ORGANI!

SMORGANI
! ! "SMORFI
" NTCNOI
'

LIFEORGANISM
Requirenutrition
'

Plant '
s Prodre ,animals eat
-

Respire
.

Relraase
energyfrom their
fooad
-

ExErete
Get idof
waste procducts
-

Raspomd to stimuli
.

bemstive to their
changes dings
-

in suroum

叫 OVe
-

Actiom
of muscles im amimals ,
and slow
gowth movememt in
plants
.
Controltheir internal comdition {

Maintain
staady
state insidethe
bady
-

oa

Reprodrction ↑

produce
offsping
-

Grow and
develop
.

andomplexity using mateial

increase in sice fom

theirf o
-

,
,

ANIMA L CELL

oirpmim
mi維
niaibnmang
.

Cell membrane
thecell
contol mmovement
of maternals in or out
of
-

thin & fleaible

partically permeable iselectively permeable
La

and
omsists
of proteins lipids
-

NucleusEPotein + DNA 了
-

ContainsChomosomes
Bounded by muclear membrane
-

Cytoplasm
.

Provides
onsists o f
a
large place for chemical
&
reaction to tace place b
orgaamellas gramules
-

cytoplasm
.

Mitochrondna
picalAnimalCell
plaace srelease emergy energy procduction
了
-

Respiration takes
 .
im
PLANT CE L

…
m品
.

Cellwall
macde cellulose
up of
-

darge spaces
-

T to
pemetrate
lly permeable large pasticdes
Allow
-

瓜
-

supportrprotect
-

Give thecell

Vacuole
large
-

at the cente

…
Provide when it
fullyfilled with
'

support s water
-

Chlorwplasts
.

Contains 11
chhorophy green pigments
-

( 3

sunlightfor photosynthesis
-

Absorb .

—
PECIALISEDCELL
@
Ciliated Epithelial cells “03
22<≥☆

回
Contains
cilia

flair -

LikeStructure

Move
trapped bacteri dust Emucus
acway
'

a )
-

Red Blood Cell

oxgfeaJT
a

hserigibin forbondng
eBioncove dise
auepesontein vim

Nonacleus
increased ~
surface for
oxygen diffuse through
area
-

to

a
Muscle cell

③
-

-
Contains
Mitochrondia

Nerve cell
lots

ase
of mitochondia

for geseratinganergy
Cenergy prduction )

γ
聚
Condenction o f
iompulses Commection atrachend
-

hong that end

-

electical to
signals fom e n d
cam

carry
系 (
permcel
a

head

tail
mito
onondlia
:

haploid mucleus

0 0

forsuinming
many
≈
-

ed
to with rovam
eggcel
f ro e

_ Yolk
Eggcell Couum )
.

maclewr
Haploid
-

golk droplets for mutients for embrgogrowth

:
-

.
 asampon
③ Root lair Cell mnn

Absorption of water and minemals

-

sng foyfcient
mfonmctthimnnm
-

N0
chlorwplasts photosynthesis
-

- no .

Palisade cell
Mesophyl cleaf
. cel )

comtains
chlorwplasts for absorbing lign
5
lots
of
-

g ogg Xylem vessel

aourotertps
a

conduction
Suppontingand of water
-

蓔 -

Nnnasnin gtpam
-

5 KINGDOM

Plants
-

multicellulaz
.

Protoctists
Unicellutar
chloroplasts plasmodiumCcansing
malaria
contaims
.

)
forpholosymihesis
-

cell wall made Multicellular

-

cellalo se
upof seaweed
- -

Example Mosses
amoeba
- Protoroaslikeasimals
-

'

fems camifers
:
,

flowering
,
,

plants
Store
carbonhydrates starcCglucose Algae Elike phants have chloroplasts
-

as

0
-

)
, 3

U mutotrophiq
Amimals
Eukayoticharenucdeas
.

Prokaryotic
.
.

“ -

Invertebraates -

(
ackofbackbomes
ho neclerus
-

sponges mokuses
.

⼀ ,
worms

Vertebrates have Backbomes nomitk

chondi
-
-

0
awpcestsBacterna
-

'
Fish
, amphibians reptiles , ,
binds
1
mammals w

ah

□ -
-

Malticellular

Freding plants Chetewtopsic

-

on other amimals on
了

⇌
No callwall
hhormplasts
-

Bacterna
,

caarbommydrate tminy
Sto
n
glyogen
法

thgpesemom
as .

No malcleus

…
⑧☆ imig
-

Fungi
small
single called
-

organism
-

δ Jypes
-

Multidellular
:
sphere ,
rod , spirals
pMay capsule cfor protecthon
-

h ave
Hussrooms toadstools
了

,
moulds
,
Unicellulan cell
wallkprotections peptidoalycon
-
-

ontains
proteir
,

个 easts
sagam
0
,

B NA C inside
Nochloroplasts thesingle Coop of chromosome p
, lasmi )
- -

Saprotrophic mutition Chetentophic 3

-

flagellum flagella or
-

个toe carbom
hydrates glyogrm swinoming
-

as

Pathogens cause disease )

-

Hyphae -

thmead - like
filaments cunder soil )

metwork
Hycelium of bgphae oas _

enreonlmmtei
emsano
- -

"
a
Uirases " uD
,
(0

Hypha 意“

“
livingonganismt

+
live . in
host
o fomhostcen >

cenvelope 了
-

the one
of genetic matenals sumounded
protaincoa
-

by
-

DNANRNA
between
living
-

orgamism andmon
living
- chemical
-

Can cause
influemaa , cold ,
measle
, polio
-

HIVcan cause AIBS

 MOLECULESIOFTOII
MOLECULES ! bioamolecales
!
BIULOGICAL
MOIFSOIFSII
BIOLOGICAL ! ! ! ! !
!
!
=

TmMmtnnininenetinagaengiminittmntg
! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
L .
omed inside tke

CARBONHYDRATES
Orgamic ompound
.

Molecules
Incluale carbon ,
On , : = :
hyalogen oxygen CEmH13
-

O
, H 2
2

Sugar
⼀

Properties Respiraliom oxygemt glucose

Gluose
協
.

( nrunosaachanides ) k
-

Taste sweet 亩

malose
-

Soluble in waler Edisacchabidas )

agyogencellloseistaer fructoselllilli
(

animalfungi
n

MomOgacchandes ellwayplenel l "

⼀

写
spl ntss
.

supponit
polysacchaides 3
single
&
mergy (
-

sugar storage
emergy storage
energy
EGluucose , fmetosa
cfreit sugar )
-

Storage
galaco 多e

Disacchaite
of
-

Removal water
of the tw o monosacchandes is called ondensation

Made
up ofa
momosaccharides
-

sucrosal milksugariglucose
ghecose
xactosesblesugan
pactose
tgalacsose 3 Maltoselaglucoses
-

, ,

potgsasnianl
'

formed by
condensation of alarge of
mumber monosadcharides molecules

starch
glyogen
celluloselinsolaublein water storl in
-

be
body
, ,
- can 了

Starch
⼀

Lan Unbranched helical Ehain

Lolongbranched Ehaaim

Glyogen
-

La short
branched chain
_

Cellalose
,

many
⼀

Lpstraight long ,
unb ranchad chains lina
together
with
adjacent chains

L IP I D

FatS
.

Solid

found inanimals
-

Fats bunder the skim acts heat loss

insulation
eduing
,
-

as

Fats awund
organs helps protect damage
to machanical
-

tham
fporm .

Oil

ligvid

Oimnfatgocn
-

foundin plants Eseed 了

-

Tnglycendes
.

glgcernl fatty
Inlude o n e , acids
-

3
.

Satarated lipids (食和脂肪 mmmmmom

)

poductyatty
meat and
dairy
-

ommon in

of aads the
lipids ontain no doublebonds

- inplant )
isheaihi
No
saturated cunsaturated lipids found lipid
-

PROTEINS Slidechain
Er tissue
growthh
and
of
'

repairs
Enzymes made
ofproteins
-

ane up

HIU R
{ washiorkok
H “
品 bonxyguup
.

protein - daficienydisease 了

∴台
-

( ack
of proteim
-

Amino acids
时

nitogentsufuphosphorus ninmo
carbon
)m )
oxyger hyangen 0
-

may representgroup
h

⼜
Dipeptieino
acids
.

an =

Many polypeptidemino
aids a
.

.
Denaturation
of protein cchanging
tne
shapeof potin
,
malfunction )

when
botemperatune c over

the iross
linkages break down
-

the protrin lose

denafuered
-

the
proteasis ,

MINERALS
.
What is mineral ?

inorganic ions
-

mineral ioBs

fonmationof bomes and teeths

-

muscle , blood
contraction
choting
-

what
' noppenif ⾻質疏鬆of minerals
would lack
,

steoporosi ( )
forelderly ;

forchiladrens
-

rickets (

bones !
whatelse to maintain in oun
bodyrather
than
.

red bloodEell
IonEI ) inwolwed in tse
formaion maamoglobin
-

ions are og in

blood EAMaemia 了
enough
not
If
mot iron ions *

enough
-

cells don ' t

cauny noughoxygend
secome tired blood
ofenergy
-

Anaemia ,
lack as the
,

for the whole

body
V I T A M INS
o
What are vitamins ?
o
meed small
them
amoent of vitamins butcamnot be without
,

healthhy
,

Fat soluble vitaminsA

-

:
D E K
, , ,

Water soluble
-

Vitamin
Bcomplex
:

,
E

sourep
.
What are the
types of
vitamins
,
sage ,
effect if lack
,

TYPES FUNCTION EFFEET OF BEFIEUCY SOURCE

formsatiom of
visiompanple blindness
Night pumpim bellpepper
. .
Caots

itaminA
, ,

potects thesufae the

eye
of . o

bericdifficuties invalking
metarbulism
ben '

Vitamin B
with cell
spinach pish liver

respirctiorbregulate
onelps o
, ,

complex

bleeading ) o

Uitamin C
.

Maintain the nealthiness

skin and vessels .
of ascherry gam lemon , potato ,
camots

belps the absorbtion of nickets bone fractare

r
, . fi
'sth liver oil , cunader
Vifamim D caldium and phospnatefor Echildl aduitss
bomes ,
Sunligmt

D IETARY ☆
聚 FIBR E
?
Wbat is
dietaryjbre
.

comsists
Eelluloseor f ro m cell walls
of plants
-

cann ot be
digested absorbed = )

expand when
encounter
liquid ,
takes
up
1 ots
of spads
=
f
Easily
what the
are
types sourQ
usage
.

, ,

solublefibresmmwowo …

beaoatsi
ns
Barley ,

Remove cholesten 1 inblood

-

Imsolublejbresnnmmomm
的 ocoli
-

☆ spinach ,
grapes ,

stimmulates
c a i mmovements
mmuscular nal
peristalsisnaimentary
)

What will ?
happen to
lacking
.

Conslipalion
 BA LANCED ET
D I A

Howis balanceddiet ?
.

comtain
all food substarsces
-

in right proportions and quanities

intake sbould
Emergy
-

balance thre
emergy
used .

what would
affect how much
.

adiet shouldbalanced ?
Age
⼀

Gender

Physical activity
-

other
factors cpregnacy, breastfeeding)
whyBMI not accurate ?
.

the mass of
lipid , proteim bone ould be
differentof eachperson
-

balanceddiet ?
what would
happen if
takingt
a
.

anorexia mervolsa
weight
-
c under -

)
.

La ,
osteop orusis , heart disease
causing kidney damage .

obe (
diabetes , heart diseaso
Lp
causing migh
blo od
pressure, corosary
,

i d

with pestle& morfar water dissolve i t

grindit
- , add to
-

FOOD TEST
.

Starch

-
⼀

Iodinesolution

yellow
-

bnown -

ablue _

black
J -
∞ can solid (
jultdnp 3

Reduing
sugarcsucrose notested )
.

Add bemedict solution

'

Prepare Water bath ( 600 - 200 C

) 55 mins
-

o
C

Clearblue s

bick red
.

Protein
Biuret test
-

solution
Potassium
tydroxide
solution
opper salfate
t
-

Cler blue s
Purple
-

Lipids -

Emulsion test NSudan 丘

-

Add akohol ,
water
⼀

Shake
emmulsion )
-

Oil will
kefloating
on water
ECloudy layen -
 E W 2 4 M E

Emayme cctalsts
biological ( 催化
.

are )

reac tion without

ospeedupsa its eb l f
used nemican up
grgamism
inciving
ein

and
o it takes
pant in the reaction , but after w ards is
unchanged free to catalyse more reactions
0 Cells contain enar me ☆
mamy
t
,

It
couldbeproteins
or

yme poperties
.
Em 2 ;

0
Affected by temperature and
pH
oome kimd
of enzyme catalyse only
will ome aind
of chemical re a a t i o n lock
key nypothesis
-

amd -

oResuible mall omount

of weded
eneyme speld needitlebit
s
number
is to

rec cio p
up of

asatoon
notpartof products
ued
o,n )
nzymes
e re

substrate
ncyme
subsrate would the
enzyme complex
needalitlebitog
fo r m
product which Y thenecover 了
-
-

Metabolism ( 新T 陳代謝了
.

0
comverting food energy
( chemical changes
imto at
takeplace cell
organism
th in aa or am
.

Body
provides with essantial body functioms like breathin and
digestion
-

gnoo reprocluce
thy at living maintain their strectures ,

orgamisms
-

so cam l i ve , , ,

oCatabolism
*
1 mol ε cules asmallmolecales …
argE O

…⼩
-

tglycerotriglycendes
…
acids
fatty
.
-

…
…
.
0 Anabolism

small moleules
large molecules
-

Oowaiamedcavingm
"
mmimerals
fommation of teeth and
" “
-

bones

…
,

Enzyme substrate
cwmplex
.
-

pholecule ths auts oy is called substrate

anzymme
encyme
o at an

Eacm small asrea called active site where

place formatiom proaluucts
o of
has a reactiomtaakes and
emzyme
.

affect
encymesmperaature - the

eactionptimum
As the is heated to the he ise inarease oc c
emayme
o
in the rate of
ap
substrate a o n d
emryme
oc 3 inetic
Hign nigs possessed
emergy Emcyme become
-

hign
active 3
reaction rate

oC at which tme reactiom tarkes placa most

rapidly amayme activity effective most

oc cpemament lost fumction )

3 optim
0
Af temp leon

site supstrate nofit im 了

-

Emcyme adematured ishape of

active change =

reactiom
Dearease rate of encyme
-

oc gunc tions
o At l 0 w can
regain
substrate
v eacionrat
imeticemergy
emagme Emcyme become a cew
0
tom i aond
possessedn
C 3
t i ve 10 w 3
s

o raate o
0 Af
temp ,

0 kinetic
0 collisiom enzyme
betoeen substrateaund
-

emergy

Easily fom emayme - substrate complex

Graph Loften
0 )

0 collisiom
o cokinetic anctivity
)
When the oc o rate ,
,
0
,

0
it reached the oc
C cools dowos ound raate
drops after optimum
-

Indepemlentvauriable alwanys on x asis

-

PH the
.

affect encymes
0 either side of
optimum , pH
emayme
actirity
hrops ( change
shaape aactive
of
site t strrecture
of
moleauleymegme
s

mo inactive, just denature ig not corest ph

pr
Eachemayme
s a re
eguiveddifferent
-
 Tourms
of enryme
.

Caatalase break
hydrogen
perwxide CIH
oxygen
o O 23 t waater C 2 H O + O
→

3 2 23

birmdr starctm
Amylase maltose
o

iglucosl
-n

Protease bimdst
digest protein amimoaciods
o
s

digestlipids sfatly acidstglycerol

o
Lipase bindrt
t
bile salt lipid
emulsify
oil
to
dnoplets
test
Emzyme
a

o Conthol variable : volume

of wwater ,
concentration
of solution , ph , tihe thhat need to all
pout
the tubes has

solution could
to be reach the
neguired oc )
saume l

wasable what a r t hse

o
Dependerst :

looing for