1

Introduction
$11. Definitions.
Particle. A partlcle is portion of matter which is indefinitely
a
small in size or which is so small that the distances bet:veen its
different parts may be neglected.
Body. A body is a portion of matter limited in every
direction.
Rigid body. Meerut 79 (S)]
A r'gid body is an assemblage of particles rigidly connected
together such that the distance between any two constituent
particles does not change on account of effect offorces
Mechanics. Mechanics is that branch of science which deals
with the study of body in state of motion or at rest under the
effect of some forces.

There are two branches of mechanics:

(i) Statics and (ii) Dynamics.
mectanics which'deals with
Staties. Statics is that branch of
under the effect of some forces.
the study of a body at rest
be a particle or a
Since the body under consideration may
into two parts:
rigid body, accordingly statics is further divided
Statics of a particle and (i) Statics of a rigidbody.
(i) which deals
Dynamics is that branch of mechanics
Dynamics.
in motion.
with the study of a body two parts according
as the
also divided into
Dynamics is
or a rigid body.
consideration is a particle
body under
and (i) Dynamics ofa
rigid body.
particle
(i) Dynamics of a
or tends to change,
is a cause which changes,
Force. A force
uniform motion, of a body.
the state of rest, or
characteristics
A force has three application.
directlon and (ii) point of
i) magnitude, (ii) and direction,
therefore
magnitude
Since the force
possesses
 INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCIION 3
acting at their point of
2
force
thearmal
iffthe normal.at that point,
icommon contact
is in the
otherwise they
be represented by a directed line
mon reaction. The
sense of the
are said to
Thus the force
can Normal
reaction
at the be r rough.
it is a
segment.
vector.

the two
two bodies t
tend to Nores
smooth
is along the
bodies is the normal
and the
point
of coniact of
two
When
Attraction and
Repulsion for example. called the normal
called attraction,
reaction.

force is of normal
the tend to repel each
approach each other,

the attraction of the earth. When

the bodies
lhe repulsion
Direction
reaction.
The
an any smooth body 5 at ditection of the normal
for example, right angles to the
reaction

called repulsion, the body is capable of

other, the force is in which
moving. directlon
between two like magnetic poles. ere we give the directions of
normal reaction in few
tant cases.
impor-
Repubian () Reaction of a plane, It one end
(i)
Athaclon A of
(Fig. 11) cantact of a smooth plane, then the a rod AB is in
defined as its mass. reaction at A is at
right
matter in a body
is angles to the plane as shown in the
Mass. The quantity of a pound
and a gramme figure 1:3,
used, are
The units of mass, generally which the R (Reachon)
Weight The weight of body
a

carth attracts any body towards

is the force
itself.
with
Roc A
then re
its weight is equal
to mg acting
equal Reaciny
If m is the mass of body
a
acceleration due to gravity.
vertically dowavards, where g is the

Equilibrium. If a number of
forces acting on a body keep
the olance B
or the
to be in equilibriym
body at rest, then the body is said (Fig. 13)
forces are said to be in equilibrlum. (Fig. 14)
under the action (i) Reaction of a peg. If a rod AB is in contact with a
f the body is just on the point of moving,
imiting equilibrium. smooth peg P, then the reaction of the
of a number of forces, then it is said to be in
the rod as shown in the figure I4.
peg is perpendicular to
means of a string
Tension and Thrust. If we pull a body by
called a tension while if we (ii) Reaction of a spherical snrface.
then the force exerted on the body is
exerted is called a thrust.
push a body by a rod then the force

String Rod
R(Reaclion S (Reaclions
krua (Reaclio
Tension B
(Fig. 12)
We shall consider all the strings in-extensible unless other.
wise stated.
$12. Action and Reaction.
If the two bodies are in
contact with each other, then each
of them will
experience a force at the point of contact. The force (Fig. 1'6)
exerted by one body upon
the other is called action and that (Fig. 1-5)
exerted by the second on the first is contact of a spherical
called reaction. By Newton's (a) If the point P of the rod B is in
third law of motion, "to surface or a circular arc, then the reaction at P is at right angles
every action there is an
opposite reaction." equal and the normal at P through the
to the spherical surface i.e. along
Smooth and Rough bodies. Two 1'5.
bodies are said to be centre O a shown in the figure
smooth,
 INIROIDUCI ION

without

partly
Within
and
o f the INTRODUC I O :
the
rim
pirtly ot
placed A and
.4B is in contact at where P, Q. R are the magnitudes of forces P, Q, R respectively.
if a rod C normal

tihe point the in

(b) with along shown
will be as

a
sphericaB
bowB
at 4 to the
rod
Now by vectors, O =o1+ AC-OA+oh I A =Ob
reaction
the
p e r p e n d i c u l a r

bowi
then

the point
will e
is capable of RP+ Q.
that at
the figure
I '6. If a rod or a body
definite
direction . R?»(1P+Q*=P-+Q)-(P+Q)=r* +Q+2P-Q
Reaction
ata hinge.
then
there is no
magnitude
of P-Q=Q.P]
(iv) smvoth
hinge, direction
and
balance or R2=P3--Q3+2PQ cos , (1
a
turning
about
but the that it may
where the angle between P and Q is a.
hinge at t h e
So
adjusted
will be Also if the resultant R makes an angle with P, then drawinng
reaction
of the hinge
at t h e
reaction
o n the
body. have from A OCL
the
forces acting
CL perpendicular from C to A produced, we
other If there
the
a particle CL AC sin
Resultsnt force.
1-3. f o r c e s Fi,
F2....,
on
act on
the p a r t i c l e tan Oi"oAAL=ÖA+AC cos
n u m b e r of
effect
the s a m e r e s u l t a n t ofr
which has
Let a sin z
t he
force R called
exists a single t h e n R is o f R. or 1an P + 2 cos .(2)
F3,...,
the above
force F1. f o r c e s a r e c a l l e d t h e
components

and direction of the

a s all
.and these
n u m b e r of
f o r c e s F1,
F2,..., is said
Equation (1) and (2) give the magnitude
forces Fi, F2. a
acted on by
The particle resultant
R=. resultant R.
equilibrium
if their
points o f a body, then
to be in act at
different
Cor. 1. If a90°, i.e. the forces are at right angles,
forces of a system T h u s in such a case
force.
if the resultant
resultant from (1) and (2), we have
single
not exist
a
to any Single and 0=tan- (2IP).
there may
the forces are not equivalent R=y(P2 -+2)
say that when
we

force. Cor. 2. From (1) it is obvious that R is greatest

or a=0°.
a I (i.e., maximum),
of forces.
cos

S:4.
Parallelogram

be represented
in magnitude
greatest Ris given by, R2=P2+Q3+2PQ=(P+Q
act ing at a point, drawn from one nf R=P+2.
If t s o forces, sides of a
parallelogram or
is greatest
a n d direction by the two both in n a g u i t u d e Thus the resultant of two forces acting at a
point
is represented resultant is equal
their r e s u l t a n t
its angular points, the parallelogram
passing through when they a c t in the s a m e dire ct ion and then the
the diagonal of
and direction by to the sum of their nagnitudes.
o r a=180°.
that angular point. a= --1 (i.e., minimum),
Also R is least when cos
If the forces P andQ acting at R2=p2-+03-2PQ=(P-2
le ast R is given by
a point O of the body be repre- R=P- (if P> )
sented in magnitude and
direction or
R=0-P
if Q> P.
or when
by the sides OA and OB respec- acting point is least
at a

parallelogram OACB, Thus ihe r e s u l t a n t of two forces to the

tively
then
of the
their resultant R will be A they a c t in opposite
d i r e c t i o n s and then
and in
the resultant is
the d i r e c t i o n of
equal
the greater
in magnitude and magnitudes
represented diference of their
direction by the diagonal OC (Fig. 17)
force. and (2), w e have
through O. Cor. 3. P=Q, then from (1)
If cos* ja.
OA=P and OB-Q, then O -R. a=2P° (1+cos «)=2P.2
Thus if R=P+P"+2P. P. cos
R=2P cos a
Also, we have OA=P, OB=0, OC~R,
2 sin a cos = tan }a.
P sin a sin 2 cos a
tan 8 = p + P cos a + cos
and
 INT
IRttteTto4
$T6. Componenteofa foree in tmo
6 #iRg
#l a
point giren directio
GNdP
angle
rewnifoe 1g ASf
i8 the Let R0C be a foree
we
sulioni of
di
ond fit
the rr
Thua 2P ns is and P-0.t. Q-OR the com
a it rguaitn
a t am angle penents of R along OL and
briweentheforres. OM which are in directions
then their
15 p Theorem

poinl 0,
making angles and with
#l
OB b i 7 R
nroesh
4 aná AB such
that
the teo Since R is the rosultant
, here C divldes
ip) of P and Q
rnaultant is
goen hy .C CB.
R-P+Q. ..(1) (Fig. 19)
Now RQ-(P +Q)Q
i
Prot. Le the ibei RxQPx Q.
ipr A8 b
divide ihe C RxQ-PxQ
RQ sin B PQ sin (x tB), where
P P . - Q |and R- R,
R sin
cD C are in Pgin (a +B)
(Fig.18) R sin a
Similarly sin (+ B)
O4-06-Ch.
S17. Resolved parts of a force along two mutualily perpradicuiar
.(2)
041OC+C directions.

Apain in 0BC Let OX and OY by two

08-OC+ C8 mutually perpendicular direc-

0B-OC+#CB. (3) tions and OC=R the given

force making an angle 0 with
resultaot of the forces A0A and OB R
Ading d
i3), the
OX. Also let R=| R |=0C.
is g'ven by From C draw CA and CB

0-0 +aOC+Acá+ nCB perpendiculars to OX and 0Y -x

respectively. If OA=P and
( +a)OC-ACA-B [ CB-B] OB=Q, then by the parallelo (Fig I10)
ACA-B, from (1)] gram law of forces, P and Q are the resolved paris of R along
OC.
OX and OY If i and j are unit vectors aloag OX
respectively.
Hence the resulteni of tbe forces 0A and 4OR is (+H) OC, and OY respectively, then
where
.CA- CB P0A-Pi and QoB=Qi
Cor. If À=#, tien, we bave
We have R=0(:=P+Q=Pi+Qi.
04+0- +) OC, Now P R=Pi.(Pi+Qj)=Pi.i+PQi»j
or
OA+08=20, wiere Cis tbe middle
point of AB. or PR cos 8=P i j l and i-j.-0]

mmy
 INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION
vectors parallel to two
resullant of the forces and i, j the unit
8 Q-R-Qi-(Pi+Oj)=QPj-i+Qij
P=R cos d.
perpendicular lines OX and 0Y.
If X and Y are
the algebraic

jj=l and j»i=0 forces Fi, F2,.., Fn along OX

or ( Sums of the resolved parts of the
AgainQR cos ( 9 0 ° - 0 ) = Q ?

(90°-0)=R
sin 0. and OY, then from § 18, we have
givem
or Q=R
cos
of aforce in a
R-Xi+Yi
part
or that "theresolved
the given
force by .the cosine of R=|R |=V(X*+¥) 0 be
Thus it
ffollows
F, acting at the point
coplanar forces F1, F2,
.
multiplylng direction". ,
the
is
obtained by and the given
I R=0.
dlrection
the givenforce
in equilibrium, then
betmeen
the angle R=Pi+Qi,
R=V(X3+ Y?)=0. are
R-i=(Pi+Qi).i=Pioi+Qj.i Hence the conditions
Also which is true only if X=0 and Y=0.
P = R cos
0.
or
of unit necessary. the forces
6=P, X=0 and Y=0, then
directlon a
R.I cos the
force along Suficient Conditions, i.e. if
resolvedpart of
a
or vector.
we have
Thus the and that unit are in equilibrium. From § 1 8,
ofthe force point.
the dot product forces acting at a
R.i=Xand R.j=Y.
vector is Coplanar
Number of
of a act at a point O R.i=0 and R.j=0.
$18.
Resultant
forces F1, F, .,Fn If X=0 and Y=0, then perpendicular to
number of coplanar perpendj. and R cannot be
Let a two mutúally Since i and j are not zero
vectors along R=0.
the unit resultant of the therefore we have
and j be IfR is the i and j as they are coplanar,
and let i respectively.
OX and OY law of
cular lines application of
the parallelogram Hence the forces are in equilibrium.
by a repeated
forces, then
R=F+Ft..+F. S110. Triangle law of forces. tn magnitude
forces at a polnt, be represented
Ri=(F+Fat...+F.)»i f three forces, acting taken in order, they
will be
-F-i+Fit...+F,'i=X (say) ...(1) and directlon by a triangle,
the sides of
R.j=(F1+Ft+E»)i in equilibriun.
and =F1'j+Fa°jt...+F"j=Y(say)
(2) Proof. Let the forces P, Q,
R
in
Clearly R=Xi+ Yj acting at a point O be represented
the sides
R=| R |=y +Y). magnitude and direction by
in order
If R makes anangle d with OXthen of the triangle ABC, taken
B
0=tan' (YIX). and CA=R.
of R along the direction ie. AB=P, B=Q
Note. Since R»i is the resolved part the parallelogram
therefore from (1), it follows Completing
of the unit vector i, i.e., along OX, ABCD, we have
that 'the sum of the resolved parts of a nunber offorces acting
at a

polnt, along any line is equal the resolved part of

to their resultant AD-BC=Q. P
along the same lines. the law of parallelogram
R
By
$19. Conditions of equilibrium ofa number of forces acting at of forces, we have
(Fig. 111)
a point,
The necessary and sufflcient conditions, that a AB+AD=AC.
system of copla-
nar forces acting at a point be in equilibrium, are that the algebralc P+Q=-CA-R
sums of the resolved paris of the
forces along two mutually perpendi- or
cular directions in their plane should be zero P+Q+R=0, Hence the
separately. or
resultant of the forces P, Q and R is zero.

Necessary Conditions. Let a point O acted on a number i.e., the

of coplanar forces Fi, Fa,., F, be in
by forces are in
equilibrium.
equilibrium. Let R be the
 ENTRODDCTioN

INRODUCTION
equtliDrik!7,
then tho
1e y
in
&pintsre
the
by the
sides of a P Q=[QR-R P
rinee iurv o na
diretion

d
anitekt i (Q. R) RP sin (R. P)
rn be retpt PQ sin P, Q)QR sin
where P. 2, R are the magnitudes of the forces P, Q. R respe
R
atrs P, Q,
ibt ?
ively andP.Q denotes the angle between the forces P and Q otc.
sin (P. Q) sin (Q.R) sin (R,P)
of
F R- A
R
f-Q-R or
(Fig 112) sin (Q, P) sin (R, P) sin(P, )
sine of the
i.e., cach of the forces P, Q, R is proportional to the
have
parallelogram
AK, we
angle between the other two.
g4t $113. Polygon of forces.
in
-0- any number of forces, acting on a particle be represented, in
cloved polygo, 1aken
d1-4Rm60n
magnitude and direction, by the sides of a
order, the forces shall be In equilibrium
P-0 O8.
wc have
1 &(,
-R of b=R. .(2)
OAB, represent
Fs
AB and hO ofthe triungie
Th
1r frt
he dts 04,
P. Q. R ra
3 agnitude and direction,
taken in order. FA 0
L a s Theorem.
it in equllibriun, each
6 f6
ihree reei acting orn a patticle krep
he ine of tie ungie betueen the other two.
ispraporitng t
(1g. 113)
Proe efer ig.$1:i)
acting point O be in llustrative Examples
Lt thsrt futtes P, Q and k at a

two forces can have ls P

P-QR0 .(1) Ex. 1. The greatest resultant whlch
act at angle 0 the resulant
and the least ls Q. Show that 1f they
an
R(P+Q+R)=0
&xP+Rx Qm RxR=0] s of magnitude
RP-RxQ VIP cos 9+Q sintwoi6).
forces be fi and
P R. .2) Sol. Let the magaitudes of the the
when they act in
Again iros 13 PP++R) -0 The resultant of the
forces is greatest
in least
of Also the resultant
to FitF:
P+PR=0 PxP=0} same directions
and is equal to F F :
it
directions and is equal
Px P .3 when they act in opposite

From (2) and (3),

-PR=R <P] FiFa
we bave greatest resultant=h+F==P

leastresultant=fi-F,Q
PxQ=Q,=kP. and
 INIROD( TON
INIHOUC loN

Soiving, e hate F,w Sol We have, unit vector along

of
torces ti and hen
tesallant

The
magniide
of

gny
tht
04-04
OA
Theyact
al an angle
. (P-0)
(P--0) cos 4 force P acting along OA is
2.1(P+ O).j
represented by the vector
( P - 0 + 2 . i ( P +

(1-cos 6)
P

0+/o
c o s
0A P oA.
sin 1.
orcos sin? /0).
cos'j6+0' ifo: Similariy forces and R acting (Fig. 114
-P
P and 2 is R. is
along OB and OC are represented by
The rrsuitant
ofthe forces If Xis reversed,
R Is again
E dorbied it
maguitude.

druebind, R is
Show thut OB
OB andOC
sagnitade., V3: V2
cuedi
P : R = V2:
respectively
the ines of action of the
bet wecn Since R is the resultant of the forces P and 0, therefore
be the angle
sol Let z
resultant of P
and Q is R, therefore P
. Since the o OB
f rorssnd
()
(1) n !e.,
2PQ cos . Suppose the point C divides the line AB in the ratio
:

R is doubled in magnitude. AC: CBm ;n. Then

resultant
doubled, the
Enis
Thereore
nOA+ mOB
( 2 R- p + ( 2 0 + 2 P . ( 2 0 ) . c o s OC n m ..(2)
4R=P 4Q34PQ cos a ..(2)
for OC from (2) in (1), have
tbe resultant is again doubled in magni. Substituting we

hen i s reversed,

uc n this case the angle between the lines of action of the

n
oB )
So, we have
rsand will be 7 ,
herefore
non-collinear,
(2RPP+ (2+2PQ cos (7-«) Since the vectors 0 and OB are

4 RP+ Q-2PQ cos . 3) scalar coellicients of the vectors

O4 and OB on both
equating the
Adng t and (3), we get
sides of (3), we get
SR2P 20 i.e.. 2P+203-SR'=0. .(4)
P R
Mplying (3) by 2 and addng to (2), we get ...4)
12R=3P960 i.e. P?4203-4R0. ...(5)
OA OC nt m

R m

From4 and (5), we have and OB OCn m

.5)
R
Adding (4) and (5), we get
Rnt R
P
04t OB oCn+mOC
Ex. 3.
P:2: R=y: V3: V2. which proves the required result.
Forces P and act ar O and have
transversal cuts
a resultant R. f any
their line of action
show that
at A, B, and C respectively then
 INTRODUCTiON
in $ 1:5
given re INTRODUCTION 15
14 the d-e
theorem
method. By quil to ( + o
equal to + 2
Now AB=a.
Alternative

andOB is reca
forees0 of the
the resultane Let BC=d, that CA=I-d.
action
action so
sultant
ofthe where
the line
of
length of the string is ]
Cis the point From A ABC, we have
where

meets AB AB+ BC3=CA"

or
a-+d(-d)'
R or +d=P+d-21d. d= BC
to two points A ond
B
I is fastened and CA=1-d=/ 21
A string of
lengtlh
A ring of weight
W can slid
Ex 4. a apart.
distance
such that tha From (1), we have
applled to it
at a
the s a m e level Fis
and a horizontaB Jorce
at
that F=aW/l and thos
at BC
on the string,
ring is in equilibrium
vertically below B,
prove
W{P+a°)/2/*.
W-T-CA
is
the tension

Sol. Let
in the string
a string of length / be
at the
B
or
r-r (C-
fastened to two points A and B or Tw
that AB = a. If a ring .(2)
same level such
equilibrium at the
of weight Wis in Substituting the value of C4, T=
below B. then the T
point C, vertically CB
CA and Again from (1), we have
tensions in the two parts
each
of the string will be equal, say AB
equal to T, as shown in igure.
C FT W. , From (2)
The ring is in equilibrium under
thefollowing forces:
Ex. 5. One end of a light inextensible string of length I is
fastened to the highesi point ofa smooth circular wire of radius a

i) the horizontal force F at C, which is kept fixed tn a rertical plane. The other end of the string
(ii) the tension T in the string CA, (Fig. 1 15)
CB, and is attached to a small heavy ring of weight W which slides on the
(ii) the tension T in the string
Hire. Find the tension of the string and thc reaction of the wire.
(iv) the weight W of the ring acting vertically downwards.
The resultant of the vertical forces W and T can be taken as Sol. Let O be the centre of
W-T, verticallly downwards. the circular wire of radius a. Let
one end of the string AP of length
Thus the point C is in equilibrium under the following three be fastened to the highest point A of
forces
the wire, and a ring of weight W
(i) force F, paralel to AB, o -

(ii) force T, along CA, and attached to the other end of the
(ii) force W-T, along BC. string be in equilibrium when it is at
These three forces are the point P of the wire. The forces 20R
parallel to the sides of the A ABC and
so ABC is the
triangle of forces for these three forces. acting of the ring at P are W

FT W-T (i) W, the weight of the ring

acting vertically downwards. (Fig. 1-16)
*AB TA
.(1) (ii) T, the tension of the string acting along PA,
 normal
Op
the
aloag
tcting
ire
reat
R f theu
e
D n ,
INTRODUCTION
17
T Ex. 7. 4 heavy small ring of
sin (R, f sImooth circular wire radius
weight W is free to slde on a

(R,7) of a, fixed in a vertical plane

a 7 ,#'
n T attached by a string of length I where
sin 2
sin
(7-# 2a > ay2
to a point on the wire in a horizontal line with the
2:n cos that the tension in the centre. Show
si .
string is
and 7-21f
cos
R il IW(-2a')
so
that cos # ay(4a
- 2 at s
,
Sol. Let P be the
cquilibrium
position of the ring on the smooth
line at circular wire of rudius a. The
in a horizontal ring
points is attached by the
f u a fixed
of lengths h string
AP to the
A and B the tensions of
are
ana
Er fine ight
trings point A of the wire in the
horizontal
toce&
drart T a! . 0
fhat
line with the centre O. The forces
amd a
te'peitincir
sufart
a mass

acting on the ring at P are A B

huic- b):a
(h*c-a°).
(i) W, the weight of the rin8
et the tmo
BCfengbs
Sol
and
sttings A
respectively

. he
and

other
A B acting vertically downwards,
(i) T, the tension in the string
acting along PA, (Fig.118)
3ort 3 acight i at to the
and (ii) R, the reaction of the wire acting along the normal OP
atfached
cds of the strings
are
Let 0AP APO =8, then POB 20
horizontal
# in a
where AB is the diameter of the wire
ed points Aand
e at a distance c Bpart. We have =AP=0A cos o +OP cos 0-2a cos 8,
tensionsin
If 7, and : are the So that cos 0=1/2a
C and CB respectively, Also
the strings APR=T-0 and RPW=n-(}7-20)=trt2.
het y Lami's theorem a C, We
. By Lami's theorem at P, we have

(Fig. 117) T W R

T sin (R, W) sin (T,R) sin (T,W)

T R
sin(#', T) sin 71.T; sin (W,T) or
Sin (7/2 + 20) sin (7-0)sin (0+7/2-26)
T W cos 20 W(2 cos0-1)
Sin (+B) (sin C) sin (t+4) T
sin V(-cos* 0)
A T:T,=sin (7+ B): sin (7+ A)
Substituting cos 0--l/24,
tos B:cos A
ac-b b+c-a T= [2.(/44P) 11 -

W-2a).
V-P/4a*) ay(4a-1
20c 2hc
blac b): a (h3 4- ) , the
Ex. 8 ABC is a triangle. Forces P. Q, R, acting along
that if 0 is the
lines OA, OB. OC are in equilibrium. Prove
circum-centre of the triangle ABC, then

i) P: ; 2A : sin 2B: sin 2C

R=sia
 INTRODUCTION
19
INTRODUCTION
c{a"4+b-ct).
18 (¢+at-b):
Q : R = o # + ¢ - a " )
:5 By Lami's theorem at 0, we have
P: R
and(i1) P
centre
circum
Let 0 be the sin BOC sin COA sin AOB
Sol.
ABC. P R
of the triangle
have, B O C = 2 LBAC=24.
sin
or
sin (-A) sin (7-B) (-C)
We LCOA=2B and ZAOB=2C.
P R
R acting along sin Asin Bsin C
or
If the forces P, Q, equillbrium,
OC are is
the lines OA, OB,
5
have or
Lami's theorem
at 0, we abc
then by
A0B
R
(Fig. 1 19) sin sin Bin C
sinBOC sin COA sin R Ex. 10. ABC is a triangle. Forces
the
P, Q, R acttng along
P 2B stn 2C Prove that
or sin 24 sin lines OA, OB, OC are in equilibrium
24: sin 28:sin 2C,
Ihen
& P:Q:R=sin (a)If o is the of the trlangle ABC,
incentre
the result (i). P: Q:Rcos (}A): cos (}B) : cos (4C)
whlch proves then
(1), have, and (b) If 0 Is the centrotd of the trlangle ABC,
(li) From we
C
B: 2 sin C cos P: Q:R=0A: OB:
OC.
P:Q:R=2sin A cos A:2 sin Bcos Sol.
Let the forces P, 0, R acting
(a+b-c)
2a.(2+c-a) 2b (c+a2-) 2c 2ab
2bc 2ca along the lines 04, OB, OC be in equi-
a b librium. Then by Lami's theorem at
sinsinsin B sin C 0, we have
P Q R
¢3 (a+b-¢).
= (B+c-a'):6 (¢+a-6): the
sin BOCsin COAsin AOB
Ex.9. ABC is a triangle. P, Q, R, acting along
Forces ..(1)
Prove that if 0 is ortho
lines OA, OB, OC are in equilibriun. (a)If O is the in-centre of the
centre of the triangle ABC, then triangle ABC, then
(Fig. 1-21)
LOBC=}B, ZOCB=}C.
LBOC=r-}8-1C=T-(}7-4)=}7+t4.

Sol. Let the forces P, 2,R LCOA=]7 + }B and 2 AOB=j7+C.

Similarly
acting along the lines 0A, OB, OC, have
M from (1), we
where O is the orthocentre of the R
P
A ABC, be in equilibrium. sin (7+14) sin (i t 1B) sin (+iC)
BL and CM are P : Q : R = c o s }A : cos }B: cos
{C
perpendi
S _

of
the triangle, then the
area
cular to AC and AB If O is the centroid of
respectively, 6 (b) OCA=Area of A0AB,
N AOBC=Area of A
and
OBC=-C area of A ABC
OCB-- ]T-B. (Fig. 120) each being equal to}
BOC=4OC.OA sin COA=}0A.0B
sin AOB.

BOC=T-/0BC-OCB=T-(}7-C)--(17-B)
Similarly
=B+C=T-A.
or OB.OC sin

Dividing by /04.0B.OC,
we have

LCOA=T- B A+B+C=m]
and sin BOC sin COA sin AOB .2)
'A+B+C=a. LAOB=T-C. OA OB OC
 NTRODUCTON
INERODUCTION 2
bave
&nd i?, * t Again the ring at B it in equilibtium ader the following
frsh7
forces

03:C. i)W,weight of the ring acting vertiosly dowawatds,

P : R 04 Grd
6ach capabie i) T tension in the string along BA
ringistigh
,
ma!l Pertical plane and (iii) S, reaction along the normal 0B
T 7 f141 in t e
a gmooth tirr
lar of equill. By Lami's theorem at 8, we have
f diet rner pasfion
on
ti ir h
t
ttring, ho
od bv a iirh! inCieá al a7 angie to
atraighi and
a
arrlng be (ja) sin SBW, sin 48Ss
hrinwehichthe
f- (H#,-#} tan
( 4 i tan at the centre. W
h herizomta the by tring
angle ub ended Meerut 88)
w a a i the sin (/2-8) sin ( 2 2)
W,sin (a/2 )
Sel nthe tquiibrm
and b e the
S or T

p t i o ,iet From (1) and (2), we have

of atighis
poeitions of the tings W, sin (9+a/2) W, sin/2 )
L e t 7be the cos (2) cos (4/2)
#,nd
&nd R and or W, (sin 8 cos ixtcos 8 sin ja)W, (sin i cos
esion in the string
cos ia sia 4).
reactions of the boop on
S tht
be rings Dividing by cos t cos a/2, we bave
W (tan + tan ja)-W, (tan 4-tan )
The ring et A is in rquil1brium or (W+W) tan -(W,-W)tan iz
der the follow ng forces (Fig (1 22) or (WW) tan | (W-W) taa a.
,eight ofthbe ting acting vertically downwards, kaotted
i 7, Ienaion in the stting slong AB,
Ex, 12. Three equal strings'of no appreciable weight are Ws
form an equilateral triangle ABC and welght
a
d tti R, eaction long the normal 04. together to
with BC horizonial
The string is itchined st an angle to the borizontal, and Suspendedfrom A. tf the triangle be supported
with the
40Ba by means of two strings at B and C making angies 3m 4

We bave
0A8 0B42-a/2 horlzontal, show that the tenslon in the string BC is3-V3).

OA BAH 0AB ( 2+#)-(7/2- 2)=# +a/2, Sol. By symmetry the

A
RAWw-(6+a/2). sions in the strings4B and
AC will be equal say each equal
0BH 4B#,
ABO-(2-ô)-(7/2-/2)
SBW -OBW,7-(a,2-6). =a/2-0, to T, and those in strings at B
.
Furber and C will also be cqual say
BAR= 0AB-(2-a/2)=7/24 2,
ABS- 0BA==-(72-a/2)=7/2 +z/2. cach equal to T. Letsthe te
By Lam's tbrorem at A, we bave
sion in the string BC be Ta
T For equilibrium at A, the resul
W
sis kAW,sin BAR tant of two equal torces 7, and
T would balance W.
W
16+2)} sin (/2+2) W27, cos 30 w
(Fig. 123)
T-WiV3. 0)
or
22 INTRODUCTION
We have,
CBT=BCT,=135°. . LABT=360°-(135°+60°)=165°.
By Lami's theorem at B, we have
T Ta Ta
sin 135 sin 165° sin 60°
T=T
. Ta=Ti Sin 165°W sin (180-15)_WV2 sin 15°
in 1353 (1/V2) V3
Wsin (60°-45°)
="V (sin 60° cos 45°-sin 45 cos 60)
WIV3- )
-"