •
wire =p R1u
= --i:=-- Q cm o·" ----- - -. x
I (ampere) ,

PRECAUTIONS :
(i) The current sbouJd be passed only for a short interval of Lime while taking a set of readings.
(ii) The connections should be Light and use a low resistance rheostat
( iii) Clean the ends o f the wires with sandpaper before ma.king the connections.

l EVERGREEN PHYSICS LAB MANUAL · 12

 (fr) The posiri,·e tem1inals of Lhe ammeter and voltmeter should be connected to the + ve side of the battery
(, ) Connection shouJd be tighL
ONE WAY KEY RHEOSTAT

SOURCES Of ERROR :
( it The ends of I.be wires may not be
clean.
( ii) Connections may be loose. RESISTANCE COIL
(iii' The wire may noc be of unifonn area
of cross-section.
(iv) vn may not be constant due to
excessi\e hearing~due LO passage of AMMETER
current for a Jong time.
VOLTMETER
Fig. 1.2
 •
_drxperiment©
AIM : To find rtsistance of a given wire/standard resistor using metre bridge.

REQUIREMENTS:
A metre bridge. galvano me te r. one way key. a resistance box, a Daniel ce U, a jockey, unknown resista nce , a screw
gauge. sandpaper.
THEORY: WHEATSTONE BRIDGE
Principle : ln the figure 2. 1 is shown a Wheatstone bridge in which four resistances P, Q, R and S are arranged
in the fomt of a bridge ABCD. A ceU is connected between A and C through a key K. The points B and Dare connecled
through a galvanometer and a key.
When the key K 1 is pressed, a current begins to flow in the ann of the bridge. If the points B and D are not at
the same potential, then on pressing the key K2 a current passes through the galvanometer and it shows deflectjon.
The resistance R is so adjusted that there is no deflection in the galvanometer. The points B and Dare at the same
potential and the bridge is said to be balanced. The current through the arms AB and BC is same and that through
AD and DC is also the same. Let 11 and 12 be the currents. Let VA, V 8 , Ve and V 0 be the potentials at the points A,
B. C and D respectively. Then
By Ohm's law
V A- VB =VA-Vo (": Va= Vo)
or 11 P = 12 R ... (1 )
and I1Q = I2S ...(2) B

p R
or Q - s
This relation holds good when bridge is balanced.
A metre bridge is the practical fonn of Wheatstone bridge arrangement
as shown in figure 2 . 1. If there is no deflection in the galvanometer, (G)
(i.e.. points B and Dare at the same potential, bridge is balanced), then
P R D
-Q-S- - - - ~ ~ - -+~~1_- ~ (~1
We use this relation to find the unknown resistance S of the given material of wire.
F;g. 2.1

l EVERGREEN PHYSICS LAB MANUAL - 12

 SJZD1
. . S _ ~ x 4 or p == - - from where p can be calcu]ai
If Lis the lengch of che wire and D its diameter, then - P 7lD 1 4L ed.
• ch · ·ple of Wheatstone bridsre. AC is a metre long\\ .
The figure 2.2 below shows the merre bridge which uses e pnnc~ f .~ area of c~ss- section ~
O
made of mangantn or constantan stretched along a metre scale M. Ir is um orm ·

A~ •7 D
~,::1~____. .,
• •

A
-----
---- I
p 0
100 ·1 - •C

-K. -·--------'
Fig. 2 2

The wire whose resistance is to be found is connected in the arm CD.

y f'-.s
A resistance box from which a known resistance can be taken out il\
connected across the gap AD. A sensitive galvanometer foUowed by a jockey -"-. } "-.c
is connected between the points B and D so as l'O slide over the wire AB. A
cell with suitable rheostat is connected a.cross AC as shown in figure 2.2.
/~ 1/,00 /
8
Tnis arrangement fonns a Wheatstone bridge as shown in figure 2.3.

'"---.. . t-::-<>,,,______...,_
R;U
PROCEDURE:
(a) Make the connections as shown in figure 2.2. Clean the connecting wires using sandpaper. Take out a suitable
resistance R from the resistance box (RB). [Consult your teacher for how much resistance i~10 be removed].
(b) Touch the jockey at point A, see that there is a deflection in the galvanometer on one side. Touch the jockey now
on the point C of the wire, the deflection in Lhe galvanometer should be on the other bide. Jf it is so, your
connections are correct. lf the direction of deflection is not reversed, ndju~, R till the direction of deflection is
reversed.
(c) If the deflections are on both the sides. stan s.liding the jockey on the wire from end A towards C.
(d) Note the point where the galvanometer shows zero deflection. This is culled the balance point.
(e) Note the length AB and call it as /, BC will be I 00 - /.
P R R /
Using the formula Q = S i.e., S = 100 _ 1 , knowing Rand/, we can fi nd the vaJ ueof s. Repeal the above
procedure for fi ve dj ffereot values of R.
 OBS£RVATIONS :
FOR UNkNOWN Rl!SISTANCC

TABLE
I
Value of known
S.No. B11l11nclng length AB = I Resistance of wire
resistance R (100 - 1)
ohm Increasing Decreasing
- Mean / (cm) S=Rx
100- l
ohm
l
1.
,..
2
3

- 4.5
Mean S = ......... ohm

RESULT :
The resistance of the given wire is .................... ohm.

t PRECAUTIONS :
(1) Clean the connecting wires and the connecting points of metre bridge properly with sandpaper.
(i1) All connections shouJd be neat and tight.
(iii) Balance point should lie between 40 cm and 60 cm.
(fr) Move the jockey gently o n the wire and do not keep the jockey and the wire in contact for a lo ng time.
c,•) Hold the jockey perpendicular to the wire of metre bridge.

SOURCES OF ERROR :
(1) The screws of the instruments may be loose.
(i1) The keys of the resistance box may not be clean and tight.
(iii) The wire may not be uniformly thick throughout.
I
'(
iment

AIM To ~·~rify the laws ofcombination (uries) ofresistances using a metre bridge.

REQUIREMENTS :
A metre bridge. galvanometer, one way key, a resistance box, a Leclanche cell, a jockey, two unknown resistanc
es
and connecting wires.

THEORY :
V3
ln ~ ries arrangement. the resistors are connecLed end to end as sbown in
fig. 3. 1. The source of current is connected between the free ends of the first
and the last resistor. Ln this arrangement. the current through each resistor is
the same but potential difference across different resistors is differenL The
potential difference of the source is distributed across different resistors. Let I
be I.he current through each resistor of resistance R , R , R and V , V , V
1 2 3 1 2 3 V
che potential difference across each. then Flg. 3.1
Y=Y 1 +V2 +V 3 ...( I )
and V1 = IR 1• V2 = lR2, V3 = lR3
and V = IRs, where Rs is the effective resistance of the combination
Subslituti ng these values in ( 1), we get
IRs = IR 1 + IR2 + IR3
or Rs = R 1 + R2 + R3
For two resistor R I and R2 connected in series
Rs= R1 + R2
PROCEDURE :
(a) Measure the unknown resistances R and R separately using the procedure explained in experime
1 2 nt 2, after
making the suitable connections.
(b) Now, connect the two resistances R I and R2
in series as s hown in fig. 3.2.
(c) Check for deflection on both the sides by
s
7f R,
'

~
j
touching the jockey at both the ends of the metre ,1
bridge wire.
(d) Proceed in the same way as in experiment 2.
Take at least four sets of observations. B
(e) Compare the measured values of effective A~.::..=.=.=.=.==,====i::=--.::--:.:---;;,oo~-, C
resistanc es usi ng metre bridge with the
calculated values.
J<.

Flg. 3.2
OBSERVATIONS :
(I) FOR UNKNOWN RESISTANCE
TABLE -1
Resistance
Balancing length AB = 1 100-/ 100 _,
S.No. Value of known resistance
R=S" (OltntJ
A,
S(ohm) Increasing Decreasing Mean (cm) I
-
1. -
2.
- \ -
- r
A2 )~
1. ') ~I

2. t.
Mean R 1 = ................ ohm
Mean R2 = ................ ohm
(II) FOR SERIES COMBINATION
TABLE - 2
Rnlatance s. Known ,_.,.nee Balancing~ AB• I 100-1
RNletanoe
Coll No. (S)(ohm)
lncreNlng Decru•lng llean
(cm)
Rs •
(100-1
- I
) 1t S (ohm,

1.
R1 and~
2.
in series
3.
(Rs)
4.
Mean Rs= ................ ohm
VERJFICATION :
R 1 + R2 = ............ ohm.
Mean Rs= ............ ohm.
=
Since R5 R1 + R2 within Limits of experimental error, therefore. law of ~ ries combinolion of rc..c,i,tnnccs i~verified.

PRECAUTIONS :
(,) Clean the connecting wires and the connecting poioU, of metre bridge properly with sandpaper.
(i,) All connections should be neat and tight
(iii) Try to obtain the balance point between 40 cm and 60 em.
(iv) Move the jockey gently on the wire and do not keep the jockey and the wire in contact for a long time.
(v) The jockey should be held perpencticular to wire of metre bridge.
( vi ) All the plugs in the resistance box should be tigbL
 SOURCES OF ERROR :
U) The screws of the instruments may be loose.
(i1) The keys of the resistance box muy not be clcnn nnd tight.
(iii) The wire may not be unifonnly thick throughout.

xperlment-1)
AIM : Te> -vtrl/y tht laws ofcombination (paralltl) of nsistancts using a 111ttn brldg,.
REQUIREMENTS :
A metre bridge, galvanometer. one way key. u rcsistuncc box. u Lcclunchc cell, ojockcy. two tu,i..nown rcsis11111cc~
aoo connecting wires.
THEORY :
The effective resistance Rp of the combination of two resistors
when connected in parallel (figure 4. 1) ctm be culculated hy
l I I
- =- + - ... ( I )
Rp RI R2 R,
Fig. 4,1

1m/
PROCEDURE :
(a) Measure the unknown resistances RI nnd R2sc·pnrutely using the procedure cxpltuned in c~pc1 imcnl 2, uf't<..·1
making the sujtable connections.
(b) Make the connections us shown in figure4.2 with rcsistnnce in pnmllel nfkr ck nning the conm.·c1l 111' wires
with sandpaper.
(c) Check for deflection on both the sides by touching the j ockey ut both lJ1c ends of the metre hrldgc wire.
(d) Proceed in the same way as in experiment 2. Take 111 least four sets of obscrvutions.
(e) Compare the measured values of cffeclive resisrnnccs using metre bridge wilh the culcululed vulucs.

R,

L ·ir- - Flg. 4.2

 -
OBSERVATIONS :
(I) FOR UNKNO WN RESISTANCE

S.No. Value of
known~
S(ohm )
TASLE -1
Balllnc lng length AB= I

lncre•a'r9 Oecrealng ,,_n

100-/
(cm) R:Sx
-··--
100 - /
I ~

1.

2.
Menn R 1 = ................ ohm
Mc:in R~ = ................ ohm

(II) FOR PARAL LEL COMBINATION

TABLE - 2

RNllda r,ce s. Known ,..,.ta,ce s.lanc lng let,,,tlt AB • I 100- /

Coll No. (SJ (ohm) lncrw ktg Decre• •fng .,..n (cm)

R1 and~ in
parallel (Rp) 3.
4.
Mean Rp = ................ ohm

VERIFICATION :
RR
-1--2 = ............ ohm
R 1+R 2
Mean Rp= ............ ohm
of ~isw)c esis
Since Rp = R, Ri within limits of experimental error. therefore. the law of parallel combination
verified. R •+ R l

PRECAUTIONS :
(i) Clean the connecting wires and lhe connecting poi n~ of metre bridge properly
with Ml.Odpaper.
(i,) All connections sbouJd be neut and tight
(iii) Try to obtain the balance point between 40 cm and 60 cm.
 (iv) Move the jockey gently on the wire and do not keep the jockey and the wire in contact for a long time.
(,•) lbc jockey should be held perpendicular to wire of metre bridge.
(n) All the plugs in the resistance box should be tight.

SOURas OF ERROR:
(i) The screws of the instruments may be loose.
(u) The keys of the resistance box may not be clean and tight.
Cm) Toe wire may not be uniformly thick throughout