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States of
Matter
CH 5 Chemistry | Class 11
Notes + 10 Years Integrated PYQ's
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 Gaseous State : -

Malter can be
classified into three
categories depending
and Gaseous
upon
its
physical state
namely solid ,
liquid
States .

# Distinction Between Three States Malta

of : -

Gases
S No .
.
Solids
liquids
1 Particles are Particles are Particles are
.

very very
closely packed loosely packed loosely packed
2 Voids are voids voids are
very
.
are

extremely small .

relatively larger large

Inter Intermediate
3 .
Inter
particle particle forces forces
4 .
forces
Particle
are
large
motion to
are intermediate
Particle motion is
are
negligible
particle motion is
.

restricted to
very
slow
very rapid
also random
and

vibratory
motion

# Measurable Properties of Gases : -

Mass , volume , temperature are the

important
measurable
properties Gases
The
of
the
.

is related to the
Mass : -
mass
of gas no .

moles
of WM
as n -
-
 Volume Since the entire
:
space
them gases
occupythe
-

volume
available to
the volume
therefore
,

gas
means
is
enclosed .
of the container in which the
gas

Pressure : unit
The
force exerted
by the
gasto perits
area
-

container is
on the walls
of
the
equal pressure .

Temperature : Temperature defined

is
→ as the
degree
-

hotness
of .

# Gas laws : .

Boyle 's changesconstant

law The in volume
of gas
: - the a

by varying pressure at temperature of

a

Robert
a
fixed 1662
Boyle
amount
The
in
of gas
law
quantified
named
by his
was

after
. was

law It States that

Boyle 's

:{
name as .

dp%÷any}
she
given
volume
of a man
of a
gas
Pd Yu (n ,
T constant )
A constant )
✓
Yp ( n ,
T

i.e .
P =
Ktv (where k is the constant
proportionality)
or PV -
-
K ( constant )
 P ,
V, =
Pik

Graphical Representation of Boyle 's law : -

T2> Ti
q f -
Tz
n

n E -

T,
I →

→ E
-
E
>
£
' '

¥→ 1¥
(b) Plot of Pv
against P
P
(a) Plot af
against
v

chante 's law for

→ : a
fixed amount of a
gas
-

gas expands
at constant the
pressure .
as

temperature increases .

In pv =
n RT V =

(nfI)T p= constant
✓ AT

Yz ( Pressure and Man constant

)
 Graphical Representation of chance 's law : -

⇐
§
÷

%
-

extrapolation
-

73 173 273 373 473 (f)

Combined Gas
Equationlaw
chante 's
: -

be combined to
The
Boyle 's and can

between the three variables

give
a
relationship
Avant T

f¥=zR)
.

13¥ =Py¥
Pv -
-
n RT or

constant

law
Avogadro
's
Avogadro 's laws The states
-

and the
that at a
given istemperature pressure ,

volume
of
a

amount
gas directly proportional to
the
of gas ie .

Van (P and T constant)

or V = Constant xn
 n is the amount of the substance
I mot
of gas
at 0°C and under 1 atm

pressure
any
occupies 22.4×10-3 m3 or 22.4 litre

Ideal Gas
Equation : -

and Charley law

A
gas
that would
obey Boyle 's
under all the conditions
of temperature and
is called Ideal Gas
pressure an .

{ pv -
-

NRT
}
gas eqn
this is called ideal
where Ries the constant of proportionality or

universal constant
gas
The value
of R was
' I found out to be
12=8.314 mot K
-

J
' '
litre atm K mot
-

R= 0.0821
' "
R Cal K mot
-

-
2

→ Relation between Molar mats and

density (from
ideal
gas equation)
n = We P -
DRI
M M

PMV
NRI
p -
- D=
RT

Wy RMI
P -
 Eg At which of the
four conditions the
density of
-

: -

?
nitrogen largest( )
will be the
(a) STP b 273 K and 2 atm
546 K and I atm (d) 546 K and 2 atm

Sdn :
Density of a

hasgas
is
given p
obviously
Prefwould
-
-
-

have
the choice that
greater ¥
greater density is
Hence (B) ,
.

correct

law) "
→
Gay lussac 's law
(temperature pressure
Tt state that pressure
of the
given af mass a

gas
is
proportional
directly volume to the Kelvin
temperature
at constant
Pat (n , u are constant)
=k= '
¥ =

pay -
load :
balloon
buoyantupper along
when a is , it can take
The
some
weight into the atmosphere .

along
maximum weight balloon is
a can
carry
called its load
pay
-
.

Pay load -
wgt of the air displaced ( iwgt of the
-
balloon
+
wgt of the gas it
contains )
Eg into 2g of gaseous introduced
: .
when substance A B
evacuated
an
initially flask kept at 2500 ,

the pressure is found to be I atm . The

flask
is
evacuated and introduced The
3g of B is .

pressure is
found to be 0.5 atm at 250C .

Calculate the ratio MI

(m molecular
weight)
-

MB
Sof ? PV
my RT
. =

tht many ×MBB_m ( )

= because u
, R and T are
constants

¥ Fa Mj '
x

MI - I
MB 3

Dalton's law
of Partial Pressure : .

The relation between the mixture

the
pressures of vessel to
reacting enclosed in
oftheir
non
gases
a
-

individual described
pressure is in the law .

given by
The law was John Dalton in 1807 . It
States that : -

At constant temperature ,
the
pressure exerted
by
a mixture
of two or more non -

reacting gases
enclosed in a
definite volume ,
is to the
equaleach
of
the individual pressures which
gas
sum
would exert alone volume
The individual
tf present in the same
known
pressures of gases
are as

partial pressures .

total
If p es the
pressure of the mixture

of volume
non -

reacting gases at
temperature T and
B
v ,
and Pi ,
Pz ,
-
-

represent the
- -

the
partial pressures of gases ,
then

P -
Pit Pat B t - - - -
( T, V are constant )
Partial Pressure terms fraction
of amount
mole
in : .

Mole
fraction X
defines the substance
of
amount
a

in a mixture as a
fraction of
total
substance is
of
all substances -

Tf n, moles
of a

mixture mole
present in n moles
of the ,
then

fraction of
the substance
ng ,
X. =

the
G mixture
Pak is the
partial pressure of nitrogen
and Ha Then
of Soa ,

Rut ( nm of ND
.

Pak =
has X
,
= no .

of moles

and Pmixtuse =
Christ nsa ) RI
v

dividing we
get
¥n÷me=(n.Pemixture
TL#sD=xnn
,

Or , Piya =
Xiyu X
 At depth of 250ft
Eg pressure
: -
an
is
under
8.38
water
atm . What should be
, the
the mole

percent of oxygen in the

diving gas forto
the
partial
pressure
atm
of oxygenit in the
is
mixture
air at Latin
be
?
0.21
, the same as in
Sol ? .

Since Poa = Xo , X P
total then Xos = POI
P total
Xoz =
0.21 = 0.025
8 .

38

should 2.5%
So, the
dining gas contain of Oz

Graham 's law of Diffusion / Effusion :

-

gasvolume spread
to and
The
ability of a
occupy
available
the whole issespectire of
other

gases present container called

in the is
diffusion
Effusion is the process by
versed
which a
gas escapes
a small
from
one chamber
of
a
through
opening or an
orifice r=
Vqlumediffused
taken
→ me =F
The law States similar
of
under conditions

temperature and
pressure the rates of diffusion
,

of gasesroots
are
inversely proportional to the
of their densities
square .

ra
#
where r is the rate
of diffusion and d
te the
density of the
gas
 A and B
Now ,
r, and
if
ra
there
as
are two
their rates gases diffusion
of
having
and d and,

da their densities
respectively then ,

ridged ,
and
kL÷q or =

fats ame
Tardif

÷
FIL
-

Emm .

#¥
-

Here m , and Mz are the molecular masses

d. and da
of
the
Graham
gases having densities
respectively .

good
law also holds
's
af diffusion
for effusion .

Effect of Pressure on state of Diffusion : .

The rate
of diffusion G) of a gas at constant
temperature is
directly proportional to its
pressure
}
RL P

rate at constant
temperature
→

dm

÷ -

fax #
Eg chloride
:which
.

of the two
gases
ammonia and
and
hydrogen !
will
diffuse "faster by what
factor
son :
FI thief )
-

(3,6+52)/2=1.46 or tune 146 my

Thies , ammonia will

chloride
diffuse 1.46 times
faster
than
hydrogen gas
.

Gases :
# kinetic Molecular
Postulates of the
theory of
Model i -
.

A
of largedimensions of of
→ consists identical
gas no
a .

molecules The these

of mass m .

to the space
molecules are
very
small
compared
between them .
Hence ,
the molecules are treated
as
point masses .

practically forces
→ There are no attractive between
the molecules The molecules
therefore more
.

independently .

The state ceaseless and

→ molecules are in a
of
random motion with each and
colliding
,
other
with the walls the container The direction
of .
 collision
changes only elastic
their motions These
of collisions are known as
on .

collisions in
which the and the molecules
are conserved
energy
.

In non -
momenta
elastic
ofcollisions these
conserved
quantities are not .

The collision
→
pressure of a
gaswall
is the result
of
the
of molecules with
of the container .

The kinetic
colliding
→
energy of
the
average
molecules is
directly proportional to its

temperature
# Velocities
of Gas molecules :

→
As Average velocity
per kinetic each molecule
theory of different
gases let
,

is
moving with
altogether in velocity .

molecules be present given Us of gas

' '
n a mass
,
each
The
one
moving
with
velocity un vi. Vx ,
- -
- - .

average velocity
terms
or Uav =

average af
all
such
velocity .

Avg Velocity =Utk±--#=nihtnuhtn3Usn

.

n , that rts - = - -

Uav
! '¥=f=EId
-
-
=
 Root mean
square velocity
: -

Maxwell proposed the term Ums as the

square
root of means
of square of all such velocities

U 'm =

ns.ujt-n
Uit uit Ust - - - -

=
-
Nuit nuit
hit Nat ng

Abo Ums = =

f =

probable velocity
Most : -

It is the
velocity
which is
possessed by maximum
no .

of molecules .

Ump -
-

=f =

¥21 =

furthermore Ump : Uav : Ums : :

iffy :

E.
FE :
E
L 2 228 : I
Important ratio
: .
224 -
-

Also Uav = Ums X 0.9213

 Gas :
kinetic
Energy af -

per kinetic
yzmminns
"
As Pua
eg
For 2 mole mxn = Molecular mass ( M)
Mu's (mole k
i .
PK
Yz Maims =

23×12 2g X
KE - or
mole
Also
'm =L Ffa =-3 KT =3 RT

where k is the
Boltzmann constant
(k=,I
Calculate
speed of K and 2×105
Eg Pa 02 at 273
: -

ans

under
density af
these
pressure .
The 02

Kym
3
conditions is 2.42
-

Sol ? Data SI units

are
given in
.

ftya
"
Homs =
=
= 459 - 63 m see

kinetic Gas
Equation : -

The kinetic has been derived

gas equationof
on

the basis
The
of postulates the kinetic
theory of
gases egn.es : .
.

{ Pv -
-

Yzm Nu }
 where , p= Pressure
✓ = Volume
m= Mass
of a Gas molecule
N = No of molecules in volume v
( ms)
.

u =
Root mean
square velocity
Gas molecules
kinetic
Energy of
: -

kinetic
easily
molecules be
energy of
The can
gas kinetic
calculated on the basis of gas egn .

Average molecule
'
K E
-
.

of one =

Yama
of molecules
' '
K E N Nu Hy
Yam 3-2×13
-
-
= = m

f
Pfftyfq )
PU Nu and
'

=L Pv
za RT
yzm
- -
- -

R is
-

constant
-

e
i KE
of a
gas
L T

Eg :
-
Calculate K E..

of 4g of Na at -13°C

'

Sol Ek
32×923×8 314×260
RT
3-2
= = n = -

I
mot
-

=
463 .
21 J
# Deviation Ideal Gas Behaviour :
from
-

A which the lanes and the

gasPV obeys gas gas
egg n RT strictly at all temperatures and pressures
-
-

is said to be ideal The molecules ideal

an
gas of
.

assumed to small with no attractive

gases are veryBut
forces the
between another one real
gas
and
strictly
. no

obeys
at all temperatures
gas eggi dead behaviour pressures .

Deviations
from are observed
particularly
at high pressures or low
temperatures . The deviation

from ideal behaviour is

expressed by introducing
a

known
factor 2 as
compressibility factor in the
i dead
gas egg . I
may
be

PK
expressed as

@ =nPY
In of ideal RT
'

case 2=2
gas , n . -

In
of seal PV #
'
→ RT
case #2
gas real n 2
. -

Thus , in case
of gases
2 can be < 2922
4) when deviation It shows
negative
2<2 , it is a .

that the
gas
is more
compressible than
expected from
ideal behaviour .

(2) When 272 , it is

positive deviation It shows
a .
that
ideal
the is
gas
less
compressible than expected from
behaviour
 Causes of deviation ideal behaviour in
'

The causes
of
fromfrom
deviations ideal behaviour be
may
due to the
following two
assumptions of kinetic
theory
There
of gases
.
are : .

4) The volume
occupied by gas molecules es negligibly
small as
compared to the volume occupied by the
4$86 forces of attraction between
gas
molecules are

negligible .

The
first assumption
is valid
only at
pressures and
low
volume
high temperatureis
when ,
the occupied by the
to the total
gas
volume
molecules
negligible
But
as

at
compared
low and
of the
gas .
,
temperature
molecules
high pressuremolecules
the ,
being in compressible the
volumes of are no more
negligible as
compared
to the total volume of the
gas
.

The second
assumption Es not valid when the pressure
is
high and
temperature is low But at high pressure .

low when the total volume is

or
temperature of gas
attraction
small , the
forces of become
appreciable
and cannot be
ignored
.
 # Van Waal 's
Der
Equation :
The
generalVan gasDer eggWaal in is valid PVideal
for the
NRT -
-

gases only modified gas

1873

egg by introducing two correction terms for volume ,

are

other
and the
for
to make the
pressure eqn
applicable to seal
gases
as well .

\
→ volume correction : -

let the correction team be v

i .
Ideal volume vi =
(V -
v )
Now van or v =
nb
[n -
-
no .

of moles
af seal
gas ,
be constant
of proportionality
called Van der Waal 's constant)
b
'

. . Vi -
-
V -
n

volume molecule
b Ux
of a
single
-
-
.

→ Pressure correction : -

let the correction term be P

-
i

.
Ideal
pressure Pi =
( Ptp)

Now ,
Pa
(F) =

AF
where
Van der
a is constant
Waal b
proportionality
constant
of
.
called another
 Hence ideal
,
pressure

[ Pi
( P
taunts) ]
-
-

Here nano of moles of seal

gas
-

✓ = volume of the container

a =
A constant whose value
depends upon the
nature the
of gas volume and
substituting the values
of ideal ideal
obtained
pressure ,
the
modified egg es as

(p=avn (v -

n b) = NRT

Eg : -

I mole of Soa occupies a volume

af 350 me at
Sook and 50 atm Calculate the
pressure .

compressibility factor of the

gas
.

Sof ? -
p= 50 atm f- 350 ml = 0350 litre
n -
2 mole
TI 300L PI
'

z
'

. =

n RT

2=50×0-350-2 0.711
'

.
.

1×0.082 X 3 A

Thus , so , is more
compressible than expected
ideal behaviour
from
 Vander
low
Waal 's
Equation '
,
different forms
and
' '
: .

is
At
pressures is
large The b
'
→
,
v

with V Waals
negligible in

seduces to
comparison
:
. Vander

egg
( Pt Pvt RT
V RT ;
du
- =
-

PV RT PVC RT
out
= - or

This P isotherm
accounts
for the
dip in PV vs

at low pressures coz

2
Nz

H2

]
-

⇐ atonal gases from

ideal behaviour with
'

pressure
At
fairly be high pressure
ray may neglected in
comparison with P .

The Vander Waals Egg becomes

P ( v b)
-

= RT
PV -
Pb = RT
PV = Rtt Pb or PV > RT
This accounts
for rising parts of
the the Pv vs P
isotherm at
high pressures
.

. .

Z I - - - - - - - - -
- - - -

1.0
50°C
0°C
-

platon)→
The
plot of 2 vs P
for Na
gas
at
different temperature
is shown here

At
very
low
pressures
become
: V becomes so
large that
Vander
and
negligible
both b and the

Waals
Imreduces
why
RT This shows
egg to PK .

ideal behaviour at low

gases approach very pressures .

and These two lightest

Hydrogen Helium
→ :
gases
-

are

known Their molecules have small The

very masses
.
.

attractive
forces between such molecules will be

extensively small .
So , at
ft
is
negligible even
ordinary temperatures .

Thus Waals
Pv > RT .
Thus , Vander
egg explains
observed
quantitatively the behaviour
ofidealreal gases
and so is an
improvement over the
gas egg
.

Waals behaviour
Vander egg accounts
forthethe of be
real
gases
.
At low
pressures ,

gas egg
can

rewritten
:[
as

( Pt
fam) Cvm)
- Rt or
2=17--1 It ]
-

Where ,
value at
2
low
is known as

is
compressibility
less than 2
factor
and it
Its .

pressure
For
decreases with increase
of P .
a
given value of
value
um ,
At
2 has more at
higher temperature
be
.

high pressures ,
the
gas egg can written as

P( Um b) -
= RT
2tPb
7-
=Pp¥n_ =

RT

Here ,
the
compressibility factor increases with
and it
increase of pressure at constant
temperature
decreases with increase of temperature at constant
For the Ha and He the above
pressure .

is
gas ,

behaviour observed at low since

even
'
premieres ,

value '
is
for these
gases , the
af a
extremely small .
Eg! and
litre at 3W atm 473 k es
One
of a
gas
compressed to a of
boo atm and 273k
pressure .

1.072 and
The
compressibility factors found -375 are I

respectively at initial and final States Calculate the .

final
Sol ! -
P, V ,
volume
=
.

Inn RT, and Putz = Znnktz

Puff x
2¥
=

V-
¥x¥xh¥=f?oIIzx2f#x3%_ to .im
" =

Boyle 's Temperature ( Tb)

seal
Temperature
wide
at which
obeys gas gasis
the laws
over a
range of pressure called Boyle b

temperature Gases which .

easily liquefied hare are a

's ( Tbc 02) 46k]
high Boyle temperature whereas the -

gases 's
which are
difficult to liquefy hare a low
Boyle temperature [ Tb( He) 26k] -
.

Boyle 's temperature Tb -

# =
Iz Ti

called Invasion
where Ti ,
is
temperature and a,
b, are called vander Waals constant .
 # Critical Constants : .

Critical temperature Cte ) : It CTD is the maximum

-

temperature at which can be

liquefied i e

gas
a -

the
temperature above which a
gas can 't exist
as
liquid .

Te
8927
-

Rb
Critical Pressure CPD : It is the minimum
→
to cause
-

pressure
liquefaction
at Tc
required

⇐ ÷]
critical is
volume : It the volume
occupied by one

mot at Pc
of Tc and Vc=3b
gas
a

molar heat
capacitygases specific of ideal : -

heat c , is
defined of asheat the
required amount
to raise the
temperature of Ig af substance
through
g- k (seal
'
2K ,
the unit
of specific heat is calorie "

is
raise
defined the amount
as
of heat required to
ID
the
heat
temperature of
water
Ig af through
molar Capacity C te ,
defined as the amount
of
heat
sequined to raise the
temperature af I mole
of
gas through 2K
a
.
Thus ,

heat molecular
molar heat capacity =

Specific x
wgt y -

the
gas
.

For there two values of molar heats ,

gases heat at
are

i. e. , molar constant
pressure and molar heat
volume
at constant
respectively denoted
by Cp
' "
and cu .

Cp see
greater than Cv and Cp -

Cv =2 Cal mot k

from the ratio

of Cp and Cv , the idea
atomicity of
we
get of
gas
.

For and Cv Cal

gas Cp
monatomic = 5 Cal =3

i.
Y -13=1.67 (Y es
poisson
's ratio
=Cp
-

diatomic 7 Cal Cu medium

gas go
and
for
= = 5 cat in

temperature range .

Y =

II =L 40
.

for
polyatomic gas l Go =
8 Cal and Cv = 6 Cal

Y f-
-
- =
-
33

also
Cp Cpxm Cv Cvxm
-

-
=
,

heat
where ,
Cp and Cv are
specific and m, is
molecular
weight .
 Waals constants
Yi for
Calculate Vander
ethylene
.

Tc = 282.8 k; Pc =
50 atm

Sol ! b
Yg Rpt f- 0-082628282 litseslmole 0.057
-

× =
-

a =

Ife pix
2¥=
(0.0825×12828)%1*-447
x
lit
motet atm