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Laws of
Motion
CH 5 Physics | Class 11
Notes + 10 Years Integrated PYQ's
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 # Laws of Motion g -

Inertia : -

property of
Inertia is an inherent

a
body by virtue of change
its which it cannot

State ( motion)
"
rest ie
uniform
.

by itself
or .

It in the universe does

says
that
every body
which is hidden in and
have a
property itself
because of this
property the
body is unable to

change its state

by itself ,
i.e .

from stale
af rest

to its
state
of motion or vice -

versa or even

into
direction . This inertia can be
categorized
types namely
three ,
:

(a) Inertia of Rest

(b) Inertia motion
Inertia
of direction
af

# Inertia Rest : Inertia is

of inability
'

of zest the
-

can't
body
it
by change
which
of
a virtue of
sets state of test to state
of motion .
That means
 which is rest continues to be in the
any body rest
at

go further
and can 't
state of only it into

state
of motion
by itself .

Eg
bus
: -
①
Passengers standing or
sitting loosely in
direction when
a

experience jerk in the backward

This due to
the bus
suddenly starts
moving
.
is

the
fact that when the bus
suddenly starts its

lower
parts of human
body
motion , the the shares
the but tends
motion the
upper part to remain

aft zest due to inertia of zest .

& ) when a bullet is

fired into a
tightly fitted-

glass pane from a

reasonably close
range
it ,

hole
makes a clear circular in
glass pane This
the .

due to that
Is the
fact particles of glass
around the hole tend to remain at rest due
to fo , to
inertia
of zest
they are unable
.

share the
fast motion of the bullet
.
 Inertia af Motion : Inertia
of motion is the
inability
-

by of change
it
of a
body virtue which cannot

its
to
state of uniform motion
along a
straight line

state
of test .

That means
any body which is
in
uniform motion can't come to test
by itself
external
until and unless some
force acts on it .

An
Eg : athlete runs
for some distance
before taking
.

a
long jump . In this
way ,
the athlete
gains
momentum and of motion him
this inertia
helps
in
taking longer jump .

Inertia is
Inertia
of Direction : -

of direction
can't
inability of a
body by virtue
af which it

direction This
change its
by itself body
. means a

line its
along straight change
can 't
moving a

direction until and unless it acted

by itself ,
is

external
upon by any force .
Eg C ) when takes turn ,
running suddenly
: -
a car a

the in the outward

passengers experience a
jerk
direction This is because the tend to
passengers
.

to
maintain their
original direction
ofmotion due

inertia of direction .

⑥ A stone
of tied towhirled
string is one end a

in
horizontal circle when string breaks the stone
a .

tends to
fly off tangentially along a straight line .

This is due to inertia of direction .

Note : The of
Mars the
body is the indirect measure
-

body
the
of inertia
of that .

Force
"

that
pulls body
is the
which
pushes
or

tends to state rest

or
change the
of of uniform
or

"
line
motion in a
straight .

G) It produces tries to motion

body
in
or
produce a

at zest .

G) It stops ties to
stop moving body
or a .
(c) It tries to
changes or
change the direction
of
motion
of body .

(d) It produces change in

shape of the
body
a the .

# Forces
Classification of : -

There are
different types of forces in our Universe .

Based on the nature of the interaction between two

bodies ,
forces may be
broadly classified as under: .

Force

- i t- .

system
source
Reference Nature

origin)
( ( workdone)
wise
frame
HT
Id field Contact
IF
Real I
_÷y
External Internal
Conservative Non -

conservative
⑨ Contact The
force
force : - exerted
by one
surface
over

body
they
the another when
surface inof
are

known
physically
contact with each other is

as contact
force
.

If two
surfaces
that are
coming
into contact an

perfectly smooth ,
then the entire contact
force will

to
act
only normal their
surface of contact and
"
?
it is known as Normal
force
If two
surfaces
that are
coming into contact are

rough surfaces then , one

component of this contact

force ads perpendicular surface of

to their contact

and the other

component of this
force
acts in

tangential direction to their

surface
"
of contact and

force of friction
"
this known
component is as .

Tension friction
Reaction
eye of
Normal , ,
etc are the

various contact
forces .
 Reaction The FT Fs
Normal
forces A and
'

acting
.
-
on
,

respectively away from surface of contact

B act the
"

bodies
and
present the two
from occupying
the

:
same
space ¥s
it is Fa is
If the action , reaction ,

they are

opposite direction father

equal magnitude but
in in . ,

FT FI both
perpendicular to the
and are
surfaces
that two
contact and note
they different
in act on

bodies .

G "

"" " ""

t "" " """

TjgBG0BgtgGBB
togged
-880
E-

Hang N is the
Md
normal reaction
stone
af
the
on the

my
111 Cy
¥1111111111111111114
N cos o
mg
-
 Friction ? It between
- is a
force that acts bodies

in contact with each other

along the
surface
contact and it relative motion between
of bodies
opposes
two The
the .

frictional force direction

of on

A is
opposite to that of direction of frictional
and
force on
surface
B
magnitude is same for
both .

<
I A
FBA 111111111111111 B %

Tension ( t) when
string thread wise is
→ : -

a or
,

held taut, the ends at the

string or thread ( or )
wise

bodies attached to them

pull on whatever are

in the direction
of the
string . This
force is known
as Tension .

monsters then tension has

string
the
If
the is T

throughout
the same
magnitude at all
points
the
string
.
 for
Egri ) Tension in a
string : . a block A
pulled
by a
string .

txt
yay
111111111 MMMM

Spring forces : -

whenever a
spring
is
compressed
or extended , the elastic
force developed in the
which to restore
spring helps the
spring its

known
original position
is
spring force
as .

In an extended ( or compressed) spring force is ,

magnitude of
to the extension (
proportional or

compassion)
direction
fax , in
magnitude , but
opposite in ,

for F Kx constant ,
where k es a
positive
-

.
,

known
also as the
spring constant
of the

spring
.

the
X is
companion or
elongation from the

natural
length .
 of the tensions
Eg In case the
spring
: - are
'

directed block '

and the
oppositely on the m on

R
roof .
66g

E④¥x
÷
,

Non Contact
-

forces Bodies can exert

forces on

This
physical
each other without actual contact .

known distance Such

is as action at a
forces .

are known as non contact

forces ( ) field forces or
- .

Eg .
Gravitational force Electrostatic forces etc
,

For actual
the moment ,
we deal with
forces .

Suffice it to that these exist

pseudo forces
say
-

acting in a non -
inertial
frame of reference .
 # Newton 's first law : .

to
Every body continues be the state rest
in
of
or of uniform motion in a
straight line until
and unless it is
compelled to
change the state

of the
body by an unbalanced
force .

For better this

understanding we can divide
statement into two
parts : .

to be
4)
Every
continues
body of
in its state rest

until and unless some external

"
force compels it to

change
the state
of zest .

This
part of the law is
self explanatory
and
self
evident several in
as we come across
eg our
.

daily
to
life like all inanimate
objects will continue

place theyexternal put

be in the same where are

until
they are disturbed
by some
agents .

②
Everybody
in
continues in its state
line
of uniform
motion a
straight unless
"
external
force
to
change that
it state
compels .
The second part of the statement can 't be
readily
because
surface of
understood as on the the earth

of various types of frictional resisting forces or .

Eg the ball will come to halthorizontal

Poe . when ball is
a rolled on a

surface after some

time however smooth the be

surface may , as

can 't
we eliminate
force of friction completely .

Momentum ( linear) : -

Momentum is
defined as the
ability of a

tends to
body
by virtue of which it
imparts or

line
impart its motion
along a
straight .

p)
momentum ( is
Mathematically ,
measured as the

product of Mars (m ) and velocity Cv ) of the body .

As vector
is
velocity is
vector
a
quantity momentum ,

quantity
also a .

p=mv→ or
p=mv
Unit : Itb mls
unit is kg -
in SI
system and
gm ants
-

Cas
in
system .
 '
Dimensions : Its dimensions
-

. are MLT

Eg : d) A block of mars
2kg is
moving with a
-

velocity of 29 -

jt3k m/s . find the

magnitude
momentum
and direction
of of the block with

the X -
axes .

Sofi of momentum
The
magnitude
is
2514kg m/s
.

cost Flt
and the direction es at an
angle of
with x -
axes

(2) when a
force of constant
magnitude always
to
act
perpendicular the motion
of a
particle
then : .

G) Velocity is constant (b) Acceleration is constant

(c) KE A constant (d) None of the above

Sdn : force will

provide centripetal acceleration ,
circular
so it will more in a
path therefore
KE .
is constant because
speed remains

unchanged .
# Newton's Second Motion
law
of : .

have studied 1st law

We
already the Newtons
which has
given
us a
qualitative idea about
force .

Newton b Ind law

Now , we will
study about

which
gives us a
quantitative idea about
force
whenever a cricketer catches a ball he allows

a
longer
Otherwise
time
the
for
ball
his hands
will hurt
to stop
the
the
cricketer
ball .

If you observe this incident

carefully you can

easily understand that cricketer es

applying
some

ball in order to make the momentum

force on

of the
body zero .
And also we can understand
that the
magnitude of the
retarding force that

cricketer
applies on the ball in order to stop
two
depends on
factors .

① The momentum the ball and

of
② Time
for which he is
applying the
force
These lead
type af observations Newton to state
his law motion
of
second .
The
body
momentum
rate
of change toof of a is

and the
proportional
directly take the
applied force
change place in the direction
of the
force
so
for a
body with constant mass ,

III
are a .
dalma ) are
date art F
(dat)
or , m
;
- km ,

where k is a constant .
with
proper choice
of
units , K - I .
Thus ,

F =
m DI = man .

dt

Unit of force : Its unit is Newton in and

system
. SI

dynein
system
Cas .

Dimensions in [ MLT 2)
-

Note : d) The 2nd law is vector law

of
-
motion a .

There three each

are
actually equations , one
for
component of the vectors :
Fx
daff Max ; Fy daff -
May ; Fz ddptz maze
= = = = =

2nd
Note in The
of motion is strictly
law

applicable to a
single point particle The force .

f- here stands
for net external force the on

particle .

Eg :
body of
Amais
2kg falls from height hihom
m -
-
a

from theis ground level

Ca ) what the
magnitude of total change in
momentum
of the body before it strikes the
?
ground
(b) what
corresponding average force
is the

experienced by it ? Cg lomlsec )
'
-

Sol ! la ) Since the

-

body falls from sestao) through

distance h
a
before striking the ground the ,

speed v of the body is given by kinematics egg .

Putting
↳ u 't Las and S h
✓ a
; -_g
-

we obtain v -

Fi
 in
The
magnitude of total
change momentum

of body
the

=
Ap - I mu -
O f- mu ,
where u
=L
=

Ap -
-
m =
Bp =
4) Taxing kgmlsec
→

Ap 20
kgmlsec
-
-

(b) The
average force experienced by body
the =

Fav =
Ape
At

where At time
of motion
of the
body tcsay) we
=
-
-

know bp=2o kgmlsee .

Therefore we will have to

find t
using the
given
data . we know
from
kinematics that ,

'
( a- )
'

half gt
S at
ut
ya
-

- t = o

off
t i fav
Aft
-
-
= =
.

values
Putting the
general of
AP and t we

obtain
 Fav
Ya¥f
Fav
my =mg→
=
= =

) of
where
mg
is the
wgt ( w the
body ang gets
directed
vertically downward
Therefore body
.
the

experiences a constant
vertically downward
force
of magnitude mg .

# Newton 's first

Working
with and Second law :

Before trying to write an

egg from Newtons law ,

we should
very clearly understand which
particle
In situation
we are
considering
.

any particle ,
we

deal with extended bodies which are collection

of large
a no .

of particles . The laws stated a

be used
force may ifeven the
object under
consideration is an extended body provided each
,

has acceleration
part of this body
the same

( in magnitude direction)
and .
A
systematic algorithm
Newtons law is
for eggs from follows
:
writing
as
1st step : Decide the
system
-

: -

The 1st to
step systemThe
is decide the on which the

laws to be
applied
of motion are .

system may
be a
single particle ,
a block ,
a combination two
ofconnected
blocks one
kept over the other, two blocks

by a
string ,
a
piece ofstring etc The only restriction .

is that all
parts of the system should have
identical acceleration .

Here covered
the distance by all the blocks is

taken
same but
they all cannot be as a
system
acceleration is
because even
though magnitude of
but direction acceleration in all
same the
of the

blocks is not same .

Tf Force

in
-17371 /
Ff
.

Did
\

¥
 and step : .

Identify the
forces : -

Once the decided make list

system es , a
of
the due to all
system
the
forces acting on
objects
other than
system Any force applied by the
.

should be included in the best

system not the
of
forces .

Consider the situation shown in the

fig . where

small block of mass m is kept on

bigger block
M The load lower block , the
of mass
presses
.

tower
pushes the
upper
block ,
the
bigger block
the
presses floor downward , the
floor pushes
the block
upward ,
the earth attracts the block .

3rd
step : .
Make a
free body diagram
: -

Now , represent point in

the
system by a a

separate diagram and draw vectors

representing
the the this
forces acting
with
on
system
point the
as common
origina .

line
The
forces may lie
along ,
may
be

distributed
plane ( polar )
distributed
in or be
a co
may
space ( planes)
in the non Indicate the
-
.

directions
magnitude
and
of the
forces in the

diagram
This is
diagram .

in
called a
free body
TN
'

y
DO

N i v

'
U W U W

Block B Block A

4th step : choose

equations
axes and write : -

Any three mutually perpendicular directions

may
be chosen as the x
y z
axes Some
suggestions for
-
-
.

choosing the axes to solve

problems are : .

(9)
If the
forces are co
planes only ,
two axes ,
say
X and y , taken in the
plane af forces are needed .

(b) Choose the x-axis

along the direction in which

the is known hare hate the

system to or is
likely to
 acceleration .

(c)
If system is
the in
equilibrium ,
any mutually
perpendicular directions in the plane of the
diagram
be chosen the axes
may
as .

(d) Write the

components of all the
forces along the
x-axis and
equate their sum to the
product of the

of the and its acceleration

Mars
system .
Write the

components of the
forces along the
y-axis and

to
equate the sum
zero .

mathematical to
Use
techniques get the unknown
out
of these This completes
quantities equations .

the
algorithm .
 tmuseo The
change
in momentum is called

impulse .
In
many
situation
's a
large force ads

for
a short time , in this case this
force is called

Impulsive force
mathematically it is described as the product of
force and time .

i.
Impulse ( D= f t -

i .

Impulse ( T¥mv mu -
and since
force is variable ,

hence F- I felt
t,

The area under f t curve

gives
the
magnitude af
-

impulse .

Impulse is a vector
quantity and its direction
F
Is same as the direction
of .

Unit of Impulses .
The unit in S I - .

system is
kgmlsec
or newton -
second .

'

Dimension
'
L'
-

in M T
Egs
.
C) Automobiles are
provided with
spring Shocker

systemsroad
.
When the automobile bumps over an

uneven ,
it deceives a
jerk .
The
spring
increases the time of the
jerk ,
thereby seducing
the
impulsive force .
This minimises the
damage to
the vehicle .

(2) A man
falling from a certain
height receives

more
injuries when he
falls on a marble
floor
than when he
falls on a
heap of sand .
This
is because the marble
floor does not
yield under
the
wgt of the man The man is
stopped abruptly
-

.
.

A of takes
finite change momentum
place in a
very
interval But
short
of time .
when he
falls on a

heap of sand , the sand

yields the
under the
wgt af .

the man and this increases time interval . fo

,

it
force
exerted
by
reduces the sand on man .
(3) It is
difficult to catch a cricket ball as

to with the
compared a tennis ball
moving same

This is because cricket ball will have

velocity .

more momentum than tennis ball due to its

heavier momentum
change
The in in
of
mass .
case

ball
cricket is more Hence
.

,
more
force is
required
to cricket ball than tennis ball
stop .

# Newton 's third law

af Motion : -

understood and
How we have the
qualitative
quantitative definitions of force from Newton 's

first
and second laws But how . are the
forces
between two bodies related to each other at all ?
if
The answer is
provided by the third law
of
motion .

Every action has an

equal and
opposite reaction
,

equal magnitude opposite

which are in and in

direction .
 =
.

Consider two and with

bodies A B
interacting
each other
by means of forces .

FAB : the
force exerted by body B on A
FBA The
force exerted by the body A B
: on .

Acc . to Newton's 3rd law : .

FAB = -

FBA ( equal in

magnitude and
opposite in direction )
look raises
That
may fine ,
but it
apparently ,
a

horse
lot of questions
.
for
eg. if,
a
pulls .
a cart

horse backward , does the

and cart pulls the how
all ?
cart mores
forward at

If we observe we will
find that the
forces
the horse the and
acting on and cart
, though equal
opposite ,
they
are
acting not on the same
body ,

rather , two bodies .

It can
produce equilibrium
neither in horse nor in cart .
Gi body
d) Consider of wgt w
a
resting a on
- -

horizontal surface The body exerts a force ( action)

.

equal to wgt W the

surface The surface
on exerts
-

detection
a reaction R the
body in the upward
on

notation D= I
such that w=R or in vector ,
-

^
R

if

I 1111111/1111111%111%1

¥
E) In a lawn sprinkler ,
when water comes out

backward
of the
curved
nozzles ,
a
force is

experienced by the sprinkler Consequently

.

,
the

sprinkler starts
rotating and sprinkles water in

all directions .

③ In to
order swim , a man
pushes the water

backwards his hands As

with .
a result
of
the
the reaction offered by water to man ,

the man is pushed forward

 A
Egto metal
af sphere is
hung by string fixed
: a

a wall .
The
force acting onthe sphere are

shown in
fig
.
which
af the
following statement is

incorrect .

I
(9) Ft Ftw = O (B) TI R't wie ¥
to
(c) F- Rt w (D) R=w tan O I
T

¥ - - -
>
R
i

Sot : free body I

By the
diagram
-

v
t
w
T cos O =
w

Tsin O -
-

R
T!
'
W t R2

tano =
Rlw few tan O

SF
for Ftequilibrium
- O
ateoeo
=
Ft B O -
r
i
¥
Hence (c) is incorrect a
1
.
> R
Tsin O

*w
Eg : Two blocks
of mars
2kg and
4kg are kept
-

in contact with each other on a smooth

horizontal
is
surface .
A
horizontal force af 12N
applied on

the
first block due to which
they more with

certain constant acceleration . Calculate the force

between the blocks .

toooo

Sol ! acceleration blocks ,

.

Let a= Common
of
R -
force between the two blocks

from FBD of Ist block →

a

F R a
f R m d )
#
- -
a
R
,
-

s
;s
-

from ABD
of block 2,
A B D
R= Ca )
-

ma
-
.

i. from and Ca) ,

f- ( m tmz) a
,
-

f =2m/sec2
i.
'S
a =
=

¥2

.
.

.
force between blocks -- Rama - (4×2) N' 8N
 He frame
of Reference : .

It is chosen ordinate which

a
conveniently co
system
-

describes the position and motion

of a body in

space .

frame
A Inertial of Reference .

A Reference frame in which Newtons lanes are

valid is called inertial

strictly as an
frame of
reference Any reference frame which is
. either at

to
rest or in
uniform motion with respect an

inertial
frame is itself inertial .

Non -
Inertial
frame of Reference : .

A
reference frame which accelerates or rotates
to inertial
with
respect reference frame Newton's
an .

lands can be
applied in this frame only after
applying additional
an
force ( called pseudo force)
on the
body Motion of .

particle ( P ) is studied from

a

two
'
and
frames of references
s Sts s .
an
 '
is
inertial
frame of reference and
s a non -

inertial
frame of reference At any .
time ,
position
of the particle with respect to two
pectore
those

frames are 8 and T '

respectively .
At the same

of
'
R
moment position vector
of the
origin
s is with

respect to s as shown in
Y
'
n
the
figure .

Ya P
'
s
,

fr
l
y

R
w. ¥
og
K

'
From the vector
triangle 00 P , we
get
F '
- F - pi
twice
Differentiating this
egg with
respect to

time we
get ,

dI =

DIET a¥ -

Cpi )
→ I
'
= at - AT
 '

of gelatine to
'
acceleration the s
Here a-
particle P
'
=

a' Acceleration
of the
particle relative to S
=

'
A =
acceleration of s gelatin to S .

Multiplying the a bore ( of the

particle)
"

eq by m mass

we
get ,

moi ' = moi -

m At
→ F '
= F' coed ) -
MF
F '
=
Feral ) t C mas )
-

In non -
inertial
frame of reference an extra
force
is taken order to Newton 's
into account in
apply
laws
of motion .

magnitude of this force is

The

equal to the product of the mass of the body

and acceleration
of the
frame and it is
always
directed
opposite to the acceleration of the
frame .

Pseudo
This
force
is known as
force , becausethis
force does not exist in the inertial frame af
reference
-
Eg An iron and rests in
: -

sphere weights sort a

✓
shaped through whose sides
form a
angle 60 .

exerted walls
The net
force by the on the

sphere in case as shown in

fig .

(a) ON (b) 20 H

(e) 10 N (d) E N
-13

Sof ? By Symmetry the Nz

Eg : A
pendulum of mass m is
hanging from
the

ceiling of a car
having an acceleration Ao with

road
respect to the in the direction shown .

find
vertical
the
angle made by the
string with the .

o•• ! go

-- - n - - - - - - - - - - - --
Sol ? Since bob
of the is
-

pendulum stationary
relative to car

Hence ,

Tsin O -
Mao ( pseudo force) -

i)
Tues O -
-

mg
-

Ca)

Dividing 4) by K) ,
we
get
tag
tan O tan
age
-

O
-
- -

= -

# Constraint Relations : -

The
eggs showing the relation of the motions
of
a
system of bodies , in which motion of one
body
is constrained motion
by of other bodies , are

called the constraint relations

laws
Applying Newtons alone is not sufficient
less
in some cases where the no .

of eggs is

than the no .

of unknowns .

acceleration
In
given diag for finding
the .
the
there three unknowns , tensions
of the masses are

and 92
T, acceleration 9 , of masses m ,
and ma .
However , we will
get only two eggs .

Clearly
Newtons laws to solve
are not sufficient the
problem
and constraint relations
provide additional
eggs .
When
in constrained
the motions
of bodies a
system is
because
of pulleys strings wedges ,
other
factors
, or ,

additional
geometry to develop eggs
we use .

I •

I Ml

-
HEE - - -

Eg eachThe The
: blocks B and C in the
figure hate mais m
-

strings AB and Bc are

light ,
having
tensions T, and Ta
respectively . The
system is in
equilibrium with a constant
horizontal force my
acting on c .

0
(9) tan O , = I (b) tan O Ya
④ T, =V5 my (d) Ta Vs
my
=
Sol ! from f -
B D .
.

Tacos Oa
my
=

Ta finds f
mg
= =

→ Ta = J2 mg
and 02 = 450

Also T, fin O ,
=
T2 fin O2

and Ta cos Oa t T, cos O,

mga
T, Oi
cos
mg t
2mg
-

mg
=

and IT sin Or
mg
=

T, 55 mg
Therefore
=

fo ,
option Cc ) is correct

Eg : A rod
find the ratio
is
sliding along the wall as

ends
shown

in
fig .

of velocity of
its at

the instant
given
.

Sots from the

fig .

rod
the length of the

should be constant , to

VA cos A. = VB Sin L

VA =
tan a
F
# Application of Newtons laws of motion : -

techniques and approach in

A separate point
diag of the body is drawn
.

showing the different forces exerted by the bodies

in the environment this is known
free body
, as

diagram .

Application of Newton 's laws to

(consisting of
any system
objects) be done
by
one or more can

method recommend
following a
systematic We
.

following
:
the
steps in the order
given below
.

4) Draw the
complete free body diag ( f BD)
.

showing all
forces acting
the on each
separate body .

E) Select proper coordinates for analysing

the motion

of each
body
.

③ there constraints , write the

proper
If are
any
constraint
egns .

2nd F=
d) Apply Newton 's law
of motion : not
for
to
each
body This leads a
system of eggs
.

.
⑤ Solve these
eggs : -

d) Identify the known and

quantities
unknown .

Check that the no .

of eggs equals the of no .

unknowns .

tf ) dimensional
analysisback
check the
eggs using .

E)
final
"
check
After solving ,
the SH
using
substitution .

(6) velocity ( T ) position (E) is required

or
If the ,

proceed from knowledge of acceleration lot )

a as

found from eggs in step ( ) and apply kinematics s

eg date a ( known) and then integrate

.
=
.

Concurrent
Equilibrium of forces
: -

Y
the no .

of forces that are

acting on
particle
a

can be taken
along the sides
of any polygon
both in

it
direction as well as in
magnitude ,
will be in

equilibrium .

Suppose that the

force A Fa Fs Fy
,
, ,
and As are

acting the
particle and
on A
if they are in
equilibrium then
they
will
form a
pentagon .

frictional force : -

frictional
force comes into
play between two

whenever there is gelatine motion

surfaces
or a

between two
tendency of relative motion
surfaces in

frictional
contact
force has the
tendency to stop
.

relative motion between the

surfaces in contact .

friction res a
self adjusting force It
changes
its
-
.

direction and to
magnitude ace . the
applied force
tendency then
the
or the
forces , which causes a in

body to more .

If the
force increases the

force also until

body
the
opposing increases

mores
beyond which it remains constant
If
.

the applied force is

plotted against
the

shown
frictional force we obtain a
graph as .
 The
graph shows that
first frictional force increases

to a certain maximum value ft with f and then

fk for
suddenly decreases to a constant value .

0 to ft
the
range from frictional force is
equal
and opposite to f and hence block does not more.

In this range friction static

force
,
is .

Thus ,
friction can be classified : as -

⑨ Static
friction It acts between surfaces
: -
in

contact not relative It

tendency
motion the
in .

opposes
relative motion
of .
(b) kinetic
friction It acts between
surfaces
: -
in

contact which are in relative motion .

It
opposes the

gelatine motion between the

surfaces .

Rolling friction : .
when a
body
rolls on a
rough
the
frictional force developed known
surface is as

kinetic
rolling friction It is generally less
.
than the

friction or
limiting friction .

# Laws
of static friction : -

static
friction acting between the surfaces in contact
, ,

opposes
the
tendency of relative motion between the
surfaces .

The
frictional force acts
tangentially along the

surfaces in contact ,
and the maximum value for
limiting value) of this
force is
proportional to the

between
normal reaction the two
surfaces
. The
force
between two bodies
of friction is an
adjustable
force only
,
its maximum or
limiting value to
proportional to the normal reaction .

Secondly ,
the

direction of this force is determined

by
all other

forces acting the on

body that is
by the
forces
that tend to cause relative motion .
The
force of
direction to
static
friction acts in a so as
oppose
that tend to relative
the other
forces cause

the
motion between
surfaces in contact

Now , fscmax) LN where ft =

fscmax )=f$Cma×5MsN
Here static
friction
co
Ms efficient af
=
,
-

N -
normal reaction
of the block
from the
surface
.

⑥Sfs 's UNI

when F exceeds the block starts and
moving
frictional force decreases to a constant value

fk and
.
fries called kinetic
friction it has
value which is
unique given by
[fk= Uk HT

Cu )
"" kinetic
: ;÷:*::c:L pinion
 Angle of friction : The
angle made
by normal
the

resultant reaction
flora with the vertical (
reaction) in Fs Fe
limiting condition i. when e is
-
-

,
.

known the
as
angle of the friction .

Now , in the
triangle OAB ,

Are =
Cot O

OB

OB -
-
AB tan O

or , tan D= ft
N

Angle of Repose : .

The
angle of repose is defined as the
angle of the
inclined plane at which a
body placed on it
just
begins to slide .
Consider an inclined
plane ,
whose

inclination with
horizontal is
gradually increased ,

to
till the
body placed on its
surface just begins
slide down , the
angle
then made
by the plane
angle
is
with
horizontal called
of repose .
 from the
diag ,

f- sin O d)
my
= -

N
Mg cos O Ca )
-
-

Dividing 41 by Ca)

¥ =MgsiO Mg cos 0
=
tan O

tan O
since
¥ µ y
-
-

=
,

to
n. ÷ ,
coefficient of
limiting friction is equal
the
angle of repose thus angle
to the
tangent
of repose is equal to the angle of friction .