MODULE 3

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 The sign ∑ 𝑖𝑠 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑚𝑎 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑘 𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟. This
sign represents the algebraic sum of forces or
Chapter 3. moments.

EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCE SYSTEMS

Chapter Objective: Example of Equilibrium:

1.Introduce the concept of the free-body diagram for a

particle.
2. Discuss how to solve particle equilibrium problems
using the equations of equilibrium.

3.1. DEFINITION AND MEANING OF EQUILIBRIUM

Equilibrium refers, essentially, to a state of

rest or balance.
When a body is in equilibrium, the resultant of
all forces acting on it zeros. Thus, the resultant
force R and the resultant couple M are both zero,
and we have the equilibrium equations.
3.2.Free-Body Diagrams
Free Body Diagram (FBD) is a simplified
representation of a particle or rigid body that is
isolated from its surroundings and on which all
applied forces and reactions are shown.

𝑅 = ∑ 𝐹 = 0 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑤 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑢𝑚
𝑀 = ∑ 𝑀 = 0 is called moment law of
equilibrium
Forces that are normally considered to be acting
on a rigid body are as follows:
■ Externally applied forces.
■ Weight of the rigid body.
■ Reaction forces

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■ Externally applied moments. component
F(Frictional
Force)as well as
The free-body diagram is the most important single step in the a normal
solution of problem in mechanics. component N of
the resultant
contact force R.

Built-in or A built-in or
Fixed support fixed support is
Modeling The Action of Forces in Two Dimensional Analysis capable of
Type of Contact and Force Action on Body to Be isolated supporting an
Origin axial force F,a
Description Idealized Symbol Description Reactions transverse force
Flexible Force Exerted by V (Shear Force),
Cable, belt, a flexible cable and a couple M
Chain or rope is always a (bending moment)
tension away to prevent
from the body in rotation
the direction of Roller Roller,rocker,or
the cable. Support ball support
transmits a
compressive
Smooth Contact force is force normal to
surfaces compressive and the supporting
is normal to the surfaces
surface
Freely Collar or slider
sliding guide free to move
along smooth
Rough Surface Rough surface
guides, can
are capable of
support force
supporting a
normal to guide
tangential
only.

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Spring action Spring force is Procedure for Analysis:
tensile if
spring is The following steps should be performed in
stretched and constructing a free body diagram for a rigid body
compressive if or any group of bodies considered as a single
compressed.
system.

Gravitational The resultant of 1. First, Draw its outlined shape by isolating

attraction gravitational the body or cut “free” from its constraints
attraction on and connection.
all elements of
a body of mass m
is the weight 2. Show all forces and couple moments by
W=mg and acts identifying all the known and unknown forces
toward the that acts on the body. Those generally
center of the encountered are due to (1) applied forces, (2)
earth through reactions occurring at the supports or at
the center mass points of contact with other bodies and (3)
G. the weight of the body.
Pin- A A hinged
Connection connection is 3. Finally, identify each loading and give
capable of dimensions of the body necessary for
supporting a
Rx calculating the moments of forces. Label each
force in any
direction in the
force by its magnitude if known, or by a
plane normal to symbol, if unknown. Establish x and y
the axis; coordinate system to be used
usually shown as
two components
Ry
Rx and Ry.

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Free-Body Diagrams of Particles

1.
2.

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3. Simple beam with two concentrated loads. (b) Free-body diagram of the beam.

4. Cantilever beam with a concentrated and uniform

load.

(a) Pictorial diagram

(a) Pictorial diagram.

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 (c) Free-body diagram.
5. Wind load on a pitched roof supported by
a roller support and a hinge support.

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 EXERCISES3.2.

Problem 3.2.1 Draw the free-body diagram of

the sphere of weight W resting between the
smooth inclined planes. Explain the
significance of each force on the diagram.

Given:
W= 20KN
Θ1=105 deg
Θ2=45 deg

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Problem3.2.2. Draw the free-body diagram of the
hand punch which is pinned at A and bears down on
smooth surfaces at B.

Given:

F=8 KN

a= 1.5 m
Problem 3.2.3 Draw the free-body diagram of the
b=0.2m beam supported at A by a fixed support and at B by
a roller.
c= 2m

Given:

W= 40KN.m

a = 3m

b= 4m

θ=30°

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 d= 3m

e= 4m

Problem 3.2.4. Draw the free- body diagram of the

jib crane AB, which is pin-connected at A and
Assignment 3.2:
supported by member (link) BC.

Answer Problems in Engineering Mechanics 2nd

Given: edition by Ferdinand Singer Page 53&54,
no.302,303,305
F=8 KN

a= 3m

b= 4m

c= 0.4m

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 3.3.Equilibrium of Force System

The body is said to be in equilibrium if the

resultant of all forces acting on it is zero.

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Formulas The sum of all forces in the x-direction or
Concurrent force system horizontal is zero.
ΣFx=0 ΣFx=0 or ΣFH=0
ΣFy=0

The sum of all forces in the y-direction or

Parallel Force System
vertical is zero.
ΣF=0
ΣFy=0 or ΣFV=0
ΣMO=0

Non-Concurrent Non-Parallel Force System 3.5.Equilibrium of Parallel Force System

ΣFx=0
Conditions for Equilibrium of Parallel Forces
ΣFy=0
The sum of all the forces is zero.
ΣMO=0 ΣF=0

The sum of moment at any point O is zero.

ΣMO=0

3.4.Equilibrium of Concurrent Force System

Conditions of Static Equilibrium of Concurrent

Forces 3.6.Equilibrium of Non-Concurrent Force System

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There are three equilibrium conditions that can be
used for non-concurrent, non-parallel force
system.

The sum of all forces in the x-direction or

horizontal is zero.
ΣFx=0 or ΣFH=0

The sum of all forces in the y-direction or

vertical is zero.
ΣFy=0 or ΣFV=0

The sum of moment at any point O is zero.

ΣMO=0

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Illustrative Example 3.3.1:

A sytem of a chords knotted together at A Solution:

and B support the weights shown. Compute
the tension P,Q, F and T acting in the Method I- Using Horizontal and vertical
various cords. Areas
Draw the FBD at Joint A:

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 We Apply the conditions of equilibrium, to
obtain

ΣFx=0
Pcos15°-Qcos30°=0

ΣFy=0

Psin15°+Qsin30°-500=0

Solving Eqs. (a) and (b) simultaneously

yields.

P=612.37 N
Q=683.01 N

Method II. Using Rotated Axes.

Draw The FBD Diagram using rotated axes:

Applying the method of rotated axes to the FBD of

A,

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 obtained by applying the sine Law to the
ΣFy=0 triangle representing the polygon of
Psin45°-500sin60°=0 forces.
P=612.37 N

60° Q

ΣFx=0 45°
612.37cos45°+500cos60°-Q=0
75°
Q=683.01 N P

Applying the law of sines to this triangle,

we obtain:

500 𝑃 𝑄
= = 𝑆𝑖𝑛 75°
sin 45° 𝑆𝑖𝑛60°

P=612.37 N

Q=683.01 N

Method III. Using Force Triangle

We are now ready to determine the forces F and T:

- When three forces are in equilibrium,
the easiest solution is generally Draw the FBD at Joint B:

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 A beam is simply supported at the ends, carries a
concentrated load of 200 N, 300 N and a uniformly
distributed load of 100 N/m

A B

Solution:

ΣFy=0 The uniformly distributed load is equivalent to:

Fsin45°-612.37sin45°-150 sin60°=0 Ru=100(60)= 600N

F=796.08 N

ΣFx=0
T+150cos 60°-612.37cos45°-796.08cos45°0 B
A
T= 920.92 N

Illustrative Example3.3.2:

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 0=0 (check)

Taking moments about a point on the action line of

R2,
EXERCISES 3.3
MR2=∑ 𝑀𝑅2 = 0
Problem 3.3.1.A cylinder weighing 500 N is held
∑ 𝑀𝑅2= R1(6)-200(6)-300(3)-600(3)=0 against a smooth incline by means of the
R1= 650 N weightless rod AB in the figure. Determine the
forces P and N exerted on the cylinder by the rod
and the incline.
Similarly, taking a moment sum about a point on
the action line of R1.

MR1=∑ 𝑀𝑅1 = 0
∑ 𝑀𝑅1= -R2(6)+300(3)+600(3)=0
R2= 450 N

A vertical summation of forces is used to check

the results. Thus we have,

ΣFy=0

R1+R2-600-300-200=0

650+450-600-300-200=0

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 Problem3.3.2.The cable and boom shown in Fig. P-308 support a
load of 600 lb. Determine the tensile force T in the cable and the
compressive for C in the boom.

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 Problem 3.3.3
Figure P-313 represents the concurrent force system acting at a joint
of a bridge truss. Determine the value of P and E to maintain
equilibrium of the forces.

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 Problem 3.3.4. The cylinder have the indicated
weights and dimensions. Assuming smooth contact

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surfaces, determine the reactions at A,B,C and D
on the cylinders.

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Problem 3.3.5 Determine the reactions for the beam
shown.

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Problem3.3.6.Determine the reactions for the beam
loaded as shown.

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Problem 3.3.7.Determine the reactions for the beam shown in Fig. P-
332.

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Problem 3.3.8
Determine the reactions R1 and R2 of the beam in Fig. P-333 loaded
with a concentrated load of 1600 lb and a load varying from zero to
an intensity of 400 lb per ft.

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 Problem 3.3.9
The roof truss in Fig. P-335 is supported by a roller at A and a hinge
at B. Find the values of the reactions.

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Problem3.3.10The truss shown in fig is supported
on roller at B and a hinge at A. solve for the
components of the reactions.

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 Problem 3.3.11
Compute the total reactions at A and B for the truss shown in Fig. P-
350.

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 Problem 3.3.12. The uniform rod in the fig weighs
600lb and has its center of gravity at G.
determine the tension in the cable and the
reactions at the smooth surfaces at A and B.

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 Assignment 3.3:

Answer Problems in Engineering Mechanics 2nd

edition by Ferdinand Singer

• Page 55 to 60, no.308,209,314,316,317

• Page 65 to 67, no.323,327,328,329
• Page 69 to72, no.333,334,335,340,343
• Page 75 to 80, No.346,351,355,356,358,360

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 References:

Barry Onouye, Kevin Kane, C 2012, Statics and

Strength of Materials for Architecture and
Building Construction 4th edition, Pearson
Education, Inc., Prentice Hall, One Lake
Street ,Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458

R. C. HIBBELER,C 2013, Engineering Mechanics

Statics 13th edition, Pearson Education,
Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458

https://mathalino.com/

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 J.L. Meriam & L.G. Kraige, C 2002,
Engineering Mechanics Volume 1 Statics Fifth
Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,New York

Singer,Ferdinand L,C 1954,Engineering

Mechanics, 2nd edition,Harper & Row, New York,
Evanston & London

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